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  • PANGAEA  (194,297)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (69,711)
  • American Geophysical Union  (64,352)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2005-2009  (218,399)
  • 1990-1994  (68,375)
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  • 101
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    Continuos lidar maesurement of stratospheric aerosols and ozone after the Pinatubo eruption. Part I: Dial ozone retrieval in presence of stratospherical aerosol layers (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We report stratospheric DIAL (DIfferential Absorption Lidar) ozone observations in presence of large amount of volcanic aerosols, which strongly affect the inversion of the backscattering signals. The retrieval method is based on the use of three wavelengths, two from the O3 DIAL (308 and 351nm) and a third one from an aerosol lidar (589nm) operated at the same site (L'Aquila, Italy; 42°N,13°E). For each measurement session the relationships between the backscattering ratios at different wavelengths are fitted with an appropriate size distribution of the aerosols. The aerosol optical properties determined with this procedure allow to correct the ozone profiles. The ozone data are compared whenever possible with balloon ozonesonde measurements taken at S.Pietro Capofiume (Italy, 45°N, 11°E) or Hohenpeissenberg (Germany, 48°N, 11°E) and they generally show a good agreement. The ozone profiles can be retrieved with an indetermination that, within the aerosol layer, ranges between +-15 to +-35%. A systematic intercomparison is reported with data of other stations to assess the reliability of the method.
    Description: ING
    Description: Published
    Description: 2865-2568
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanic aerosol ; stratospheric ozone ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 102
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    Comparing simoultaneous stratospheric aerosol and ozone lidar measurements with SAGE II data after the Mount Pinatubo eruption (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Stratospheric aerosol and ozone profiles obtained simoultaneosly from the lidar station at the university of L'Aquila during the first 6 months following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo are compared with corresponding nearby Stratosperic Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II profiles. The agreement between the two data stes is found to be reasonably good. The temporal change of aerosol profiles obtained by both technique showed the intrusion and growth of Pinatubo aerosols. In addition, ozone concntration profiles derivide from an empirical time-series model based on SAGE II ozone data obtained bifore the Pinatubo eruption are compared with measured profiles. Good agreement is shown in the 1991 profiles, but ozone concentration measured in January 1992 were reduced relative ti time-series model estimates. Possible reasons for the diffrences between measured and model-based ozone profiles are discussed.
    Description: NASA ING
    Description: Published
    Description: 1881-1884
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanic aerosols ; ozone ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 103
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    Micromagnetic coercivity distributions and interactions in chondrules with implications for paleointensities of the early solar system (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Chondrules in chondritic meteorites record the earliest stages of formation of the solar system, potentially providing information about the magnitude of early magnetic fields and early physical and chemical conditions. Using first-order reversal curves (FORCs), we map the coercivity distributions and interactions of 32 chondrules from the Allende, Karoonda, and Bjurbole meteorites. Distinctly different distributions and interactions exist for the three meteorites. The coercivity distributions are lognormal shaped, with Bjurbole distributions being bimodal or trimodal. The highest-coercivity mode in the Bjurbole chondrules is derived from tetrataenite, which interacts strongly with the lower-coercivity grains in a manner unlike that seen in terrestrial rocks. Such strong interactions have the potential to bias paleointensity estimates. Moreover, because a significant portion of the coercivity distributions for most of the chondrules is 〈10 mT, low-coercivity magnetic overprints are common. Therefore paleointensities based on the REM method, which rely on ratios of the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) to the saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) without magnetic cleaning, will probably be biased. The paleointensity bias is found to be about an order of magnitude for most chondrules with low-coercivity overprints. Paleointensity estimates based on a method we call REMc, which uses NRM/IRM ratios after magnetic cleaning, avoid this overprinting bias. Allende chondrules, which are the most pristine and possibly record the paleofield of the early solar system, have a mean REMc paleointensity of 10.4 μT. Karoonda and Bjurbole chondrules, which have experienced some thermal alteration, have REMc paleointensities of 4.6 and 3.2 μT, respectively.
    Description: NSF and INGV
    Description: Published
    Description: B03S90
    Description: 2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: paleomagnetism coercivity ; paleointensity ; magnetic interactions ; meteorite ; Chondrules ; FORC diagrams ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.01. Interplanetary physics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 104
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    4D simulation of explosive eruption dynamics at Vesuvius (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We applied a new simulation model, based on multiphase transport laws, to describe the 4D (3D spatial coordinates plus time) dynamics of explosive eruptions. Numerical experiments, carried out on a parallel supercomputer, describe the collapse of the volcanic eruption column and the propagation of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), for selected medium scale (sub-Plinian) eruptive scenarios at Vesuvius, Italy. Simulations provide crucial insights into the effects of the generation mechanism of the flows - partial collapse vs boiling-over - on their evolution and hazard potential, the unstable dynamics of the fountain, and the influence of Mount Somma on the propagation of PDCs into the circum-Vesuvian area, one of the world's most hazardous volcanic settings. Results also show that it is possible to characterize the volcanic column behavior in terms of percentage of the mass of pyroclasts collapsed to the ground and how this parameter strongly influences the dynamics and hazard of the associated PDCs.
    Description: Published
    Description: L04309
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: explosive eruption ; numerical modeling ; Vesuvius ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 105
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    Holocene tsunamis from Mount Etna and the fate of Israeli Neolithic communities (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Field evidence reveals that the Neolithic village of Atlit-Yam (Israeli coast) was destroyed in an event which also caused the sudden death of tens of inhabitants. Archaeological evidence and numerical simulations support the notion that the village was destroyed, ~8.3 ka B.P., by a tsunami triggered by a known Holocene flank collapse of Mt. Etna volcano (Italy). The filling of a water well within the village confirms inundation by a tsunami wave train and a sediment layer, composed of a clayed-sandy matrix and other detritus including reworked marine sediment, indicates tsunami inundation. This scenario shows that tsunamis generated by sector collapses from coastal volcanoes can seriously threaten near-shore settlements thousands of kilometres distant from the tsunami source.
    Description: Published
    Description: L16317
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: tsunami ; Mt. Etna ; Atlit-Yam ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 106
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    The dependence of traction evolution on the earthquake source time function adopted in kinematic rupture models (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We compute the temporal evolution of traction by solving the elasto-dynamic equation and by using the slip velocity history as a boundary condition on the fault plane. We use different source time functions to derive a suite of kinematic source models to image the spatial distribution of dynamic and breakdown stress drop, strength excess and critical slip weakening distance (Dc). Our results show that the source time functions, adopted in kinematic source models, affect the inferred dynamic parameters. The critical slip weakening distance, characterizing the constitutive relation, ranges between 30% and 80% of the total slip. The ratio between Dc and total slip depends on the adopted source time functions and, in these applications, is nearly constant over the fault. We propose that source time functions compatible with earthquake dynamics should be used to infer the traction time history.
    Description: Published
    Description: L04609
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Earthquake dynamics and mechanics ; Earthquake parameters ; Theory and modeling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 107
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    Earthquake fracture energy inferred from kinematic rupture models on extended faults (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We estimate fracture energy on extended faults for several recent earthquakes by retrieving dynamic traction evolution at each point on the fault plane from slip history imaged by inverting ground motion waveforms. We define the breakdown work (Wb) as the excess of work over some minimum traction level achieved during slip. Wb is equivalent to "seismological" fracture energy (G) in previous investigations. Our numerical approach uses slip velocity as a boundary condition on the fault. We employ a three-dimensional finite difference algorithm to compute the dynamic traction evolution in the time domain during the earthquake rupture. We estimate Wb by calculating the scalar product between dynamic traction and slip velocity vectors. This approach does not require specifying a constitutive law and assuming dynamic traction to be collinear with slip velocity. If these vectors are not collinear, the inferred breakdown work depends on the initial traction level. We show that breakdown work depends on the square of slip. The spatial distribution of breakdown work in a single earthquake is strongly correlated with the slip distribution. Breakdown work density and its integral over the fault, breakdown energy, scale with seismic moment according to a power law (with exponent 0.59 and 1.18, respectively). Our estimates of breakdown work range between 4e+5 and 2e+7 J/m2 for earthquakes having moment magnitudes between 5.6 and 7.2. We also compare our inferred values with geologic surface energies. This comparison might suggest that breakdown work for large earthquakes goes primarily into heat production.
    Description: Published
    Description: B12303
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Earthquake dynamics and mechanics ; Earthquake modeling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 108
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    Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3 Measurements (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: We assess the quality of the version 2.2 (v2.2) HNO3 measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Earth Observing System Aura satellite. The MLS HNO3 product has been greatly improved over that in the previous version (v1.5), with smoother profiles, much more realistic behavior at the lowest retrieval levels, and correction of a high bias caused by an error in one of the spectroscopy files used in v1.5 processing. The v2.2 HNO3 data are scientifically useful over the range 215 to 3.2 hPa, with single-profile precision of 0.7 ppbv throughout. Vertical resolution is 3–4 km in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, degrading to 5 km in the middle and upper stratosphere. The impact of various sources of systematic uncertainty has been quantified through a comprehensive set of retrieval simulations. In aggregate, systematic uncertainties are estimated to induce in the v2.2 HNO3 measurements biases that vary with altitude between ±0.5 and ±2 ppbv and multiplicative errors of ±5–15% throughout the stratosphere, rising to ±30% at 215 hPa. Consistent with this uncertainty analysis, comparisons with correlative data sets show that relative to HNO3 measurements from ground-based, balloon-borne, and satellite instruments operating in both the infrared and microwave regions of the spectrum, MLS v2.2 HNO3 mixing ratios are uniformly low by 10–30% throughout most of the stratosphere. Comparisons with in situ measurements made from the DC-8 and WB-57 aircraft in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere indicate that the MLS HNO3 values are low in this region as well, but are useful for scientific studies (with appropriate averaging).
    Description: Published
    Description: D24S40
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: satellite validation ; stratospheric HNO3 ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.01. Composition and Structure
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 109
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    Sliding episodes during the 2002–2003 Stromboli lava effusion: Insights from seismic, volcanic, and statistical data analysis (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Repeated phenomena of flank instability accompanied the 28 December 2002 to 21 July 2003 eruption of Stromboli volcano. The major episodes were two tsunamigenic landslides on 30 December 2002, 2 d after the volcano unrest. After 30 December, sliding processes remodeled the area affected by slope instability.We propose analyses of 565 sliding episodes taking place from December 2002 to February 2003.We try to shed light on their main seismic features and links with the ongoing seismic and volcanic activity using variogram analysis as well. A characterization of the seismic signals in the time and frequency domains is presented for 185 sliding episodes. Their frequency content is between 1 Hz and 7 Hz. On the basis of the dominant peaks and shape of the spectrum, we identify three subclasses of signals, one of which has significant energy below 2 Hz. Low-frequency signatures were also found in the seismic records of the landslides of 30 December, which affected the aerial and submarine northwestern flank of the volcano. Accordingly, we surmise that spectral analysis might provide evidence of sliding phenomena with submarine runouts.We find no evidence of sliding processes induced by earthquakes. Additionally, a negative statistical correlation between sliding episodes and explosion quakes is highlighted by variogram analysis. Variograms indicate a persistent behavior, memory, of the flank instability from 5 to 10 d.We interpret the climax in the occurrence rate of the sliding processes between 24 and 29 January 2003 as the result of favorable conditions to slope instability due to the emplacement of NW-SE aligned, dike-fed vents located near the scarp of the landslide area. Afterward, the stabilizing effect of the lava flows over the northwestern flank of the volcano limited erosive phenomena to the unstable, loose slope not covered by lava.
    Description: This work was supported financially by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and Dipartimento per la Protezione Civile, project INGV-DPC V4/02.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q04022
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: rockfalls ; seismicity ; volcanoes ; volcano collapses ; Stromboli ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 110
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    Modeling seismicity rate changes during the 1997 Umbria-Marche sequence (central Italy) through a rate- and state-dependent model (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We model the spatial and temporal pattern of seismicity during a sequence of moderate-magnitude normal faulting earthquakes, which struck in 1997 the Umbria-Marche sector of Northern Apennines (Italy), by applying the Dieterich (1994) rate- and state-dependent constitutive approach. The goal is to investigate the rate of earthquake production caused by repeated coseismic stress changes computed through a 3-D elastic dislocation model in a homogeneous half-space. The reference seismicity rate is assumed time independent, and it is estimated by smoothing the seismicity that occurred in the previous decade without declustering. We propose an analytical relation for deriving the stressing rate directly from the reference seismicity rate. This allows us to perform a tuning of the constitutive parameter As (where A accounts for the direct effect of friction in the rate- and state-dependent model and s is the effective normal stress) into the Dieterich model through a maximum likelihood method, which yields for this seismic sequence a best fitting value equal to 0.04 MPa. Our computations show that, although seven out of eight main shocks are located in areas of increased rate of earthquake production, numerous aftershocks are located in seismicity shadows. Our simulations point out that the adopted value of As strongly affects the pattern of both seismicity shadow and areas of enhanced rate of earthquake production. We conclude that solely accounting for static stress changes caused by the main shocks of this seismic sequence is not sufficient to forecast the complex spatial and temporal evolution of seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: B11301
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: rate-and-state ; Umbria-Marche 1997-98 ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability
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  • 111
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    New results of 40Ar/39Ar dating constrain the timing of transition from fissure-type to central volcanism at Mount Etna (Italy) (2008)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Recent geological studies performed at Etna allow reassessing the stratigraphic frame of the volcano where distinct evolutionary phases are defined. This stratigraphic reconstruction was chronologically constrained on the basis of a limited number of U–Th and K–Ar age determinations whose uncertainty margins are sometimes too wide. For this reason, we successfully adopted at Etna the 40Ar/39Ar technique that allowed obtaining more precise age determinations. The incremental heating technique also gives information on sample homogeneity, and potential problems of trapped argon. Five samples were collected from stratigraphically well-controlled volcanic units in order to chronologically define the transition between the fissure-type volcanism of the Timpe phase to the central volcanism of the Valle del Bove Centers. Isotopic ages with an uncertainty margin of 2–4% have been obtained emphasizing that this transition occurred (130– 126 ka) without significant temporal hiatus.
    Description: University of Catania grants (COFIN- 2002, resp. F. Lentini); CNR-IDPA and INGV-Sezione di Catania grants.
    Description: Published
    Description: 292-298
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: 40Ar/39Ar dating ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 112
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    Strong evidence for non-similar earthquake source scaling in central Italy (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: scaling of seismic sources of the Central Apennines (Italy) is investigated using broadband seismograms from the Colfiorito sequence (4〈=Mw〈=6 ). Our results are not consistent with self-similar scaling, and can be described by the following relationship: M0~fc^-(3_epsilon), where epsilon=1.7+-0.3 . We speculate that dynamic fault lubrication by fluid pressurization may be responsible for such extreme behavior, and use our results for the calibration of a weak-motion-based predictive relationship for the ground motion ( Mw〈=4.1) up to Mw~6 for this region.
    Description: Published
    Description: L17303
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Self-similarity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 113
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    Variation of H2O/CO2 and CO2/SO2 ratios of volcanic gases discharged by continuous degassing of Mount Etna volcano, Italy (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We applied the Multi-GAS technique to measure compositions of the volcanic plumes continuously discharged from summit craters of Voragine, Northeast and Bocca Nuova at Mount Etna, in an attempt to estimate compositions of the source volcanic gases. The estimated CO2/SO2 and H2O/CO2 ratios of the volcanic gases show a large variation ranging from 0.6 to 30 and from 1 to 18, respectively. This variability overlaps with the compositional range of dissolved volatiles in melt inclusions and their coexisting bubbles in a magma chamber and can be caused by the low-pressure degassing of a magma with variable bubble content ranging from 0.3 to 15 wt.%. The variable bubble content in the magma is likely a result of supply of deep-derived CO2-rich gas phase to the chamber and subsequent bubble-magma differentiation by bubble ascent in the magma chamber. In contrast, the variation of volcanic gas composition can also be caused by changes of degassing pressure (gas–magma separation pressure), ranging from 0 to 100 MPa, as a result of changes in the depth of the top of the convecting magma in volcanic conduits. Both mechanisms can cause similar compositional variations. However, the two mechanisms will result in contrasting correlations between the SO2 emission rates and the gas compositions that can be examined by parallel observations of the emission rates and compositions in the future.
    Description: Published
    Description: B09203
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Plume ; gas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 114
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    Static stress changes induced by the magmatic intrusions during the 2002–2003 Etna eruption (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The shallow intrusive processes that occurred during 2002–2003 Etna eruption, as well as the complex interaction between the magma intrusive events and the tectonic response of the volcano’s eastern flank, are investigated with numerical deformation modeling and the estimation of changes in the static Coulomb stress. Ground deformation and volcanologic evidence clearly indicate a composite mechanism of intrusion on both the southern and northeastern flanks of the volcano. Geodetic data inversions have been based on a homogeneous elastic half-space model, although geological data and seismic tomography indicate that Mt. Etna is elastically inhomogeneous and that rigidity layering and heterogeneities are likely to affect the magnitude and pattern of the deformation field. To account for topographic effects, as well as a complicated distribution of material properties, we use the finite element method (FEM) to provide a more realistic model. The presence of medium heterogeneity strongly affects the amplitudes of the static stress changes. Seismicity matches well the areas of positive increase in the static stress caused by the intrusive events along the southern and northeastern flanks. The changes in the state of stress generated by the southern dike produce an extensional stress field that favors magma propagation along the north-east Rift. The highest seismic releases were associated with the activation of two fault systems, the Timpe Fault System and the Pernicana Fault. The static stress changes resolved onto these faults indicate that the magma intrusions on the southern and northeastern flanks encouraged these seismogenic structures to slip.
    Description: Published
    Description: B10206
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: numerical modeling ; ground defromation ; static stress changes ; volcano activity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.08. Theory and Models
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 115
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    Methane seepage in an urban development area (Bacau, Romania): origin, extent, and hazard (2008)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The paper describes a case of a natural emission of methane from soil in an urban development area, generating a significant risk for the local population and buildings, due to gas explosiveness and asphyxiation potential. The site is located on the south-western margin of the East-European Platform in eastern Romania, in a hydrocarbon-prone area crossed by the Pericarpathian lineament and regional faults. Molecular composition of gas and stable isotopic analyses of methane (CH4〉90%, δ to the power of 13 C1: -49.4‰, δD1: -173.4‰) indicate a dominant thermogenic origin, with significant amounts of C2-C5 alkanes (~5%), likely migrating through faults from a deep reservoir. Possible candidates are the Saucesti and Secuieni gas fields, located in the same petroleum system. Two surface geochemical surveys, based on closed-chamber flux measurements, were performed to assess the degassing intensity and the extent of the affected area. Methane fluxes from soil reach orders of 10 to the power of 4 mg m to the power of -2 day to the power of -1. Gas seepage mainly occurs in one zone 30 000 m2 wide, and it is likely controlled by channeling along a fault and gas accumulation in permeable sediments and shallow subsoil. The estimated total CH4 emission is about 40 t year to the power of -1 CH4, of which 8–9 t year to the power of -1 are naturally released from soil and 30–35 t year to the power of -1 are emitted from shallow boreholes. These wells have likely channeled the gas accumulated in shallow alluvial sediment but gas flux from soil is still high and mitigation measures are needed to reduce the risk for humans and buildings.
    Description: Published
    Description: 311-320
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: gas hazard ; methane seepage ; soil degassing ; thermogenic gas ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 116
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    Unmanned aerial vehicle measurements of volcanic carbon dioxide fluxes (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We report the first measurements of volcanic gases with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The data were collected at La Fossa crater, Vulcano, Italy, during April 2007, with a helicopter UAV of 3 kg payload, carrying an ultraviolet spectrometer for remotely sensing the SO2 flux (8.5 Mg d 1), and an infrared spectrometer, and electrochemical sensor assembly for measuring the plume CO2/SO2 ratio; by multiplying these data we compute a CO2 flux of 170 Mg d 1. Given the deeper exsolution of carbon dioxide from magma, and its lower solubility in hydro-thermal systems, relative to SO2, the ability to remotely measure CO2 fluxes is significant, with promise to provide more profound geochemical insights, and earlier eruption forecasts, than possible with SO2 fluxes alone: the most ubiquitous current source of remotely sensed volcanic gas data.
    Description: Published
    Description: L06303
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Plume measurements ; carbon dioxide fluxes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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    Source process of the September 12, 2007 MW 8.4 Southern Sumatra earthquake from tsunami tide gauge record inversion (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We infer the slip distribution and average rupture velocity of the magnitude MW 8.4 September 12, 2007, southern Sumatra earthquake from available tide-gauge records of the ensuing tsunami. We select 9 waveforms recorded along the west coast of Sumatra and in the Indian Ocean. Slip distribution and rupture velocity are determined simultaneously by means of a non linear inversion method. We find high slip values (∼10 m) into a patch 100 km long and 50 km large, between 20 and 30 km of depth, about 100 km north-west from the epicenter. We conclude this earthquake did not rupture the whole area of the 1833 event, indicating some slip has still to occurr. Our estimate of rupture velocity is of 2.1±0.4 km/sec. The relatively large depth of the main slip patch is the likely explanation for the low damaging observed tsunami.
    Description: Published
    Description: L02310
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Sumatra ; tsunami ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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    2002–2003 Lava Flow Eruption of Stromboli: A Contribution to Understanding Lava Discharge Mechanisms Using Periodic Digital Photogrammetry Surveys (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Photogrammetric surveys were performed between 5 January and 26 July 2003 for monitoring the NW flank of the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) during the eruption of Stromboli that started on 28 December 2002. The collected data were used both for controlling morphological changes after the major landslide that occurred on 30 December 2002 and lava flow field evolution until the end of the eruption (22 July 2003). The latter objective was achieved by a quantitative analysis which allowed to estimate the total lava volume (12.51 × 106 m3) emplaced on the SdF slope corresponding to an eruption rate of about 0.69 m3/s. Thanks to the availability of multitemporal data set, which made this event the first well-documented and regularly surveyed Stromboli eruption, the cumulative volume and effusion rate trends were derived. A model for interpreting the behavior of the 2002–2003 Stromboli effusive eruption is also proposed: being the vents located very close to the volcano summit, a typical summit (terminal) basaltic lava flow eruption was expected; on the contrary, the observed effusion rate trend showed an initial peak followed by an exponential decline typical of flank (lateral) eruptions of basaltic volcanoes. We recognized in this trend a transition from a terminal (open conduit system) to a lateral (pressurized dike system) lava discharge followed by a longer period in which the elastic strain energy from the subvolcanic reservoir controlled the effusion rate; this effect counterbalanced the lava cooling at dike tip that tends to close the eruptive fissure causing the eruption end.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stromboli ; Digital photogrammetry survey ; lava disharge mechanism ; morphological changes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 119
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    Potential-Field Forward Modeling and Inversion Using 3D Fast Fourier Transforms (2009)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Although 1D and 2D fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) have long been used for the filtering, interpretation, and modeling of potential-field data, 3D FFTs have not enjoyed similar popularity. This may change with the recent discovery (Caratori Tontini et al, in press, JGR) that simple 3D FFT filters can be used to transform distributions of density (or magnetization) within a box-shaped 3D volume into gravity (or magnetic) fields within the same volume.
    Description: Published
    Description: San Francisco
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: open
    Keywords: 3D Fourier transform ; Potential field ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation
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  • 120
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    CO2/CH4 ratio in fumaroles a powerful tool to detect magma degassing episodes at quiescent volcanoes (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Long time series of fumarolic compositions at Campi Flegrei (Italy), Mammoth Mountain (California), Panarea (Italy) and Nisyros (Greece) show rapid increases, up to orders of magnitude, of the CO2/CH4 ratio systematically with the occurrence of volcanic unrest periods. These easily detected anomalies originate with the arrival of CH4-poor magmatic fluids in the shallower levels of the volcanoes. The data suggest that volcanoes are characterized by magmatic activity at depth also in periods of apparent quiescence. The activity is constituted by the pulsing release of large amount of fluids which either cause unrest periods (seismicity and ground deformation) or possibly could precede volcanic eruption. This type of volcanic activity can be monitored trough the classical geophysical techniques together with the systematic sampling and analysis of fumaroles.
    Description: In press
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: fumarole ; magma degassing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
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    A bayesian approach to the real time estimation of magnitude from the early P- and S-wave displacement peaks (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: It has been shown that the initial portion of P and S wave signals can provide information about the final earthquake magnitude in a wide magnitude range. This observation opens the perspective for the real-time determination of source parameters. In this paper we describe a probabilistic evolutionary approach for the real-time magnitude estimation which can have a potential use in earthquake early warning. The technique is based on empirical prediction laws correlating the low-frequency peak ground displacement measured in a few seconds after the P and/or S phase arrival and the final event magnitude. The evidence for such a correlation has been found through the analysis of 256 shallow crustal events in the magnitude range Mjma 4–7.1 located over the entire Japanese archipelago. The peak displacement measured in a 2-s window from the first P phase arrival correlates with magnitude in the range M = [4–6.5]. While a possible saturation effect above M ’ 6.5 is observed, it is less evident in an enlarged window of 4 s. The scaling of S peaks with magnitude is instead also observed at smaller time lapses (i.e., 1 s) after the first S arrival. The different scaling of P and S peaks with magnitude when measured in a 2-s window is explained in terms of different imaged rupture surface by the early portion of the body wave signals. We developed a technique to estimate the probability density function (PDF) of magnitude, at each time step after the event origin. The predicted magnitude value corresponds to the maximum of PDF, while its uncertainty is given by the 95% confidence bound. The method has been applied to the 2007 (Mjma = 6.9) Noto Hanto and 1995 (Mjma = 7.3) Kobe earthquakes. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) The probabilistic algorithm founded on the predictive model of peak displacement versus final magnitude is able to provide a fast and robust estimation of the final magnitude. (2) The information available after a few seconds from the first detection of the P phase at the network can be used to predict the peak ground motion at a given regional target with uncertainties which are comparable to those derived from the attenuation law. (3) The near-source S phase data can be used jointly with P data for regional early warning purposes, thus increasing the accuracy and reliability of magnitude estimation.
    Description: Published
    Description: B12302
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Bayesian approach ; P and S wave ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution
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    Earthquake early warning system in southern Italy: Methodologies and performance evaluation (2009)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We investigate the effect of extended faulting processes and heterogeneous wave propagation on the early warning system capability to predict the peak ground velocity (PGV) from moderate to large earthquakes occurring in the southern Apennines (Italy). Simulated time histories at the early warning network have been used to retrieve early estimates of source parameters and to predict the PGV, following an evolutionary, probabilistic approach. The system performance is measured through the Effective Lead-Time (ELT), i.e., the time interval between the arrival of the first S-wave and the time at which the probability to observe the true PGV value within one standard deviation becomes stationary, and the Probability of Prediction Error (PPE), which provides a measure of PGV prediction error. The regional maps of ELT and PPE show a significant variability around the fault up to large distances, thus indicating that the system's capability to accurately predict the observed peak ground motion strongly depends on distance and azimuth from the fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: L00B07
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismic early warning ; Southern Italy ; Synthetic seismograph ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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    Characterization and location of infrasonic sources in active volcanoes: Mount Etna, September–November 2007 (2009)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The period September–November 2007 was characterized at Mount Etna by explosive activity and intense degassing. During this time interval, infrasonic signals were recorded by an infrasonic network. By a triggering procedure, about 1000 infrasonic events were found, characterized by very high signal-to-noise ratio and grouped into nine families. Successively, the spectral analysis allowed subdividing these nine families into three clusters based on the peak frequency and the quality factor of the events. Finally, by the location analysis a cluster (cluster 1) was related to the degassing activity of the northeast crater (NEC), while the other two (clusters 2 and 3) to the explosive activity of the southeast crater (SEC). The comparison between the stacked infrasonic waveforms, interpreted as generated by the vibration of large gas bubbles, and the synthetic ones, permitted to calculate radius, length of the bubble, and initial overpressure, by a genetic algorithm method. The higher overpressure values of cluster 3 compared to the cluster 2 values were in good agreement with the stronger intensity of the explosions accompanying the infrasonic events of cluster 3. The variation of both intensities and waveforms is tentatively attributed to the occasional accumulation of lithic clasts (due to moderate landslides?) on the explosive vent. Indeed, events belonging to cluster 3 were no longer observed once the landslides had ended. Finally, the daily emitted gas volume, related to the active degassing, was estimated for NEC and SEC by using the infrasonic data during the studied period.
    Description: Published
    Description: B08308
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; Infrasound ; volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
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    The 2007 Stromboli eruption: event chronology and effusion rates using thermal infrared data (2009)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Accepted for publication in Journal of Geophysical Research. Copyright (2009) American Geophysical Union. Further reproduction or electronic distribution is not permitted.
    Description: Using thermal infrared images recorded by a permanent thermal camera network maintained on Stromboli volcano (Italy), together with satellite and helicopter-based thermal image surveys, we have compiled a chronology of the events and processes occurring before and during Stromboli’s 2007 effusive eruption. These digital data also allow us to calculate the effusion rates and lava volumes erupted during the effusive episode. At the onset of the 2007 eruption, two parallel eruptive fissures developed within the North East crater, eventually breaching the NE flank of the summit cone and extending along the eastern margin of the Sciara del Fuoco. These fed a main effusive vent at 400 m a.s.l. to feed lava flows that extended to the sea. The effusive eruption was punctuated, on 15 March, by a paroxysm with features similar to the 5 April paroxysm that occurred during the 2002-03 effusive eruption. A total of between 3.2 x 106 m3 and 11 x 106 m3 of lava was erupted during the 2007 eruption over 34 days of effusive activity. More than half of this volume was emplaced during the first 5.5 days of the eruption. Although the 2007 effusive eruption had a comparable erupted volume to the previous (2002-03) effusive eruption, it had a shorter duration and thus a mean output rate (= total volume divided by eruption duration) that was one order of magnitude greater than the 2002-03 event (~2.4 m3 s-1 compared with 0.32±0.28 m3 s-1). In this paper, we discuss similarities and differences between these two effusive events, and interpret the processes occurring in 2007 in terms of the recent dynamics witnessed at Stromboli.
    Description: This paper was partially supported by a grant to S. Calvari (Project INGV-DPC Paroxysm V2/03, 2008-2010) funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and by the Italian Civil Protection. Satellite-based effusion rate work by A. Steffke and A. Harris was supported by NASA grant NNG04GO64G "New Tools for Advanced Hot Spot Tracking".
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Thermal mapping ; Stromboli ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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    Anomalous magmatic degassing prior to the 5th April 2003 paroxysm on Stromboli (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A major explosion occurred at Stromboli on April 5 2003, being the most powerful event over a period of exceptional eruptive activity lasting from December to July. Here, we describe results from a network of diffusive tubes set up on the Stromboli’s summit area, aimed at a characterisation of plume composition (SO2, HCl, HF) prior to and after April 5. Data analysis revealed anomalous sulphur degassing 2–3 days before the event, when SO2/HCl ratios (9) significantly higher than those typical of quiescent degassing (1) were recorded. We interpret this exceptional plume signature as an evidence of S-rich magmas ascending in the shallow plumbing system, and propose high SO2/HCl as a potential precursor of major explosions on the volcano. The post-April 5 phase was characterised by time-decreasing SO2/HCl and SO2/HF plume ratios, ascribed to declining magma feeding as a prelude to restoration of ‘‘normal’’ Strombolian activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: L14607
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: magmatic degassing ; paroxysm ; Stromboli ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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    Evidence of a recent input of magmatic gases into the quiescent volcanic edifice of Panarea, Aeolian Islands, Italy (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On 2nd/3rd November 2002, a huge amount of gas, mainly composed of CO2, was suddenly released from the sea bottom off the coast of Panarea, producing a ‘‘crater’’20 by 10 meters wide and 7 meters deep. The gas output was estimated to be 109 l/d, two orders of magnitude higher than that measured in the 1980s. The anomalous degassing rate lasted for some weeks, slowly decreasing to an almost constant rate of about 4 x 107 l/d after two months. The geothermo- barometric estimations revealed an increase of both the temperature and pressure in the geothermal system feeding the sampled vents. The 3He/4He ratios were similar to those measured in nearby Stromboli. We have monitored the area for the last two decades, and based on our intensive and extensive geochemical measurements, have ascertained that the geothermal reservoir has lost its steady state. We maintain that a new magmatic input caused these phenomena.
    Description: - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy. - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Palermo, Italy. - Dipartimento Chimica e Fisica della Terra ed Applicazioni, Palermo, Italy.
    Description: Published
    Description: L07619
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Submarine degassing ; magmatic fluids ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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    Evidence of deep magma degassing and ascent by geochemistry of peripheral gas emissions at Mount Etna (Italy): Assessment of the magmatic reservoir pressure (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Five gas discharges in the area of Mount Etna volcano (Italy) and in the near Hyblean plateau have been monitored since 1996. All the emissions displayed low contributions from crustal fluids, whereas magmatic gases were the main component. Selective dissolution of these gases into hydrothermal aquifers has been recognized and modeled, allowing us to calculate the original composition of the magma-released gases. The inferred composition of the magmatic gases exhibits synchronous variations of He/Ne and He/CO2 ratios, which are coherent with the magma degassing process. On the basis of numerical simulations of volatile degassing from Etnean basalts we have computed the initial and final pressures of the magma batches feeding the emissions. We thus can define the levels of the Etna plumbing system where magmas are stored. Pressure values were around 360 and 160 MPa for initial and final stages, respectively, meaning related depths of about 10 and 3 km below sea level, matching those obtained by geophysical investigations for the deep and shallow magma reservoirs. In addition, we have been able to recognize episodes of magma migration from the deeper reservoir toward the shallow one. An important magma injection into the shallow storage volume was detected during the onset of the 2001 eruption (17 July). No further injection had taken place during this period until September 2001, providing a possible reason for the quick exhaustion of the eruption. In view of this we suggest that the sampled emissions are a powerful geochemical tool to investigate the Etna’s plumbing system and its magma dynamics, as well as the development of eruptive events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2463
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: gas geochemistry ; magma degassing ; modeling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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    Reply to comment by A. Kopf on ‘‘Methane emission from the mud volcanoes of Sicily (Italy)’’, and notice on CH4 flux data from European mud volcanoes (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Etiope G., Caracausi A., Favara R., Italiano F., Baciu C. (2002) Methane emission from the mud volcanoes of Sicily (Italy). Geoph. Res. Letters 29, 14340-14343.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The paper ‘‘Methane emission from the mud volcanoes of Sicily (Italy)’’ by Etiope et al. [2002] represents the first report ever done on experimental CH4 output data from subaerial mud volcanoes (MV). A review of available CH4 flux data and detailed discussion about the global implications of mud volcanic CH4 emission has been made elsewhere [Etiope and Klusman, 2002; Morner and Etiope, 2002]. [2] The comment by Kopf [2003] contributes to open discussions and to make the readership aware on how important this subject is. In this reply we wish to clarify that precise data of CH4 flux from geologic sources are beginning to be available only now. It would be opportune that the MV-expert community could agree in using a common unit for the gas flux. We propose t y 1 and Mt y 1, and not metres cubed, consistently with the data reported for the methane sources/sinks budget by the IPCC. [3] Sicilian MVs, the first to be measured in detail, are considerably much smaller than the Azeri Ashgil MV, mentioned by Kopf [2003], and it is therefore obvious to expect a lower gas flux. Anyway the Dashgil mud volcano flux data are not based on exact measurements but only on visual estimates of the bubbles [Hovland et al., 1997]. In order to fully reply to Kopf [2003], hereafter we briefly discuss the problem of how to estimate the total number of MVs in the world and present new data from other European MVs, recently investigated. Finally, we outline the global importance of mud volcanic CH4 emission, as Kopf [2003] and recent literature is stressing.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1094
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: methane ; mud volcanoes ; helium ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.02. Atmospheric Chemistry ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
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    Mount Etna: Geochemical signals of magma ascent and unusually extensive plumbing system (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Five years of gas monitoring from selected sites suggest that Mt Etna’s plumbing system is much more extensive than previously reported. It extends at least 40 km SW from the volcano’s boundary along the NE-SW regional fault, where it discharges about 200 tons/day of gas, containing helium with mantle-type isotopic composition. Synchronous variations of 3He/4He isotopic ratios in gas sampled at sites located 60 kilometers apart have allowed us to detect pulses of ascending magma in the plumbing system, thus providing a powerful tool for eruption forecasting. Following summer 2001 eruption, the still increasing trend of the 3He/4He ratios indicates that magma storage is even now occurring at a shallow depth. Hence, the volcano maintains a high capacity to re-erupt within the next few months.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1057
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: helium isotopes ; geochemical monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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    Active geodynamics of the central Mediterranean Sea: Tensional tectonic evidences in western Sicily from mantle-derived helium (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We report results on the measured high 3He/4He isotope ratio in western Sicily, interpreted together with the heat data. The study of this sector of the Europe-Africa interaction is crucial to a better understanding of the tectonics and the geodynamical evolution of the central Mediterranean area. The estimated mantle-derived helium fluxes in the investigated areas are up to 2–3 orders of magnitude greater than those of a stable continental area. The highest flux, found in the southernmost area near the Sicily Channel, where recent eruptions of the Ferdinandea Island occurred 20 miles out to sea off Sciacca, has been associated with a clear excess of heat flow. Our results indicate that there is an accumulation of magma below the continental crust of western Sicily that is possibly intruding and out-gassing through roughly N-S trending deep fault systems linked to the mantle, that have an extensional component. Although the identification of these faults is not sufficiently constrained by our data, they could possibly be linked to the pre-existing faults that originated during the Mesozoic extensional-transtensional tectonic phases.
    Description: Published
    Description: L04312
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: helium isotopes ; heat production ; tectonics ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.07. Radioactivity and isotopes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.03. Heat flow ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.03. Heat generation and transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
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    The Stromboli Volcano landslides of December 2002: A seismological description (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We analyse seismograms of the slump episodes at Stromboli on December 30, 2002. Using a simple single force model, we estimate the volume involved in the individual subevents and attempt a chronological reconstruction of the whole process. Our results indicate the occurrence of two main events that could be interpreted as a submarine slump, which caused the observed tsunami, and a subaerial slump, which did not produce destructive sea waves. A total volume of about 20 106 m3 results for the submarine event, which developed over about 2 minutes with several distinct detachments, the first and largest displacing a volume of 10.8 106 m3. The second, subaerial, slump involved at least 2.5 106 m3, in about 90 s. A large long period pulse is also recognizable in the seismograms of the Stromboli station. We tentatively interpret this feature as tilt caused by the water load associated with the inundation in the Ficogrande area, on the northeastern side of the island.
    Description: Published
    Description: (L02605)
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stromboli Volcano ; seismological description ; Fractures and faults ; Structural Geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The 1997 Umbria-Marche (Italy) earthquake sequence: relationship between ground deformation and seismogenic structure (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A field survey performed during the 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake sequence led us to recognize ground and pavement ruptures associated with the three largest shocks (M〉= 5.7). The ruptures are concentrated in narrow bands that, in part, are on and near previously mapped high-angle normal fauts. The geometry of the ground deformation is consistent with the NE-trending extension indicated by CMT focal solutions of the mainshocks. The distribution of aftershocks suggests that the three mainshocks occurred on ~40 degree SW-dipping normal faults. Geological investigations, modelling of expected coseismic elevation changes, and seismic data, suggest that the surface deformation is not the direct result of primary rupture of faults at depth.
    Description: Published
    Description: 895-898
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Structural geology ; Fractures and faults ; Seismology ; Seismicity and seismotectonics ; Europe ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 133
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    Geochemistry of serpentinized peridotites from the Mariana Forearc Conical Seamount, ODP Leg 125: Implications for the elemental recycling at subduction zones (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Recent examinations of the chemical fluxes through convergent plate margins suggest the existence of significant mass imbalances for many key species: only 20–30% of the to-the-trench inventory of large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) can be accounted for by the magmatic outputs of volcanic arcs. Active serpentinite mud volcanism in the shallow forearc region of the Mariana convergent margin presents a unique opportunity to study a new outflux: the products of shallow-level exchanges between the upper mantle and slab-derived fluids. ODP Leg 125 recovered serpentinized harzburgites and dunites from three sites on the crests and flanks of the active Conical Seamount. These serpentinites have U-shaped rare earth element (REE) patterns, resembling those of boninites. U, Th, and the high field strength elements (HFSE) are highly depleted and vary in concentration by up to 2 orders of magnitude. The low U contents and positive Eu anomalies indicate that fluids from the subducting Pacific slab were probably reducing in nature. On the basis of substantial enrichments of fluid-mobile elements in serpentinized peridotites, we calculated very large slab inventory depletions of B (79%), Cs (32%), Li (18%), As (17%), and Sb (12%). Such highly enriched serpentinized peridotites dragged down to depths of arc magma generation may represent an unexplored reservoir that could help balance the input-output deficit of these elements as observed by Plank and Langmuir (1993, 1998) and others. Surprisingly, many species thought to be mobile in fluids, such as U, Ba, Rb, and to a lesser extent Sr and Pb, are not enriched in the rocks relative to the depleted mantle peridotites, and we estimate that only 1–2% of these elements leave the subducting slabs at depths of 10 to 40 km. Enrichments of these elements in volcanic front and behind-the-front arc lavas point to changes in slab fluid composition at greater depths.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-24
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Serpentinite ; Ocean Drilling Program ; Forearc ; Mantle ; Marianas ; Subduction ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.06. Subduction related processes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 134
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    An improved stress map for Italy and surrounding regions (central Mediterranean) (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present an updated present-day stress data compilation for the Italian region and discuss it with respect to the geodynamic setting and the seismicity of the area. We collected and analyzed 190 new stress data from borehole breakouts, seismicity, and active faults and checked in detail the previous compilation [Montone et al., 1999]. Our improved data set consists of 542 data, 362 of which with a reliable quality for stress maps. The Italian region is well sampled, allowing the computation of constrained smoothed stress maps; for surrounding regions we added the World Stress Map 2003 release data. These maps depict the active stress conditions and, in the areas where the data are sparse, contribute to understand the relationship between active stress, past tectonic setting, and the seismicity of the study region. The new data are particularly representative along the northern Apennine front, from the Po Plain to offshore the Adriatic, and along the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, north of Sicily, where they point out a compressive tectonic regime. In the Alps both compressive and transcurrent regimes are observed. Our data also confirm that the whole Apenninic belt and the Calabrian arc are extending. Along the central Adriatic coast, changes from one stress regime to another are shown by abrupt variations in the minimum horizontal stress directions. Other gentler stress rotations, as, for instance, from the southern Apennines to the Calabrian arc or along the northern Apennines, follow the curvature of the arcs and are not associated to a stress regime variation.
    Description: Published
    Description: (B10410)
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: active stress ; earthquakes ; borehole breakouts ; crust and lithosphere ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress
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  • 135
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    Reply to comment by Clifford Thurber and Haijiang Zhang on “The effect of velocity structure errors on double-difference “earthquake location (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Reply to a comment
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We defend the two statements of ours in Michelini and Lomax [2004] about Zhang and Thurber [2003] regarded by Thurber and Zhang as incorrect and misleading.
    Description: Published
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: earthquake location ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution
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  • 136
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    Seismic constraints on the present-day kinematics of the Gargano foreland, Italy, at the transition zone between the southern and northern Apennine belts (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 1995–2004 seismicity in the Gargano Promontory (hereafter GP) foreland at the transition zone between Southern and Northern Apennine belts (Italy) is analyzed with the aim to put constraints on the present-day kinematics of this key-area of the foreland. The spatial distribution of earthquakes and 54 calculated focal mechanisms show that that the main GP ruptures develop along E-W striking, right-lateral strike-slip faults and NW- SE, normal to left-lateral second-order faults that move in response to a prevailing NW-SE compression (i.e. NE-SW extension). Tacking into account the depth of the relocated seismicity and the available geological information, we propose that the GP shear zone represents an E-W striking, major crustal discontinuity separating sectors of the foreland that move in response to the higher, northeastward propagation velocity of the thrust front of the Northern Apennines with respect to that of the Southern Apennines.
    Description: Published
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismicity ; seismotectonics ; geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 137
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    High quality seismological recordings from the SN-1 deep seafloor observatory in the Mt. Etna region (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We show over 4 months of 3-component broadband seismometer data from the SN-1 seafloor multidisciplinary observatory, deployed offshore of Eastern Sicily (Italy) at 2105 m b.s.l. The SN-1 spectra show background noise levels above 0.1 Hz similar to levels at a nearby ground station. An important noise source below 0.1 Hz is caused by tilt of the sensor induced by sea currents. Seismic noise levels above 0.01 Hz are strongly dependent on Etna volcanic activity. In spite of these intense noise sources, SN-1 recorded many local, regional and global events. The quality of seismic recordings confirms the validity of the installation procedure and good ground coupling of the 3-component broadband sensor, suggesting that SN-1 can be proposed as permanent observatory in this high seismic and volcanic hazard area.
    Description: 2002-2003 Framework Program of the Italian National Group for the Defense against Earthquakes (GNDT)
    Description: Published
    Description: L07303
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 138
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    Crustal motion along the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: We investigate crustal deformation along the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary in Calabria and Sicily revealed by the GPS velocity field obtained by the combination of continuous site velocities with previous results from episodic campaigns. We recognize two distinct crustal domains characterized by different motions and styles of deformation. Convergence in Sicily is taken up by crustal shortening along the former Tyrrhenian back arc passive margin, in agreement with seismological data and geological evidence of recent cessation of deformation along the Plio-Pleistocene subduction front. The analysis of the GPS data and the consistency between earthquake slip vectors and convergence direction suggest that Eu-Nu convergence in Sicily does not require intermediate crustal blocks. Significant Eurasia ( 3 mm/yr to NNE) and Nubia-fixed ( 5 mm/yr to ESE) residual velocities in Calabria suggest instead the presence of an intermediate crustal block which can be interpreted as a forearc sliver or as an independent Ionian block. According to the first hypothesis, subduction is still active in the Ionian wedge, although we find no evidence for active back arc spreading in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The N115 E oriented Sicily-Calabria GPS relative motion is consistent with the extension observed during the 1908 Mw 7.1 Messina earthquake. We suggest that up to 3 mm/yr ( 80%) of this estimated relative motion between Sicily and the Calabrian Arc may be taken up in the Messina Straits.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-16
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: GPS ; Calabria, Sicily, Active tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 139
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    Active crustal extension in the central Apennines (Italy) (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present the first GPS estimate of crustal extension in the central Apennines (Italy) through the analysis of the deformation of a sub-network of the National GPS Geodetic network IGM95 in the interval 1994–1999. The selected sub-network spans the entire active deformation belt perpendicularly to its axis and allows the evaluation of (1) the total extension rate absorbed in this sector of the Apennines and (2) the seismogenic potential of the normal faults active in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene interval within the network. Results of this reoccupation are consistent with an extensional strain rate of 0.18×10−6 yr−1 concentrated in an area of about 35 km width, giving an average extension rate of 6±2 mm/yr across the central Apennines. The pattern of active deformation suggests active elastic strain accumulation on the westernmost of the two fault systems active in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene interval and may also suggest the presence of another active fault system not recognized so far.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2121-2124
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: GPS ; Apennines, Active extension ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 140
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    Pyroclastic flow dynamics and hazard in a caldera setting: application to Phlegrean Fields (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Numerical simulation of pyroclastic density currents has developed significantly in recent years and is increasingly applied to volcanological research. Results from physical modeling are commonly taken into account in volcanic hazard assessment and in the definition of hazard mitigation strategies. In this work, we modeled pyroclastic density currents in the Phlegrean Fields caldera, where flows propagating along the flat ground could be confined by the old crater rims that separate downtown Naples from the caldera. The different eruptive scenarios (mass eruption rates, magma compositions, and water contents) were based on available knowledge of this volcanic system, and appropriate vent conditions were calculated for each scenario. Simulations were performed along different topographic profiles to evaluate the effects of topographic barriers on flow propagation. Simulations highlighted interesting features associated with the presence of obstacles such as the development of backflows. Complex interaction between outward moving fronts and backflows can affect flow propagation; if backflows reach the vent, they can even interfere with fountain dynamics and induce a more collapsing behavior. Results show that in the case of large events ( 108 kg/s), obstacles affect flow propagation by reducing flow velocity and hence dynamic pressure in distal regions, but they cannot stop the advancement of flows. Deadly conditions (in terms of temperature and ash concentration) characterize the entire region invaded by pyroclastic flows. In the case of small events (2.5 107 kg/s), flows are confined by distal topographic barriers which provide valuable protection to the region beyond.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q11003
    Description: open
    Keywords: Phlegrean Fields ; multiphase flow ; pyroclastic flows ; dynamic pressure ; volcanic hazard ; caldera ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 141
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    Evidence for departure in self-similarity: a new spectral ratio method using narrowband coda envelopes (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The use of local and regional S-wave coda is shown to provide stable amplitude ratios that better constrains source differences between event pairs. We first compared amplitude ratio performance between local and near regional S and coda waves in the San Francisco Bay region for moderate-sized events, then applied the coda spectral ratio method to the 1999 Hector Mine mainshock and its larger aftershocks. We find (1) average amplitude ratio standard deviations using coda are ~0.05 to 0.12, roughly a factor of 3 smaller than direct S-waves for 0.2 〈 f 〈 15.0 Hz; (2) coda spectral ratios for the Mw 7.0 Hector Mine earthquake and its aftershocks show a clear departure from self-similarity, consistent with other studies using the same datasets; and (3) event-pairs (Green’s function and target events) can be separated by ~25 km for coda amplitudes without any appreciable degradation, in sharp contrast to direct waves.
    Description: Published
    Description: L11303
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: non-self-similarity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 142
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    Lava flow identification and aging by means of lidar intensity: Mount Etna case (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An application of light detection and ranging (lidar) intensity for the identification and mapping of different lava flows from the Mount Etna (Italy) active volcano is described. In September 2004 an airborne lidar survey was flown over summit sectors of Mount Etna. The information derived from lidar intensity values was used to compare the lava flows with respect to their age of emplacement. Analyzed lava flows vary in age between those dating prior to A.D. 1610 and those active during the survey (2004–2005 eruptions). The target-emitter distance, as well as surface roughness and texture at the lidar footprint scale, is the main parameter controlling the intensity response of lava flows. Variations in the roughness and texture of surfaces at a meter scale result from two main processes, initial lava cooling and subsequent surface weathering; both lead to variations in the original surface roughness of the flow. In summary: (1) initially, from the time of emplacement, the lidar intensity of lava flow surfaces decreases and (2) about 6 years after emplacement the lidar intensity of lava surfaces starts to increase with the age of flows. Lidar capability in terms of geometric (accuracy of ∼1 m in plan position and less than 1 m in elevation) and spectral (lidar intensity depends on surface reflection at λ = 1.064 μm) information can thus be effectively used to map lava flows and to define a relative chronology of lava emplacement.
    Description: Published
    Description: B02201
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: lava flows ; mapping ; lidar ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 143
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    Empirical ground-motion prediction equations for Northwestern Turkey using the aftershocks of the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present ground motion models for northwestern Turkey using the aftershocks of the Mw 7.4, 1999 Kocaeli earthquake. We consider 4047 velocity and acceleration records for each component of motion, from 528 earthquakes recorded by stations belonging to regional networks. The ground motion models obtained provide peak ground velocity, peak ground acceleration, and spectral accelerations for 8 different frequencies between 1 and 10 Hz. The analysis of the error distribution shows that the record-to-record component of variance is the largest contribution to the standard deviation of the calibrated ground- motion models. Furthermore, a clear dependence of inter-event error on stress drop is observed. The empirical ground-motion prediction equations, derived for both the larger horizontal and vertical components, are valid in the local magnitude range from 0.5 to 5.9, and for hypocentral distances up to 190 km. Citation: Bindi, D., S. Parolai, H. Grosser, C. Milkereit, and E. Durukal (2007), Empirical ground-motion prediction equations for northwestern Turkey using the aftershocks of the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake,
    Description: Published
    Description: L08305
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Attenuation relationship ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
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  • 144
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    Coseismic and postseismic displacements related with the 1997 earthquake sequence in Umbria-Marche (central Italy) (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We study the coseismic and postseismic displacements related with the 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake sequence by means of leveling lines along a deformed aqueduct located in the epicentral area. Comparing the 1960 and 10/1997 measurements we obtain 0.49 0.10 m of coseismic displacement distributed along 3 km across the normal fault zone. Modeling of the coseismic surface dislocation is obtained from a combination of low angle (38°) faults at depth and high angle (80°) upper fault branches. The best fit model indicates that the upper branches stop at 0.4 km below the ground surface and have 60% of slip with respect to the lower faults. The postseismic displacement measured during 1998 is 0.18 m and represents 36% of the apparent coseismic deformation. Moderate earthquakes in the Apennines and related surface deformation may thus result from curved faults that reflect the brittle-elastic properties of the uppermost crustal structures.
    Description: Data collection was made while both authors were at Istituto di Ricerca per la Tettonica Recente – CNR (GNDT Project), Roma, Italy. M. Copparoni (ASM, Foligno) and M. Raponi and S. Pacico (Studio Topografico s.n.c., Foligno) provided data about aqueduct and leveling lines. Analysis of data and modeling were done while RB was visiting EOST-IPG, Strasbourg, France. Preparation of the paper benefited from discussion with R. Armijo, S. Barba, P. Gomez and G. Valensise. A. Amato and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for their constructive remarks.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2695–2698
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Coseismic displacement ; postseismic displacement ; earthquake fault ; Colfiorito, Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
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  • 145
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    Link between major flank slip and 2002–2003 eruption at Mt. Etna (Italy) (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2002–2003 Etna eruption is studied through earthquake distributions and surface fracturing. In September 2002, earthquake-induced surface rupture (sinistral offset 0.48 m) occurred along the E-W striking Pernicana Fault (PF), on the NE flank. In late October, a flank eruption accompanied further ( 0.77 m) surface rupturing, reaching a total sinistral offset of 1.25 m; the deformation then propagated for 18 km eastwards to the coastline (sinistral offset 0.03 m) and southwards, along the NW-SE striking Timpe (dextral offset 0.04 m) and, later, Trecastagni faults (dextral offset 0.035 m). Seismicity (〈4 km bsl) on the E flank accompanied surface fracturing: fault plane solutions indicate an overall ESEWNWextension direction, consistent with ESE slip of the E flank also revealed by ground fractures. A three-stage model of flank slip is proposed: inception (September earthquake), climax (accelerated slip and eruption) and propagation (E and S migration of the deformation).
    Description: Published
    Description: 2286
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: volcano seismology ; surface fracturing ; flank slip ; eruption ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 146
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    Crustal structure at colliding plates boundary from receiver functions analysis: A close look beneath the northern Apennines (Italy) (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Teleseismic receiver functions from a seismic experiment in a small area of the northern Apennines, Italy, reveal strong crustal structure variations across the mountain chain. Receiver functions imaging and full waveform inversion technique are used to constrain the S-wave velocity profile in the crust and to reconstruct the geometry of the main seismic discontinuities at depth. We highlight the presence of the main mode-converting discontinuities in the study area. Most importantly, we identify the crust-mantle transition which is represented, almost everywhere in the study area, by a sharp S-wave velocity increase (over 4 km/s) at depth between 35 and 40 km. However, farther west, the S-wave velocity reaches values typical for the sub-crustal mantle at about 54 km depth, possibly marking the locus where the subducting Adriatic plate starts to dip into the mantle. Here the presence of a shallower discontinuity at about 36 km depth, with S-velocity values around 4 km/s, can be interpreted as the Moho signature of the overriding Tyrrhenian plate.
    Description: Published
    Description: L12304
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: receiver functions ; northern Apennines ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
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  • 147
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    Volcanomagnetic Evidence of the Magmatic Intrusion on 13th May 2008 (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: During the onset of 2008 volcanic crisis at Mt Etna, the near-real time magnetic data provided a continuous updating of the volcano activity state on the northern flank. On the morning of 13th May 2008, significant local magnetic field changes marked the resumption of the eruptive activity characterized by the opening of a fracture field on the northern flank, and an eruptive fissure in the Valle del Bove. In agreement with the northward propagation of seismic events, magnetic signals at 5 stations in the summit area revealed a nearly NNW-SSE oriented magmatic intrusion, which started at about 9:00 GMT, propagated northward for about 2 km, and stopped at 14:00 GMT before reaching the North-East Rift. Magnetic variations, with amplitude ranging between 1.8 nT and -6.5 nT, are consistent with those calculated from piezomagnetic models, where stress-induced changes in rock magnetization are produced by the magmatic intrusion.
    Description: Published
    Description: L22301
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Mt Etna ; volcano monitoring ; piezomagnetic field ; magmatic intrusion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 148
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    Gravity “steps” at Mt. Etna volcano (Italy). Instrumental effects or evidences of earthquake-triggered magma density changes? (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On two occasions, sudden gravity changes occurred simultaneously at two summit Etna’s stations, during local low-magnitude earthquakes. A systematic coupling between earthquakes inducing comparable maximum acceleration and displacement at the observation points and gravity steps is missing, implying (a) the non-instrumental nature of the steps and (b) the need for particular underlying conditions for the triggering mechanism(s) to activate. We review some of the volcanological processes that could induce fast underground mass redistributions, resulting in gravity changes at the surface. These processes involve bubbles and crystals present in the magma and require particular conditions in order to be effective as mass-redistributing processes. The gravity steps could be a geophysical evidence of the dynamical stress transfer between tectonic and magmatic systems at a local scale. Given the implications that these transfers may have on the volcanic activity, routine volcano monitoring should include the observation of fast gravity changes.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: gravity changes ; volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.05. Gravity variations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 149
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    New evidence for a mixed inorganic and organic origin of the Olympic Chimaera fire (Turkey): a large onshore seepage of abiogenic gas (2008)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Chimaera gas seep, near Antalya (SW Turkey), has been continuously active for thousands of years and it is known to be the source of the first Olympic fire in the Hellenistic period. New and thorough molecular and isotopic analyses including methane (approximately 87% v/v; δ to the power of 13 C1 from -7.9‰ to -12.3‰; δ to the power of 13 D1 from -119‰ to -124‰), light alkanes (C2 + C3 + C4 + C5 = 0.5%; C6+: 0.07%; δ to the power of 13 C2 from -24.2‰ to -26.5‰; δ to the power of 13 C3 from -25.5‰ to -27‰), hydrogen (7.5–11%), carbon dioxide (0.01–0.07%; δ to the power of 13 CCO2: -15‰), helium (approximately 80 ppmv; R/Ra: 0.41) and nitrogen (2–4.9%; δ to the power of 15 N from -2‰ to -2.8‰) converge to indicate that the seep releases a mixture of organic thermogenic gas, related to mature type III kerogen occurring in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic organic-rich sedimentary rocks, and abiogenic gas produced by low-temperature serpentinization in the Tekirova ophiolitic unit. Methane is not related to mantle or magma degassing. The abiogenic fraction accounts for about half of the total gas released, which is estimated to be well beyond 50 ton year to the power of -1. Ophiolites and limestones are in contact along a tectonic dislocation leading to gas mixing and migration to the Earth’s surface. Chimaera represents the biggest emission of abiogenic methane on land discovered so far. Deep and pressurized gas accumulations are necessary to sustain the Chimaera gas flow for thousands of years and are likely to have been charged by an active inorganic source.
    Description: Published
    Description: 263-273
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: abiogenic methane ; isotopic composition ; ophiolites ; seep ; serpentinization ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
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  • 150
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    Multiple hydro-fracturing by boron-rich fluids in the Late Miocene contact aureole of eastern Elba Island (Tuscany, Italy) (2008)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In eastern Elba Island (Tuscany, Italy), a shallow crustal level felsic, tourmaline-bearing, dyke-sill swarm of Late Miocene age is associated with abundant tourmaline-quartz hydrothermal veins and metasomatic masses. Development of these veins and masses in the host rocks demonstrates multiple hydro-fracturing by magmatic, boron-rich saline fluid. Tourmalines in felsic dykes are schorl, whereas in veins and metasomatic masses, tourmaline composition ranges from schorl-dravite through dravite to uvite. This compositional shift is evidence for an increasing contribution to the magmatic boron-rich fluids by a Mg-Ca-Ti-rich external component represented by biotite-rich and amphibolite host rocks. This system can be envisaged as an exposed proxy of the high temperature hydrothermal system presently active in the deepest part of the Larderello-Travale geothermal field (Tuscany).
    Description: Published
    Description: 318-326
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Hydro-fractures ; geothermal systems ; Magmatism ; southern Tuscany ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
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  • 151
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    An innovative tsunami detector operating in tsunami generation environment (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On August 25th 2007 a tsunami detector installed onboard the multi-parameter observatory GEOSTAR was successfully deployed at 3200 b. s. l. in the Gulf of Cadiz, Portugal. This activity is within the NEAREST EC Project (http://nearest.bo.ismar.cnr.it/ ). Among other deliverables, the NEAREST project will produce and test the basic parts of an operational prototype of a near field tsunami warning system. This system includes an onshore warning centre, based on the geophysical monitoring networks which are already operating, and a tsunami detector deployed on board GEOSTAR at the sea bottom. On land the warning centre is in charge of collecting, integrating, and evaluating data recorded at sea. At the sea bottom data is recorded and processed by an advanced type of tsunami detector which includes: a pressure sensor, a seismometer and two accelerometers. The detector communicates acoustically with a surface buoy in two-way mode. The buoy is equipped with meteo station, GPS and tiltmeter and is connected to a shore station via satellite link. The prototype is designed to operate in tsunami generation areas for detection-warning purpose as well as for scientific measurements. The tsunami detector sends a near real time automatic alert message when a seismic or pressure threshold are exceeded. Pressure signals are processed by the tsunami detection algorithm and the water pressure perturbation caused by the seafloor motion is taken into account. The algorithm is designed to detect small tsunami waves, less than one centimetre, in a very noisy environment. Our objective is to combine a novel approach to the tsunami warning problem, with a study of the coupling between the water column perturbations and sea floor motion, together with the long term monitoring of geophysical, geochemical and oceanographic parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: San Francisco, CA, USA
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: open
    Keywords: Tsunamis and storm surges ; Seismic instruments and networks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 152
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    Mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic characteristics of the ejecta from the 5 April 2003 paroxysm at Stromboli, Itlay: Inferences on the Preeruptive Magma Dynamics (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 5 April 2003 explosive eruption at Stromboli emplaced typical basaltic scoria, pumice, and lithic blocks. This paper reports a detailed set of mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic data on the juvenile ejecta and fresh subvolcanic blocks, including micro-Sr isotope analyses and major and dissolved volatile element contents in olivine-hosted melt inclusions. The juvenile ejecta have compositions similar to those of their analogs from previous paroxysms; the 2003 pumice, however, does not contain stable high-MgO olivine, usually typical of large-scale paroxysms and has lower compatible element contents. Texture, composition, and Sr isotope disequilibrium of crystals in pumice indicate that most of them are inherited from the shallow crystal-rich magma and/or crystal mush. The most primitive magma is recorded as rare melt inclusion in olivine Fo85–86. It has a typical S/Cl (1.1) and a total volatile content of 3.1 wt % from which the total fluid pressure was evaluated ≥240 MPa. Hence, moderate pressure conditions can be envisaged for the mechanism triggering the April 2003 paroxysm. The subvolcanic blocks are shoshonitic basalts with 45–50 vol % of phenocrysts (plagioclase + clinopyroxene + olivine). The late-stage crystallization of the crystal-rich magma lead to the formation of Na-sanidine with plagioclase An60–25 + olivine Fo68–49 + Timagnetite ± apatite ± phlogopite ± ilmenite assemblage. Mineralogy, chemistry, and Sr–Nd isotopic signatures of the subvolcanic blocks indicate they represent the slowly cooled equivalents of batches of crystal-rich basaltic magma stored in the uppermost subvolcanic feeding system. Cooling might be facilitated by short breaks in the summit crater activity.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 17
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: open
    Keywords: Stromboli volcano ; Paroxysmal activity ; Basaltic pumice ; Volatile content ; Mineralogy ; Geochemistry ; Sr isotope ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 153
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    Scanning tomography of SO2 distribution in a volcanic gas plume (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Two-dimensional cross sections of the sulphur dioxide (SO2) distribution in the volcanic gas plume of Mt. Etna were reconstructed using tomographic techniques. The data for these projections were generated by a network of five automated scanning spectrometers, positioned on the flanks of the volcano. These measure slant-column amounts of SO2 at 105 different angles, every four minutes. Stable wind conditions allow the plume to be monitored on 82% of days. A time-series of plume cross sections was computed, revealing the potential of this method to track variations in plume position and structure on timescales of minutes to hours, a result of potential importance for air traffic and civil defence in case of eruption, when copious amounts of fine ash can be transported.
    Description: Published
    Description: L17811
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: tomography ; SO2 ; DOAS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 154
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    Active tectonics of the Adriatic region from GPS and earthquake slip vectors (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: To investigate the kinematics of the Adriatic region we integrate continuous and episodic GPS measurements and ${M_w} 〉 4.5$ earthquake slip vectors selected from the Regional Centroid Moment Tensor (RCMT) catalogue. Coherent motion of GPS sites in the Po Valley, in Apulia and in the Hyblean Plateau allows us to estimate geodetically constrained angular velocities for these regions. The predictions of the GPS-inferred angular velocities are compared with the earthquake slip vectors, showing that the seismically-expressed deformation at the microplate boundaries is consistent with the observed geodetic motion. The remarkable consistency between geodetic, seismological and geological evidence of active tectonics, suggests that active deformation in the Central Adriatic is controlled by the relative motion between the Adria and Apulia microplates. The microplates angular rotation rates are then compared with the rotation rates calculated with a simple block model supporting the hypotheses (1) that Apulia forms a single microplate with the Ionian Sea and possibly with the Hyblean region and (2) that Adria and Apulia rotate in such a way as to accommodate the Eurasia-Nubia relative motion. We suggest that the present-day microplate configuration follows a recent fragmentation of the Adriatic promontory that during the Neogene rigidly transferred the Africa motion to the orogenic belts that now surround the Adriatic region.
    Description: Published
    Description: B12413
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Adria ; GPS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 155
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    Earthquake magnitude estimation from early radiated energy (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: From inspection of a large set of Japanese events, we investigate the scaling of the early radiated energy, inferred from the squared velocity integral (IV2) with the final magnitude of the event. We found that the energy can only discriminate whether the event has a magnitude larger or smaller than 5.8, and in the latter case it can allow for realtime magnitude estimation. However, by normalizing IV2 for the rupture area, the initial slip scales with the magnitude between 4 〈 M 〈 7 following the expected scaling laws. We show that the ratio between the squared peak displacement and IV2 is a proxy for the slip following the same scaling but it can be directly derived from the data, without any assumption on the rupture area. The scaling relationship between initial slip and magnitude can be used for early warning applications, when integrated in a probabilistic, evolutionary approach. Citation: Festa, G., A. Zollo, and M. Lancieri (2008), Earthquake magnitude estimation from early radiated energy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L22307, doi:10.1029/ 2008GL035576.
    Description: Published
    Description: L22307
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Early Warning ; Rupture initiation ; Seimic Source ; Magnitude estimation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution
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  • 156
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    Insights on the seismogenic layer thickness from the upper crust structure of the Umbria-Marche Apennines (Central Italy) (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: [1] We reconstruct the subsurface geology in a region of the northern Apennines (central Italy) where a protracted extensional sequence occurred in 1997–1998 with maximum magnitude M = 6.0. Our study is mainly based on the interpretation of three reprocessed seismic reflection profiles crossing the epicentral area, which constrain the subsurface geometry to a depth of about 12 km where most of the shallow seismicity occurs. Comparing the subsurface setting with accurately determined earthquake locations, we find that the seismicity is located entirely within the sedimentary cover and does not penetrate the underlying basement. This is explained by considering that the sedimentary cover is rather thick and composed of relatively strong lithologies (platform carbonates and evaporites), while the upper part of the basement consists of weak phyllites and siliciclastic rocks. This weak horizon is also evidenced by the low-Vp values measured in deep wells of the region. Its effect is to decouple the sedimentary cover from the crystalline basement, where only microseismicity occurs. Our study indicates that local structure and stratigraphy can significantly influence the distribution of seismicity within the upper crust, particularly in complex geological environments such as thrust-and-fold belts.
    Description: Published
    Description: TC1010
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: seismogenic layers, northern apennines ; B/D transition ; umbria-marche apennines ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones
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  • 157
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    Complex magma dynamics at Mount Etna revealed by seismic, thermal and volcanological data (2009)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2009) American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Three eruptive episodes during the 2006 summit eruptions of Mount Etna were exceptionally well documented by visual, seismic and thermal monitoring. The first (16 November) was strongly explosive, with vigorous Strombolian activity and ash emission from multiple vents, lava emission, and phreatomagmatic explosions generating pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). The second episode (19 November) had a rather weakly explosive component, with mild Strombolian activity but more voluminous lava emission. The third (24 November) was a moderately explosive paroxysm, with intermittent lava fountaining and generation of a tephra column as well as lava emission and PDCs. Data recorded by a thermal monitoring camera clearly document the different phases of each paroxysm, weather clouds occasionally hampering thermal monitoring. The images show a rapid onset of the volcanic activity, which during each of the paroxysms reached a peak in eruptive and thermal intensity, and then decreased gradually. The stronger phreatomagmatic explosions and PDCs on 16 and 24 November did not yield any seismic signature linked to the opening of new vents, nor were they associated with peculiar characteristics of the seismic signal. Nevertheless, eruptive styles (Strombolian activity, lava emission) and different levels in the intensity of explosive activity were generally well reflected in the amplitude and frequency content of the seismic signal, and in the source location of the volcanic tremor centroid throughout the three eruptive episodes. This multidisciplinary study, therefore, not only provides a key to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous origins of the phenomena observed, but also documents the complex magma dynamics within the volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: B03211
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcano monitoring ; Mt Etna ; volcanic hazard ; instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
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  • 158
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    The 5 April 2003 Explosion of Stromboli: Timing of Eruption Dynamics using Thermal Data (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Stromboli’s 5 April 2003 explosion sent an ash plume to 4 km and blocks to 2 km, representing one of the most powerful events over the last 100 years. A thermal sensor 450 m east of the vent and a helicopter-flown thermal camera captured the event dynamics allowing detailed reconstruction. This review links previous studies providing a complete collation and clarification of the actual event chronology, while showing how relatively inexpensive thermal sensors can be used to provide great insight into processes that cannot be observed from locations outside of the eruption cloud. The eruption progressed through four phases, comprised 29 discrete explosions and lasted 373 s. The opening phase (phase 1) comprised ~30 s of precursory ash emission, with stronger emission beginning after 17 s. This was abruptly terminated by the main blast of phase 2 which comprised emission of a rapidly expanding ash cloud followed, after 0.4 s, by a powerful jet with velocities of up to 320 m/s. A second explosive phase (phase 3) began 38 s later and involved ascent of a phoenix cloud and explosive emission above a lateral vent lasting 75 s. This was followed by a 175-s-long phase of weaker, pulsed emission. The eruption was terminated by a series of three explosions (phase 4) sending ash to ~600 m at velocities of 27-45 m/s and lasting 87 s. Together these results have shown that a low energy opening phase was followed by the highest energy phase. Each phase itself comprised groups of discrete explosions, with energy of the explosions diminishing during the two final phases.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: open
    Keywords: Thermal imaging ; Stromboli ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 159
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    Volcanic and seismic activity at Stromboli preceding the 2002-03 eruption (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Regular surveys with a PM695 FLIR thermal imaging camera from both the ground and from helicopter were conducted on Stromboli from October 2001. These measurements allow us to (i) examine changes in morphology of the summit craters produced by paroxystic explosions and (ii) track the increasing level of magma within the conduits of Stromboli that preceded and led to the 2002/03 effusive eruption. Two geophysical surveys in May and September/October 2002 demonstrated a clear increasing trend in the amplitude of VLP events, consistent with the presence of a higher magma column above the VLP source region. The observed increase in magma level was probably induced by an increase in the pressure of the magma feeding system at Stromboli, controlled by regional tectonic stress. The increased magma level induced strain on the uppermost part of the crater terrace, allowing an increase in soil permeability and therefore CO2 and Radon degassing. Eventually this stress caused the northeast flank of the craters to fracture, allowing lava to flood out at high effusion rates on 28th December. Regular surveys with the thermal imaging camera, combined with geophysical monitoring, are an invaluable addition to the armory of volcanologists attempting to follow the evolution of activity on active volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: open
    Keywords: Thermal imaging ; Stromboli ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 160
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    Network of Superconducting Gravimeters Benefits a Number of Disciplines (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: abstract - A global network of superconducting gravimeters (SGs) is compiling significant data for a range of important studies spamming a number of disciplines concerned with the Earth's gravity, tides, environment, and geodetics. .......
    Description: Published
    Description: 121-126
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: Gravity ; Gravimeters ; Geodynamics ; Tides ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.02. Gravity methods
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  • 161
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    The eruptive activity of 28 and 29 December 2002 (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: At 18:20 of 28 December 2002 an eruptive vent opened on the NE flank of the Sciara del Fuoco at 600 m asl, marking the onset of the 2002-2003 eruptive crisis of Stromboli volcano. The first eruptive hours were characterized by mild spattering and effusive activity from the new vent and the summit vent at crater 1. Gravitational instability processes also determined the partial collapse of NE walls of the summit cone (crater 1). Pyroclastic material partly accumulated on the NE part of the Sciara, and partly flowed down slope and reached the sea at Spiaggia dei Gabbiani forming a ~ 4m-thick, reddish avalanche, that was soon covered by a lava flow emitted in the following hours (Lodato et al., 2007). In this paper, we describe the first hours of activity trough eyewitnesses’ reports, geophysical monitoring, field and laboratory studies and of the erupted pyroclastic material and lava flows. Daily temperature measurements were carried out on the avalanche deposit formed by the flow of scoria along the Sciara, using a handheld thermal camera mainly during helicopter surveys. A fast cooling rate was typical of the deposit surface, and a slow cooling rate was representative of its inner portion.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: open
    Keywords: Thermal imaging ; Stromboli ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 162
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    Evolution of the lava flow field by daily thermal and visible airborne surveys (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: On 28 December 2002, an effusive flank eruption started at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, 15 Italy). This lasted until 22 July 2003 and produced two lava flow fields that were emplaced onto the 16 steep slopes of Sciara del Fuoco. The first flow field was fed by a vent that opened at 500 m 17 elevation and was active between 30 December 2002 and 15 February 2003. The second was 18 supplied by a vent at 670 m and was emplaced mainly between 15 February and 22 July 2003. Here 19 we review the lava flow field emplacement based on daily thermal and visual surveys. The variable 20 slopes on which the lava flowed yielded an uncommon flow field morphology. This resulted in a 21 lava shield in the proximal area where flow stacking and inflation caused piling up of lava due to the 22 relatively flat ground. The proximal area was characterized by a complex network of tumuli and 23 tube-fed flows associated. The medial-distal lava flow field was emplaced on an extremely steep 24 zone. This area showed persistent flow front crumbling, producing a debris field on which emplaced 25 lava flows formed lava channels with excavated debris levées. This eruption provided an exceptional 26 opportunity to examine the evolution of lava flow fields emplaced on steep slopes, and proved the 27 usefulness of thermal imagers for safe and efficient monitoring of the active lava flows. In addition, thermal monitoring allowed calculation of quantitative parameters, such as effusion rate, allowing constraint of the time varying nature of supply to this eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: open
    Keywords: thermal imaging ; stromboli ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 163
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    Measurements of 220Rn and 222Rn and CO2 emissions in soil and fumarole gases on Mt. Etna volcano (Italy): Implications for gas transport and shallow ground fracture (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Measurements of 220Rn and 222Rn activity and of CO2 flux in soil and fumaroles were carried out on Mount Etna volcano in 2005–2006, both in its summit area and along active faults on its flanks. We observe an empirical relationship between (220Rn/222Rn) and CO2 efflux. The higher the flux of CO2, the lower the ratio between 220Rn and 222Rn. Deep sources of gas are characterized by high 222Rn activity and high CO2 efflux, whereas shallow sources are indicated by high 220Rn activity and relatively low CO2 efflux. Excess 220Rn highlights sites of ongoing shallow rock fracturing that could be affected by collapse, as in the case of the rim of an active vent. Depletion both in 220Rn and in CO2 seems to be representative of residual degassing along recently active eruptive vents.
    Description: This work was funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (S.G., M.N.) and by the Dipartimento per la Protezione Civile (Italy), projects V3_6/28-Etna (M.N.) and V5/08-Diffuse degassing in Italy (S.G.), and NSF EAR 063824101 (K.W.W.S.).
    Description: Published
    Description: Q10001
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: radon ; thoron ; carbon dioxide ; rock stress ; gas transport ; Mount Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 164
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    Thermo-rheological magma control on the impact of highly fluid lava flows at Mt. Nyiragongo (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-29
    Description: In January 2002 Mount Nyiragongo erupted foiditic lavas that covered the Southern volcano flank devastating vast urban areas. Lava flows originated from vents at different heights on the eruptive fissure displayed different velocities, from tens of km/h at the highest vents to slow-advance (0.1–1 km/h) in Goma town several km away from the volcano. To understand the different behavior of lava flows and their threat to the local population, we undertook a multidisciplinary study involving textural and rheological measurements and numerical simulations of heat transfer during magma ascent. We demonstrate that pre-eruptive cooling and syn-eruptive undercooling of magma determined the different rheological behavior of lava flows erupted from vents at diverse heights. Venting at lower altitudes is expected to produce viscous, slowly advancing lavas, although development of fluid, faster flows should be included among possible future eruptive scenarios.
    Description: Published
    Description: L06301
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Nyiragongo volcano ; textural and rheological measurements ; numerical simulations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 165
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    The 5 April 2003 paroxysm at Stromboli: a review of geochemical observations (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-01
    Description: This paper reviews the published geochemical variations observed during the 2002–2003 eruption at Stromboli volcano. At the end of 2002, a new eruption began at Stromboli with a lava flow that lasted until the end of July 2003. On 5 April 2003 an explosive paroxysm occurred with the ejection of bombs that reached the village of Ginostra, about 4 km from the craters. During the eruption, specific variations in chemical composition of ground waters and summit fumaroles were recorded before the explosion, most of them for the first time. The water pH decreased significantly (0.5 units) and the dissolved CO2 increased in two thermal wells (Cusolito and Zurro) located near Stromboli harbor from March until 5 April. Peaks in the dissolved He were also observed at all the sampling sites. All of these changes in the thermal aquifer suggested a pressurization of the system due to the degassing of a volatile-rich magma at depth. In the summit area the SO2/HCl and SO2/HF ratios in the plume increased suddenly between 1 and 3 April due to the degassing of an S-rich magma that was approaching the shallow levels of the plumbing system, and this was involved in the explosion that occurred a few days later. This eruption was the first at Stromboli to be analyzed using geochemical models. The variations observed in the basal aquifer and in the summit area occurred on very different timescales: a few weeks and few days, respectively.
    Description: Published
    Description: 347-358
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: open
    Keywords: paroxysm ; geochemical observations ; monitoring ; plume ; thermal aquifer ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 166
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    WHP Cruise Summary Information of section P16A and P17A (1992)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3WOCE., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 167
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    WHP Cruise Summary Information of section P14C (1992)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3WOCE., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 168
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    Unknown
    WHP Cruise Summary Information of section P16N (1991)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3WOCE., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 169
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    Short Cruise Report MERIAN MSM 13/4 HOMER Limassol - Limassol 21.11.2009 14.12.2009 (2009)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Max Planck Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie, Bremen., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 170
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    Short Cruise Report MERIAN MSM13-3 HOMER Limassol - Limassol 25.10.2009 18.11.2009 (2009)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institut für Polar und Meeresforschung, Max Planck Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie, Bremen., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 171
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    WHP Cruise Summary Information of section P16S and P17S (1991)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3WOCE., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 172
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    WHP Cruise Summary Information of section P02T (1994)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3WOCE., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 173
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    WHP Cruise Summary Information of section P11S and PR28 (1993)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3WOCE., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 174
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    WHP Cruise Summary Information of section P09 (1994)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3WOCE., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
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    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 175
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    WHP Cruise Summary Information of section P14N (1993)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3WOCE., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 176
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    WHP Cruise Summary Information of section P17C (1991)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3WOCE., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 177
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    Unknown
    WHP Cruise Summary Information of section P19A (1992)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3WOCE., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
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    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 178
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    WHP Cruise Summary Information of section P17E and P19S (1992)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3WOCE., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 179
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    Unknown
    Oxygen and carbon dioxide fluxes at the water-sediment interface of a tropical lagoon (1994)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Marine Ecology Progress Series, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 107, pp. 185-193
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 180
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    Unknown
    Planet Simulator - user's guide, version 15.0 (2007)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Meteorological Institut, University of Hamburg., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 181
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    Planet Simulator - reference manual, version 15.0 (2007)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Meteorologisches Institut, Universität Hamburg., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 182
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    Unknown
    Ladderane Lipids in Anammox Bacteria: Occurence, Biosynthesis and Application as Environmental Markers (2008)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Geologica Ultraiectina, Volume 288., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 183
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    PARASOUND - AWI - PANGAEA Data Storage and Management Version 1.1 (2009)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Polarstern.8.2009 ANT-XXV/5., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 24
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 184
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    Deep convection in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean Sea (1994)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Oceanology, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 34(1), pp. 19-25
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 185
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    TRANSFERT DE MATIERE ET DENERGIE DANS LES SEDIMENTS DUN COMPLEXE RECIFAL ANTHROPISE (ÎLE DE LA RÉUNION, OCEAN INDIEN) (2006)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION U.F.R. SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES LABORATOIRE D ECOLOGIE MARINE THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 186
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    Effet des paramètres locaux sur le développement de la végétation dans le Vallon de St. Anna di Vinadio (Alpes Maritimes; Italie) (2005)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Ecoscience, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 12(1), pp. 122-135
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 187
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    Parasound journal of Polarstern Leg ANT-VIII/6 (1990)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 188
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    CRUISE REPORT NO. ** R/V G.O. Sars Cruise No. 2005108 9th June 24th June 2005 Coral survey off Northern Norway (2005)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Benthic Habitat Research Group, Institute of Marine Research PO Box 1870 Nordnes N-5817 Bergen, Norway., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 189
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    Unknown
    Cruise Report BARENTS-SEA CONTINENTAL MARGIN HERMES-PROJECT 3D - FLUID FLOW OF HMMV (2005)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC31Institutt for Geologi, Dramsveien 201 Universitetet i Tromsø., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
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    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 190
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    BrumsackHJ_SENK_TP3_methods (2007)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl-von-Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 191
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    Unknown
    BrumsackHJ_FwArea_TP3_methods (2007)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl-von-Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 192
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    The bogs at Ballybetagh, near Dublin, with remarks on late-glacial conditions in Ireland (1938)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, & Co., XLIV Sect A, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, pp. 205-260
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 193
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    RV Sonne Cruise Report SO 196, SUMSUN 2008, Suva Guam Okinawa Trough Manila, February 19 - March 26, 2008 (2008)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Leibniz Institut für Ostseeforschung, Sektion Meereschemie, Warnemünde., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 194
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    CRUISE REPORT R/V H. Mosby - cruise No. 2009615; M/S Øyfisk cruise No. 2009813 (2009)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Benthic habitats and Shellfish Research Group, Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 195
    facet.materialart.
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    The results of palynological studies of the Holocene deposits in the highlands of the Lagodekhi reservation (eastern Georgia) (1990)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 139(3), pp. 641-644
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 196
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    Palynological characteristics of the series of lacustrine and paludal deposits of the Holocene in the headwaters of the Zakan River (West Caucasus) (1994)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bulletin of the Georgian Academy of Sciences, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 150, pp. 177-184
    Details
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    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 197
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    Eemian interglacial at Golkow near Warsaw (1966)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Kwartalnik geologiczny Wydawn, Geologiczne Warszawa, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 10(2), pp. 453-461
    Details
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    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 198
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    Specification and setup of Ocean Bottom Tiltmeter (OBT) OBT2a, Logatchev Hydrothermal Vent Filed, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 02.02.2007-15.12.2007 (2008)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Dept. Geoscience, University of Bremen, Germany., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 199
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    Specification and setup of Ocean Bottom Tiltmeter (OBT) - OBT1a, Logatchev Hydrothermal Vent Filed, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 11.05.2005-17.06.2006 (2008)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Dept. Geoscience, University of Bremen, Germany., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
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    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 200
    facet.materialart.
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    Atlas of paleoclimates and paleoenvironments of the northern hemisphere (1992)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Geographical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of SCiences, Budapest, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart Jena New York., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
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    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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