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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 424 (2003), S. 613-613 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sir The reduced-caffeine transgenic coffee plant (S. Ogita et al. Nature 423, 823; 200310.1038/423823a) must be one of the first transgenic plants where a natural plant compound is suppressed. Caffeine has been ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 141 (1981), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary High speed cine film ofLocusta migratoria swarms was analysed. The following variables were studied and compared where possible with laboratory data: 1. Wing-beat frequencies of locusts of Australian and New Guinea swarms (mean 22.9 Hz) were higher than laboratory figures (19.8 Hz; Fig. 1). 2. Mean flight speed was 4.6 m/s, which was higher than laboratory figures (3.3 m/s; Fig. 2). 3. Mean body angle to horizontal was 7.4°, and to flight path (in the vertical plane) was 5.2°. Flight speed was found to be correlated with wing-beat frequency with a similar regression line to that found in laboratory work (Fig. 4). Ascent angle was positively correlated with the body angle to horizontal, but not correlated with body angle to flight path (Figs. 3, 5, 6).
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 131 (1979), S. 39-47 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In order to observe the response of a flying locust to stationary and moving patterns, a new wind tunnel has been developed, tested and described. 2. The flying locust, free to yaw and move laterally, is capable of flying stably and in a natural flight posture whilst fixated on simple visual patterns. Both rotational and translational movements were monitored by transducers. 3. Locusts can orientate towards a stripe and near but not directly towards a black-white vertical interface. 4. Removal of visual stimuli by switching off or gradually reducing the pattern illumination resulted in less accurately controlled flight in 92% of trials. 5. Locusts maintained orientation when one eye was covered. 6. Locusts responded to moving striped patterns. They could accurately follow speeds ranging from 1.2° s−1 to 90° s−1. Some animals ceased to follow the stripes after a period of time which varied from insect to insect.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 131 (1979), S. 79-87 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. High-speed film of naturally flyingLocusta migratoria was taken in two locations in the Southern Hemisphere. 2. Wing tip movements were traced from the film and revealed considerable variation in shape, both from one animal to another and from one wing beat to the next in the same animal (Figs. 4a, b, 5a, 8a, b). 3. The ratio of upstroke to downstroke is not constant for either pair of wings (Figs. 2, 3 a-f). 4. A wide range of stroke plane angles were recorded for the forewing, but there was no evidence of active control of this variable to suit specific conditions (e.g. climbing) (Figs. 6, 7). 5. Stroke angles of the wings (amplitudes) were also subject to considerable variation and one forewing can travel through a different amplitude to that of the other forewing. 6. Close-up shots of climbing locusts revealed the hindwings performing a ‘clap and fling’ type stroke (Figs. 8, 9a, b, c). 7. Front and ventral views of flying locusts revealed varying amounts of bending and twisting of the forewings (Figs. 10, 11a, b, 12 a, b).
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 131 (1979), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Locust forewing muscles were recorded whilst the animal was free to manoeuvre. 2. First and second mesothoracic basalars (depressors) and first and second tergosternal muscles (elevators) show changes in firing patterns associated with turning. 3. The phase between left and right first basalars was subject to large and rapid changes. The phase between left and right first tergosternals changed less markedly. 4. Ipsilateral first and second basalars were not tightly linked in either burst length or phase. 5. Ipsilateral first and second tergosternals were very tightly linked in burst and phase changes. 6. The mesothoracic subalar changed its firing pattern less than any other of the muscles studied. 7. The results are discussed in relation to known pathways in the flight motor system.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 131 (1979), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. High speed film of naturally flyingLocusta migratoria has revealed gliding in these animals. 2. Glides last from a few milliseconds up to about one third of a second. 3. The glide always starts when the forewings reach the top of their stroke; the hindwings stop at the same instant although they have already started their downstroke. 4. The basic wing positions during the glide are described. 5. A lift drag ratio of 1.7∶1 has been calculated, and a minimum sinking rate of just over 2 m/s has been measured. 6. Glides commence with a positive body angle of up to 30° but this is rapidly reduced during the glide as the animal pitches forward. 7. Glides tend to end when the animal is diving, i.e. with a negative body angle. 8. The end of a glide is heralded by the hindwings moving downwards, followed by the forewings. Body angles are restored to a positive value very quickly after the end of a glide.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 131 (1979), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A flight balance is described which provides freedom for the flying locust to roll, yaw and move laterally (Fig. 1). 2. High-speed film taken from various angles of locusts manoeuvering in radial and laminar wind tunnels reveals considerable variations in phase, amplitude and pronation, particularly in the forewings, but forewing pronation is the only variable that can be reliably correlated with turning. 3. Flying locusts stimulated by a light lateral to their flight direction make a banked turn towards the light (Fig. 11). 4. Wing, leg and abdomen movements producing these banked turns are identical to those causing attempted yaw turns, and hence roll and yaw are produced by the same wing and body motions. The animal has no way of isolating yaw and roll components.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Psyllaephagus ; Tamarixia ; Heteropsylla ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La fécondité en fonction de l'âge de deux parasitoïdes du psylleHeteropsylla cubana, Psyllaephagus yaseeni etTamarixia leucaenae a été étudiée en condition de laboratoire. A 25 °C,P. yaseeni présente une fécondité plus élevée (R0=192,9) queT. leucaenae (R0=71,2);T. leucaenae montre cependant une sex ratio plus faible (environ 99 % de femelles) queP. yaseeni (environ 50 %). Le taux d'accroissement potentiel (rm=0,236) deT. leucaenae était plus élevé que celui deP. yaseeni (rm=0,188). Les vitesses de développement des parasitoïdes ont été examinées à des températures constantes et fluctuantes et les équations de la vitesse de développement en fonction de la température ont été calculées. A 25 °C, la durée moyenne des générations était respectivement de 28,0 et 18,1 jours pourP. yaseeni etT. leucaenae. Aux températures de 21,5, 25 et 30 °C la durée totale de développement (de l'œuf à l'adulte) était de 28,5, 21,9 et 14,7 jours chezP. yaseeni et 19,2, 12,6 et 9,5 jours chezT. leucaenae. Le taux de parasitisme était faible et la mortalité nymphale était élevée à la température la plus basse, 21,5 °C, pour les deux parasitoïdes. Tous deux présentaient une survie faible à 100 % de HR;P. yaseeni survivait particulièrement bien à une température de 21 °C et à 44 ou 76% d'HR. P. yaseeni attribuait environ 58 % de femelles aux larves de premier stade de développement mais seulement 12 % aux larves de second stade. Environ 99 % de toutes les éclosions deT. leucaenae était constituée de femelles. La taille des femelles issues des larves de 5e stade étaient significativement supérieure à la taille de celles qui émergeaient des larves de 3e ou 4e stade.
    Notes: Abstract Age specific fecundity of two parasitoids,P. yaseeni andT. leucaenae, of the leucaena psyllidH. cubana, were studied under laboratory conditions. At 25 °C,P. yaseeni had a greater fecundity (R0=192.9)_thanT. leucaenae (R0=71.2);T. leucaenae however had a lower sex ratio (about 99 % females) thanP. yaseeni (about 50 % females). Innate capacity for increase (rm=0.236) ofT. leucaenae was higher thanP. yaseeni (rm=0.188). Developmental rates of the parasitoids were examined at constant and fluctuating temperatures and equations of the rate of development against temperature were calculated. At 25 °C, mean generation times were 28.0 and 18.1 days forP. yaeseeni andT. leucaenae respectively. At temperatures of 21.5, 25, and 30 °C total development times (egg to adult) were 28.5, 21.9, and 14.7 days inP. yaseeni and 19.2, 12.6, and 9.5 days inT. leucaenae respectively. The level of parasitism was low and pupal mortality was high at the lower temperature of 21.5 °C for both parasitoids. Both parasitoids showed poor survivorship at 100 % RH,P. yaseeni survived particularly well (32 days) at a temperature of 21.5 °C and 44 or 76 % RH. P. yaseeni allocated about 58 % females to first instar psyllid nymphs but only 12 % females to second instars. About 99 % of allT. leucaenae births were females. Significantly largerT. leucaenae females emerged from fifth instar parasitized nymphs than third or fourth instars.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 269 (1977), S. 53-54 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Swarms of Locusta migratoria were filmed with a highspeed camera in Australia and New Guinea. Film taken pointing directly towards an approaching and climbing swarm revealed that the hindwings of the locusts met at the top of the stroke in a similar fashion to that observed by Weis-Fogh in ...
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 201-209 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hypothenemus hampei ; coffee berry borer ; abiotic mortality ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mortality of the coffee berry borer was studied under controlled laboratory conditions in Tapachula, Mexico. For adult female borers subjected to a range of relative humidities (RH) without food at 25°C, the longest mean survival time (20 days) was obtained at 93.5% RH. Adult borer survival was also studied at a range of temperatures for a fixed relative humidity (93.5% RH); at 20°C mean survival time was 28 days. Fecundity and mortality of borer stages in berries was studied for a range of humidities at 25°C. Maximum fecundity was obtained at 90 and 93.5% RH. Immature stages were ejected from the berry at 84% RH and above, which is interpreted as a form of brood hygiene.
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