ALBERT

Description: It has been postulated that the brain operates in a self-organized critical state that brings multiple benefits, such as optimal sensitivity to input. Thus far, self-organized criticality has typically been depicted as a one-dimensional process, where one parameter is tuned to a critical value. However, the number of adjustable parameters in the brain is vast, and hence critical states can be expected to occupy a high-dimensional manifold inside a high-dimensional parameter space. Here, we show that adaptation rules inspired by homeostatic plasticity drive a neuro-inspired network to drift on a critical manifold, where the system is poised between inactivity and persistent activity. During the drift, global network parameters continue to change while the system remains at criticality.

Description: Current questions in ecology revolve around instabilities in the dynamics on spatial networks and particularly the effect of node heterogeneity. We extend the master stability function formalism to inhomogeneous biregular networks having two types of spatial nodes. Notably, this class of systems also allows the investigation of certain types of dynamics on higher-order networks. Combined with the generalized modeling approach to study the linear stability of steady states, this is a powerful tool to numerically asses the stability of large ensembles of systems. We analyze the stability of ecological metacommunities with two distinct types of habitats analytically and numerically in order to identify several sets of conditions under which the dynamics can become stabilized by dispersal. Our analytical approach allows general insights into stabilizing and destabilizing effects in metapopulations. Specifically, we identify self-regulation and negative feedback loops between source and sink populations as stabilizing mechanisms and we show that maladaptive dispersal may be stable under certain conditions.

Description: Generating data catalogue pages from ISO19139, GMCD-DIF and Datacite metadata

Description: The data files belong to a 3D structural model which covers the Vøring and Møre basins offshore Norway. In addition, a part of the exposed Fennoscandian Caledonides in the south-east and an oceanic crustal domain are covered by the model. The constructed 3D model is 490 km wide and 660 km long with a horizontal grid spacing of 2500 m, and a vertical resolution corresponding to the number of integrated layers. The lithospheric-scale 3D structural model includes 14 layers: (1) sea water; (2) upper Neogene (post-middle Miocene) sediments; (3) middle-upper Paleogene-lower Neogene (pre-middle Miocene) sediments; (4) lower Paleogene (Paleocene) sediments; (5) oceanic layer 2AB (basalts); (6) Upper Cretaceous (post-Cenomanian) sediments; (7) Lower Cretaceous (preCenomanian) sediments; (8) pre-Cretaceous sediments; (9) continental crystalline crust; (10) oceanic layer 3A; (11) high-density zones within the continental crystalline crust; (12) oceanic layer 3B; (13) high-density bodies within the lower continental crystalline crust; (14) lithospheric mantle. The thicknesses of the layers correspond to apparent thicknesses. In addition, data for earth surface topography is provided in the file: 0_Topography.dat. Model coordinates are based on the UTM 33 Zone (Northern Hemisphere) using the WGS 84 datum. The data format is ASCII and contains three columns (X, Y and Z), where X and Y are geographical coordinates (X = longitude, Y = latitude); Z (in m) is thickness of the layer or structural depth (base of layer) or surface elevation. The grid of each layer consists of 196 cells in W-E direction and 265 cells in S-N direction. The grid limits are the following: Xmin = -222590 and Xmax = 267410; Ymin = 6892200 and Ymax = 7552200. The vertical datum of the 3D model refers to the mean sea level. Organisation of data files: Data are organised in two folders (“Bases” and “Thicknesses”); data for earth surface topography (in case of water: sea level) is in the root folder: 0_Topography.dat. The folder “Bases” contains 14 data files named according to the model layers as outlined above. The folder “Thicknesses” contains 14 data files named according to the model layers as outlined above.

Description: The scope of this Science Plan is to describe the scientific background, applications, and activities related to the EnMAP mission. Primarily, the Science Plan addresses scientists and funding institutions, but it may also be of interest for environmental stakeholders and governmental bodies. It is conceived to be a living document that will be updated throughout the whole mission. Current global challenges call for interdisciplinary approaches. Hence, the science plan is not structured in the traditional disciplinary way. Instead, it builds on overarching research themes to which EnMAP can contribute. This Science Plan comprises the following five chapters presenting the significance, background, framework, applications, and strategy of the EnMAP mission: Chapter 2 highlights the need for EnMAP data with respect to major environmental issues and various stakeholders. This chapter states the mission’s main objectives and provides a list of research themes addressing global challenges to whose understanding and management EnMAP can contribute. Chapter 3 presents an overview of the EnMAP mission from a scientific point of view including a brief description of the mission parameters, data products and access, and calibration/validation issues. Chapter 4 provides an overview of hyperspectral remote sensing regarding its principles, development, and current state and synergies to other satellite missions. Chapter 5 describes current lines of research and EnMAP applications to address the research themes presented in Chapter 2. Finally, Chapter 6 outlines the scientific exploitation strategy, which includes the strategy for community building, dissemination of knowledge and increasing public awareness.

Description: Dataset

Description: Raw, SEGY and other supplementary data are presented from the seismic refraction / wide-angle reflection profile, TTZ-South, in Poland and Ukraine. The purpose of this 550 km long seismic profile was to reveal the lithospheric structure along the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone (TTZ), a major geophysical boundary in Europe.

Description: This field campaign aimed at densifying the station coverage on the Armutlu Peninsula in the eastern Sea of Marmara. The Armutlu peninsula is directly crossed by the Armutlu fault, located roughly ~50 km away from the Istanbul metropolitan region. The main objective of this experiment is to characterize the seismic and aseismic deformation of this region. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 9P.

Description: This dataset contains subaquatic passive seismic recordings taken in September 2021 at 88 locations off Tuktoyaktuk Island as well as in a small lake (“Lake 3”) between the villages of Tuktoyaktuk and Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada. The measurements were part of the “Mackenzie Delta Permafrost Field Campaign” (mCan2021) within the “Modular Observation solutions for Earth Systems” (MOSES) program. Data is from a seismic intermediate-bandwidth seismic sensor lowered for few minutes to the bottom of the sea and lake, respectively, and from underwater short-period sensors deployed for a few days. The aim of the study was to determine the depth of the subaquatic permafrost (local lake and oceanic locations). Raw data is provided in proprietary “Cube” format and standard mseed format.

Description: This data publication contains a seismic survey which was acquired in the Mont Terri Underground Rock Laboratory (URL) in January 2019. The aim of the SI-A experiment (Seismic Imaging Ahead of and around underground infrastructure) is to provide a seismic characterization at the meso scale and to investigate the feasibility of tomographic and reflection imaging in argillaceous environments. The survey covered the different facies types of Opalinus Clay: shaly facies, carbonate -rich sandy facies and sandy facies (Bossart et al. 2017). Three different seismic sources (impact, vibro, ELVIS) were used to acquire the seismic data. The impact and magnetostrictive vibro sources were particularly designed for seismic exploration in the underground (Giese et al. 2005, Richter et al. 2018). The ELVIS source was mainly designed for near-surface investigations on roads or in open terrain (Krawczyk et al. 2012). All data were recorded on 32 3-component geophones (GS-14-L3, 28 Hz) which were deployed in 2 m deep boreholes, fixed at the tip of rock anchors. The data publication covers raw and preprocessed data stored in SEG-Y format.

Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on glass beads with a diameter of 200-300 µm used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “weak” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016; Ritter et al., 2016; Lohrmann et al., 2003) or as “seismogenic” crust (Rudolf et al., 2022). The glass beads are characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.51 , µD = 0.40, and µR = 0.44, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 40 Pa and 70 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities and at high loads.

Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on glass beads with a diameter of 100-200 µm used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “weak” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016; Ritter et al., 2016; Lohrmann et al., 2003) or as “seismogenic” crust (Rudolf et al., 2022). The glass beads are characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.50 , µD = 0.39, and µR = 0.46, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material is close to zero Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities and at high loads.

Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on glass beads with a diameter of less than 50 µm used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “weak” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016; Ritter et al., 2016; Lohrmann et al., 2003) or as “seismogenic” crust (Rudolf et al., 2022). The glass beads are characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.47 , µD = 0.44, and µR = 0.47, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 50 Pa and 70 Pa. The material shows a neglectable rate-weakening of 〈1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.

Description: A temporary seismic network consisting of 48 long-term and 15 short-term stations was deployed from June 2021 to June 2022. The network comprises 27 broadband stations and 20 short period geophones from the Ruhr-University Bochum, the Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP) and the RWTH Aachen. The inter-station spacing of the longer-term network is about 2 km and the total extent of the network is about 20 km. The densely populated area and vicinity of active pit mining demanded a balance between dense station placement and avoidance of anthropogenic noise sources. The network serves as a pre-study for the installment of a field laboratory in Eschweiler-Weisweiler, Germany. Details can be found in the accompanying data publication (Finger et al., in preparation). This project has been subsidized through the Cofund GEOTHERMICA, which is supported by the European Union’s HORIZON 2020 programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No 731117. Furthermore, this study was supported by the Interreg North-West Europe (Interreg NWE) Programme through the Roll-out of Deep Geothermal Energy in North-West Europe (DGE-ROLLOUT) Project (http://www.nweurope.eu/DGE-Rollout), NWE 892. The Interreg NWE Programme is part of the European Cohesion Policy and is financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code ZB. Data from some stations are embargoed until Januar 2026 but might be available on request.

Description: A sequence of three strong (M W 7.2–6.4) and several moderate (M W 4.4–5.7) earthquakes struck the Pamir Plateau and surrounding mountain ranges of Tajikistan, China, and Kyrgyzstan in 2015–2017. With a local seismic network in operation in the Xinjiang province since August 2015, an aftershock network on the Pamir Plateau of Tajikistan since February 2016, and additional permanent regional seismic stations, we were able to record the succession of the fore-, main-, and aftershock sequences at local distances with good azimuthal coverage. We located 11,784 seismic events and determined the moment tensor for 33 earthquakes. The seismicity delineates the major tectonic structures of the Pamir, i.e., the thrusts that absorb shortening along the plateau thrust front, and the strike-slip and normal faults that dissect the Plateau into a westward extruding and a northward advancing block. Fault ruptures were activated subsequently at increasing distances from the initial M W 7.2 Sarez. All mainshock areas but the initial one exhibited foreshock seismicity which was not modulated by the occurrence of the earlier earthquakes. The tabular ASCII data of the seismic event catalog consist of origin date, time, location, depth and magnitude of the events, along with the quality measures: number of P- and S-wave arrival time picks, location root-mean-square misfit and localization method. The tabular ASCII data of the moment tensor catalog consist of origin date, time, location, the six independent components of the moment tensor, the moment magnitude, and the orientation of the preferred fault plane parameterized as fault strike, dip and rake.

Description: The goal of Inter-Wind is to investigate and predict the induced seismic signals of wind turbines at different locations in Southern Germany. The experiments involve various sensor types and data loggers.

Description: The dataset contains SEG-Y data of a 3D seismic in situ experiment in the Mont Terri URL, Switzerland. The data were acquired using a pneumatic impact source and 3-C geophones, installed in boreholes or on the tunnel wall. The data publication covers the raw data (individual hits per shot point) and the vertically stacked data stored in SEG-Y format. The survey geometry (source coordinates, receiver coordinates) is included.

Description: This data set includes digital image correlation data from analog earthquakes experiments. The data consists of grids of surface strain and time series of surface displacement (horizontal and vertical) and strain. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the surface pattern of the strain can be found in Kosari et al. (in review), to which this data set is supplementary. We use an analog seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2019 and 2017) to generate a catalog of analog megathrust earthquakes (Table 1). The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019) and Kosari et al. ( 2020). The subduction forearc model wedge is set up in a glass-sided box (1000 mm across strike, 800mm along strike, and 300 mm deep) with a dipping, elastic basal conveyor belt and a rigid backwall. An elastoplastic sand-rubber mixture (50 vol.% quartz sandG12: 50 vol.% EPDM rubber) is sieved into the setup representing a 240 km long forearc segment from the trench to the volcanic arc. The shallow part of the wedge includes a basal layer of sticky rice grains characterized by unstable stick-slip sliding representing the seismogenic zone. Stick-slip sliding in rice is governed by a rate-and-state dependent friction law similar to natural rocks. According to Coulomb wedge theory (Dahlen et al., 1984), two types of wedge configurations have been designed: a “compressional” configuration represents an interseismically compressional and coseismically stable wedge (compressional configuration), and a “critical” configuration, which is interseismically stable (close to critically compressional) and may reach a critical extensional state coseismically (critical configuration). In the compressional configuration, a flat-top (surface slope α=0) wedge overlies a single large rectangular in map view stick-slip patch (Width*Length=200*800 mm) over a 15-degree dipping basal thrust. In the critical configuration, the surface angle of the elastoplastic wedge varies from the coastal segment onshore (α=10) to the inner-wedge offshore (α=15) segments over a 5-degree dipping basal thrust. Slow continuous compression of the wedge by moving the basal conveyor belt at a speed velocity of 0.05 mm/s simulates plate convergence and results in the quasi-periodic nucleation of quasi-periodic stick-slip events (analog earthquakes) within the rice layer. The wedge responds elastically to these basal slip events, similar to crustal rebound during natural subduction megathrust earthquakes.

Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on twice broken rice used in the GEC Laboratory in CY Cergy Paris University in stick-slip experiments. They were obtained by Sarah Visage as part of her doctoral training (funded by the ANR DISRUPT programme) during an invitation at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. Like any granular material, the twice broken rice is characterized by several internal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C, classicaly qualified as dynamic, static, and reactivation coefficients. In adition, since the rice exhibits a stick slip behaviour, the various shear - velocity or shear-displacement curves exhibit high frequency oscillations and we therefore define maximum, minimum, and mean values corresponding respectively to the curve peaks, curve troughs and smoothed curve.

Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for wheat flour used as a fine-grained, cohesive analogue material for simulating brittle upper crustal rocks in the analogue labor-atory of the Institute of Geophysics of the Czech Academy of Science (IGCAS). It is characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the tested material is ~0.72, dynamic friction coeffi-cients µD is ~0.67 and reactivation friction coefficients µR is ~0.70. Cohesions of the material range between 27 and 50 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1.5% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities.

Description: As a supplement to Huang et al. (2022) “The influence of sediments, lithosphere and upper mantle (anelastic) with lateral heterogeneity on ocean tide loading and ocean tide dynamics”, we provide for the advanced earth model LH-Lyon-3Dae [consisting of 3D elastic sediments, lithosphere and 3D anelastic upper mantle structures, see Huang et al.(2022) for details] the solutions of vertical ocean tide loading (OTL) displacement, self-attraction and loading (SAL) elevation, and ocean tides. Solutions for three tidal constituents, i.e., M2, K1 and Mf, are given. As a comparison, solutions based on the 1D elastic model PREM and the 1D anelastic LH-Lyon-1Dae are also presented. With these solutions, the primary results in Huang et al. (2022) such as the model amplitude differences, RMS differences and the predictions in GNSS stations can be reconstructed.

Description: The data set is a compilation of more than 300 CO2-rich mineral waters and mofettes in the NW Bohemia/Vogtland region. It is a combination of historical data from numerous books and reports, recent scientific papers, as well as own field observations. The oldest literature sources related to these geogenic CO2 gas emissions were mentioned in the 18th century. These springs were famous for their delicious acidic mineral water – so called “Sauerbrunnen” or "Säuerlinge". However, some gas emission sites and their springs dried and disappeared during the centuries, but they were an important meeting point in the villages (water supply) and were therefore mentioned in old geological or historical reports. The coordinates of these former locations could only be estimated. The dataset contains geographic coordinates, Czech and German site names, as well as the location type.

Description: This data repository contains the 3D steady-state thermal field computed for the South Caribbean and NW South America down to 75 km depth, the modelled hypocentral temperatures, the depths to the upper and lower stability transitions, as well as the seismogenic thickness calculated from selected earthquakes of the ISC Bulletin (International Seismological Centre, 2022). All methodological details can be found in the main publication (see section 2). We used the uppermost 75 km of the gravity-constrained structural and density model of Gómez-García et al. (2020, 2021) to derive the 3D thermal configuration of the study area. A steady-state approach was followed, in which upper and lower boundary conditions were set to run the thermal experiments using the software GOLEM (Cacace amp; Jacquey, 2017; Jacquey amp; Cacace, 2017). We selected earthquakes from the ISC Bulletin from January 1980 to January 2021 (International Seismological Centre, 2022), considering the magnitude of completeness for different periods, removing earthquakes without depth, set as 0 km or fixed, as well as those with reported hypocentral depth errors gt;30 km. Of this set, we selected the crustal earthquakes, located between the topo-bathymetry from the GEBCO relief (Weatherall et al., 2015) and the Moho depth from the GEMMA model (Reguzzoni amp; Sampietro, 2015), interpolated to a resolution of 5 km. From this earthquake subset we computed the upper and lower stability transitions for seismogenesis, as the 10th and 90th percentiles (D10 and D90), respectively, of the hypocentral depths. These percentiles were mapped on a latitude-longitude grid, using for each grid node its 20 closest earthquakes as sample. The hypocentral temperatures and the temperatures at the D10 and D90 crustal depths were calculated from the lithospheric-scale thermal model. Lastly, the crustal seismogenic thickness was computed as the difference between D90 and D10 for each grid node. For more details about the modelling approach and interpretation of the results, we kindly ask the reader to refer to the main publication: Gomez-Garcia et al., (2022).

Description: This dataset provides information about the hydrostatic and wet signal delays from a network of 23 GNSS stations in northwestern Argentina between 2010-2021. It is based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) remote sensing techniques for the estimation of the atmospheric total delay and its gradients. Additionally, the hydrostatic counterpart and its gradients were calculated from the ERA5 dataset of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) with ray-tracing algorithms. The wet delays, as well as their gradients, were calculated by subtracting the hydrostatic fraction from the total proportion. Lastly, the wet signal delays were also computed using solely the ERA5 dataset.

Description: This dataset comprises the PCEEJ equatorial electrojet model current intensity values (mA/m). The PCEEJ is an empirical model based on the principal component analysis of satellite and ground equatorial electrojet data, described in detail in Soares et al. (2022), to which this data publication is supplement to. The model data is provided as text files (.csv extension) and Matlab-formatted files (.mat extension). For text files, there is one file per year (file name labeled with the corresponding year). For the Matlab format, there is only one Matlab file that contains all years as separate variables (variable name labeled with the corresponding year). Each yearly file/variable corresponds to a matrix: the rows represent local time/longitude bins and the columns represent days of year. The local time/longitude bins (rows) always sum up to 432 (12 local time intervals and 36 longitude intervals). The day of year (columns) always starts in January 1st and ends in December 31st, leading to a total of 365 or 366. The PCEEJ model values of 13 years from 2003 to 2010 and from 2014 to 2018 are provided. The PCEEJ basis functions (principal components) are provided in the text and Matlab files labeled as ‘PC\_Functions’. The ‘PC\_Functions’ data is given as a 432x10 matrix, in which 432 stands for the aforementioned local time/longitude bins and 10 represents the 10 principal components used to obtain the PCEEJ model (in ascending order). Two additional auxiliary indices, namely ‘lt\_index’ and ‘lon\_index’ are also contained as text and Matlab files. These indices represent the corresponding local time and longitude values of each row of the PCEEJ yearly files and ‘PC\_Functions’ files.

Description: This data publication includes the half-hourly Hp30 and ap30 indices as well as the hourly Hp60 and ap60 indices, collectively denoted as Hpo. This dataset is based on near real-time geomagnetic observatory data provided by 13 contributing observatories. It is derived and distributed by GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. When using the Hpo index, please cite this data publication as well as the accompanying publication Yamazaki et al. (submitted), which serves as documentation of the Hpo. The dataset is organised in yearly files, which, for the current year, are updated on a monthly basis. Typically, during the second week of a month, the data for the previous month is appended to the current year's file. The files are in ASCII files and start with header lines marked with # (hash). The Hpo index was developed within the H2020 project SWAMI (grant agreement No 776287) and is produced by Geomagnetic Observatory Niemegk, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. It derives from the same 13 geomagnetic observatories that also contribute to the Kp index (Matzka et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5880/Kp.0001). They are listed as contributors to this data publication. With the introduction of the DOI for the Hpo index (Matzka et al, 2021, https://doi.org/10.5880/Hpo.0001), this DOI landing page and the associated HTTPS server linked to the DOI become the primary archive of Hpo (while the other established index distribution mechanisms at GFZ will be maintained in parallel). With the DOI, the dataset can grow with time, but a change of the data, once published, is not possible. If necessity arises in the future to correct already published values, then the corrected dataset will be published with a new DOI. Older DOIs and data sets will then still be available. For each DOI, an additional versioning mechanism will be available to document changes to the files such as header or format changes, which do not affect the integrity of the data. The DOI https://doi.org/10.5880/Hpo.0002 identifies the current version. A format description and a version history are provided in the data download folder.

Description: The Flood Similarity Workflow is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences . It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). River floods and associated adverse consequences are caused by complex interactions of hydro-meteorological and socio-economic pre-conditions and event characteristics. The Flood Similarity Workflow supports the identification, assessment and comparison of hydro-meteorological controls of flood events. The analysis of flood events requires the exploration of discharge time series data for hundreds of gauging stations and their auxiliary data. Data availability and accessibility and standard processing techniques are common challenges in that application and addressed by this workflow. The Flood Similarity Workflow allows the assessment and comparison of arbitrary flood events. The workflow includes around 500 gauging stations in Germany comprising discharge data and the associated extreme value statistics as well as precipitation and soil moisture data. This provides the basis to identify and compare flood events based on antecedent catchment conditions, catchment precipitation, discharge hydrographs, and inundation maps. The workflow also enables the analysis of multidimensional flood characteristics including aggregated indicators (in space and time), spatial patterns and time series signatures. The added value of the Flood Event Explorer comprises two major points. First, scientist work on a common, homogenized database of flood events and their hydro-meteorological controls for a large spatial and temporal domain , with fast and standardized interfaces to access the data. Second, the standardized computation of common flood indicators allows a consistent comparison and exploration of flood events.

Description: We present a dataset of in-situ measurements in the marginal area of a CO2- and brine-rich cavernous structure in an underground salt mine. The data were collected within the framework of the BMBF-project ProSalz. One aim was to reveal the sources and dynamics of fluid movement as well as temporal and spatial distribution of fluids in a potentially weakened cavern rim. Over a period of three years pressure and gas monitoring was carried out along a transect from a cavernous structure to undisturbed rock salt. In addition, temperature and relative humidity data from the underground gallery were recorded. The gas inflow into isolated borehole sections provided an insight into short- and long-term changes of gas migration patterns in rock salt. Pressure increases of up to 4kPa/day and CO2 concentrations of up to 1.2%, especially at the start of the campaign were measured. The gas migration is coupled to discrete fractures and was limited spatially and temporary. Overall, gas occurrences were not correlated to their distance to the cavern, suggesting no wide-ranging fluid-rock interaction within the rim of the investigated natural cavernous structure in rock salt.

Description: The dataset comprises a range of variables describing characteristics of flood events and river catchments for 480 gauging stations in Germany and Austria. The event characteristics are asscoiated with annual maximum flood events in the period from 1951 to 2010. They include variables on event precipitation, antecedent catchment state, event catchment response, event timing, and event types. The catchment characteristics include variables on catchment area, catchment wetness, tail heaviness of rainfall, nonlinearity of catchment response, and synchronicity of precipitation and catchment state. The variables were compiled as potential predictors of heavy tail behaviour of flood peak distributions. They are based on gauge observations of discharge, E-OBS meteorological data (Haylock et al. 2008), mHM hydrological model simulations (Samaniego et al., 2010), 4DAS climate reanalysis data (Primo et al., 2019), and the 25x25 m resolution EU-DEM v1.1. A short description of the data processing is included in the file inventory and more details can be found in Macdonald et al. (2022).

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite GRACE-FO-1. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The GRACE-FO RSO cover the period: - from 2019 049 to up-to-date The LEO RSOs in version 2 are generated based on the 30-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. Due to the extended length of the constellation, there is no need to concatenate several constellations for day-overlapping arcs. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 2 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2010 conventions and related to the ITRF-2014 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: floodsimilarity provides classes and methods to conduct a similarity analysis between multiple flood events. The library mainly consists of two parts: (1) algorithms to compute indices and other statistics based on pandas and xarray (2) well-defined data structures for data exchange (e.g. through the Similarity Backend Module) floodsimilarity is used by the Digital Earth Similarity Backend Module (Eggert, 2021) as part of the Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer. It is developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences and funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project.

Description: The Smart Monitoring Workflow (Tocap) is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in close collaboration with the Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Leipzig. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). A deeper understanding of the Earth system as a whole and its interacting sub-systems depends not only on accurate mathematical approximations of the physical processes but also on the availability of environmental data across time and spatial scales. Even though advanced numerical simulations and satellite-based remote sensing in conjunction with sophisticated algorithms such as machine learning tools can provide 4D environmental datasets, local and mesoscale measurements continue to be the backbone in many disciplines such as hydrology. Considering the limitations of human and technical resources, monitoring strategies for these types of measurements should be well designed to increase the information gain provided. One helpful set of tools to address these tasks are data exploration frameworks providing qualified data from different sources and tailoring available computational and visual methods to explore and analyse multi-parameter datasets. In this context, we developed a Smart Monitoring Workflow to determine the most suitable time and location for event-driven, ad-hoc monitoring in hydrology using soil moisture measurements as our target variable. The Smart Monitoring Workflow consists of three main steps. First is the identification of the region of interest, either via user selection or recommendation based on spatial environmental parameters provided by the user. Statistical filters and different color schemes can be applied to highlight different regions. The second step is accessing time-dependent environmental parameters (e.g., rainfall and soil moisture estimates of the recent past, weather predictions from numerical weather models and swath forecasts from Earth observation satellites) for the region of interest and visualizing the results. Lastly, a detailed assessment of the region of interest is conducted by applying filter and weight functions in combination with multiple linear regressions on selected input parameters. Depending on the measurement objective (e.g highest/lowest values, highest/lowest change), most suitable areas for monitoring will subsequently be visually highlighted. In combination with the provided background map, an efficient route for monitoring can be planned directly in the exploration environment. The added value of the Smart Monitoring Workflow is multifold. The workflow gives the user a set of tools to visualize and process their data on a background map and in combination with data from public environmental datasets. For raster data from public databases, tailor-made routines are provided to access the data in the spatial-temporal limits required by the user. Aiming to facilitate the design of terrestrial monitoring campaigns, the platform and device-independent approach of the workflow gives the user the flexibility to design a campaign at the desktop computer first and to refine it later in the field using mobile devices. In this context, the ability of the workflow to plot time-series of forecast data for the region of interest empowers the user to react quickly to changing conditions, e.g thunderstorm showers, by adapting the monitoring strategy, if necessary. Finally, the integrated routing algorithm assists to calculate the duration of a planned campaign as well as the optimal driving route between often scattered monitoring locations.

Description: This data publication presents global high-frequency mass variability that is induced by individual oceanic and atmospheric partial tides. While the atmospheric component is obtained by conducting a tidal analysis of numerical weather data data, the oceanic component has been produced using the hydro-dynamical ocean tide model TiME that was recently upgraded in the framework of the DFG-funded Research Group NEROGRAV ( https://www.lrg.tum.de/iapg/nerograv/) and can be used for gravimetric applications. The overall goal of this project is to facilitate the analysis of gravimetric data sets (e.g. GRACE/GRACE-FO) by improving the understanding of sensor data, processing strategies, and background models. The data set presented herein contributes to this goal as the here described tidally induced mass variations are an important part of the described background models. As tidal variability is usually described as a superposition of so-called partial tides, the presented mass variations can be attributed to individual partial tide frequencies and are thus represented by individual files for each partial tide frequencies. Here, not only the effect of direct gravitation exerted by the ocean and atmospheric mass is included but also gravity variations due to the elastic yielding of the solid Earth in response to water and atmospheric mass redistribution (the load tide) are allowed for. The information describing the partial tides has been transformed to fully normalized Stokes Coefficients describing harmonic in-phase and quadrature component fields as those are especially handy for gravimetric purposes. Additionally, a set of files that allows further expansion of the ensemble of ocean partial tides via linear admittance theory is provided.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite TerraSAR-X. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The TerraSAR-X RSO cover the period - from 2007 264 to up-to-date The LEO RSOs in version 1 are generated based on the 24-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. For day overlapping arcs two 24h GNSS constellations are concatenated. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 1 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2003 conventions and related to the ITRF-2008 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: Organic matter (OM) is known to be an important reductant in sediment-hosted base metal deposits like the European Kupferschiefer. However, the precise nature of interactions between OM and hydrothermal fluids are still debated as well as how the interconnected reactions develop over geological timescales. This dataset provides for the first time bulk, compositional and stable isotope data of hydrocarbons, biomarkers and organonitrogen, -sulfur and-oxygen (NSO) compounds for the mineralized Kupferschiefer Spremberg-Graustein field in Eastern Germany based on samples from two drill cores. The study aims to help to better understand the role that organic matter plays during the mineralisation and formation of the sedimentary ore deposit within the Kupferschiefer with a focus on stable hydrogen isotope compositions and NSO compositional data to especially address the origin and to assess the oxidative nature of the brines that caused the mineralization in the Spremberg-Graustein field. The data publication includes bulk, compositional and stable isotope data on inorganic metals and organic matter. The data about metal contents were generated using ICP-MS while those on the organic matter were generated using Rock-Eval pyrolysis, a microscope, a Soxhlet apparatus, medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), gas chromatography with flame ionization (GC-FID) and mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS), gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (Fourier Transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, FT-ICR-MS) with Electrospray ionization (ESI) and Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). The full description of samples, methods and data is given in the following sections.

Description: This dataset includes surface 3D stereoscopic Digital Image Correlation (3D stereo DIC) images and videos of 10 analogue models on crustal scale rifting with a rotational component. In addition, this dataset provides CT imagery of four analogue models that have been analyzed by means of Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) applied on X-Ray computed tomography volumes. Data of CT scanned models also includes slices of the volumetric displacement set for each displacement component. Using a brittle-viscous two-layer setup, the experiments focused on surface rift propagation, internal viscous flow driven by a horizontal pressure gradient and the interaction of internal and surface deformation. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). 3D stereo DIC analyses were performed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) and DVC analyses were performed at the Royal Holloway University London (RHUL). All models consist of a two-layer brittle-viscous set up with a total thickness of 6 cm. Thickness variations in brittle and ductile layers are expressed by the ratio RBD = brittle layer thickness/ductile layer thickness, which ranges from RBD = 0.5 to RBD = 2. The model set up lies on top of a 5 cm thick foam base with a trapezoidal shape with a height of 900 mm and a pair of bases with widths of 310 mm and 350 mm at the far ends, respectively. The foam block is sliced into segments such that 7 interlayered 0.5 cm thick plexiglass bars prevent foam collapse under the model weight. Before model construction, the foam-plexiglass assemblage is placed between longitudinal side walls. The experimental set-up is such that rotational extension in one part of the model domain is separated from rotational shortening in the other part of the model domain by a vertical rotation axis (Fig. 1). During the model run, the foam homogeneously expands in the domain undergoing extension and homogeneously contracts in the domain undergoing shortening. The applied velocity for all models is 10 mm/h and refers to the divergence of the sidewalls furthest away from the rotation axis which decreases linearly towards the rotation axis. This results in a maximum displacement of 40 mm at the outermost circular segment after a total run time of 4h.

Description: The dataset presented in this compilation provides the input data used for the geological interpretation and for the model parameterization (Norden et al., 2022) of a 3D seismic survey in the area of the geothermal research platform Groß Schönebeck (carried out in 2017; Krawczyk et al., 2019), focussing on the deep Permo-Carboniferous geothermal targets. The geothermal research platform Groß Schönebeck is located about 50 km north of Berlin, on the southern edge of the Northeast German Basin, and is equipped with two deep wells, the E GrSk 3/90 and Gt GrSk 4/05 boreholes. In this data compilation we provide general data on the location of the boreholes and data on the applied methods and the interpretation of petrophysical properties (density, porosity, permeability, thermal properties) obtained by core analysis and well-log interpretation. Because cores were available for the E GrSk 3/90 borehole only, most of the data is referring to the borehole that was drilled more or less vertically. The other borehole (Gt GrSk 4/05) is a deviated well, drilled as a geothermal production well. Further on, we provide the main interpreted structural reflector horizons of the geological model from surface to the assumed top of sedimentary Carboniferous (for discussion of the uncertainty of this boundary please consider the comments in Norden et al., 2022) and the horizons and 3D grid properties of a parameterized simulation grid for the deep geothermal target (sedimentary Rotliegend and Permo-Carboniferous volcanic rocks).

Description: The dataset presented here is an enhanced earthquake catalog for the northern Armutlu Peninsula (northwestern Turkey) constructed by matched-filter search in EQcorrscan (Chamberlain et al., 2018) on continuous daily waveforms. The enhanced catalog is constructed using template events from the STA/LTA relocated catalog of Martínez-Garzón et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.2.2021.004). It is built using waveforms and phase arrivals from up to 30 stations of the SMARTnet temporary seismic network, two stations of the GONAF borehole permanent network, and three stations of the KOERI permanent network for channels that contain data for at least the 80% of the day. The magnitudes of the new detections are calculated by relative amplitude difference with the respective template. The magnitude of completeness of this catalog is Mw = 0.8. The catalog spans the time period from 25 January 2019 to 07 February 2020. Direct evidence of a slow-slip transient modulating the spatiotemporal and frequency-magnitude earthquake distribution: insights from the Armutlu Peninsula, northwestern Turkey" by Bocchini et al. (2022). The dataset consists of two files: (1) “enhanced\_catalog\_absolute\_locations.csv” that contains 7,677 seismic events (templates and new detections) for which we could successfully calculate an earthquake location; and (2) “enhanced\_catalog\_relocated.csv” that contains 4,128 seismic events for which we could refine the initial location and obtain a double-difference refined location.

Description: Starting in 2016, the Taroko Earth Surface Observatory (TESO), a catchment-wide geomorphic observatory was set up in the Liwu catchment in the Taroko National Park in Taiwan. The set up consists of two basic station types: combined seismic and weather stations, featuring a broadband seismometer logging and a multi-parameter weather sensor, and hydrometric stations, the instrumentation of which are specific at each location. Seismic data hosted by the GEOFON database is openly accessible in real time.

Description: The Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer supports geoscientists and experts to analyse flood events along the process cascade event generation, evolution and impact across atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine disciplines. It applies the concept of scientific workflows and the component-based Data Analytics Software Framework (DASF, Eggert and Dransch, 2021) to an exemplary showcase. It aims at answering the following geoscientific questions: - How does precipitation change over the course of the 21st century under different climate scenarios over a certain region? - What are the main hydro-meteorological controls of a specific flood event? - What are useful indicators to assess socio-economic flood impacts? - How do flood events impact the marine environment? - What are the best monitoring sites for upcoming flood events? The Flood Event Explorer developed scientific workflows for each geoscientific question providing enhanced analysis methods from statistics, machine learning, and visual data exploration that are implemented in different languages and software environments, and that access data form a variety of distributed databases. The collaborating scientists are from different Helmholtz research centers and belong to different scientific fields such as hydrology, climate-, marine-, and environmental science, and computer- and data science. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/).

Description: This data set includes data derived from high-speed surface displacement observations from analog earthquake experiments. The data consists of surface displacement of the experiment upper plate and slab, slip distribution, and grids of Coulomb Failure Stress (CFS). The surface displacement observations have been captured using a highspeed CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) camera (Phantom VEO 640L camera, 12 bit) and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Description of the experiments and results regarding the surface displacement observation, Slip distribution, and CFS can be found in Kosari et al. (2022), to which this data set is supplementary. We use an analog seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2019 and 2017) to generate a catalog of analog megathrust earthquakes. The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019) and Kosari et al. ( 2020 and 2022). The subduction forearc model wedge is set up in a glass-sided box (1000 mm across strike, 800mm along strike, and 300 mm deep) with a dipping, elastic basal conveyor belt, and a rigid backwall. An elastoplastic sand-rubber mixture (50 vol.% quartz sandG12: 50 vol.% EPDM rubber) is sieved into the setup representing a 240 km long forearc segment from the trench to the volcanic arc. The shallow part of the wedge includes a basal layer of sticky rice grains characterized by unstable stick-slip sliding representing the seismogenic zone. The Stick-slip sliding in rice is governed by a rate-and-state dependent friction law similar to natural rocks. A flat-top (surface slope α=0) wedge overlies rectangular stick-slip patch/es over a 15-degree dipping basal thrust. Two different seismic configurations of the shallow part of the wedge base (the megathrust) represent the depth extent of the seismogenic zone in nature. In the first configuration (homogeneous configuration), a single large rectangular stick-slip patch (Width*Length=200*800 mm) is implemented as the main slip patch (MSP). In the second case (heterogeneous configuration), two square-shaped MSPs (200*200mm) have been emplaced, acting as two medium-size seismogenic asperities surrounded by a salt matrix hosting frequent small events. Slow continuous compression of the wedge by moving the basal conveyor belt at a speed velocity of 0.05 mm/s simulates plate convergence and results in the quasi-periodic nucleation of quasi-periodic stick-slip events (analog earthquakes) within the sticky-rice layer. The wedge responds elastically to these basal slip events, similar to crustal rebound during natural subduction megathrust earthquakes.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite GRACE-A. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The GRACE RSO cover the period: - GRACE-A from 2004 200 to 2017 334 (this DOI) - GRACE-B from 2004 200 to 2017 245 The LEO RSOs in version 1 are generated based on the 24-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. For day overlapping arcs two 24h GNSS constellations are concatenated. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 1 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2003 conventions and related to the ITRF-2008 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: This data publication presents data from a solaroptical spectral investigation in the area of the Rammelsberg non-ferrous metal mine in the Harz Mountains near the city of Goslar. The investigation refers to the local communion stone quarry (“Kommunionssteinbruch”) above the former mining area. As this is a nature conservation zone, all measurements were carried out in-situ without any physical sampling action. The field measurements were carried out in June 2019 in cooperation with Bergbau Goslar GmbH and the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ). The data were collected within the research project ReMon (Remote Monitoring of Tailings Using Satellites and Drones, https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/section/remote-sensing-and-geoinformatics/projects/remon/) which aims at developing a prototypical monitoring system for mine tailings by using different sensors scaling from satellite- to drone-based. The data were analysed in the unpublished B.Sc. thesis of Constantin Hildebrand (Hildebrand, 2019). Sixteen different surface materials were determined and examined on-site. Point and imaging hyperspectral data were acquired (with the spectroradiometer PSR+ 3500 operating in the range of 350 - 2500 nm and with the Cubert FireflEYEUHD-185 hyperspectral camera with a range of 450 - 950 nm, respectively), both data sets are presented as spectral libraries. Chemical analyses of the samples were performed by using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS data were collected using a handheld LIBS analyzer, the SciAps Z-300. In this data publication the different in-situ measurements are presented for each of the sixteen samples. Detailed information about the analysed material, the area of spectral sampling and geochemical analyses are explained in this report and can also be found in the additional Excel® sheet provided with the data.

Description: The success of scientific projects increasingly depends on using data analysis tools and data in distributed IT infrastructures. Scientists need to use appropriate data analysis tools and data, extract patterns from data using appropriate computational resources, and interpret the extracted patterns. Data analysis tools and data reside on different machines because the volume of the data often demands specific resources for their storage and processing, and data analysis tools usually require specific computational resources and run-time environments. The data analytics software framework DASF, developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de) and funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/), provides a framework for scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed environments. The data analytics software framework DASF supports scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed IT infrastructures by sharing data analysis tools and data. For this purpose, DASF defines a remote procedure call (RPC) messaging protocol that uses a central message broker instance. Scientists can augment their tools and data with this protocol to share them with others. DASF supports many programming languages and platforms since the implementation of the protocol uses WebSockets. It provides two ready-to-use language bindings for the messaging protocol, one for Python and one for the Typescript programming language. In order to share a python method or class, users add an annotation in front of it. In addition, users need to specify the connection parameters of the message broker. The central message broker approach allows the method and the client calling the method to actively establish a connection, which enables using methods deployed behind firewalls. DASF uses Apache Pulsar (https://pulsar.apache.org/) as its underlying message broker. The Typescript bindings are primarily used in conjunction with web frontend components, which are also included in the DASF-Web library. They are designed to attach directly to the data returned by the exposed RPC methods. This supports the development of highly exploratory data analysis tools. DASF also provides a progress reporting API that enables users to monitor long-running remote procedure calls. One application using the framework is the Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer (https://git.geomar.de/digital-earth/flood-event-explorer). The Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer integrates several exploratory data analysis tools and remote procedures deployed at various Helmholtz centers across Germany.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite TerraSAR-X. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The TerraSAR-X RSO cover the period - from 2007 264 to up-to-date The LEO RSOs in version 2 are generated based on the 30-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. Due to the extended length of the constellation, there is no need to concatenate several constellations for day-overlapping arcs. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 2 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2010 conventions and related to the ITRF-2014 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: This data publication provides a collection of ground-motion simulation output for potential future earthquakes in the Rhine Graben area, Germany. Such data can be used as input for other engineering calculations, such as dynamic response history analysis. The earthquake sources used for the simulation consist of a stochastic catalog. They were generated using the German national seismic hazard model, the event-set calculator in the OpenQuake engine (Pagani et al., 2014), and considering both areal seismic source and known tectonic faults in the area as seismic sources in the analyses (branch C in Grünthal et al.,2018). The generated events represent a possible realization of the seismicity in the area within 10,000 years with peak ground accelerations greater than 0.02g. To build the simulation database, ground-motion simulations are performed using these potential future earthquakes from stochastic catalog and adopting the simulation method of Graves and Pitarka (2010, 2015) implemented in the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) broadband platform (BBP), which is tailored for use in the Rhine Graben, as discussed in Razafindrakoto et al. (2021). Here, the approach used to simulate the ground-motion is only briefly discussed; a more accurate description is given in Razafindrakoto et al. (2021), discussing the calibration and validation of ground-motion in the Rhine Graben area. Accordingly, the provided data consists of a simulation output of 284 scenario earthquakes at 76 virtual stations in the Rhine Graben area. The files provided here include the earthquake source, station information, and the simulation results in terms of time histories for individual simulation in one zip file, and a flatfile that combines various intensity measures for all sources and stations.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite TanDEM-X. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The TanDEM-X RSO cover the period: from 2010 173 to up-to-date The LEO RSOs in version 2 are generated based on the 30-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. Due to the extended length of the constellation, there is no need to concatenate several constellations for day-overlapping arcs. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 2 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2010 conventions and related to the ITRF-2014 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename. Additional Information Orbital products describe positions and velocities of satellites, be it the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites or Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellites. These orbital products can be divided into the fastest available ones, the Near Realtime Orbits (NRT), which are mostly available within 15 to 60 minutes delay, followed by Rapid Science Orbit (RSO) products with a latency of two days and finally the Precise Science Orbit (PSO) which, with a latency of up to a few weeks, are the most delayed. The absolute positional accuracy increases with the time delay.

Description: This data set includes overviews depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photography, topography analysis, digital image correlation [DIC] analysis), as well as and progressive physical cross-section analysis of 18 laboratory experiments (analogue models) testing the influence of rheologically weak layers (i.e. layers with [a component of] viscous behaviour) and basal fault kinematics on deformation in the weak layer’s overburden. This model set-up was inspired by the geological situation in the Swiss Alpine Foreland. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the model set-up preparation and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (in review).

Description: As the negative impacts of hydrological extremes increase in large parts of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of change in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management and climate adaptation. However, there is a lack of comprehensive, empirical data about the processes, interactions and feedbacks in complex human-water systems leading to flood and drought impacts. To fill this gap, we present an IAHS Panta Rhei benchmark dataset containing socio-hydrological data of paired events, i.e. two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area (Kreibich et al. 2017, 2019). The contained 45 paired events occurred in 42 different study areas (in three study areas we have data on two paired events), which cover different socioeconomic and hydroclimatic contexts across all continents. The dataset is unique in covering floods and droughts, in the number of cases assessed and in the amount of qualitative and quantitative socio-hydrological data contained. References to the data sources are provided in 2022-002_Kreibich-et-al_Key_data_table.xlsx where possible. Based on templates, we collected detailed, review-style reports describing the event characteristics and processes in the case study areas, as well as various semi-quantitative data, categorised into management, hazard, exposure, vulnerability and impacts. Sources of the data were classified as follows: scientific study (peer-reviewed paper and PhD thesis), report (by governments, administrations, NGOs, research organisations, projects), own analysis by authors, based on a database (e.g. official statistics, monitoring data such as weather, discharge data, etc.), newspaper article, and expert judgement. The campaign to collect the information and data on paired events started at the EGU General Assembly in April 2019 in Vienna and was continued with talks promoting the paired event data collection at various conferences. Communication with the Panta Rhei community and other flood and drought experts identified through snowballing techniques was important. Thus, data on paired events were provided by professionals with excellent local knowledge of the events and risk management practices.

Description: The Socio-Economic Flood Impacts Workflow is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences . It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). The Socio-Economic Flood Impacts Workflow aims to support the identification of relevant controls and useful indicators for the assessment of flood impacts. It should support answering the question What are useful indicators to assess socio-economic flood impacts?. Floods impact individuals and communities and may have significant social, economic and environmental consequences. These impacts result from the interplay of hazard - the meteo-hydrological processes leading to high water levels and inundation of usually dry land, exposure - the elements affected by flooding such as people, build environment or infrastructure, and vulnerability - the susceptibility of exposed elements to be harmed by flooding. In view of the complex interactions of hazard and impact processes a broad range of data from disparate sources need to be compiled and analysed across the boundaries of climate and atmosphere, catchment and river network, and socio-economic domains. The workflow approaches this problem and supports scientists to integrate observations, model outputs and other datasets for further analysis in the region of interest. The workflow provides functionalities to select the region of interest, access hazard, exposure and vulnerability related data from different sources, identifying flood periods as relevant time ranges, and calculate defined indices. The integrated input data set is further filtered for the relevant flood event periods in the region of interest to obtain a new comprehensive flood data set. This spatio-temporal dataset is analysed using data-science methods such as clustering, classification or correlation algorithms to explore and identify useful indicators for flood impacts. For instance, the importance of different factors or the interrelationships among multiple variables to shape flood impacts can be explored. The added value of the Socio-Economic Flood Impacts Workflow is twofold. First, it integrates scattered data from disparate sources and makes it accessible for further analysis. As such, the effort to compile, harmonize and combine a broad range of spatio-temporal data is clearly reduced. Also, the integration of new datasets from additional sources is much more straightforward. Second, it enables a flexible analysis of multivariate data and by reusing algorithms from other workflows it fosters a more efficient scientific work that can focus on data analysis instead of tedious data wrangling.

Description: This dataset presents the raw data from two experimental series of analogue models and four numerical models performed to investigate Rift-Rift-Rift triple junction dynamics, supporting the modelling results described in the submitted paper. Numerical models were run in order to support the outcomes obtained from the analogue models. Our experimental series tested the case of a totally symmetric RRR junction (with rift branch angles trending at 120° and direction of stretching similarly trending at 120°; SY Series) or a less symmetric triple junction (with rift branches trending at 120° but with one of these experiencing orthogonal extension; OR Series), and testing the role of a single or two phases of extension coupled with effect of differential velocities between the three moving plates. An overview of the performed analogue and numerical models is provided in Table 1. Analogue models have been analysed quantitatively by means of photogrammetric reconstruction of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used for 3D quantification of the deformation, and top-view photo analysis for qualitative descriptions. The analogue materials used in the setup of these models are described in Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Maestrelli et al. (2020). Numerical models were run with the finite element software ASPECT (e.g., Kronbichler et al., 2012; Heister et al., 2017; Rose et al., 2017).

Description: The Atmosphere and Ocean De-Aliasing Level-1B (AOD1B) Product provides a priori information about temporal variations in the Earth's gravity field caused by global mass variability in atmosphere and ocean.'It is based on analysis and forecast data of the operational high-resolution global numerical weather prediction (NWP) model from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) such as ERA5 and ocean bottom pressure from an unconstrained simulation with a global ocean general circulation model that is consistently forced with ECMWF atmospheric data.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite GRACE-FO-2. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The GRACE-FO RSO cover the period: - from 2019 049 to up-to-date The LEO RSOs in version 2 are generated based on the 30-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. Due to the extended length of the constellation, there is no need to concatenate several constellations for day-overlapping arcs. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 2 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2010 conventions and related to the ITRF-2014 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: The River Plume Workflow is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in close collaboration with Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). The focus of the River Plume Workflow is the impact of riverine flood events on the marine environment. At the end of a flood event chain, an unusual amount of nutrients and pollutants is washed into the North Sea, which can have consequences, such as increased algae blooms. The workflow aims to enable users to detect a river plume in the North Sea and to determine its spatio-temporal extent. Identifying river plume candidates can either happen manually in the visual interface or also through an automatic anomaly detection algorithm, using Gaussian regression. In both cases a combination of observational data, namely FerryBox transects and satellite data, and model data are used. Once a river plume candidate is found, a statistical analysis supplies additional detail on the anomaly and helps to compare the suspected river plume to the surrounding data. Simulated trajectories of particles starting on the FerryBox transect at the time of the original observation and modelled backwards and forwards in time help to verify the origin of the river plume and allow users to follow the anomaly across the North Sea. An interactive map enables users to load additional observational data into the workflow, such as ocean colour satellite maps, and provides them with an overview of the flood impacts and the river plume’s development on its way through the North Sea. In addition, the workflow offers the functionality to assemble satellite-based chlorophyll observations along model trajectories as a time series. They allow scientists to understand processes inside the river plume and to determine the timescales on which these developments happen. For example, chlorophyll degradation rates in the Elbe river plume are currently investigated using these time series. The workflow's added value lies in the ease with which users can combine observational FerryBox data with relevant model data and other datasets of their choice. Furthermore, the workflow allows users to visually explore the combined data and contains methods to find and highlight anomalies. The workflow’s functionalities also enable users to map the spatio-temporal extent of the river plume and investigate the changes in productivity that occur in the plume. All in all, the River Plume Workflow simplifies the investigation and monitoring of flood events and their impacts in marine environments.

Description: The python tool "Time dependent stress response seismicity model (TDSR)" is a modified effective Coulomb failure model to calculate earthquake rates as a function of stress loading and model parameter. The theory and examples are described in Dahm and Hainzl (2022): A Coulomb Stress response model for time-dependent earthquake forecasts, accepted in Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth (https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024443). The TDSR toolbox is further developed under github at https://github.com/torstendahm/tdsr . A Sphinx generated code documentation and html pages are provided after installation. Examples published in Dahm and Hainzl (2022) are provided as code examples.

Description: Stress maps show the orientation of the current maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) in the earth's crust. Assuming that the vertical stress (SV) is a principal stress, SHmax defines the orientation of the 3D stress tensor; the minimum horizontal stress Shmin is than perpendicular to SHmax. In stress maps SHmax orientations are represented as lines of different lengths. The length of the line is a measure of the quality of data and the symbol shows the stress indicator and the color the stress regime. The stress data are freely available and part of the World Stress Map (WSM) project. For more information about the data and criteria of data analysis and quality mapping are plotted along the WSM website at http://www.world-stress-map.org. The stress map of Great Britain and Ireland 2022 is based on the WSM database release 2016. All data records have been checked and we added a number of new data from earthquake focal mechanisms from the national earthquake catalog and borehole data. The number of data records has increased from n=377 in the WSM 2016 to n=474 in this map. Some locations and assigned quality of WSM 2016 data were corrected due to new information. The digital version of the map is a layered pdf generated with GMT (Wessel et al., 2019) using the topography of Tozer et al. (2019). We also provide on a regular 0.1° grid values of the mean SHmax orientation which have a standard deviation 〈 25°. The mean SHmax orientation is estimated using the tool stress2grid of Ziegler and Heidbach (2019). For this estimation we used only data records with A-C quality and applied weights according to data quality and distance to the grid points. The stress map is available at the landing page of the GFZ Data Services at http://doi.org/10.5880/WSM.GreatBritainIreland2022 where further information is provided.

Description: Orbital products describe positions and velocities of satellites, be it the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites or Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellites. These orbital products can be divided into the fastest available ones, the Near Realtime Orbits (NRT, Zitat), which are mostly available within 15 to 60 minutes delay, followed by Rapid Science Orbit (RSO, Zitat) products with a latency of two days and finally the Precise Science Orbit (PSO) which, with a latency of up to a few weeks or longer in the case of reprocessing campaigns, are the most delayed. The absolute positional accuracy increases from NRT to PSO. This dataset compiles the PSO products for various LEO missions in sp3 format in processing version 2. LEO Satellites: - ENVISAT - Jason-1 - Jason-2 - Jason-3 - Sentinel-3A - Sentinel-3B - Sentinel-6A - TOPEX Each solution follows specific requirements and parametrizations which are named in the respective processing metric table.

Description: PDToolbox is a collection of methods helpful for doing probability distribution computations in Python. The aim of the PDToolbox Python module is to provide a set of features, based on simple probability distributions, that are not available from the scipy.stats module. This includes fast batch computations of (weighted) maximum likelihood estimates, computation of critical empirical distribution statistics, and more niche probability distributions or related code in the pdtoolbox.special module. The module contains code that is described in (ADD citations of the two articles). The focus of the River Plume Workflow is the impact of riverine flood events on the marine environment. At the end of a flood event chain, an unusual amount of nutrients and pollutants is washed into the North Sea, which can have consequences, such as increased algae blooms. The workflow aims to enable users to detect a river plume in the North Sea and to determine its spatio-temporal extent. Identifying river plume candidates can either happen manually in the visual interface or also through an automatic anomaly detection algorithm, using Gaussian regression. In both cases a combination of observational data, namely FerryBox transects and satellite data, and model data are used. Once a river plume candidate is found, a statistical analysis supplies additional detail on the anomaly and helps to compare the suspected river plume to the surrounding data. Simulated trajectories of particles starting on the FerryBox transect at the time of the original observation and modelled backwards and forwards in time help to verify the origin of the river plume and allow users to follow the anomaly across the North Sea. An interactive map enables users to load additional observational data into the workflow, such as ocean colour satellite maps, and provides them with an overview of the flood impacts and the river plume’s development on its way through the North Sea. In addition, the workflow offers the functionality to assemble satellite-based chlorophyll observations along model trajectories as a time series. They allow scientists to understand processes inside the river plume and to determine the timescales on which these developments happen. For example, chlorophyll degradation rates in the Elbe river plume are currently investigated using these time series. The workflow's added value lies in the ease with which users can combine observational FerryBox data with relevant model data and other datasets of their choice. Furthermore, the workflow allows users to visually explore the combined data and contains methods to find and highlight anomalies. The workflow’s functionalities also enable users to map the spatio-temporal extent of the river plume and investigate the changes in productivity that occur in the plume. All in all, the River Plume Workflow simplifies the investigation and monitoring of flood events and their impacts in marine environments.

Description: The Climate Change Workflow is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in close collaboration with Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon , Climate Service Center Germany. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). The goal of the Climate Change Workflow is to support the analysis of climate-driven changes in flood-generating climate variables, such as precipitation or soil moisture, using regional climate model simulations from the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) data archive. It should support to answer the geoscientific question How does precipitation change over the course of the 21st century under different climate scenarios, compared to a 30-year reference period over a certain region? Extraction of locally relevant data over a region of interest (ROI) requires climate expert knowledge and data processing training to correctly process large ensembles of climate model simulations, the Climate Change Workflow tackles this problem. It supports scientists to define the regions of interest, customize their ensembles from the climate model simulations available on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF), define variables of interest, and relevant time ranges. The Climate Change Workflow provides: (1) a weighted mask of the ROI ; (2) weighted climate data of the ROI; (3) time series evolution of the climate over the ROI for each ensemble member; (4) ensemble statistics of the projected change; and lastly, (5) an interactive visualization of the region’s precipitation change projected by the ensemble of selected climate model simulations for different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The visualization includes the temporal evolution of precipitation change over the course of the 21st century and statistical characteristics of the ensembles for two selected 30 year time periods for the mid and the end of the 21st century (e.g. median and various percentiles). The added value of the Climate Change Workflow is threefold. First, there is a reduction in the number of different software programs necessary to extract locally relevant data. Second, the intuitive generation and access to the weighted mask allows for the further development of locally relevant climate indices. Third, by allowing access to the locally relevant data at different stages of the data processing chain, scientists can work with a vastly reduced data volume allowing for a greater number of climate model ensembles to be studied; which translates into greater scientific robustness. Thus, the Climate Change Workflow provides much easier access to an ensemble of high-resolution simulations of precipitation, over a given ROI, presenting the region’s projected precipitation change using standardized approaches and supporting the development of additional locally relevant climate indices.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite TanDEM-X. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The TanDEM-X RSO cover the period: o from 2010 173 to up-to-date The LEO RSOs in version 1 are generated based on the 24-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. For day overlapping arcs two 24h GNSS constellations are concatenated. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 1 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2003 conventions and related to the ITRF-2008 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename. Additional Information Orbital products describe positions and velocities of satellites, be it the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites or Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellites. These orbital products can be divided into the fastest available ones, the Near Realtime Orbits (NRT), which are mostly available within 15 to 60 minutes delay, followed by Rapid Science Orbit (RSO) products with a latency of two days and finally the Precise Science Orbit (PSO) which, with a latency of up to a few weeks, are the most delayed. The absolute positional accuracy increases with the time delay.

Description: This data publication contains a high resolution molecular dataset of a study aiming to trace variations in organic carbon sourcing along the Kali Gandaki River in Central Nepal. The data are on samples from different materials in the landscape (litter, soil, bedrock) and river sediments. On these samples we measured the extractable lipid fraction by measured by negative electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS). The data was generated between 2015-05 and 2017-12. Please consult the associated data description and Menges et al. (2020) for more details.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite CHAMP. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The CHAMP RSO cover the period from 2000 202 to 2010 247 The LEO RSOs in version 1 are generated based on the 24-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. For day overlapping arcs two 24h GNSS constellations are concatenated. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 1 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2003 conventions and related to the ITRF-2008 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: This data set is the source of my doctoral thesis and of three resulting publications. Through whole rock geochemistry of selected samples and microprobe and geochronological analyses of key minerals, formerly selected by extensive microscopical studies, standard geothermobarometry and modelling was applied. It has been shown that metamorphic rocks, in particular, the eclogites of the northern Kaghan Valley, Pakistan, were buried to depths of 140-100 km (36-30 kbar) at 790-640°C. Subsequently, cooling during decompression (exhumation) towards 40-35 km (17-10 kbar) and 630-580°C has been superseded by a phase of reheating to about 720-650°C at roughly the same depth before final exhumation has taken place. In the southern-most part of the Kaghan Valley, amphibolite facies assemblages with formation conditions similar to the deduced reheating phase indicate a juxtaposition of both areas after the eclogite facies stage and thus a stacking of Indian Plate units. Radiometric dating of zircon, titanite and rutile by U-Pb and amphibole and micas by Ar-Ar reveal peak pressure conditions at 47-48 Ma. With a maximum exhumation rate of 14 cm/a these rocks reached the crust-mantle boundary at 40-35 km within 1 Ma. Subsequent exhumation (46-41 Ma, 40-35 km) decelerated to ca. 1 mm/a at the base of the continental crust but rose again to about 2 mm/a in the period of 41-31 Ma, equivalent to 35-20 km. Apatite fission track (AFT) and (U-Th)/He ages from eclogites, amphibolites, micaschists and gneisses yielded moderate Oligocene to Miocene cooling rates of about 10°C/Ma in the high altitude northern parts of the Kaghan Valley using the mineral-pair method. AFT ages are of 24.5±3.8 to 15.6±2.1 Ma whereas apatite (U-Th)/He analyses yielded ages between 21.0±0.6 and 5.3±0.2 Ma. The southern-most part of the Valley is dominated by younger late Miocene to Pliocene apatite fission track ages of 7.6±2.1 and 4.0±0.5 Ma that support earlier tectonically and petrologically findings of a juxtaposition and stack of Indian Plate units. As this nappe is tectonically lowermost, a later distinct exhumation and uplift driven by thrusting along the Main Boundary Thrust is inferred. Out of this geochemical, petrological, isotope-geochemical and low temperature thermochronology investigations it was concluded that the exhumation was buoyancy driven and caused an initial rapid exhumation: exhumation as fast as recent normal plate movements (ca. 10 cm/a). As the exhuming units reached the crust-mantle boundary the process slowed down due to changes in buoyancy. Most likely, this exhumation pause has initiated the reheating event that is petrologically evident (e.g. glaucophane rimmed by hornblende, ilmenite overgrowth of rutile). Late stage processes involved widespread thrusting and folding with accompanied regional greenschist facies metamorphism, whereby contemporaneous thrusting on the Batal Thrust (seen sometimes equivalent to the MCT) and back sliding of the Kohistan Arc along the inverse reactivated Main Mantle Thrust caused final exposure of these rocks. Similar circumstances have been seen at Tso Morari, Ladakh, India, 200 km further east where comparable rock assemblages occur. In conclusion, as exhumation was already done well before the initiation of the monsoonal system, climate dependent effects (erosion) appear negligible in comparison to far-field tectonic effects. Thus, the channel flow model is not applicable for this part of the Himalayas.

Description: Earthquakes associated with fluid injection in various geo-energy settings, such as shale gas and deep geothermal energy, have shelved many projects with great potential. However, the injection-rate dependence of earthquake nucleation length, i.e., the slowly slipping (creeping) fault length in preparation for a subsequent earthquake (Kaneko & Lapusta, 2008), remains elusive. In this study, we take a step towards this issue by performing fluid injection experiments on low-permeability granite samples containing a critically stressed sawcut fault at different local injection rates (0.2 mL/min and 0.8 mL/min) and confining pressures (31 MPa and 61 MPa) (c. f., Ji & Wu, 2017; Wang et al., 2020). An array of local strain gauges and acoustic emission (AE) hypocenter locations were used to monitor the precursory slip of critically stressed faults before injection-induced stick-slip failure (c. f., Passelègue et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). The nucleation length was determined for each injection-induced stick-slip event, and its dependence on effective normal stress and injection rate was explored. Herein, we compile the processed data obtained from the experiments in four Excel worksheets. The full description of the methods is provided in Ji et al. (2022).

Description: Monitoring Velocity Changes using Ambient Seismic Noise SeisMIC (Seismological Monitoring using Interferometric Concepts) is a python software that emerged from the miic library. SeisMIC provides functionality to apply some concepts of seismic interferometry to different data of elastic waves. Its main use case is the monitoring of temporal changes in a mediums Green's Function (i.e., monitoring of temporal velocity changes). SeisMIC will handle the whole workflow to create velocity-change time-series including: Downloading raw data, Adaptable preprocessing of the waveform data, Computating cross- and/or autocorrelation, Plotting tools for correlations, Database management of ambient seismic noise correlations, Adaptable postprocessing of correlations, Computation of velocity change (dv/v) time series, postprocessing of dv/v time series, plotting of dv/v time-series

Description: The data publication contains all heat-flow data of onshore Germany. The data release contains data generated between 1959 and 2020 and constitutes a substantial update and extension compared to the last compilation provided by the Geothermal Atlas from Hurter & Haenel (2002). The data set comprises new heat-flow determinations published after 2002 as well as data from before 2002, which were not included in the Hurter & Haenel atlas. The resulting updated database contains 836 determinations of heat flow at 595 locations from 42 publications. 85% of the reported heat-flow values are determined in boreholes, 5% in mines, and further 9 % are from onshore lake measurements using marine probe sensing techniques. The reporting and storing of the database is following the structure of the IHFC Global Heat Flow Database (Fuchs et al., 2021). A comprehensive description, including field classifications and ex-amples of associated data, is documented there. The IHFC database concept introduces parent elements (providing site-specific information), child elements (i.e. heat-flow values determined at the site and associated meta-data) and further fields providing additional information for the eval-uation of heat-flow quality. Thus, it provides a detailed collection of data and meta-data infor-mation, exceeding the sparse information on coordinates, name and heat-flow value provided in Hurter & Haenel (2002). In our release of the German heat-flow values, we have added fields about the applied quality scoring, the reasoning for inclusion or exclusion of data due to quality, and a descriptive field of the regional tectonic or geological units. For details of this procedure see Fuchs et al. (2022). The associated data description provides the full list of data sources (publications), while the DOI landing page only displays digital versions of articles if available.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite SAC-C. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The SAC-C RSO cover the period from 2000 202 to 2010 247 The LEO RSOs in version 1 are generated based on the 24-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. For day overlapping arcs two 24h GNSS constellations are concatenated. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 1 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2003 conventions and related to the ITRF-2008 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: An extensive vertical seismic profiling (VSP) survey using wireline distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology was carried out between the 15th and 18th of February 2017 at the geothermal in-situ laboratory Groß Schönebeck, Germany. Borehole measurements were recorded in two 4.3 km deep wells E GrSk 3/90 and Gt GrSk 4/05. Two hybrid fibre optics cables were freely lowered inside the wells to form dense receiver arrays. As a seismic source, four heavy vibroseis trucks were used. The survey consisted of 61 source positions distributed in a spiral pattern around the target area. This data publication consists of raw uncorrelated seismic data acquired for 3D seismic imaging purposes. Supplementary information such as well trajectories, source point coordinates, and the pilot sweep data is also provided. Data related to zero-offset measurements can be found in Henninges et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.8.2021.001). Further details on the survey design and data acquisition parameters can be found in Henninges et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-521-2021); Martuganova et al. (2021, 2022). Information on high-resolution 3D reflection seismic acquisition campaign carried out at Groß Schönebeck in February–March 2017 can be found in Krawczyk et al. (2019); Bauer et al. (2020); Norden et al. (2022). The 3D DAS VSP processing workflow, 3D DAS imaging results, and comparison with 3D surface seismics are presented in Martuganova et al. (2022).

Description: The stochastic erosion in-situ cosmogenic nuclide model is a 1D numerical model that simulates the evolution of the concentrations of in situ-produced Be-10, C-14, and He-3 alongside the bedrock thermal field in the shallow Earth surface. It is useful for evaluating cosmogenic nuclide data derived from field samples, in order to determine the erosion rate, erosion style, as well as the time-integrated bedrock thermal history. The model simulates erosion in four styles: no erosion, uniform (steady-state) erosion, episodic erosion, and stochastic erosion. It is particularly useful for evaluating the time-temperature evolution of bedrock hillslopes in mountainous regions.

Description: This software package calculates postburial production for samples with complex time-depth burial histories. The code was developed for Ott et al. 2022. Production rates are calculated using CRONUScalc v2.1 (Marrero et al. 2016). The current version is developed for 10Be and 36Cl but can easily be expanded to any nuclide within CRONUS. To run the code, you need to input your sample data through excel spreadsheets. The nomenclature follows the CRONUScalc input for the nuclide samples. An additional excel file with the parameters of the burial models (time-depth constraints) needs to be provided. CRONUScalc can be downloaded here https://bitbucket.org/cronusearth/cronus-calc/src/v2.1 The InputData folder contains all data from Ott et al. (2022) and can be used as an example of the input formatting. The postburial_prod.m script illustrates how to use the subroutines. Please, report bugs to richard.ott1900@gmail.com