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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of prepulse on X-ray laser development using a powerful subpicosecond KrF laser (1990)
    Springer
    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 275-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60.By ; 52.50.Jm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A high power UV laser has been developed as a pump source for short wavelength (down to 1 nm) X-ray lasers. Various schemes are considered and theoretical analysis is discussed. Spectroscopic studies of laser-target interaction have been performed and, in particular, the effect of a prepulse on plasma generation has been investigated. Analysis of the observed spectra indicates that reduction of the prepulse energy results in a higher temperature plasma. Investigation of the interaction using thin layered targets is also presented. These data provide evidence for initially hot plasma conditions generated from target layers ≦150 Å. Discussions of proposed laser schemes at 1–5 nm are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00325059
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of multilayer mirror reflectivity and stimulated emission in the XUV spectral region (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1296-1298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present measurements of multilayer mirror reflectivity and stimulated emission in the XUV spectral region. A molybdenum–silicon multilayer mirror with 12% measured reflectivity at 182 A(ring) was found to produce a 120% enhancement of the C vi 182-A(ring) line (3→2 transition) in a strongly recombining plasma. No such enhancement of the C v 186.7-A(ring) line was seen, demonstrating amplification of stimulated emission at 182 A(ring).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138591
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High power picosecond laser system at 248 nm (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 59 (1988), S. 2235-2240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a powerful picosecond KrF* laser system consisting of a synchronously pumped dye oscillator, a three-stage dye amplifier, frequency conversion to 248 nm, and amplification through a series of excimer modules. Characteristics are given at each stage of the system. With the first stage of the system complete, a focused intensity of ∼1016 W/cm2 is obtained. Initial visible spectra obtained by interaction with various targets are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139940
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ponderomotive force in a moving warm two-fluid plasma (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 497-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A microscopic method is used to obtain an expression for the ponderomotive force of high frequency electromagnetic waves in a warm two-fluid collisionless plasma with nonzero fluid velocity. The result contains new terms which explicitly depend on the fluid velocity and its gradients, in addition to the familiar expressions of earlier studies. It is shown that the new terms are of the same order as the Abraham force in the smallness parameter that measures the magnitude of the flow velocity of the plasma relative to the phase velocity of the wave. The stress tensor and the momentum density vector are also derived from the newly found ponderomotive force. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873835
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation of deep levels in silicon under posthydrogen-plasma thermal anneal (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 2819-2821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Si wafers subject to short-time (4–12 min), low-temperature atomic hydrogen cleaning in an electron-cyclotron-resonance plasma system have been annealed subsequently in the temperature range 300–750 °C for 20 min. While only a small broad peak is discernible immediately after hydrogenation, several pronounced and distinct majority-carrier trap levels appear in deep-level transient spectroscopy measurements of subsequently fabricated Schottky diodes on both n- and p-type Si samples annealed at 450 °C and above. The concentrations peak at anneal temperatures around 500 °C and drop substantially beyond 750 °C. This phenomenon appears to be unrelated to the presence of oxygen in Si and is of potential importance in silicon processing technology. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358691
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth performance and use of natural food by Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in polyculture systems with Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker) and Cyprinus carpio (L.) in intensively cultivated rice fields (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 33 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In the freshwater area of Vietnam's Mekong Delta, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker) and Cyprinus carpio (L.) are often reared together in rice fields. In this study, we report the results of eight such polyculture experiments, examining variables affecting the specific growth rate and the average daily food energy consumption of individual O. niloticus. The standing biomass of O. niloticus and the wild fish biomass had a negative impact on the specific growth rate, whereas added pig manure, extra feed and inorganic fertilizer had a positive effect. The standing biomass of O. niloticus and C. carpio, and the wild fish biomass had a negative impact on the consumption of natural feed. We inferred that O. niloticus mainly lacks food in rice fields. This results in intraspecific competition. As in rice fields, C. carpio has basically the same feeding niche as O. niloticus; we found interspecific competition between the two species. O. niloticus consumed relatively more food in the vegetative phase of the rice crop, probably because of a higher abundance of phytoplankton. To get higher growth of O. niloticus, we recommend that farmers increase nutrient inputs and stock O. niloticus according to the size of the trench adjoining the rice field and not according to the size of trench plus field as is generally done.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00748.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyculture of silver barb, Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker), Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in Vietnamese ricefields: fish production parameters (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 29 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The fish production parameters of five polyculture combinations, consisting of small and large silver barb, Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker), small and large Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), and small common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., fingerlings in three replicates, were investigated in a rice-fish culture experiment (duration 149 days) conducted in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The survival rate was not significantly (P 〉 0.05) affected by the polyculture combination, but when grouped according to species, the mean survival of silver barb and tilapia was 64.3% and 63.7%, respectively, significantly higher than the mean common carp survival rate (33.4%). The growth of silver barb and tilapia was proportionally related to the stocking density, probably because of intraspecific competition and a synergistic interaction between silver barb and tilapia. The growth of common carp was not significantly different among the polyculture combinations. The highest net production (474.1 kg ha−1) was obtained in the polyculture combination consisting of 80% small-sized silver barb fingerlings, but the fish was not marketable at that time. In concurrent rice-fish culture, it is recommended to raise large silver barb fingerlings. Small tilapia can be polycul-tured with silver barb, provided a stocking density lower than 1400 ha−1. Common carp is considered less suitable because of a limited tolerance for the water quality conditions in the ricefield and the large size required by the market.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1998.00256.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth performance of Trichogaster pectoralis Regan in intensively cultivated rice fields (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 32 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Trichogaster pectoralis Regan is often cultured successfully in rice fields in South-east Asia. However, since the advent of high-yielding rice varieties and intensive rice cropping, several reports suggest poorer growth performance of the species. In this paper, we investigated the growth performance of T. pectoralis in rice–fish systems characterized by intensive rice culture and extensive to semi-intensive polyculture of Oreochromis niloticus (L.), Cyprinus carpio L. and Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker). In these systems, T. pectoralis recorded negative net productions. This was mainly the result of a negative specific growth rate (SGR) when fish had to stay in the trench (−0.519% body weight day−1) or when fish had free access to the rice crop (−0.081). Only when harvested rice plants were allowed to generate new tillers (ratooning) did T. pectoralis perform slightly better (0.453% body weight day−1). The SGR of T. pectoralis was low owing to a lack of food in intensive rice systems. The other species, all with SGR values higher than 1% body weight day−1, clearly had a competitive advantage over T. pectoralis. We concluded that intensification of rice cropping did indeed result in poor T. pectoralis growth. Successful T. pectoralis culture is only possible in areas of traditional rice cropping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00630.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multi-shot evolution of laser-induced periodic structure on the surface of polycrystalline silicon-on-insulator (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 4208-4211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The multi-shot evolution of laser-induced periodic structure was studied by the time-resolved optical diffraction and reflection from the surface of polycrystalline silicon-on-insulator during the accumulation of 20 ns ruby laser pulses. In contrast to the results previously reported for the bulk sample, it was observed that the channel of the periodic structure development changed during the multiple irradiations even with a fixed fluence. The observed change occurs because the energy absorption is enhanced by the presence of the periodic structure preformed by the preceding pulses, and the absorbed laser energy at the polycrystalline layer is insulated by the underlying SiO2 layer. A previously unappreciated dip structure was observed in the time-resolved diffraction and a possible explanation is suggested postulating the preferential energy deposition in the valleys of the periodic structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350799
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Envelope equation for nonlinear transverse waves in a warm two-fluid plasma (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 3853-3867 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An equation describing the nonlinear development of an envelope of weakly dispersive transverse waves propagating along the ambient magnetic field in a warm two-fluid plasma is derived by using the Fourier transformation method. This equation contains three nonlinear terms, a cubic, a derivative of cubic, and a quadratic multiplied by a derivative term. For the case of small wave amplitude, the equation is of non-Schrödinger type that includes a linear term involved with mixed second-order derivatives (space and time), in addition to the usual two terms of the Schrödinger-type equation. This mixed derivative term arises from the inclusion of the displacement current in the formulation. The nonlinear terms in the derived equation explicitly contain a smallness parameter which vanishes in the limit of zero dispersion. The low frequency limit of the equation is compared with the standard derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation (DNLS), and differences are discussed. The new equation predicts that the condition for the modulational instability for the low frequency circularly polarized waves does not depend on the sense of polarization, a result that differs from the usual DNLS equation. The high and intermediate frequency limits of the equation are also considered. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873105
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