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  • Volumetrie
  • pheromone
  • Springer  (210)
  • Frontiers Media
  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999  (81)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: larger grain borer ; Prostephanus truncatus ; Bostrichidae ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Delta traps baited with maize cobs, which were infested each with one male Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Col.: Bostrichidae), were distributed in southern Benin and collected after one, two, three and four weeks. The numbers of P. truncatus caught during the different trapping periods were not significantly different. Sixty-four percent of the trapped P. truncatus were females. Females attracted during the one-week trapping period produced a mean of 6.9 progeny during the seven days. The sex ratio of the progeny was 1:1. Trap catches with the infested cobs were on average 13 times lower than catches with 2 mg of the artificial pheromone. Estimation of P. truncatus densities in a maize store at the beginning of the storage period (based on laboratory data) revealed that small initial numbers of P. truncatus, possibly attracted by a single male, sufficed to initiate high infestation rates later in the storage season.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Prostephanus truncatus ; Bostrichidae ; dispersal ; pheromone ; crowding effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of population density and aggregation pheromone were investigated as possible flight initiating factors for Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Col.: Bostrichidae). Maize grains (175 g in glass jars) were infested with 20, 50, 150 or 300 beetles, all of which were removed after 2 weeks. Flight initiation of the progeny was observed over a period of 4 weeks, with and without the synthetic aggregation pheromone of P. truncatus. Addition of the synthetic pheromone had no influence on the number of beetles taking off. The number of beetles dispersing increased with growing initial and progeny densities. Dispersal rates (% of total progeny dispersing) rose with declining rate till they reached a maximum at ca. 33%. Of the beetles dispersing, 74% left the cultures between 18.00 and 20.00 hours. Surviving progeny per female decreased with increasing initial density. Sex ratios in the initial cultures and in the F1 were ca. 1:1, whereas a higher proportion of females (67%) was found among the dispersing beetles.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; cotton ; pheromone ; wind tunnel ; attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms by which the application of formulated pheromone interferes with mating in the pink bollworm moth (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella were examined in 0.4 ha cotton fields using high-dose (78 mg A.I.) sealed polyethylene dispensers. Walk-in, field wind tunnels 6.2 m long were placed over two rows of cotton. Treatments consisted of a control, a tunnel in a field free of disruptant formulation; a 3-rope treatment, in which the field was free of pheromone but one of the cotton rows in the wind tunnel was treated with 3 PBW ropes; and a rope-grid treatment, in which the field was treated with PBW ropes at the standard density of 1000 ha−1 and one of the cotton rows inside the wind tunnel was treated with 3 PBW ropes. We released marked males into the tunnels near sunset or held them in field cages for 24 h prior to assay. Two pheromone traps at the tunnel's upwind end monitored the ability of males to locate point sources of pheromone. In the 3-rope tunnel, traps placed upwind of the cotton row treated with disruptant pheromone captured far fewer males than those placed upwind of the untreated cotton row. In the tunnel situated in the centre of the rope-gridded field, very few males were caught in traps in both rows, indicating a camouflage of the pheromone plumes from the traps by the background of airborne disruptant drawn into the tunnel from the field. Activity of moths near the synthetic pheromone sources was video-recorded. Males oriented to, landed on or near, and walked on or near, PBW ropes, indicating competition between pheromone sources as a mechanism of mating disruption. Most males visiting PBW ropes became quiescent or disappeared from the field of view after a few minutes, suggesting a habituation/adaptation of response. The rhythm of attraction of males held in the field for 24 h before release was comprised of a small peak of activity near 2000 h, with the majority of attraction between 2300 and 0300 h. Much of the attraction before 0100 appears to be an advancement of the male's normal diel rhythm, caused by the presence of disruptant. Together these findings indicate that mating disruption of pink bollworm using the PBW ropes is achieved by a combination of mechanisms: a camouflage of natural plumes, competition between pheromone sources, habituation, and some advancement of the male's rhythm of response.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Neodiprion sertifer ; pheromone ; pest management ; population suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mating disruption of the pine sawflyNeodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) was strongly indicated by reduced male trap catches in pine plantations permeated with the sex phermone, (2S, 3S, 7S)-diprionly acetate. The trap catch reduction was 95 to near 100% when dispensers every 10 m were used, giving a total release of about 3 mg per hectare and day. Two mg of pheromone per cotton roll dispenser maintained low catches for the whole season (about 2 months) without any renewal of disruption dispensers. Anerythro-mixture was as effective as the pure pheromone isomer. The effects of the experiments on population density and sex ratio were not possible to investigate, due to a general collapse of the population, also outside experimental plots, the year after the experiments.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 125-135 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; brownheaded leafroller ; pheromone ; orientation ; Epiphyas postvittana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone-baited delta trap was found to be inefficient at eliciting landing and entering of the trap by maleCtenopseustis obliquana. The inefficiency of the delta trap related to turbulence altering the pheromone plume and the concomitant effect on the flight manoeuvres of male moths. In the wind tunnel, high proportions of males flew upwind and landed on the sides, outside, of the trap, but only a relatively small proportion of these males entered the trap and contacted the sticky surface. When males approached the delta trap, they tended to fly in wide zigzags (i.e., large inter-track reversal distances) and at an altitude near the top of the trap, where the trap was relatively narrow in width (compared to the bottom). Thus, these flight manoeuvres largely precluded males from entering the trap. Greater numbers of male moths entered the trap when: (i) the front barriers of the delta trap were removed, (ii) pheromone dosage was increased to 300 μg, and (iii) the trap design was changed to a rectangular one. The first two changes appeared to influence the flight manoeuvres of males (who appeared to fly with narrower inter-track reversal distances), while the third change apparently did not affect the glight manoeuvres of males, but rather allowed more males to enter the trap because of the greater area of the entrance. The low trap catches of maleC. obliquana in the field are also a consequence of the glue which is currently used. After contact with this glue most males are able to escape, flying off the sticky surface and losing contact with the pheromone. A field trial found that delta traps with another glue caught more than three times the number of males of the related tortricid moth,Epiphyas postvittana, than delta traps with the currently used glue.
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  • 6
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 127-135 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hemiptera ; Heteroptera ; Lygaeidae ; Oncopeltus ; Tropidothorax ; Neacoryphus ; pheromone ; attractant ; aposematic ; Asclepiadaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract (E)-2,7-Octadienyl acetate and (E) -2-octenyl acetate (1:10 by volume) were identified as a pheromone attractive to both sexes of the lygaeid bug, Tropidothorax cruciger. In a parallel investigation of Neacoryphus bicrucis (Lygaeidae), (E, E) -2,4-hexadienyl acetate and phenethyl acetate (≈9:1) were identified from males, and found attractive to both sexes of adults in the field plus a tachinid fly parasitoid of the bugs. In N. bicrucis, the pheromone was clearly shown to come from the tubular accessory glands of the metathoracic scent gland; this evidence, plus earlier literature reports for other species, indicate that male lygaeids are the pheromone emitters. In another lygaeid, Oncopeltus fasciatus, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine was identified in the cardiac glycoside-laden fluid sequestered from milkweed hosts and expelled by these bugs when they are attacked. Alkyl methoxypyrazines are warning odorants associated with poisonous insect secretions, and their presence in O. fasciatus indicates that the plant-derived chemical defense of lygaeines is more elaborate than previously appreciated.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cylas puncticollis ; Cylas brunneus ; sweetpotato weevil ; pheromone ; pheromone trap ; Coleoptera ; Apionidae ; Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were carried out in Uganda to optimise pheromone traps for the African sweetpotato weevil species, Cylas puncticollis Bohe. and C. brunneus F. (Coleoptera: Apionidae). Various designs of funnel, water and sticky traps were compared and a 5-l plastic jerry can trap was the most appropriate design for effectiveness and practicability. A solution of Omo detergent in water was found to be the most effective trapping agent. Fewer weevils were caught in red traps than in yellow, white, green or blue traps. Catches of C. puncticollis increased when the trap was raised above crop height, but catches of C. brunneus were unaffected. When marked weevils were dropped onto the trap, 36% of C. puncticollis and 23% of C. brunneus were captured, and, of weevils placed in the trap, 88% and 92%, respectively, of the two species remained overnight. Lures for the two species showed no significant loss in attractiveness after 8 weeks in the field, and chemical analysis showed 19% of the C. puncticollis pheromone and 72% of the C. brunneus pheromone remaining after this time. Summarizing, the following trap is presently recommended for monitoring/controlling African Cylas species: a 5-l plastic jerry can trap of any colour with rectangular openings of 11×5 and 6×5 cm positioned 15 cm above the crop canopy, filled with 0.5 l Omo solution (1 g/1 l water), with 0.1 mg lures to be replaced every 8 weeks.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; disparlure ; pheromone ; mating disruption ; laminate flakes ; polymethacrylate beads ; forest pest ; aerial application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of aerial applications of the gypsy moth sex pheromone, disparlure, on mating disruption and suppression of growth of populations of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), were investigated. Two formulations of disparlure, plastic laminate flakes applied in a single application and polymethacrylate beads applied in two applications, were compared in two separate tests conducted in 1993 and 1994. The beads were applied in two applications spaced 2 weeks apart because preliminary tests had indicated that they released pheromone too rapidly to maintain adequate emission rates throughout the period of male flight. In 1993, the flakes were applied at a rate of 50 g a.i./ha, and the beads were applied at a rate of 15 g a.i./ha for each application. In 1994, the flakes were applied at a rate of 75 g a.i./ha and the beads were applied at rates of 32.5 and 42.5 g a.i./ha for the two applications. Beads with larger average particle size were used in 1994 to prolong disparlure release. The treatments applied in 1993 resulted in 〉97% reduction in mating and 〉82% suppression of population growth in the following year. Because of a 1995 collapse of gypsy moth populations in the vicinity of the tests, reliable population growth data were not available for the treatments applied in 1994, but significant mating disruption did occur under both treatments. Based on measurements of residual disparlure after field aging, the flakes released 32 and 48% of their disparlure content during the 6 weeks of male moth flight in 1993 and 1994, respectively. The smaller beads used in 1993 released 75% of their disparlure content, and the larger beads used in 1994 released 52% of their disparlure content, during the 6 weeks of male flight. The biological efficacy data suggest that the bead and flake formulations, as applied in these tests, have similar effects on gypsy moth mating disruption and subsequent population growth. Based on the observed release rates from both 1993 and 1994, a single application of the beads would provide emission rates equal to or greater than those provided by the flakes when applied at an equal dose.
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  • 9
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 313-317 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: pheromone ; sexual dimorphism ; stored-products insect ; Tribolium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 81 (1996), S. 315-323 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: disruption ; pheromone ; mass trapping ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; Lepidoptera ; cotton ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mass Trapping was used to control pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), populations in cotton fields in Brazil. Oil traps containing lures with a high dose of pheromone, installed at a density of 20 traps per ha soon after the occurrence of the first cotton fruits (or bolls), suppressed PBW populations below detection levels using Delta traps and manual examination of 100 green cotton bolls per ha. Pheromone sources of 0,2 g (approximately 150 NoMate® fibers) were effective in attracting PBW male moths to oil traps for at least three weeks. Trap captures showed that PBW males located the high concentration pheromone plumes, oriented upwind, and landed on or inside the traps. The long life of the pheromone sources and the long lasting viscosity of the oil surface ensured low trap maintenance, thus rendering mass trapping viable as an alternative technique for the control of P. gossypiella populations in commercial cotton fields. We discuss probable mechanisms promoting suppression of PBW populations in fields with mass trapping control.
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  • 11
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 37-47 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Choristoneura rosaceana ; obliquebanded leafroller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; mating disruption ; mechanisms ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An attractive four-component pheromone blend containing a major component Z11-tetradecenyl acetate, and three minor components, E11-tetradecenyl acetate, Z11-tetradecenyl alcohol, and Z11-tetradecenyl aldehyde was tested as a mating disruptant against western Canadian populations of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in organic apple orchards in British Columbia. Efficacy of this four-component blend was compared to that of partial pheromone blends containing the major component plus one or two minor components. A trapping experiment confirmed that, Conrel® fibre disruption dispensers containing the four-component blend were more attractive than disruption dispensers containing the two- or three-component partial blends. A small-plot protocol was followed to compare atmospheric treatments with these blends as mating disruptants at a release rate of 10 mg ha−1 h−1 and from 1000 dispensers ha−1. Mechanisms of mating disruption, such as false-trail following and camouflage of pheromone plumes, that may be evoked to a greater degree by an attractive blend, did not appear to augment the effectiveness of mechanisms invoked by the less attractive blends, as the proportion of mating among tethered females was equal in plots treated with these blends and was reduced by 85–90% compared to the nontreated control. When the four-component pheromone blend was tested at different release rates, mating disruption in small plots began to break down at a release rate of 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 using a dispenser density of 1000 ha−1. Above 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 there was no dose response in release rates tested and at release rates below this dose the proportion of tethered females mating was the same as in the nontreated control. The four-component pheromone blend was tested against, and found to be no more effective than, the two-component partial blend at the threshold release rate of 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 when it was released from 1000 or 250 disruption dispensers. Our results suggest that disruption mechanisms evoked by the attractive blend did not enhance the mating disruption effect provided by the simple blend, therefore a two-component blend may be useful in an operational mating disruption program for C. rosaceana.
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  • 12
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 105-119 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lobesia botrana ; reproductive potential ; male ; mating ; spermatophore ; longevity ; weight ; fertility ; pheromone ; Lobesia botrana ; potentiel reproducteur ; mâle ; accouplement ; spermatophore ; longévité ; poids ; fertilité ; phéromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Reproductive potential and associated biotic variables of the male European grape vine moth,Lobesia botrana. The male moth ofLobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Lep.Tortricidae), has a high reproductive potential, although an significant variability in number of matings is observed (9.03±3.84, range: 0–17). A higher number of malformed spermatophores was noted in late than in early matings. At several matings no spermatophore was formed, but despite this, females were sometimes fertilized and produced offspring. Maximum number of matings (〉90%) occurred between the 3rd and 6th day, although 70% of the males were able to mate during the first 24 h after emergence. Virgin males did not live significantly longer than mated ones (14.05±2.68 days and 12.57±3.31 respectively), although the sexual performance at mating of the former was better. When held in an atmosphere with synthetic pheromone, virgin male longevity was significantly reduced (11.45±2.61 days) compared with controls (14.05±2.68 days). Total frequency of mating is positively correlated to male longevity (r=0.72) and similarly, cumulate fecundity of successively mating females is positively correlated with total male frequency mating (r=0.81). Some virgin males 〈6 days old were able to copulate twice within 24 h. Volume of the first spermatophore increased with the elapsed time between emergence and mating and doubled its original size after about 16 days. In mated males the spermatophore volume decreased with its successive matings but changes in size varied depending on the time elapsed since the last copulation. The most important reduction in the spermatophore volume between two successive matings (〉50%) occurred between the first and second mating, when they take place on consecutive days, but it could be drastically reduced by 95% at the 15th mating spermatophore size or varied did not affect reproductive output and longevity of females. Finally, male body weight was only correlated to the size of the first formed spermatophore and was not correlated to the mating potential during male lifetime. The results are discussed in conjunction with the different control methods of the insect.
    Notes: Résumé Le mâle d’Eudémis,Lobesia botrana Den & Schiff (Lep. Tortricidae) possède un potentiel élevé de reproduction au cours de sa vie bien que soit observée une variabilité importante dans le nombre des accouplements (moyenne: 9.03±3.84 extrêmes: 0–17). Un nombre plus élevé de spermatophores mal formés est observé lors des accouplements tardifs par rapport aux accouplements précoces. Plusieurs accouplements n’étaient pas suivis de la formation de spermatophores, mais malgré cela, quelquefois les femelles étaient fertilisées et une descendance était produite. Le nombre maximum d’accouplements (〉90%) apparaît entre le 3ème et le 6ème jour, bien que 70% des mâles copulent moins de 24 h après l’émergence. Les mâles vierges ne vivent significativement pas plus longtemps que ceux qui ont pu copulerad libitum (14,05±2,68 jours contre 12,57±3,31 jours), quoique le potentiel des performances sexuelles des premiers soit meilleurs. Lorsqu’ils sont maintenus en atmosphère de phéromone sexuelle synthétique, la longévité des mâles vierges est significativement réduite (11,45±2,61 jours) par rapport aux témoins (14,05±2,68 jours). Le nombre total d’accouplements est corrélé avec la longévité du mâle (r=0,72) et pareillement, la fertilité cumulée des femelles accouplées avec le même mâle est corrélée avec le nombre d’accouplements réussi par celui-ci (r=0,81). Quelques mâles vierges de plus de 6 jours étaient capables de copuler deux fois en moins de 24 heures. Le volume du premier spermatophore croît avec le temps écoulé entre l’émergence et l’accouplement jusqu’à doubler après 16 jours environ. Chez les mâles copulants, le volume du spermatophore décroît avec sa fréquence de production et croît proportionnellement avec le temps écoulé après la dernière copulation. La plus importante diminution de volume du spermatophore entre deux accouplements successifs (〉50%) appraraît entre le premier et le second lorsqu’ils ont lieu au cours de deux jours consécutifs, mais elle peut atteindre 95% avec le 15ème. La production d’oeufs et la longévité des femelles accouplées, suivant une telle variation de la taille des spermatophores, n’est pas modifiée. Enfin, le poids du mâle est seulement corrélé avec la taille du premier spermatophore formé et ne l’est pas avec le nombre d’accouplements au cours de sa vie. Ces résultats sont discutés dans le cadre des différentes méthodes de lutte contre l’insecte.
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  • 13
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: pheromone ; Tortricidae ; inhibitor ; mating disruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Orientation disruption (indicated by reduced trap catch) of adult male Planotortrix octo (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was examined in eight small plot trials at four apple orchards over three years, using either (i) Z5-14:OAc (inhibitor), (ii) a blend of 25:75 Z5-14:OAc and Z8-14:OAc (inhibitor plus partial pheromone), or (iii) 50:50 Z8-14:OAc and 14:OAc (pheromone) in polyethylene rope dispensers at 100 or 200 dispensers per 0.1 ha. Use of inhibitor plus partial pheromone gave significant reductions in trap catch in all eight trials. Inhibitor alone gave statistically significant reductions in catch in all three trials where it was tested, but was not as effective as the inhibitor plus partial pheromone in one of these trials. Three trials comparing efficacy between the pheromone and the inhibitor plus partial pheromone blend showed no difference between these blends. Analysis of covariance of trap catch after treatment, using the catch in the first generation in each trap as a covariate, was useful for detection of treatment effects. Traps containing the blend of Z5-14:OAc and Z8-14:OAc were not attractive, suggesting that false trails may not be important where this blend is used, since it is an incomplete pheromone and contains an inhibitor. Disruption of mating was examined in closed containers, with dispensers containing (i), or (ii). Mating frequency was 86.4% in the controls, compared to only 14.3% with the inhibitor present alone, or 1.7% with partial pheromone and inhibitor. The frequency of mating in scotophase within 1–8 h after termination of 24 h exposure to a very high dose of the non-attractive blend of 25%:75% Z5-/Z8-14:OAc was identical for treated and untreated P. octo males.
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  • 14
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 335-337 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Asparagus fly ; Diptera ; olfactometry ; periodicity ; pheromone ; sexual attraction ; Tephritidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 15
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    Journal of insect behavior 12 (1999), S. 343-351 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: honeybee ; tergal gland ; mandibular gland ; pheromone ; queen pheromone ; retinue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Queen honeybees are attractive to their workers, due partially to the pheromonal bouquet they secrete. Queen mandibular gland pheromone is a powerful attractant to worker honeybees but it is not solely responsible for eliciting retinue behavior. The attractiveness of virgin queen tergal gland secretions and queen mandibular pheromone to worker honeybees was tested using a retinue bioassay. The number of workers attending the treated pseudoqueen lures was videorecorded in order to allow for the quantification of attractiveness. Queen mandibular gland secretions were more attractive than tergal gland secretions (P ≤ 0.008), and both queen tergal gland secretions (P ≤ 0.0002) and mandibular gland secretions (P ≤ 0.0001) were significantly more attractive than the control treatment. This laboratory bioassay indicates that queen tergal gland secretions have a releaser effect that evokes retinue behavior from worker honeybees.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoids ; associative learning ; searching behavior ; pheromone ; Trichogramma sibericum ; Rhopobota naevana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Searching times and residence times of Trichogramma sibericum Sorokina were measured in the laboratory on individual cranberry leaves that had been treated with the sex pheromone of blackheaded fireworm [Rhopobota naevana (Hübner)] and on leaves that were left untreated. Mean searching time was higher on leaves treated by passive diffusion with either 50 or 100 μg of the main component of fireworm pheromone, (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (Z11-14: Ac), than on control leaves. Mean residence times were also higher on leaves treated by passive diffusion with 50 μg of Z11-14: Ac than on leaves untreated with pheromone. Pretrial oviposition experience in either the presence or the absence of host pheromone did not influence variation in searching time or residence time. This indicates that neither associative learning of the odor of host pheromone nor a more generalized increase in response to chemical stimuli after oviposition (priming) affects retention responses of T. sibericum to pheromone. Results are discussed in the context of current theories on the evolution of learning in insect parasitoids and as they relate to the concurrent use of pheromone-based mating disruption and releases of T. sibericum for pest management of the blackheaded fireworm.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Diprionidae ; pheromone ; oviposition ; dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), were released and observed inside and outside (=control) of areas treated with their sex pheromone for the purpose of mating disruption. In 1992 and 1993, respectively, 0 and 2.5% of the females were observed mating in the pheromone treated area during the first day, compared with 28 and 26% in the control area. Of the females that mated, approximately 50% stayed on their twigs and oviposited, while the remaining 50% disappeared. Significantly more females disappeared from their twigs inside the treated area compared to the control area in both years. No difference was found in the proportion of unmated females ovipositing (2–12%) between the treated and the control area. Predation was responsible for much of the disappearance, but deliberate dispersal was also noted. Mating and dispersal in female N. sertifer are discussed in relation to population density and overall fitness.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: trail following ; 5β-cholestane-3-one ; pheromone ; cooperative foraging ; social caterpillar ; bolsa ; silk ; Pieridae ; Eucheira ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The larva of the Madrone butterfly Eucheira socialis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) secretes a trail pheromone from the ventral surface of the posterior tip of its abdomen. Caterpillars mark trails by bringing the secretory site into brief contact with the substrate during a locomotive cycle. Foragers mark most heavily when they move onto new branches and little, if at all, when they move over established trails or when they return to the communal shelter after feeding. The caterpillars make careful comparisons of alternative pathways at choice points and select newer and stronger trails over older and weaker trails. Differential marking of new and established trails during nightly forays, coupled with sensory discrimination of trails by strength and age, leads colonies to abandon old trails in favor of new trails. When applied at a rate as low as 2.5 × 10 −10 g/mm, caterpillars followed synthetic trails prepared from 5β-cholestane-3-one, a trail pheromone previously reported from the tent caterpillars (Malacosoma spp.). Although both Eucheira and Malacosoma mark with the tip of the abdomen and have near-identical sensitivites to 5β-cholestane-3-one, our study shows that Eucheira employs a relatively unsophisticated system of trail-based communication and does not recruit to food. The trail-based communication system of Eucheira appears to represent an early stage in the evolution of cooperative foraging that is derived from, and motivationally linked to, conflict behavior.
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  • 19
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    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 549-557 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Prostephanus truncatus ; larger grain borer ; pheromone ; flight orientation ; optomotor anemotaxis ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The current level of understanding of orientation mechanisms used by flying insects responding to pheromone sources, based almost entirely on studies of moths and flies, allows clear predictions to be made of how other, hitherto little-studied insect taxa, such as beetles (Coleoptera), should behave if the same mechanisms are used. Results are presented of the first test of such set of predictions, the effect of flight height on ground speed, on a beetle, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). The beetle P. truncatus flew upwind toward the source of horizontal pheromone plumes and responded to the movement of visible patterns on the floor of a sustained flight tunnel. Beetles flying at a greater height from the floor were less responsive to moving floor patterns. The flight speeds of P. truncatus increased with flight altitude, as found with moths, suggesting that they use orientation mechanism similar to those of moths.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Blattela germanica ; courtship feeding ; nuptial gift ; pheromone ; tergal gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the courtship behavior of the German cockroach, the male presents tergal glands to the female and feeds her with glandular secretions to place her in the appropriate precopulatory position. The phagostimulant activity of the secretions was quantitatively examined using the polyethylene glycol film method. The methanol extract of the glands on the eighth tergite induced a potent feeding response in 6-day-old virgin females (EC 50 = 0.0037 male equivalent/40 μg PEG spot). However, there was no temporal relation between the feeding response and the sexual receptivity of the females. Moreover, besides virgin females, the extract induced a feeding response in gravid or mated females, males, and the last-instar nymphs. These results strongly suggest that the secretions function as a dietary feeding stimulant in principle but as a courtship pheromone in the context of courtship behavior where the stimulants are offered as a nuptial gift.
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  • 21
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 1003-1027 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Olfaction ; olfactory receptor neuron ; sensillum ; antenna ; antennal lobe ; glomerulus ; pheromone ; kairomone ; host odour ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Odours play a very important role in the life of insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera. In the present paper, a review is given of the current knowledge of morphology, development and function of the olfactory system in larval and adult moths and butterflies. Research regarding both the antennal and accessory olfactory pathways, as well as both the pheromone and the host odour detecting systems, is reviewed.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mating ; pheromone ; epoxyheneicosadiene ; enantiomer ; Arctiidae ; Callimorpha ; Tyria ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that a common sex pheromone composition may account for interspecific sexual interactions observed with certain moths in the Arctiidae. In this study, it is demonstrated that the sex pheromones released by females of the Scarlet Tiger Moth,Callimorpha dominula L., and the Cinnabar Moth,Tyria jacobaeae L., have similar activities and elute at the same retention time on analysis by coupled gas chromatography (GC)-electrophysiology with males from each species. Peak enhancement on GC, chiral GC and coupled GC-mass spectrometry using authentic compounds show that the sex pheromone for bothC. dominula andT. jacobaeae is (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-9,10-epoxyheneicosa-3,6-diene.
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  • 23
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    Journal of chemical ecology 1 (1975), S. 101-113 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: pheromone ; inhibition ; Scolytidae ; Ips ; pini ; paraconfusus ; ipsenol ; linalool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bark beetles,Ips pini andI. paraconfusus, are not cross-attractive in the field although they attack the same host material at the same time. Logs containing the pheromone-producing sex (males) of both species side by side attract significantly fewer beetles of each species than do males of either species alone. Ipsenol, a component of the maleI. paraconfusus pheromone, duplicates the activity of maleI. paraconfusus in inhibiting the response ofI. pini to maleI. pini. Linalool from maleI. pini also reduces the catch ofI. paraconfusus in response to maleI. paraconfusus. Simultaneous production of a specific attractant pheromone and an interspecific chemical inhibitor favors exclusive use of the host substrate by the first arriving species.
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  • 24
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    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1907-1920 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; Scelionidae ; Tachinidae ; Nezara ; Euschistus ; Eurydema ; Acrosternum ; Trissolcus ; pheromone ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Many terrestrial Heteroptera have small, but functional, dorsal abdominal glands as adults. The chemistry, and associated intra- and inter-specific behavior, for dorsal abdominal gland secretions from 10 species representing four genera of Pentatomidae was investigated. Eighteen volatile compounds were identified in species-specific blends from the dorsal abdominal gland secretions ofEuschistus, Acrosternum, andEurydema adults, including aliphatic, aromatic, and terpenoid constituents. Evidence from bioassays is presented that parasitic Tachinidae (Diptera) and Scelionidae (Hymenoptera) use these secretions as kairomones. A field experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that minor volatiles increase the specificity of the main pheromone component from NearcticEuschistus species, methyl (2E,4Z)-decadienoate. However, significantly fewer individuals ofE. tristigmus were captured in traps baited with the complete blend for this species than in traps baited with methyl (2E,4Z)-decadienoate alone. Thus, at the concentrations tested, these kinds of dorsal abdominal gland secretions may be epideictic, promoting spacing in the natural habitat.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cardiochiles nigriceps ; parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; pheromone ; mating ; courtship ; hydrocarbon ; cuticle ; alkadienes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Courtship inCardiochiles nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) involves male attraction to females and male antennation of females followed by mounting and copulation. Once the female is located, antennation and mounting of the female are mediated by the hydrocarbon fraction of female's Dufour's gland and cuticle. The identification of the cuticular hydrocarbons of males and females revealed a mixture of alkanes and alkenes, in addition to a series of alkadienes specific to females. These female-specific alkadienes reported from Braconidae are unusual among insect alkadienes in that the second double bond occurs in the middle of the molecule. Bioassays with three available alkadienes revealed that contact behaviors (antennation and mounting) are in part mediated by the (Z,Z)-7, 13-heptacosadiene and at least one other alkadiene in combination with other hydrocarbons found in males and females.
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  • 26
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    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 2015-2026 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; Cydia pomonella ; oviposition ; pheromone ; synomone ; insect ; offspring dispersion ; fatty acids ; egg age ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Codling moth females (Cydia pomonella, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (CM) usually lay single eggs and have a tendency to disperse. In a first experiment we observed that single females exposed to 20 apples distribute their eggs regularly among apples, suggesting a dispersive oviposition behavior. In a dual-choice situation, isolated females avoided oviposition on areas of cardboard treated with a methylene dichloride egg extract at the dose of ca. 1.0 egg equivalent/cm2. A strong avoidance was obtained in response to a 20-fold dose, which was accompanied by a significant reduction of total oviposition. Seven major compounds found by GC analyses in the methylene dichloride extract of 2 to 3-day-old eggs were saturated or unsaturated C14-C18 straight-chain fatty acids: myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. This was confirmed by GC-MS analysis of an extract made by ethyl ether. Smaller amounts of three methyl esters were also identified as methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, and methyl stearate. A blend of the seven fatty acids (FA) mimicked rather well the avoidance provoked by the extract, and this avoidance was confirmed by choice between treated and untreated fruits by single females. The treatment of apples with the 7FA mixture induced an aggregative distribution of the eggs among apples. We also found that the amounts of fatty acids harvested in the extract depend on the egg age. Amounts of fatty acids increased until eggs were 4 days old and then decreased before hatching. In this paper we discuss the possible role of simple molecules, such as fatty acids and their esters, as semiochemicals indicative of juvenile tissues.
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  • 27
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    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 427-438 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attraction ; bacteria ; chemoreception ; crustacean ; efficiency ; mate location ; pheromone ; plankton ; protozoan ; rotifer ; sex ; size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromones have demonstrated importance in mate location in many insect species. Because chemoreception is the most universal sense, it has been assumed that pheromones also are important in aquatic organisms, including bacteria, but few have been found. The physical limits on effective strategies for organisms to come into contact for mating were modeled with assumptions appropriate for organisms less than a millimeter in size in an open aquatic environment. One sex was assumed to be motile, while the other sex was passive or devoted energy to locomotion or to diffusible pheromone production. Assuming spherical organisms, random locomotion by the second sex at the same velocity as the first sex increases the chances of contact by a factor of 4/3 over being passive; this ratio is independent of size. For detection by contact, the effectiveness of searching increases with the third power of the radius of the organisms; for detection by pheromones, search effectiveness increases with the seventh power of the radius above a critical size. Diverting energy from motility to pheromone production is not productive for organisms smaller than the critical size, which corresponds to a radius of 1.8 times the square root of the diffusion coefficient of the pheromone times the threshold concentration for detection divided by the rate of pheromone production per unit volume of organism. Thus, pheromone production is very favorable for organisms much above the critical size, which appears to be between 0.2 and 5 mm in water. On the other hand, bacteria are probably too small to use diffusable pheromones for mate location; most protozoans and rotifers may also be too small.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; Scrobipalpuloides absoluta ; tomato ; pest ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex attractant ofScrobipalpuloides absoluta females is a 90:10 mixture of (3E,8Z,11Z)-3,8,11-tetradecatrien-1-yl acetate and (3E,8Z)-3,8-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate. Tetradecadienyl acetates bearing 8Z,11Z; 3E,8Z; and 3E,11Z double bonds were synthesized by stereospecific procedures; the mass spectral and gas chromatographic properties of the 3E,8Z isomer were found to be congruent with those of the tetradecadienyl acetate fromS. absoluta. In wind tunnel bioassays, a 10:1 mixture of synthetic (3E,8Z,11Z)-3,8,11-tetradecatrien-1-yl acetate and (3E,8Z)-3,8-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate was highly attractive toS. absoluta males. Interestingly, the presence of (8Z,11Z)-8,11-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (10%) inhibited the response to (3E,8Z,11Z)-3,8,11-tetradecatrien-1-yl acetate completely.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attractant ; Cajanus cajan ; EAG ; Helicoverpa armigera ; kairomone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; oviposition stimulant ; pheromone ; pigeonpea ; sesquiterpene ; β-caryophyllene ; α-humulene ; α-guajene ; α-muurolene ; γ-muurolene ; α-bulnesene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract FemaleH. armigera moths are highly attracted by a steam distillate from pigeonpea plants, one of their main hosts. A mixture of six compounds, all sesquiterpenes (β-caryophyllene,α-humulene,α-guajene,α-muurolene,γ-muurolene, andα-bulnesene), mixed in the proportions as found in the steam distillate, elicited the same behavioral responses (oriented upwind flights and contacts with the odor source) as the steam distillate. Onlyα-bulnesene was attractive by itself, but still less than the whole mixture. In addition, the sesquiterpene mixture acts as an oviposition stimulant. Both behavioral responses, orientation and oviposition, are concentration dependent. Electrophysiological recordings from female and male antennae (EAG) showed the same qualitative and quantitative responses to each of the compounds of the sesquiterpene mixture. The EAG responses to the original steam distillate were higher and similar to chickpea kairomonal components, which were also tested. The pigeonpea sesquiterpene mixture and its individual components elicited weak EAG responses only. The response of the male antenna to female-produced pheromone components was in the same range as the pigeonpea steam distillate.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Glossina morsitans morsitans ; Glossina morsitans centralis ; tsetse flies ; Diptera ; Glossinidae ; larviposition ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The presence of pheromones produced by larvae ofGlossina morsitans morsitans andG. m. centralis, respectively, which attract gravid females and result in aggregation of pupae, is confirmed. Behavioral experiments indicated that females preferred to larviposit over moist sand conditioned by previously allowing larvae to pupariate in it. Similar results were obtained with filter papers contaminated with the prepupariation excretions of larvae and with volatiles collected from larvae prior to pupariation.n-Pentadecane andn-dodecane were identified as the dominant electrophysiologically active components of the larviposition pheromones ofG. m. morsitans andG. m. centralis, respectively, by GC-EAD and GC-MS analysis of the trapped larval volatiles. Both identified compounds were shown to significantly attract gravid females to larviposition sites in laboratory behavioral assays.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Interdigital gland ; Odocoileus virginianus ; pheromone ; scent communication ; semiochemical ; volatiles ; white-tailed deer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Interdigital secretions were collected from eight male white-tailed deer of various ages. Analysis of volatiles was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with a modified headspace technique. Forty-six volatile compounds were found including alkanes, arenes, aldehydes, ketones, aliphatic acids, esters, pyrroles, furans, and sulfur compounds. Eleven occurred in higher concentrations (P≤0.10) in dominant (≥3.5-year-old) than in subordinate (≥1.5-year-old) animals. Dominant males typically have higher serum testosterone levels, and fatty acids and esters fluctuate with sebum production, which is under hormonal control. Therefore, these compounds may reflect testosterone levels and act as chemical signals indicating the presence of a dominant male. Interdigital volatiles also may act as generalized scent trail markers.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oriental fruit fly ; Bactrocera dorsalis ; Tephritidae ; Diptera ; Fagraea berteriana ; pheromone ; attractant ; 3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol ; coniferyl alcohol ; phenylpropanoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, are strongly attracted to and compulsively feed on a fragrant lei flower, Fagraea berteriana. A series of phenylpropanoid components, trans-3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol, its acetate, and trans-3,4-dimethoxycinnamaldehyde were characterized as male attractants. The alcohol stimulated the same level of feeding activity as methyl eugenol. Males that fed on flowers selectively converted the attractant components into trans-coniferyl alcohol and stored it in rectal glands. Males scented with the phenylpropanoids were more successful in mating than unfed males, indicating the advantage of acquiring the fragrance in mating success.
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  • 33
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    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2299-2312 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Eicosanoids ; pheromone ; egg-hatcing ; barnacle ; phytoplankton ; lipoxygenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The boreoarctic barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides (= Balanus balanoides) (L.), has the ability to synchronize the release of its nauplii with the spring phytoplankton bloom, thereby ensuring that the larvae can start their planktotrophic development successfully. Hatching is induced by an egg-hatching pheromone (an hydroxy fatty acid) released by the adult. Here, the possibility that the pheromone is an excretory metabolite of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is examined. Egg hatching could be induced by feeding gravid adult barnacles on Skeletonema costatum, but neither a concentrated culture of this diatom nor cell-free culture medium induced egg hatching in vitro. Following a 15-min incubation of EPA in seawater, a product with egg hatching activity was obtained, presumably by autooxidation. Egg hatching was not induced by feeding barnacles with lecithin liposomes containing EPA. Likewise, radiolabeled egg-hatching pheromone was not released by adult barnacles that had been fed with [14C]EPA liposomes. Egg-hatching pheromone was not released by barnacles that were actively feeding on S. costatum prior to egg-hatching. The production of egg-hatching pheromone was inhibited in vitro and in vivo by lipoxygenase inhibitors. Taken together, the results suggest that egg-hatching pheromone is not an excretory metabolite but is derived from EPA released from membrane phospholipid and acted upon by a lipoxygenase. The nature of the stimulus to precursor fatty acid release has yet to be established, but a link with molting appears tenuous.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trypodendron lineatum ; ambrosia beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; green leaf volatiles ; 1-hexanol ; (E)-2-hexen-1-ol ; (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol ; (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments in the Coastal Western Hemlock (CWH) biogeoclimatic zone on the British Columbia (BC) coast and the Interior Douglas-fir (IDF) biogeoclimatic zone in the BC interior revealed pronounced differences in the effect of six-carbon green leaf volatiles on the response by striped ambrosia beetles, Trypodendron lineutum to multiple funnel traps baited with the aggregation pheromone lineatin. In the IDF zone, four green leaf alcohols [1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol], released alone or in a quaternary blend at ca. 4 mg/24 hr/compound, caused a 63–78% reduction in trap catches. Two aldehydes, hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal, released together at ca. 13.0 mg/24 hr/compound were weakly disruptive in one of two experiments. Conversely, in the CWH zone, the two aldehydes together caused a slight, but significant, increase in the response over that to lineatin in one of two experiments, and the blend of all four alcohols caused only weak disruption of response in one of two experiments. None of the alcohols released alone was bioactive. These results may reflect adaptations that ensure accurate host location in the two ecological zones. In the CWH zone, T. lineatum attacks conifer logs almost exclusively, and surrenders the cut or broken stump habitat to Gnathotrichus spp. In the IDF zone, T. lineatum readily attacks the base of trees killed by bark beetles or fire and may utilize green leaf alcohols to detect and avoid the vertical silhouettes represented by nonhost angiosperms such as black cottonwood and trembling aspen.
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  • 35
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    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 445-457 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oriental fruit moth ; Cydia molesta ; Grapholita molesta ; mating disruption ; pheromone ; adaptation ; habituation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of pheromone preexposure on flight behavior of male Oriental fruit mothCydia molestawere investigated in laboratory experiments using a wind-tunnel and in an orchard through insect releases at the center of a grid of pheromone traps. In the wind-tunnel experiments, the proportion of insects performing various behavioral phases was found to depend on the intensity and duration of the adapting stimulus and the recovery time allowed between exposure and measurement, indicating adaptation of at least some elements of the sensory system. The orchard experiments exhibited similar adaptation effects at similar exposure levels, causing the entry of treated insects into the traps to be delayed compared to controls and a reduction in insects caught for the highest preexposure concentration. The levels of pheromone exposure required to produce significant adaptation were, however, found to be much higher than could be expected under conditions of release of synthetic pheromone for insect control through mating disruption.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honeybee ; mandibular gland ; chemical signature ; pheromone ; queen ; worker ; Apis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Queens and workers of five honeybee species (Apis mellifera A. cerana A. dorsata A. floreaand A. andreniformis) were analyzed for their mandibular gland components. In A. melliferathe queen mandibular pheromone consists of 9-hydroxy- and 9-keto-2(E)-decenoic acids. (9-HDA and ODA), methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (HOB), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-ethanol (HVA), and is responsible for retinue attraction, among other functions. In retinue bioassays with workers of A. cerana (whose queens lack HVA), ODA, 9-HDA, and HOB were sufficient to elicit maximal retinue behavior. This suggests that the known queen mandibular pheromone components detected in mandibular glands of A. cerana queens constitute the functional queen mandibular pheromone in this species. Both castes of A. mellifera produce 10- and 8-carbon acids that are functionalized at the last position in the chain, and these are the predominant compounds found in worker mandibular glands. Workers of the other species also had these compounds, along with 9-HDA and ODA that are normally not present in A. mellifera worker glands. Queens and workers of each species had a unique combination of mandibular compounds. The aromatic compounds were characteristic of queens from the cavity-nesting speciesA. mellifera (HOB and HVA) and A. cerana (HOB). These two species also had more pronounced differences in the mandibular blends of queens and workers than the open-nesting speciesA. dorsata A. floreaand A. andreniformis. Our results indicate that the more derived cavity-nesting species of Apis have evolved greater caste-specific differences between queens and workers and a higher number of queen pheromone components, compared to the open-nesting species.
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  • 37
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    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1333-1347 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemical ; secondary attraction ; pheromone ; Pityokteines elegans ; enantiomer ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol ; ipsenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory bioassay experiments, the beetles Pityokteines elegans were attracted to volatiles captured from bolts of grand fir, Abies grandis, colonized by P. elegans males. Male-specific volatiles detected by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis and by GC–mass spectrometry employing a chiral column were: (S)-(−)-ipsenol, (+)- and (−)-ipsdienol, and ipsenone. Field experiments demonstrated that 1:1 combinations of (−)-ipsenol and (±)-ipsdienol strongly attracted insects of both sexes to multiple-funnel traps. No beetles were attracted to any of these compounds alone, and both enantiomers of ipsdienol were required with (−)-ipsenol to induce attraction. Ipsenol and ipsdienol are now reported as pheromones of five Pityokteines species. Specificity of semiochemical-based communication between sympatric P. elegans and P. minutus appears to be based on host preference and on the composition and chirality of the pheromone blend.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Archips argyrospilus ; Archips mortuanus ; pheromone ; attractant ; Tortricidae ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract MaleArchips argyrospilus (Walker) were maximally attracted to a 60∶40∶4∶200 admixture of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl, (E)-11-tetradecenyl, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl and dodecyl acetates. The identification of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, in addition to the other 3 components reported previously, is the first report of a 4-component pheromone system in moths.Archips mortuanus Kearfoot, a sibling species, was maximally attracted to a blend of the same components, but in a 90∶10∶1 mix of the tetradecenyl acetates. Among a number of tortricine moths that co-occur on apples and other hosts in New York, British Columbia, and elsewhere, differences in diel rhythms of attraction and seasonal distribution are insufficient to maintain reproductive isolation. Although the attractant systems of these species often possess components in common, males are maximally attracted to a speciesspecific blend. In tortricine moths attraction specificity appears to be a paramount mechanism for species partitioning.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: pheromone ; inhibitor ; bark beetle ; Dendroctonus ; southern pine beetle ; slow-release formulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A slow release formulation of the bark beetle pheromones,endo- andexo-brevicomin, significantly reduced landing of southern pine beetles on host trees. Beetle flight activity within the infestation was not affected by the pheromones. The pheromones were released at approximately 600 mg/ha/day via Conrel® hollow fiber controlled-release dispensers.
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  • 40
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    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 207-217 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Black molly fish ; Mollinenesia latipinna ; pheromone ; thyroxine ; thiouracil ; general activity stimulus ; social contact
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    Notes: Abstract The female black mollyMollinenesia latipinna emits a water-borne pheromone which increases general activity and social contacts among males. Two hormones, thyroxine and thiouracil, administered to the females increase these behaviors in males. Apparently the hormones do not functionally compete in this species, and both seem to elevate the emission of the male stimulant.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: stable fly ; Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) ; pheromone ; sex pheromone ; branched alkanes ; mating stimulant
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    Notes: Abstract Each of 20 methyl-branched and 1,5-dimethyl-branched alkanes that comprise the active principle of saturated hydrocarbons of the female stable fly,Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was synthesized and evaluated for mating stimulant activity. The compounds that showed the highest degree of activity in bioassays were 15-methyl- and 15,19-dimethyltritriacontanes.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fannia canicularis (L.) ; little house fly ; pheromone ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-9-pentacosene ; heneicosan-8-ol acetate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chromatograms of the cuticular lipids washed from recently emerged female and maleFannia canicularis (L.) flies were nearly identical, but by the time the flies were 5 days old, the cuticular components of the two sexes differed considerably. A monoolefin which constituted 66% of the cuticular lipid from 5-day-old females stimulated a copulatory response from males and was identified as (Z)-9-pentacosene. The cuticular lipid of the same age males contained only 1% of this compound. Although all the major constituents of the cuticular lipid from mature females were hydrocarbons, 27% of the lipid washed from 5-day-old males was a nonhydrocarbon material that was represented by a single GLC peak. This material was identified as heneicosan-8-ol acetate.
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  • 43
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    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 461-466 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: communication ; fish ; cichlid ; Cichlasoma citrinellum ; pheromone ; maternal ; development ; predation ; chemoreception ; fry
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    Notes: Abstract When placed in aY-maze, the 1–10-day-old free-swimming fry of the Midas cichlid can chemically distinguish between their mother and plain water and between another mother and plain water. They do not distinguish between the two mothers offered together or between their father and plain water. Predation pressures make these responses adaptive.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytus multistriatus ; Dutch elm disease ; pheromone ; Multilure ; mass-trapping ; Ulmus
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    Notes: Abstract We attempted to suppress a population ofScolytus multistriatus (Marsham), the principal vector of Dutch elm disease, by trapping flying beetles on sticky traps baited with synthetic pheromone. The estimated catch on 421 traps distributed throughout a 1-km2 plot in Detroit, Michigan, was nearly 1 million beetles. Because an estimated 5 million beetles emerged in the plot during the study period, we conclude that this preliminary trapping study had no appreciable effect on suppressing the population. Studies that employ improved materials and techniques are continuing.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tsetse fly ; sex stimulant ; pheromone ; hydrocarbon ; methylalkanes ; gas chromatography ; Diptera ; biting fly
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    Notes: Abstract Study of lipids from male and female laboratory-reared flies led to the demonstration of a potent contact sex stimulant in extracts and cuticular hydrocarbons of the female tsetse fly Glossina tachinoides (Westwood) against conspecific males. Thin-layer and column chromatography indicated that extracts contained hydrocarbons and saponifiable lipids. Biological activity was found in the alkanes from females, including prominent branched-chain alkanes that were detected by gas chromatography (GC). The alkanes were separated and collected by preparative gas chromatography (GC), and only the 37-carbon region showed biological activity. GC–mass spectrometry showed the major peak contained a mixture of isomeric 11,23-, 13,25- plus a minor amount of 11,21-dimethylheptatriacontane. Two racemic isomers were synthesized, and bioassays showed that the greatest activity was possessed by the 11,23- isomer with somewhat less activity in 13,25-dimethyl heptatria-contane. Dose–response data showed ED50 at 5 μg per decoy with solvent-washed males, nonspecific females, or corks as decoys. These alkanes released sexual activity in males that comprised most of the behaviors released by a female fly of the same species.
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  • 46
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    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 409-423 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; diel behavioral patterns ; 14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; pheromone ; reproductive isolation ; Trogoderma glabrum ; T. inclusum ; T. variabile ; trogodermal
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract AdultTrogoderma glabrum, T. inclusum, andT. variabile exhibit diel periods of exposure-concealment behavior, the frequency and duration of which are age-dependent, and the temporal placement of which is species-dependent. Exposure periods correspond with daily maxima in male sensitivity to the most active female-released sex pheromone component, 14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, and with respective periods of sex pheromone release in females. Exposure-concealment behavior may be a factor in reproductive isolation between these species, since potential communication distances are greatly reduced when either males or females are concealed.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Neodiprion sertifer ; Pine saw-fly ; Hymenoptera ; Diprionidae ; pheromone ; trans-perillenal ; monoterpene
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatile constituents present in nanogram quantities in various body parts and glands of the males and females of the speciesNeodiprion sertifer Geoffr. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) have been investigated by GC-MS. A significant amount of a volatile constituent was detected in the lateral parts of the integument of abdominal segments II-III. The constituent was identified as the furanoid monoterpenetrans-perillenal (I) previously not known to occur in nature. The identification and synthesis of this compound is described.
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  • 48
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    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 353-361 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Stable fly ; Stomoxys calcitrans (L) ; pheromone ; mating stimulants ; alkenes ; cuticular lipids ; copulatory behavior
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cuticular alkenes of the female stable fly,Stomoxys calcitrans (L), which were responsible for inducing male fly copulatory behavior are (Z)-9-hentriacontene, (Z)-9-tritriacontene, 13-methyl-1-hen-triacontene and 13-methyl-1-tritriacontene. The identifications of the branched alkenes and the synthesis of these four compounds are described. Bioassays indicate that these materials in combination with previously described methyl branched alkanes are more active than the individual components.
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  • 49
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    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 565-574 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Tortricidae ; Archips cerasivoranus ; trail marker ; pheromone ; interspecific response ; tent caterpillar
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Exploratory trails deposited on paper strips by the forest tent caterpillar (FTC),Malacosoma disstria Hubner, and the eastern tent caterpillar (ETC),M. americanum (Fabricius), as well as extracts of these trails, readily elicited interspecific trail-following behavior. In 2-choice tests involving simple Y mazes constructed from these paper strips, the caterpillars of both species preferred by approximately 3∶1 the trails of the FTC. Studies involving whole colonies of the ETC maintained under nearnatural conditions in the laboratory, however, indicated that the trails deposited by successful foragers of the ETC as they returned to their tent from feeding sites were more attractive than the exploratory trails of either the ETC or FTC. The pronounced interspecific response of these congeners to each other's trails suggests that they utilize either qualitatively similar or identical trail-marking chemicals. Both species preferred their own trails to those ofArchips cerasivoranus (Fitch) (Tortricidae), providing the first evidence that more distantly related lepidopterous larvae utilize distinct trails.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 941-953 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: White peach scale ; Pseudaulacaspis pentagona ; pheromone ; attractant ; microtechniques ; enantiomer ; isomers ; (R,Z)-3 ; 9-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-3 ; 9-decadien-1-ol propionate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Micro techniques were used to obtain spectroscopic and degradative information from less than 5μg of the sex attractant of female white peach scale,Pseudaulascaspis pentagons (Targioni-Tozzetti) isolated from airborne collections. The pheromone was identified as (Z)-3,9-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-3,9-decadien-1-ol propionate. Both enantiomers of theZ isomer and also the enantiomers of theE isomer were prepared from (R)-or (S)-limonene. Bioassays of material with minimum enantiomeric purity of 95% showed that at extreme dilution only theR,Z isomer attracted male white peach scale; however activity of theS,Z enantiomer could not be completely excluded.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant volatiles ; pheromone ; odor perception ; nymphs ; predators ; spined soldier bug ; Podisus maculiventris
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Olfactory reception of 23 odorants, including plant volatiles and male-produced aggregation pheromone, by third and fifth instars of the spined soldier bug (SSB) Podisus maculiventris was investigated by using electroantennograms (EAGs). Both nymphal stages were sensitive to male-produced aggregation pheromone components (E)-2-hexenal, benzyl alcohol, and α-terpineol. The plant volatile, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol (a chemical known to be released by plants in response to prey feeding over the short-term), elicited the largest EAGs of all volatiles tested. While third instars were sensitive to nonanal, only fifth instars responded to both nonanal and (±)-linalool, both compounds released systemically by plants in response to feeding by potential prey. Antennal extirpation experiments showed that sensilla responsive to hexan-1-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, and α-terpineol are situated mainly on the terminal antennal segment. The results support the hypothesis that P. maculiventris nymphs use both plant volatiles and pheromone components in locating potential prey and other behaviors.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Trogoderma variabile ; pheromone ; isolation ; identification ; (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; aeration ; Porapak Q ; sex attractant
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the dermestid beetle,Trogoderma variabile Ballion, exhibit a diel pattern of calling behavior. A potent sexual excitant and attractant for the male beetles can be collected on Porapak Q during aeration of female beetles, but cannot be detected in extracts of macerated females. The attractant has been identified as (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal. Of the five additional compounds previously identified as attractants in otherTrogoderma species, only two were found; (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecen-1-ol is present in extracts of macerated female beetles, but not in extracts of Porapak Q, and γ-caprolactone is present in extracts of Porapak Q. Three collection procedures were necessary to ensure that all the pheromone components had been isolated. Synthetic (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal elicits attraction and sexual arousal inT. Variabile males.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 219-237 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attagenus elongatulus ; Dermestidae ; pheromone ; behavior ; calling ; bioassay
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males ofAttagenus elongatulus Casey responded to a source of female odor with a characteristic sequence of actions which included: extension of the antennae, elevation of the body by leg extension, rapid zig-zag running, and intermittent bobbing up and down. The courtship sequence also consisted of several activities and was usually followed by a typical copulatory act of less than 1-minute duration. Virgin females exhibited calling behavior which was associated with pheromone release. Female calling activity, female pheromone content, and male responsiveness followed a diurnal cycle with peak values occurring during the earlier hours of the 16L∶8D photoperiod. Quantitative bioassay indicated that a 50% male response level (RD50) occurred at ca. 0.014 female equivalent (FE) exposure.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 251-255 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: stable fly ; Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) ; pheromone ; sex pheromone ; polyene ; mating stimulant ; (Z,Z)-1,7,-13-pentacosatriene
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major component of the cuticular lipids of male stable flies,Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was identified as (Z,Z)-1,7,13-pentacosatriene. The identification was confirmed by synthesis. This material is of unknown biological function; it is apparently not produced by female stable flies.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle) ; T. variabile ; T. glabrum ; T. inclusum ; pheromone ; (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; interspecific response
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    Notes: Abstract Interspecific responses among severalTrogoderma species have been correlated with their pheromone components. The most important component emitted by four of the species is (Z)- or (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, which is not detectable in extracts of macerated beetles. The response to macerated beetles is probably due to the corresponding alcohol and ester. The recency of common origin of seven species is discussed.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 206-206 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen(II) mit Diphenylthioviolursäure als Indicator ; Volumetrie ; EDTA
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 276 (1975), S. 201-204 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Glykolaldehyd, Glycerinaldehyd, Hydroxyaldehyden ; Volumetrie ; Dimere
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Möglichkeiten für die titrimetrische Bestimmung von dimerem Glykolaldehyd (Fp: 94–96° C) und dl-Glycerinaldehyd (Fp: 138–141° C) untersucht. Die systematischen Fehler der auf Grund verschiedener funktioneller Gruppen durchführbaren Messungen sind von der Stabilität ihrer cyclischen Halbacetale sowie von den ihrer Depolymerisation folgenden weiteren Gleichgewichten bestimmt. Das aus dem dl-Glycerinaldehyd gebildete Halbacetal besitzt höhere Stabilität als dasjenige aus dem Glykolaldehyd. Mit der Hydrogensulfit-Methode werden 95–96%, mit der Hydroxylamin-Methode dagegen 98–99% vom wahren Wert gefunden. In Wasser gelöst zersetzt sich der Glykolaldehyd verhältnismäßig rasch, und das Gleichgewicht kann durch beide Aldehydreaktionen quantitativ gegen die Monomerenform verschoben werden. Unsere Untersuchungen ergaben, daß die Hydroxylamin-Methode zur Bestimmung der in Form cyclischer Halbacetale kristallisierenden, dimeren Hydroxyaldehyde Vorteile gegenüber der Hydrogensulfit-Methode bietet.
    Notes: Abstract Possibilities for the titrimetric determination of dimeric glycolaldehyde (m.p. 94–96° C) and dl-glyceraldehyde (m.p. 138–141° C) have been investigated. The systematic errors based on different functional groups depend on the stability of the cyclic semiacetals and on the subsequent equilibria established after their depolimerisation. The semiacetal of dl-glyceraldehyde is more stable than that of glycolaldehyde. 95–96% and 98–99% of the real content were found by the hydrogensulphite and hydroxylamine methods, respectively. Glycolaldehyde decomposes rather quickly in aqueous solution and the equilibrium can be shifted towards the monomeric form by both the aldehyde reactions. The hydroxylamine method proved to be more advantageous for the determination of the dimeric hydroxyaldehydes, which cristallise in the form of cyclic semiacetals.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 128-128 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Mercaptanen mit Kobalt(III) ; Volumetrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 280 (1976), S. 373-376 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Hydrazin, Ammoniak, Anilin, Hydroxylamin, Thiocyanat, Dimethylhydrazin im Gemisch ; Volumetrie ; thermometrisch
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Binary mixtures of hydrazine and one of the following N-containing bases: ammonia, aniline, hydroxylamine, thiocyanate and unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine have been assayed thermometrically. The titrations are based both on the basic and the reducing properties of the compounds. For example, whilst for mixtures of hydrazine and ammonia, the total base content is determined by an acid/base titration, and the hydrazine component is determined by oxidation with bromate ion; for mixtures containing aniline or hydroxylamine, serial titration with bromate ensures that all the hydrazine is oxidised before the onset of oxidation of the other component. Mixtures of hydrazine and UDMH have been assayed in both aqueous and non-aqueous media and a comparison of results has been reported. The main advantage of the proposed methods is that they can be applied to industrial samples, which would render other methods impossible.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Binäre Mischungen von Hydrazin mit Ammoniak, Anilin, Hydroxylamin, Thiocyanat und asymmetrischem Dimethylhydrazin wurden thermometrisch analysiert. Sowohl die basischen als auch die reduzierenden Eigenschaften des Hydrazins bilden die Grundlage der Titrationen. Zum Beispiel wird im Gemisch Hydrazin/Ammoniak der Gesamtbasengehalt acidimetrisch ermittelt und die Hydrazinkomponente durch Oxydation mit Bromat bestimmt. Im Gemisch Anilin/Hydrazin oder Hydroxylamin/Hydrazin wird mit Bromat zunächst alles Hydrazin oxydiert, bevor die Oxydation der zweiten Komponente einsetzt. Mischungen von Hydrazin mit asym. Dimethylhydrazin werden in wäßrigem und auch in nichtwäßrigem Medium ausgeführt und die Ergebnisse verglichen. Der Hauptvorteil der beschriebenen Verfahren besteht darin, daß auch industrielle Proben untersucht werden können, bei denen andere Verfahren versagen würden.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 358-362 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best von Kryptanden, Kryptaten ; Volumetrie ; HCl, Metall-Standardlösung, Standardzugabeverfahren
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using bromocresol green as a visual endpoint indicator solutions of the cryptands [2.2.1] and [2.2.2] can be determined by titration with HCl in the concentration range of 10−1–10−3 M with relative standard deviations of 0.2–0.4 %. If both cryptand and cryptate are present in one solution, then the sum of them can be determined titrimetrically in the same way. It is also possible to determine the contents of [2.2.1] and [2.2.2] by using a calcium or barium standard solution and the unknown cryptand solution as a titrant. By evaluation of the pH-curve thus obtained, the endpoint of the titration can be determined. In the concentration range of 10−1–10−2 M relative standard deviations of about 0.5% are obtained. [2.2.1] cryptand solutions are determined by using the standard addition technique of Gran with a calcium chloride solution. An ion-selective electrode is used as a probe for calcium ions. If this method is applied, the relative standard deviation in the range of 10−2–10−4 M solutions is approximately 3%. With this technique cryptand can be analysed even when cryptate is present in the solution.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Verwendung von Bromkresolgrün als visueller Endpunktindicator kann man [2.2.1] und [2.2.2] Kryptandlösungen im Konzentrationsbereich 10−1–10−3 M mit relativen Standardabweichungen von 0,2–0,4% mit HCl titrieren. Wenn in einer Lösung sowohl Kryptand als auch Kryptat vorhanden ist, ist die Summe beider Substanzen auf die gleiche Weise bestimmbar. [2.2.1] und [2.2.2] können auch dadurch bestimmt werden, daß eine Calciumbzw. Barium-Standardlösung mit der Kryptandlösung unbekannter Konzentration titriert wird. Die Auswertung der dabei erhaltenen pH-Kurve ergibt den Titrationsendpunkt, wobei hierdurch im Konzentrationsbereich von 10−1–10−2 M Kryptandlösungen relative Standardabweichungen von etwa 0,5% erreicht werden. [2.2.1] Kryptandlösungen werden außerdem mit der Standard-Additionstechnik nach Gran bestimmt, wobei eine calciumselektive Elektrode als Indicatorelektrode dient. Dabei werden im Konzentrationsbereich von 10−2–10−4 M relative Standardabweichungen von etwa 3 % erhalten. Diese Methode kann auch überschüssigen Kryptand neben Kryptat bestimmen.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 413-415 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Sulfat in Umweltmaterial ; Volumetrie ; Durchflußsystem, Dimethylsulfonazo als Indicator
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 269-270 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Untersuchungen an Bor-Curcumin-Chelaten ; Thermodifferentialanalyse ; Volumetrie ; DMSO
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 380-381 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wasser in Chlorcyan ; Volumetrie ; Karl Fischer, Ethylenglykol
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung von Wasserspuren in verflüssigtem Chlorcyan beschrieben. Nach Hinzufügen von Chlorcyan zu Ethylenglykol wird das Chlorcyan durch Verdampfen entfernt. Das durch das Ethylenglykol zurückgehaltene Wasser wird mit Karl-Fischer-Lösung titriert. Die Standardabweichungen sind im Bereich von 0,004–0,007 (0,1–0,4 g H2O/100 ml ClCN).
    Notes: Summary A description is given of a method for determining traces of water in liquefied cyanogen chloride. Following the addition to ethylene glycol, cyanogen chloride is removed by evaporation. The water retained by ethylene glycol is then titrated by Karl-Fischer solution. Standard deviations are in the range of 0.004–0.007 (0.1–0.4 g H2O/100 ml ClCN).
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 414-414 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aminen, aromat. primäre ; Volumetrie ; Nitrit, Hämatoxylin als Indicator
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 155-156 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. der Alkalität von Umweltmaterial ; Volumetrie ; Durchflußsystem
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 39-41 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickel, Jodid ; Volumetrie ; magnetisch, Meßanordnung
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine einfache Meßanordnung für die magnetische Titration wird vorgestellt. Anhand der Umsetzung von [Ni(NH3)6]2+ mit CN− und von J− mit Cr2O7 2− wird gezeigt, daß sich dieses Meßverfahren unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen in der quantitativen Analyse einsetzen läßt. Zur Auswertung der Titrationskurven wird eine Auftragung der Kraft im Magnetfeld gegen das reziproke Gesamtvolumen vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Summary A simple measuring equipment for magnetic titration is described. On the basis of the reaction of [Ni(NH3)6]2+ with CN− and J− with Cr2O7 2− it is shown that under certain conditions this method is useful in quantitative analysis. For evaluation of the titration curves, a plot of the force in the magnetic field against the reciprocal of the total volume is proposed.
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  • 67
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 126-131 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Volumetrie ; Einzelproben, automatisches Analysengerät
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Voraussetzungen einer effektiven Automation der individuellen titrimetrischen Analyse werden dargestellt. Ein nach diesen Gesichtspunkten entwickeltes Gerät wird beschrieben und seine Anwendung in den Gebieten der Farbstoffe, Agrochemikalien, Additiven und Pharmaka aufgezeigt.
    Notes: Summary Criteria for effective automation of individual titrimetric analyses are presented. Based on these, an automatic titration system has been developed which is described. Its performance and its applicability in the field of dyestuffs, agrochemicals, additives and pharmaceuticals has been investigated.
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  • 68
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 159-159 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Strontium in Strontiumferriten ; Volumetrie ; Ausfällung bzw. Maskierung von Eisen
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  • 69
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 43-43 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chlorid ; Volumetrie ; Dithizon, AgCl
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  • 70
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 159-159 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Indigo und Vanadat ; Volumetrie ; photometr. Endpunkt
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  • 71
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Bronze in archäolog. Material ; Volumetrie ; Korundstäbchen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung einer früheren Arbeit über Kupfer und Messing wird in dieser Mitteilung die Zinnbestimmung in Abstrichen beschrieben. Metazinnsäure wird durch Filtration mit Hilfe eines besonderen Gerätes abgetrennt, zu SnS2 umgesetzt, in HCl gelöst und die Sn-Bestimmung wird dann durch Rücktitration eines EDTA-Überschusses mit Zinksulfat durchgeführt.
    Notes: Summary In continuation of an earlier paper on copper and brass this communication describes the determination of tin in streak samples. Metastannic acid is isolated by filtration using a specially designed apparatus. It is converted to SnS2, dissolved in HCl and Sn is determined by back-titration of excess EDTA with zink sulphate.
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  • 72
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 125-125 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Sulfonamiden mit N-Bromsuccinimid ; Volumetrie
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  • 73
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 207-207 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluorid in Wasser ; Volumetrie ; SPADNS und Thoriumnitrat
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  • 74
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 160-160 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit Pyrrolidindithiocarbaminat ; Volumetrie ; Jod-Azid-Reaktion
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  • 75
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 396-399 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aminen mit Salicylaldeyd ; Volumetrie ; primäre, sekundäre, krit. Untersuchung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The salicylaldehyde method for the differentiation of primary and secondary amines in mixtures has been critically evaluated. This method yields best results in acetonitrile. In mixtures of amines one can expect high results for the primary amine with correspondingly low results for the secondary amine. Corrections can be made with known mixtures of the amines.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Salicylaldehydverfahren zur Unterscheidung primärer und sekundärer Amine im Gemisch wurde kritisch bewertet. Die besten Ergebnisse wurden in Acetonitril erhalten. In Gemischen sind für primäre Amine zu hohe und für sekundäre entsprechend zu niedrige Werte zu erwarten. Mit Hilfe bekannter Mischungen können Korrekturen durchgeführt werden.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; Brachionus strains ; mating attempts ; copulation ; mate recognition ; pheromone ; antibody ; genetic distance ; correlation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies on morphology and genetics of marinerotifer populations have demonstrated the existence ofconsiderable variation. Differences in theglycoprotein structure of a mate recognition pheromone(MRP) probably have a primary role in maintainingspecies boundaries among Brachionus species.This study examined factors involved in mating toclarify their relation with genetic variability. Threeexperiments were performed using 3 Brachionusplicatilis strains (Russia, Germany and Tokyo) and 4B. rotundiformis strains (Hamana, Fiji, Thai andSpain).Selfing and cross mating of 7 rotifer strains wasconducted in the first experiment. Russian malesmated with B. plicatilis females in thefollowing increasing order, based on mating attempts:German, Tokyo and Russia. There was little matingattempts with females of B. rotundiformisstrains. In a second set of experiments, the binding of anantibody (anti-MRP) derived from the MRP of Russianstrain was tested. A fluorescent label was attached toanti-MRP and the antibody reacted with the MRP onfemales of seven strains. The fluorescence intensity,indicating the degree of antibody binding, wasmeasured with epifluorescence microscopy and imageanalysis. The binding intensity of the anti-MRP to theMRP was in the following increasing order: Hamana,Fiji, Spain, German, Tokyo, Thai and Russia.It was expected that when the anti-MRP binds tothe MRP of a female, the male‘s recognition of thefemale would be inhibited. In the third experiment,male mating with females exposed to the anti-MRP wascompared with unexposed females. Russia Tokyo, Thaiand Spain females exposed to anti-MRP, elicited fewermale mating attempts than unexposed females. Matingfrequency and anti-MRP binding significantlycorrelated with genetic distance obtained from isozymeanalysis.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: behavior ; mating ; pheromone ; receptors ; rotifers
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Copulatory behavior of three S and three L type B. plicatilis strains from different geographic areas was analyzed. A 29 KD surface glycoprotein on females, characterized as a Mate Recognition Pheromone (MRP), binds to receptors in the corona of males and blocks mate recognition. Blocking was observed in all S and L strains even though the MRP was isolated from a single L-type strain. Binding was quantified using image analysis and a 20-fold difference was observed among strains. A direct relationship between the male discrimination of females and the intensity of MRP binding to male receptors was found. This relationship might be useful as a tool to examine variation in the mate recognition systems of other rotifer species.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: body odor ; chemosensory perception ; CSERP ; HLA ; pheromone
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new method will be presented which allows the perception of body odors in humans to be studied objectively. The analysis of body odor‐evoked potentials was used to investigate if and how the human brain is able to differentiate self from non‐self body odor for the first time. Six subjects (three females) participated in two experimental sessions. In each session, two body odors (axillary hair) were presented within an olfactory oddball paradigm. One of the odors was collected from the subject and the other from an odor donor of the same sex. In the first session the subjects' attention was distracted to a secondary task (passive paradigm), in the second session the subjects were asked to actively differentiate the odors (active paradigm). For the EEG recordings the odors were presented within a constantly flowing airstream. The results show that the subjects could hardly differentiate the body odors subjectively. However, it could be demonstrated that the central nervous processing of one's own odor was faster than the processing of the chemosensory non‐self signal. Moreover, in the active paradigm, the potentials appeared to be larger when the subjects perceived their own body odor. The conclusion is reached that the measurement of chemosensory event‐related potentials (CSERP) is the method of choice for the investigation of HLA‐associated body odors.
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    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 417-430 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: autoinduction ; Pantoea stewartii ; pheromone ; quorum sensing ; Ralstonia solanacearum ; Xanthomonas campestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) likely provide phytopathogenic bacteria a selective advantage both inside and outside plants. Despite the relatively scant knowledge about EPS biosynthesis in phytopathogenic bacteria, it clearly is a well controlled, complex, energy-intensive process. Unexpectedly, three phytopathogenic bacteria have been found to autoregulate EPS production in response to extracellular signal compounds (pheromones) that they produce. Like many bacteria, Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii produces a N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) autoinducer. However, unlike most AHL-dependent autoinduction systems, that in P. stewartii subsp. stewartii somehow represses EPS production in the absence of autoinducer. Instead of an AHL-dependent system (which it also has), Ralstonia solanacearum uses a novel autoregulator identified as 3-hydroxypalmitic acid methyl ester to regulate EPS biosynthesis. A lack of this autoregulator in R. solanacearum results in repression of EPS biosynthesis by a complex two-component sensor/response regulator signal cascade. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris has two partially overlapping autoregulatory systems. The autoregulators are incompletely characterized, but one diffusible signal factor (DSF) is thought to be a fatty acid derivative and the other diffusible factor (DF) may be a butyrolactone. The autoregulation pathways in X. campestris pv. campestris are essentially unknown, but EPS production is controlled by both the DSF and DF systems, whereas production of extracellular enzymes and pigment production are regulated independently. In a confined micro-environment, population density and intercellular concentrations of an autoregulator will increase in parallel, so autoregulation is one way that bacteria can coordinate gene expression to synthesize EPS only at high cell density. However, because there is often limited evidence that it is actually cell density that is being detected, researchers should not assume a priori that autoregulation must function for quorum sensing. Some possible reasons for why phytopathogenic bacteria would benefit from delaying EPS production are discussed.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 49 (1997), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: inducible defence ; pheromone ; alarm signal ; alarm substance ; schreckstoff ; Carassius carassius
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The body depth of crucian carp, Carassius carassius, increases in the presence of predator fish, thereby decreasing the vulnerability of crucian carp to predation. This phenotypic change is mediated by chemical signals, and is believed to result from a piscivorous diet of predators. We have shown that exposure to a piscivorous predator is insufficient to induce growth changes in crucian carp, since water from northern pike, Esox lucius, fed Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, does not induce a change in crucian carp morphology, while water from pike fed crucian carp does. The determining factor is a chemical signal from the skin of crucian carp, as demonstrated by exposure to skin extracts from conspecifics. We suggest that alarm substances from conspecifics, expressing primer pheromone effects, are the most likely candidates for induction of the phenotypical changes.
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 17 (1997), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon ; Salmo salar ; pheromone ; prostaglandin ; olfaction ; carbofuran ; pesticides ; toxicology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sublethal effect of the carbamate pesticide carbofuran on the priming pheromonal system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was investigated. Previous studies have demonstrated that ovulated female salmon release a priming pheromone in their urine (considered to be an F-type prostaglandin) which is subsequently detected by mature male salmon and results in increased levels of plasma sex steroids and expressible milt. In the present study, electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory epithelium of mature male salmon parr indicated that the responses to prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) were significantly reduced at nominal concentrations of carbofuran as low as 1.0 µg l-1, and the threshold of detection was reduced 10-fold. A 5 day exposure to carbofuran significantly reduced the ability of male parr to respond to PGF2α stimulation. The priming effect of PGF2α on milt and plasma 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one levels were abolished at water concentrations at and above 2.7 µg l-1. In addition, the priming effect of PGF2α on plasma testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone concentrations was abolished at water carbofuran concentrations above 6.5 µg l-1. Exposure to similar concentrations of carbofuran also resulted in a reduction in the levels of free and glucuronidated steroids in the bile of PGF2α primed male parr. The effect of carbofuran on the priming response did not appear to be due to a direct effect on the testes, since the ability of testes to respond to pituitary extract stimulation in vitro was not impaired in carbofuran-exposed males. Carbofuran appeared to reduce significantly or abolish the priming pheromonal system in mature male parr by directly affecting the ability of the olfactory system to detect PGF2α, although the toxicological mechanism involved is as yet unknown. The results are therefore discussed in relation to the possible sublethal effects of carbofuran on reproduction in the Atlantic salmon.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: ticks ; ixodid ticks ; pheromone ; Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ; Rhipicephalus pulchellus ; phenol ; cresol ; 2,6-dichlorophenol ; salicylaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of femaleRhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann andR. pulchellus Neumann, vectors or potential vectors of East Coast fever, have yielded phenol andp-cresol. The same phenols have been found in five additional species of hard ticks, three of which also contained 2,6-dichlorophenol. Salicylaldehyde appeared as another phenolic component in four of these species. On the basis of this information- and of the rather limited literature available, it appears that ixodid ticks may generally utilize simple phenols as attractants. Behavioral observations suggest a role of the phenols in the meeting of the sexes.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: synthesis ; cis-10-tetradecenyl acetate (I) ; Archips semiferanus ; oak leaf roller ; sex attractant ; pheromone
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major sex attractant of the oak leaf roller (Archips semiferanus Walker),cis-10-tetradecenyl acetate (I), was synthesized in 55–62% overall yield by a highly economical route from inexpensive azelaic acid (II).
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Stegobium paniceum ; pheromone ; sex attractant ; drugstore beetle ; insect behavior ; stored-product insects
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females ofStegobium paniceum (L.) produce a sex pheromone that causes an excitation and attraction of the males. Male response was highest 5–12 days after adult emergence. Pheromone titer of unmated females increased steadily after 1 day, reached a plateau after 5 days, and continued until at least 14 days. Mature males showed a threshold responsiveness of 3 × 10−7 μg pheromone. The pheromone titer per female ranged from 50 to 200 ng. On the basis of a high-resolution mass spectrum the empirical formula of the pure isolated pheromone molecule was determined to be C13H20O3. The pheromone was further defined by its Chromatographic behavior and spectroscopic properties.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diptera ; Tephritidae ; Mediterranean fruit fly ; Ceratitis capitata ; pheromone ; attractants ; mango volatiles ; Mangifera indica ; Headspace analysis ; gas chromatography-electroantennography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have identified five compounds from the headspace of calling male Mediterranean fruit flies (medfly),Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and three compounds from the headspace of ripe mango (Mangifera indica L). using coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic (GC-EAG) recordings, coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis, and electroantennographic (EAG) assays of standards. The male-produced volatiles eliciting responses from female antennae were ethyl-(E)-3-octenoate, geranyl acetate, (E,E)-α-farnesene, linalool, and indole. An EAG dose-response test of linalool enantiomers and indole with female medfly antennae showed relatively strong EAG activities, but no significant difference between (R)-(-)-linalool and (S)-(+)-linalool. The three mango volatiles were identified as (1S)-(-)-β-pinene, ethyl octanoate, andβ-caryophyllene. In addition, a strong antennal response was recorded from a contaminant,α-copaene, present in a commercial sample ofβ-caryophyllene. The EAG response amplitudes from both male and female antennae to the above three mango volatiles were significantly greater than to a hexanol control. For both male and female medfly antennae, the greatest EAG responses were elicited byβ-caryophyllene followed by ethyl octanoate. The mean EAG responses of female antennae toβ-caryophyllene and (1S)-(-)-β-pinene were significantly greater than those of male antennae.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 2069-2078 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hemiptera ; Reduviidae ; Triatoma ; aggregation ; pheromone ; feces ; o-aminoacetophenone ; quinazolines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nymphs ofTriatoma infestans andTriatoma mazzottii are weakly attracted to their feces and to extracts of feces in polar solvents, but not to nonpolar solvent extracts. The major volatile compounds identified in feces by solvent extraction and thermal desorption wereo-aminoacetophenone, 4-methylquinazoline, and 2,4-dimethylquinazoline, but these showed no attractant activity at a range of concentrations. Choice tests with a moving current of air gave no positive reaction to feces, extracts, or pure compounds.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1031-1042 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; Tachinidae ; Pentatomidae ; Nezara ; Podisus ; biological control ; pheromone ; kairomone ; exotic host
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the spined soldier bug,Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), produce an attractant pheromone that is exploited as a host-finding kairomone by a complex of parasitic species. The capability to catch hundreds of a generalist tachinid fly parasitoid,Euclytia flava, alive in traps baited with the pheromone ofP. maculiventris provided an opportunity to test the premise of the “new associations” biological control concept. The hypothesis that host species newly associated with a parasitoid are maladapted relative to native-native associations was tested by givingE. flava females a choice between native and exotic stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). WildE. flava females preferred to oviposit on exotic pentatomid species rather than indigenous, known host species, both in field traps baited with the pheromone of a native host and in the laboratory. Data presented here demonstrate that an invader may be vulnerable to native parasitoids in one aspect of the parasitism process (acceptance), yet go unrecognized as a potential host.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 2187-2196 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trypodendron lineatum ; Scolytidae ; ambrosia beetle ; lineatin ; ethanol ; α-pinene ; pheromone ; semiochemical ; Coleoptera ; trapping
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofT. lineatum to ethanol and α-pinene, when used with the pheromone lineatin, was tested for two trap types. Funnel traps, which are passive barrier traps, caught significantly more beetles than drainpipe traps, which require an active response by the beetle to enter the trap. However, the response ofT. lineatum to the semiochemical treatments did not significantly differ for the two trap types. Treatments that included α-pinene with the pheromone, either with or without ethanol, caught significantly moreT. lineatin than those with the pheromone alone. When ethanol and or α-pinene were added to the pheromone significantly more female beetles were trapped than with pheromone alone. Male-female ratios were significantly lower for both types of traps when ethanol was included in the bait than for lineatin alone or with α-pinene. A higher percentage of male beetles entered the drainpipe traps than was captured with funnel traps.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 2 (1976), S. 187-193 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Malacosoma americanum ; tent caterpillar ; chemical trail substance ; pheromone ; trail-following behavior
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The leaf-feeding larvae of the eastern tent caterpillarMalacosoma americanum (Fabricius) follow silk trails laid down on branches leading from their communal tent to distant foraging sites. The response of colonies reared in the laboratory under seminatural conditions to silk trails washed in methylene chloride and to chemical trails prepared from a solvent extract of their tent or trail silk, showed that one or more soluble components of their trail is essential to the elicitation of the following response. The demonstrated ability of the caterpillars to distinguish between old and newly reinforced silk trails most likely occurs in response to a temporal change in the detectable chemical properties of their trail.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 2 (1976), S. 211-220 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: chemical ecology ; hormone ; pheromone ; allomone ; kairomone ; synomone ; apneumone ; chemical communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The terminology of chemical releasing stimuli is examined in an attempt to reduce some apparent confusion. Two new classes of interspecific chemical signals, synomone and apneumone, are proposed.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 949-972 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Idea leuconoe ; hairpencil ; pheromone ; Parsonsia laevigata ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; mellein ; defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of a giant danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe, display hairpencils during courtship. The females were visually attracted to and olfactorily arrested by an artificial butterfly model to which male hairpencil extracts were added. The hairpencil extracts contained a complex mixture of volatiles, including pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) derivatives (danaidone, viridifloric β-lactone), aromatics (phenol,p-cresol, benzoic acid), terpenoids (geranyl methyl thioether, (E,E)-farnesol), a series of γ-lactones (6-hydroxy-4-undecanolides and its homologs), hydrocarbons [(Z)-9-tricosene, etc.], and several compounds with higher molecular weight. A mixture of the major volatiles applied to a butterfly dummy strongly elicited an abdomen-curling acceptance posture in females. Viridifloric β-lactone and danaidone induced significant electroantennogram responses on the female's antennae, suggesting their principal role together with other hairpencil components as a sex pheromone to seduce females.I. leuconoe males seem to acquire the precursor for both of the PA fragments from the host plant,Parsonsia laevigata (Apocynaceae), during the larval stage; thereby they do not show pharmacophagous behavior towards PA-containing plants during the adult stage. However, males are pharmacophagously attracted to and feed on a number of simple phenolic compounds in a manner similar to other danaine species towards PAs. Wild males sequester one of the phagostimulants, (−)-mellein, in the hairpencils in varying quantities. Phenolic compounds incorporated in the hairpencils may act primarily as warning odors linked with the defensive PAs present in the body tissues.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis ipsilon ; Agrotis segetum ; hybridization ; pheromone ; diapause ; migration ; sexual isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hybrids were obtained by crossing males of the turnip moth Agrotis segetum, which has a period of arrested development in the larval stage, with females of the migrant and nondiapausing black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. No progeny were obtained by crossing females of A. segetum with males of A. ipsilon. Backcrosses were successful only by crossing hybrids with both sexes of A. ipsilon. No larval oligopause occurred when hybrid larvae were reared under conditions inducing arrest in A. segetum (12L:12D, 21°C). Wind tunnel tests showed interattractiveness of F1 hybrids with A. ipsilon but not with A. segetum. Single sensillum recordings of pheromone-sensitive hairs on the antennae of males of the parent species revealed differences in the distribution of sensilla. F1 and F2 hybrids exhibited the same receptor cell types and distribution as A. ipsilon. Gas chromatographic analysis of female pheromone gland extracts revealed that F1 hybrids were also very close to A. ipsilon.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphid ; Brevicoryne brassicae ; Homoptera ; pheromone ; attractant ; Diaeretiella rapae ; Praon volucre ; Hymenoptera ; isoprenoid ; nepetalactone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, is shown by GC and GC-MS analysis of pheromone entrained from sexual females, and by electrophysiological studies on single cell preparations from male antennae, to comprise (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone. The compound proved to be attractive in a laboratory bioassay and release of the pheromone from glass vials placed above water traps in crops of autumn brassicaceous crops increased the catch of males of this species. The specialist parasitoid of B. brassicae, Diaeretiella rapae, and the more general aphid parasitoid Praon volucre were found in significantly larger numbers in pheromone traps as compared to the controls, under certain conditions.
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  • 94
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    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 151-166 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus rufipennis ; Ips tridens ; Dryocoetes affaber ; bark beetle ; pheromone ; inhibition ; frontalin ; α-pinene ; ipsdienol ; cis-verbenol ; exo-brevicomin ; endo-brevicomin ; enantiomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Capture of spruce beetles, Dendroctonus rufipennis, in multiple-funnel traps baited with frontalin and α-pinene was reduced by up to 42% in the presence of synthetic (+)-exo- and (+)-endo-brevicomin, aggregation pheromones of the sympatric species Dryocoeles affaber. (±)-endo-Brevicomin was inhibitory to spruce beetles in two experiments and (±)-exo-brevicomin was inhibitory in one experiment, reducing spruce beetle trap catches by up to 87% and 75%, respectively. Spruce beetle trap catches were also reduced by 85% by (±)- or (+)-ipsdienol, but not by (−)-ipsdienol. Ips tridens, a second sympatric species, produces both enantiomers of ipsdienol in its pheromone blend. Responses by D. affaber to its own pheromone were significantly enhanced by addition of the spruce beetle lure. Enantiospecific pheromones of secondary competing species, or less costly racemic substitutes, may be useful for managing spruce beetles using competitive displacement or exclusion. Baiting susceptible hosts with pheromones of secondary species may enhance attack by secondary species, while partially repelling spruce beetles.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pityogenes knechteli ; Ips ; Scolytidae ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol ; pheromone ; semiochemical ; chirality ; interspecific interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection and GC-mass spectrometric analyses of volatile extracts from male and female Pityogenes knechteli Swaine identified hexanol, (±)-ipsdienol, and (S)-(–)-ipsenol as male-produced candidate pheromone components. In a lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann, forest in the southern interior of British Columbia, multiple-funnel traps baited with (±)-ipsdienol alone, (S)-(–)-ipsenol alone, or both caught 60%, 6%, and 23%, respectively, of all P. knechteli trapped; unbaited traps caught the remaining 11%. In another field trapping experiment, (S)-(+)-ipsdienol was as attractive as (±)-ipsdienol, and (R)-(–)-ipsdienol was behaviorally benign. (S)-(+)-Ipsdienol is thus concluded to be the principal aggregation pheromone component of P. knechteli. At low release rates, hexanol increased attraction of beetles to (±)-ipsdienol, or to (±)-ipsidienol plus (S)-(–)-ipsenol, but at high release rates hexanol decreased attraction, suggesting a role in preventing overpopulation in the host tree. On the basis of laboratory bioassays in which walking beetles were attracted to (S)-(–)-ipsenol, we hypothesize that (S)-(–)-ipsenol serves as a short-range attractant for P. knechteli. Three sympatric scolytids were also captured in field experiments as follows: the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), to its pheromone (±)-ipsdienol; I. latidens LeConte to its pheromone (S)-(–)-ipsenol; and I. mexicanus (Hopkins), for which the pheromone is unknown, to (S)-(–)-ipsenol with (±)-ipsdienol. Although all four species attack lodgepole pine, we have never observed I. latidens or I. mexicanus attacking the same hosts at P. knechteli or I. pini. These results suggest that ipsenol and ipsdienol serve as synomones involved in promoting aggregation on the host tree, maintaining species-specific communication, and thus contributing to resource partitioning and reduced competition among the four species.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: pheromone ; Ceratitis capitata ; oviposition deterrent ; laboratory insect quality ; Tephritidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract During ovipositor dragging on the fruit surface following egg laying in hawthorne fruit,Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) females deposit an unidentified pheromone that deters repeated oviposition attempts in that fruit. The pheromone proved water soluble and, when collected and sprayed in aqueous solution onto uninfested fruits in laboratory cages, effectively deterred boring attempts byC. capitata females of wild origin for at least 6 days (termination of test). A laboratory population ofC. capitata cultured on artificial media for more than 200 generations deposited pheromone that proved equally as deterrent to wild fly oviposition as pheromone from wild flies. However, lab fly oviposition was not effectively deterred by the presence of pheromone. The ecological significance of the pheromone is discussed.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fannia femoralis (Stein) ; pheromone ; mating stimulant pheromone ; (Z)-11-hentriacontene ; cuticular lipid ; fly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cuticular lipids of male and femaleFannia femoralis were similar for recently emerged insects but soon began to develop chromatographic patterns characteristic of each sex. Mature females contained more C31 and C33 monoolefin in the cuticular lipid than males. Also, the double bonds in the monoolefins of the female lipid were situated predominantly at the eleventh and thirteenth carbons, while most of those from the males were centrally located in the molecule or at the ninth carbon. The female C31 monoolefin stimulated copulation by the males, but more mating activity occurred when the saturated hydrocarbons present in the female cuticular lipids were added. The synthetic monoolefin most active as a mating stimulant pheromone was (Z)-11-hentriacontene, but the addition of female alkanes or of syntheticn-alkanes to (Z)-11-hentriacontene increased the activity of the synthetic pheromone.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; pheromone ; self-recognition ; tongue-flicking ; Squamata ; Cordylidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male and female Cordylus cordylus can discriminate between tiles labeled by their own pheromones and tiles labeled by individuals of the same sex, as shown by elevated tongue-flick rates in which the tongue contacts only air above the tiles labeled by other individuals and tongue-flicks in which the tongue contacts the tiles themselves. Potential pheromone sources for these discriminations are the femoral glands, cloacal glands, generation glands, ventral skin, and excretory products. Although studied in few species, pheromonal discriminations between self and other individuals, familiar and unfamiliar individuals, and kin and unrelated individuals appear to be broadly distributed in lizards, occurring in Iguania and in both Gekkonoidea and Scincomorpha within Scleroglossa. Both sexes of C. cordylus defend territories against both sexes. An ability to distinguish pheromones of other individuals of the same sex from self-produced pheromones would allow detection of intruders, but pheromonal discriminations among individuals would be more useful. Adaptive functions of pheromonal discriminations for residents and nonresidents and discriminatory abilities required are discussed. Tongue-flicks touching labeled tiles differed between experimental conditions, suggesting vomerolfactory discrimination, but the interpretation of a similar difference for tongue-flicks that contacted no substrate is problematical. Such air tongue-flicks might indicate sampling of volatile molecules for delivery to the vomeronasal organs. Experiments are needed to conclusively determine the sensory bases of the discriminations and the role of air tongue-flicks.
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  • 99
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    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coreidae ; Heteroptera ; Hemiptera ; sex attractant ; pheromone ; sexual selection ; n-octanol ; benzyl alcohol ; vanillin ; 2-phenyl-ethanol ; leaf-footed bugs ; chemotaxonomy ; allomome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The 7–8th ventral abdominal gland secretions from 6 adult male leaf-footed bugs,Leptoglossus spp., and a related species,Euthochtha galeator, were chemically analyzed by GC-MS. Of the 11 volatile compounds identified, all but one of the compounds (n-octanol) were aromatic, including compounds with the familiar odors of cherries, vanilla, cinnamon, and roses. The preponderance of aromatics in the adult male ventral abdominal gland secretions contrasts sharply with the aliphatic compounds which comprise the metathoracic gland defensive secretions of adult males and females. Also, the male-specific secretions are species-specific, both qualitatively and quantitatively, whereas the metathoracic gland secretions of Coreoidea are only distinctive at the generic level. It is proposed that males were favored as the emitters of attractive signals by sexual selection, whereas the specificity of the signal is the result of natural selection against hybridization.
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  • 100
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    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 125-130 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diptera ; Sarcophagidae ; flesh fly ; Sarcophaga bullata ; pheromone ; hexanal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hexanal, isolated from a whole animal extract of the flesh fly,Sarcophaga bullata, attracts over 65% of the females tested with no apparent effect on males.
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