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  • Articles  (531)
  • Other Sources  (1)
  • evolution  (272)
  • RFLP  (260)
  • Springer  (532)
  • Elsevier
  • 2020-2024
  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999  (532)
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  • Articles  (531)
  • Other Sources  (1)
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  • 1
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    Unknown
    Die Erde im Visier - Geowissenschaften an der Schwelle zum 21. Jahrhundert (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Heidelberg, Springer, vol. 113, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 1-56670-263-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Handbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake hazard ; KTB ; ICDP ; IOcean Drilling Program ; climate ; Antarctica ; Nuclear explosion ; Volcanology ; GeodesyY ; satellites ; remote ; sensing ; gas ; hydrates ; Geothermics ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; potable ; water ; waste ; soils ; evolution ; Geol. aspects ; geotechnics ; Engineering geophys. ; ores
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impaired host odor perception in hybrids between the sibling species Rhagoletis pomonella and R. mendax (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: olfaction ; EAG ; sensory physiology ; antennal sensitivity ; interspecies hybrids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194749
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specificity of a Y-linked gene in the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum for defences in Barbarea vulgaris (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 359-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; host plant range ; near-isogenic ; Y-linkage ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Y-linked gene (R-gene) in the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) confer the ability of larvae to survive on types of the plant Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicaceae) which are immune to attack by susceptible conspecifics. Two near-isogenic flea beetle lines were developed. The YE-line contained the Y-linked R-gene, and male larvae from this line survived on B. vulgaris. The ST-line did not contain the gene and did not survive on the plant. The YE-line had been developed through 8–9 generations of backcrosses (YE-males with ST-females) and the two lines were considered to be isogenic except for genes located on the Y-chromosome. A single copy of the Y-linked gene is sufficient to transfer a susceptible genotype (ST) into a resistant genotype (YE) which is able to utilize a plant that is immune to attack by specimens without R-genes. The Y-linked gene had no effects on survival on other plant species tested. The gene did not have any effect on developmental times and weights of adult beetles reared on other plants than B. vulgaris. Developmental times of larvae with the Y-linked gene were longer on B. vulgaris than on normal host plants, R. sativus and S. arvensis, but the adults obtained the same size on these plant species. No trade-offs of the Y-linked gene were discovered. The results suggest that the occurrence of the Y-linked gene is a derived trait which has enabled the flea beetle to expand its host plant range. The evolution of a host shift to B. vulgaris seems not to be favoured by the presence of this single gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003622512914
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respective Role of the Axialand Appendicular Systems in Relation to the Transition to Limblessness (1998)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 46 (1998), S. 141-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: locomotion ; Squamata ; lizards ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In lower quadrupedal vertebrates locomotor efficiency seems to result from the associate movements of the axial and appendicular systems, which are totally independent in structure and embryological origin. The curvature of the trunk, produced by a standing wave, magnifies the propulsive action of the limbs. In intermediate forms, the association of an elongate trunk with limbs reduced in size brings about functional consequences which may be noticeably diverse according to the degree of trunk elongation and limb reduction. According to environmental constraints, animals search for better locomotor efficiency, which implies the maintenance or breakage of this association of both locomotor systems. In some cases, limb action on the ground is added to the axial wave action through a perfect mutual adjustment of rhythmic activity, until mechanical inefficiency of the limbs is reached by possible loss of contact with the ground. In other cases, the limbs dragged on the ground during the stance phase act against the axial action or, on the contrary, are inhibited by the axial system. A review of available data tries to contribute to an understanding of the respective roles of both systems in the transition to limblessness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001129920394
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemosensory basis of feeding and oviposition behaviour in herbivorous insects: a glance at the periphery (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host-plant selection ; sensory physiology ; neural coding ; deterrents ; peripheral interactions ; receptor sites ; genetics of insects ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between chemosensory and behavioural responses to phytochemicals come from a number of studies on ovipositional and food selection behaviour of flies, butterflies, moths and beetles. Establishing input-output relationships has provided insight into the way in which the activity of chemoreceptors is translated into host-plant selection behaviour. This was achieved for both the qualitative contrast acceptance/rejection and for quantifiable preference hierarchies. By now it is clear that the subtlety of coding the complex phytochemical profiles offered by potential host plants relies on across-fibre patterns or ensemblefiring of taste neurons. Progress along these lines depends on unravelling processing pathways in the central nervous system, still a largely unexplored area in herbivorous insects. Increased interest can be noted for the mechanisms operating during the most peripheral events of chemoreception: the interaction of phytochemical and chemoreceptor, determining the specificity of recognition. Evidence for ‘peripheral integration’ has accumulated. Deterrent receptors have an especially puzzling nature. Although such cells respond to a wide array of structurally diverse secondary plant metabolites, their sensitivity profile differs between closely related species. To what extent membrane-bound receptor molecules are involved and what degree of specificity is conferred by these, is largely unknown. Sensitivity to a certain group or class of compounds is determined by single genes in several cases. This allows for a scenario in which single gene mutations affect stimulus-receptor interactions, which might concurrently affect host-plant selection behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194713
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect-plant relations: overview from the symposium (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 320-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: multitrophic interactions ; phylogeny ; evolution ; fitness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194783
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specialist deterrent chemoreceptors enable Pieris caterpillars to discriminate between chemically different deterrents (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 29-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: chemoreception ; deterrents ; Pieris ; Brassicaceae ; cardenolides ; host-plant selection ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) are specialist herbivores of cruciferous plants. They exploit glucosinolates, secondary plant metabolites chemotaxonomically characteristic for this plant family, as token stimuli. In addition to particular glucosinolates, some genera of the Cruciferae contain cardenolides, steroidal allelochemicals that act as potent feeding and oviposition deterrents to several Pieris species. We investigated the sensory mechanisms by which these compounds are perceived in larvae. Pieris caterpillars and many other lepidopterous species are endowed with so-called generalist deterrent receptors, that respond to a broad spectrum of secondary plant substances. In Pieris caterpillars we found a second type of deterrent chemoreceptor in maxillary styloconic taste sensilla. This neuron is very sensitive to cardenolides (threshold 0.1–0.3 μM). The generalist deterrent receptor also responds to these substances but its threshold lies at 50–100× higher concentrations. In behavioural preference experiments Pieris brassicae L. caterpillars preferred cardenolide-treated cabbage leaf discs when confronted with a choice between them and a deterrent substance that does not occur in the Brassicaceae. The cardenolides acted as potent deterrents when offered against untreated cabbage leaf discs. This demonstrates that the balance of activity elicited in the two types of deterrent chemoreceptors determines the behavioural decision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003645222599
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Adaptive Value of Some Mate Selection Strategies (1999)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 47 (1999), S. 29-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Sexual selection ; mate selection ; gamete selection ; evolution ; ploidy ; asssortative mating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Results of an agent-based computer simulation of the evolution of diploid sexual organisms showed that several mate selection strategies confer much higher average fitness to the simulated populations, and higher evolutionary stability to the alleles coding for these strategies, than random mating. Strategies which select for 'good genes' were very successful, and so were strategies based on assortative mating. The results support the hypothesis that mating is not likely to be random in nature and that the most successful mate selection strategies are those based on assortative mating or on advantageous genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002022126388
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of the ability of Phyllotreta nemorum larvae to survive in an atypical host plant, Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Barbarea vulgaris ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; genetics ; sex-linkage ; X- and Y-chromosome ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A polymorphism in host plant exploitation has been discovered in the flea beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) where one resistant population is able to use Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. ssp. arcuata (Opiz.) Simkovics (Brassicaceae) as a host plant while a susceptible population is not. Crosses (F1, F2, and backcrosses) between the two flea beetle populations were made, and survival of the progeny on B. v. ssp. arcuata was measured. The ability of P. nemorum larvae to survive in this plant species depended on the presence of major, dominant genes (R-genes). The two most abundant R-genes in the resistant flea beetle population were X- and Y-linked, respectively. The use of B. v. ssp. arcuata as a natural host plant by the resistant population of P. nemorum seems to be an extension of the host plant range of the species. The role of sex-linked genes in the evolution of host range is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002938912809
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in defences of the plant Barbarea vulgaris and in counteradaptations by the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Barbarea vulgaris ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; resistance ; host plant ; variation ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several sorts of variation in the interaction between the insect, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae:Alticinae), and the plant, Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicaceae), have been discovered: 1) genetic differences in the levels of defences in the plant, 2) genetic differences in the ability of insects to cope with the plant defences, 3) seasonal variation in levels of defences in the plant, and 4) differences between leaf types in levels of defences. Two plant accessions were suitable for larval development throughout the season while the remaining nine accessions were more or less unsuitable for larvae from the ‘susceptible’ T-population at least at certain times of the year. All accessions were suitable for the ‘resistant’ E-population throughout the year. There was a seasonal variation in levels of defences in some accessions which were unsuitable for the T-population during the summer period when beetles were present, but not during autumn and spring when the beetle were hibernating. Upper (younger) cauline leaves of these accessions had higher levels of defences than lower (older) cauline leaves. The resistant E-population used B. vulgaris as a natural host plant while the susceptible T-population did not. The use of B. vulgaris as a natural host plant by the E-population of P. nemorum seems to be an extension of the host plant range of the species. Variation in plant defences may have facilitated the switch in host plant use by the resistant flea beetle population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002990929647
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Butterflies and ants: The communicative domain (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 14-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lycaenidae ; Formicidae ; symbiosis ; mutualism ; parasitism ; communication ; ecology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Associations with ants, termed myrmecophily, are widespread in the butterfly family Lycaenidae and range from mere co-existence to more or less specific mutualistic or even parasitic interactions. Secretions of specialized epidermal glands are crucial for mediating the interactions. Transfer of nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids) from butterfly larvae to ants plays a major role, but manipulative communication with the help of odour signals is also involved. By means of myrmecophily, lycaenid butterflies largely escape ant predation, and certain species gain protection through attendant ants or achieve developmental benefits from ant-attendance. Benefits to the ants range from minimal to substantial food rewards. While most lycaenid species maintain facultative relationships with a variety of ant genera, highly specific and obligatory associations have convergently evolved in a number of butterfly lineages. As a corollary, communication systems are largely unspecific in the former, but may be highly specialized in the latter. The sophisticated communication between obligate myrmecophiles and their host ants is tightly connected with the evolutionary rise of specialized life-cycles and thus is a source of augmenting diversity within the butterflies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01922410
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative genetics of zooplankton life histories (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 454-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Quantitative genetics ; life history ; evolution ; cladocera ; heritability ; Daphnia ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative genetic techniques are powerful tools for use in understanding the microevolutionary process. Because of their size, lifespan, and ease of culture, many zooplankton species are ideal for quantitative genetic approaches. As model systems, studies of zooplankton life histories are becoming increasingly used for examination of the central paradigms of evolutionary theory. Two of the fundamental empirical questions that zooplankton quantitative genetics studies can answer are: 1) How much genetic variance exists in natural populations for life history traits? 2) What is the empirical evidence for trade-offs that permeate life history theory based on optimality approaches? A review of existing data onDaphnia indicates substantial genetic variance for body size, clutch size, and age at first reproduction. Average broad-sense heritabilities for these three characters across 19 populations of 6 species are 0.31, 0.31, and 0.34, respectively. Although there is some discrepancy between the two pertinent studies that were designed to decompose the total genetic variance into its additive and non-additive components, a crude average seems to suggest that approximately 60% of the total genetic variance has an additive basis. The existing data are somewhat inconsistent with respect to presence/absence of trade-offs (negative genetic correlations) among life history traits. A composite of the existing data seems to argue against the existence of strong trade-offs between offspring size and offspring number, between present and future reproduction, and between developmental rate and fecundity. However, there is some evidence for a shift toward more negative (less positive) covariances in more stressful environments (e.g., low food). Zooplankton will prove to be very useful in future study in several important areas of research, including the genetics and physiology of aging, the importance of genotype-environment interaction for life history traits, and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143198
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The accessory gland proteins in maleDrosophila: structural, reproductive, and evolutionary aspects (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 503-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; accessory gland ; reproduction ; sexual behavior ; sperm displacement ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent results from biochemical and molecular genetic studies of the accessory gland proteins in maleDrosophila are reviewed. The most prominent feature is the species-specific variability. However, the analysis of the sex peptide inD. melanogaster shows that there is a strong homology in the molecular structure to the closely related sibling species, and that divergence increases with increasing phylogenetic distance. For this reason the sex peptide, after being transferred to the female genital tract during copulation, reduces receptivity and increases oviposition only in virgin females belonging to the same species group and subgroup. Even though studies were hitherto limited to a small number of the secretory components, it is evident that the accessory gland proteins play a key role in reproductive success of the fruit fly by changing female sexual behavior, supporting sperm transfer, storage and displacement. Thus, genes encoding the accessory gland proteins are apparently under strong evolutionary selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01969718
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Classification and evolution of EF-hand proteins (1998)
    Springer
    BioMetals 11 (1998), S. 277-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: evolution ; classification ; EF-hand ; domain ; homology ; chimera ; congruence ; gene duplication ; gene fusion ; eukaryote ; dendrogram ; calmodulin ; troponin C ; light chain of myosin ; S100 ; parvalbumin ; calcineurin ; recoverin ; calpain ; sorcin ; diacylglycerol ; calbindin ; aequorin ; phospholipase C ; BM-40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-five distinct subfamilies of EF-hand proteins have been identified. They contain from two to eight EF-hands that are recognizable by amino acid sequence as being statistically similar to other EF-hand domains. All proteins within one subfamily are congruent to one another, i.e. the dendrogram computed from one of the EF-hand domains is similar, within statistical error, to the dendrogram computed from another(s) domain. Thirteen subfamilies - including Calmodulin, Troponin C, Essential light chain, Regulatory light chain - referred to collectively as CTER, are congruent with one another. They appear to have evolved from a single ur-domain by two cycles of gene duplication and fusion. The subfamilies of CTER subsequently evolved by gene duplications and speciations. The remaining 32 subfamilies do not show such general patterns of congruence; however, some - such as S100, intestinal calcium binding protein (calbindin 9kd), and trichohylin - do not form congruent clusters of subfamilies. Nearly all of the domains 1, 3, 5, and 7 are most similar to other ODD domains. Correspondingly the EVEN numbered domains of all 45 subfamilies most closely resemble EVEN domains of other subfamilies. Many sequence and chem-ical characteristics do not show systemic trends by subfamily or species of host organisms; such homoplasy is widespread. Eighteen of the subfamilies are heterochimeric; in addition to multiple EF-hands they contain domains of other evolutionary origins.© Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009282307967
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  • 15
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    Dominance hierarchies and the evolution of human reasoning (1996)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 6 (1996), S. 463-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: Human reasoning ; evolution ; deontic reasoning ; transitive reasoning ; non-human primates ; neocortical ratio ; dominance hierarchy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Research from ethology and evolutionary biology indicates the following about the evolution of reasoning capacity. First, solving problems of social competition and cooperation have direct impact on survival rates and reproductive success. Second, the social structure that evolved from this pressure is the dominance hierarchy. Third, primates that live in large groups with complex dominance hierarchies also show greater neocortical development, and concomitantly greater cognitive capacity. These facts suggest that the necessity of reasoning effectively about dominance hierarchies left an indelible mark on primate reasoning architectures, including that of humans. In order to survive in a dominance hierarchy, an individual must be capable of (a) making rank discriminations, (b) recognizing what is forbidden and what is permitted based one's rank, and (c) deciding whether to engage in or refriin from activities that will allow one to move up in rank. The first problem is closely tied to the capacity for transitive reasoning, while the second and third are intimately related to the capacity for deontic reasoning. I argue that the human capacity for these types of reasoning have evolutionary roots that reach deeper into our ancestral past than the emergence of the hominid line, and the operation of these evolutionarily primitive reasoning systems can be seen in the development of human reasoning and domain-specific effects in adult reasoning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389654
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  • 16
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    Syntax as an Emergent Characteristic of the Evolution of Semantic Complexity (1999)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 9 (1999), S. 309-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: language ; grammar ; syntax ; semantics ; evolution ; emergence ; brain size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract It is commonly argued that the rules of language, as distinct from its semantic features, are the characteristics which most clearly distinguish language from the communication systems of other species. A number of linguists (e.g., Chomsky 1972, 1980; Pinker 1994) have suggested that the universal features of grammar (UG) are unique human adaptations showing no evolutionary continuities with any other species. However, recent summaries of the substantive features of UG are quite remarkable in the very general nature of the features proposed. While the syntax of any given language can be quite complex, the specific rules vary so much between languages that the truly universal (i.e. innate) aspects of grammar are not complex at all. In fact, these features most closely resemble a set of general descriptions of our richly complex semantic cognition, and not a list of specific rules. General principles of the evolutionary process suggest that syntax is more properly understood as an emergent characteristic of the explosion of semantic complexity that occurred during hominid evolution. It is argued that grammatical rules used in given languages are likely to be simply conventionalized, invented features of language, and not the result of an innate, grammar-specific module. The grammatical and syntactic regularities that are found across languages occur simply because all languages attempt to communicate the same sorts of semantic information.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008360020568
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  • 17
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    The Evolution of a Scientific Concept (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 37-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: protein ; experimentation ; conceptual variation and selection ; evolution ; Mulder ; Liebig ; Pflüger ; Nägeli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A philosophically comprehended account is given of the genesis and evolution of the concept of protein. Characteristic of this development were not shifts in theory in response to new experimental data, but shifts in the range of questions that the available experimental resources were fit to cope with effectively. Apart from explanatory success with regard to its own range of questions, various other selecting factors acted on a conceptual variant, some stemming from a competing set of research questions, others from an altogether different field of inquiry, and still others from the external environment. These results are best explained on, hence support, an evolutionary model of the progress of experimental investigation, whose outlines are briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008246507186
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  • 18
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    Integrating neuroscience, psychology, and evolutionary biology through a teleological conception of function (1996)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 6 (1996), S. 481-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: Neuroscience ; evolutionary psychology ; interfield theory ; evolution ; teleology ; function ; functionalism ; brain mapping ; language processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The idea of integrating evolutionary biology and psychology has great promise, but one that will be compromised if psychological functions are conceived too abstractly and neuroscience is not allowed to play a contructive role. We argue that the proper integration of neuroscience, psychology, and evolutionary biology requires a telelogical as opposed to a merely componential analysis of function. A teleological analysis is required in neuroscience itself; we point to traditional and curent research methods in neuroscience, which make critical use of distinctly teleological functional considerations in brain cartography. Only by invoking teleological criteria can researchers distinguish the fruitful ways of identifying brain components from the myriad of possible ways. One likely reason for reluctance to turn to neuroscience is fear of reduction, but we argue that, in the context of a teleological perspective on function, this concern is misplaced. Adducing such theoretical considerations as top-down and bottom-up constraints on neuroscientific and psychological models, as well as existing cases of productive, multidisciplinary cooperation, we argue that integration of neuroscience into psychology and evolutionary biology is likely to be mutually beneficial. We also show how it can be accommodated methodologically within the framework of an interfield theory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389655
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  • 19
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    Molecular identification of co-occurring Cortinarius and Dermocybe species from southeastern Australian sclerophyll forests (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 9 (1999), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words PCR ; RFLP ; ITS sequence analysis ; Ectomycorrhizal fungi ; Cortinarius taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ability of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to discriminate 10 co-occurring Cortinarius and Dermocybe species at a southeastern Australian sclerophyll forest site was assessed. Using the basidiomycete-specific primers ITS1F and ITS4B, some taxa were separated on the basis of individual RFLP patterns derived using the restriction endonucleases Hae III or Hinf I. Combined data from both endonucleases were, however, required to separate all taxa [Dermocybe austro-veneta Clel. (Moser & Horak), C. rotundisporus Clel. & Cheel, C. archeri Berk., C. sinapicolor Clel., C. violaceus (L.: Fr.) S.F.Gray, C. radicatus Clel. and four morphologically-distinct, but unidentified Cortinarius spp.]. ITS sequence comparisons confirmed that D. austro-veneta belongs in Dermocybe, that C. rotundisporus is correctly placed in subgenus Phlegmacium, and suggest that Australian C. violaceus collections are not conspecific with northern hemisphere C. violaceus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050004
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    Sex in Escherichia coli does not disrupt the clonal structure of the population: evidence from random amplified polymorphic DNA and restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 440-448 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Clonal theory ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the Escherichia coli population by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) has established its clonal organization, but there is increasing evidence that horizontal DNA transfer occurs in E. coli. We have assessed the genetic structure of the species E. coli and determined the extent to which recombination can affect the clonal structure of bacteria. A panel of 72 E. coli strains from the ECOR collection was characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) of the ribosomal RNA gene (rrn) regions. These strains have been characterized by MLEE and are assumed to reflect the range of genotypic variation in the species as a whole. Statistical analysis, including factorial analysis of correspondence (FAC) and hierarchical classifications, established that the data obtained with the three genetic markers are mutually corroborative, thus providing compelling evidence that horizontal transfer does not disrupt the clonal organization of the population. However, there is a gradient of correlation between the different classifications which ranges from the highly clonal structure of 132 group strains causing extraintestinal infections in humans to the less-stringent structure of B1 group strains that came mainly from nonprimate mammals. This group (B1) appears to be the framework from which the remaining non-A group strains have emerged. These results indicate that RAPD analysis is well suited to intraspecies characterization of E. coli. Lastly, treating the RAPD data by FAC allowed description of subgroup-specific DNA fragments which can be used, in a strategy comparable to positional cloning, to isolate virulence genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160315
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    Comparative Analysis of Different DNA Extraction Protocols: A Fast, Universal Maxi-Preparation of High Quality Plant DNA for Genetic Evaluation and Phylogenetic Studies (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 69-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: cpDNA ; DNA extraction ; fingerprinting ; forest trees ; M13 fingerprinting ; method ; PCR ; rDNA ; RFLP ; rhododendron ; plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four DNA extraction protocols were compared for ability to produce DNA from the leaves or needles of several species: oak, elm, pine, fir, poplar and maize (fresh materials) and rhododendron (silica dried or frozen material). With the exception of maize and poplar, the species are known to be difficult for DNA extraction. Two protocols represented classical procedures for lysis and purification, and the other two were a combination of classical lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography. The DNA obtained from all procedures was quantified and tested by PCR and Southern hybridisation.Test results indicated superiority of one of the four protocols; a combination of CTAB lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography which enabled DNA extraction from all seven species. A second protocol also produced DNA from leaves or needles of all species investigated and was well suited for PCR applications but not Southern hybridisations. The remaining protocols produced DNA from some but not all species tested. Abbreviations: CTAB, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; EtOH, Ethanol; TBE, tris-borate-EDTA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007428009556
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    Colonization and evolution of lakes on the central Norwegian coast following deglaciation and land uplift 9500 to 7800 years B.P. (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 18 (1997), S. 269-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: colonization ; evolution ; lakes ; Norway ; deglaciation ; land uplift ; invertebrates ; Chironomidae ; Porifera ; Bryozoa ; diatoms ; Charophyta ; tsunami
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Invertebrate colonization of lakes following the uplift of land from the sea was studied in four lakes, currently situated between 39 and 24 m a.s.l., on the central Norwegian coast. The lakes were isolated from the sea between 9500 and 7700 years B.P. Animal and algal remains picked from core samples showed that the first colonizers preserved as fossils were usually members of the Chironomidae, Daphnidae/Chydoridae, Acarina, Porifera (Ephydatia mülleri and Spongilla lacustris), Bryozoa (Cristatella mucedo and Plumatella spp.) and Charophyta (Chara sp.). Of the chironomids, the genus Chironomus was present in the oldest lacustrine layers of all four lakes, but other genera recorded at the marine/lacustrine boundary were Dicrotendipes, Procladius (?), Einfeldia, Microtendipes, and Glyptotendipes. Remains of the caddis fly family Limnephilidae were also present in the earliest lacustrine sediments in Kvennavatnet and Kvernavatnet. The oldest invertebrate fauna is typical for mesotrophic lakes. However, chironomids and mites have been present in this area from at least about 10 500 years B.P. A diverse chironomid community was established between 300 and 800 years after isolation from the sea at Kvernavatnet on the island of Hitra, while only between 80 and 120 years passed before a comparably diverse community developed at Kvennavatnet on the mainland coast. A similar development of the invertebrate fauna occurred in Kvennavatnet, Kvernavatnet and Storkuvatnet. However, Litjvatnet deviates greatly from the ‘normal’ pattern because a tsunami disturbed the bottom sediments and fauna. The tsunami, a gigantic sea wave, was caused by a submarine slide from the Norwegian continental slope. It reached Litjvatnet, today located 24 m a.s.l., but was not traced in Storkuvatnet at 30 m a.s.l. This event happened about 7200 years B.P.
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    Evolution of novel metabolic pathways for the degradation of chloroaromatic compounds (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 159-178 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: aromatic pathways ; chlorobenzenes ; evolution ; genes ; plasmids ; pseudomonas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chlorobenzenes are substrates not easily metabolized by existing bacteria in the environment. Specific strains, however, have been isolated from polluted environments or in laboratory selection procedures that use chlorobenzenes as their sole carbon and energy source. Genetic analysis indicated that these bacteria have acquired a novel combination of previously existing genes. One of these gene clusters contains the genes for an aromatic ring dioxy-genase and a dihydrodiol dehydrogenase. The other contains the genes for a chlorocatechol oxidative pathway. Comparison of such gene clusters with those from other aromatics degrading bacteria reveals that this process of recombining or assembly of existing genetic material must have occurred in many of them. Similarities of gene functions between pathways suggest that incorporation of existing genetic material has been the most important mechanism of expanding a metabolic pathway. Only in a few cases a horizontal expansion, that is acqui sition of gene functions to accomodate a wider range of substrates which are then all transformed in one central pathway, is observed on the genetic level. Evidence is presented indicating that the assembly process may trigger a faster divergence of nearby gene sequences. Further ‘fine-tuning’, for example by developing a proper regulation, is then the next step in the adaptation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000166400935
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    Evolution of bacterial genomes (1997)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 265-270 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: bacteria ; DNA ; evolution ; genome ; RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review examines evolution of bacterial genomes with an emphasis on RNA based life, the transition to functional DNA and small evolving genomes (possibly plasmids) that led to larger, functional bacterial genomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000123216769
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    Bacterial evolution and metabolism (1997)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 257-263 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: bacteria ; energy ; evolution ; genome ; metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This article examines the relationship between (or dependence of) bacterial evolution in prokaryotes and metabolism, and the changing physical-chemical conditions present during early evolution.
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    Molecular evolution in bacteria: Surfaces, cathodes and anodes (1997)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 363-368 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: assembly ; anode ; bacteria ; cathode ; DNA ; evolution ; genetics ; molecular ; surfaces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Molecular evolution is examined in bacteria with an emphasis on mineral surfaces, membranes, cathodes and anodes. In early molecular evolution, cathode-anode system may have been naturally occurring on a nm to µm scale. Secondly, the cathode-anode system could have been separated by a primitive, permeable lipid or microsphere on a mineral surface, that was a precursor of a more advanced membrane with a charge differential on either side of the membrane. These aspects will be considered from a theoretical evolutionary perspective.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000271219036
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    Molecular evolution and optimization (1997)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 251-259 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: bacteria ; catalysis ; DNA ; enzyme ; evolution ; microorganisms ; optimization ; RNA ; time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microbial populations (and life) not only evolve, they optimize. The transition from a random, unorganized, lifeless Earth to the present situation, where the Earth is virtually covered with nucleic acids and diverse and complex species, required numerous molecular changes and the integration of metabolic pathways over billions of years. Primitive prokaryotic life was dependent on and constrained by the physical-chemical conditions on the Earth, while slowly reshaping conditions present. In this review, molecular evolution and molecular optimization are examined with an emphasis on the order in which evolutionary events occurred.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000456825081
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    A Rapid DNA Extraction Method for RFLP and PCR Analysis from a Single Dry Seed (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 90-90 
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    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: DNA extration ; DNA fingerprint ; half seed ; PCR ; RFLP ; target gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A single-seed DNA extraction method was developed for rapid identification of plant genotype. The method was applied to 12 plant species, including the oil seeds sesame and soybean. The results were comparable to those obtained for oil-less seeds such as rice. This method will be useful for genotypic selection which requires rapid screening of large populations. It can also be used to identify varietal purity of seed stocks by PCR and RFLP analysis. The method includes two major steps, (i) treatment by proteinase K in an SDS extraction buffer, and (ii) grinding of a single half seed in the buffer after incubation. About 1.5–2 µg of DNA per half seed (the endosperm part) of rice was obtained and more than 200 half seed samples could be handled by one person in a day. The DNA could be used for fingerprinting and detection of target genes in a transgenic plant by PCR. The amplified PCR products from the half seed DNA exhibited the same banding patterns as those from leaf DNA. Yield and quality of DNA extracted from half seeds of rice was also sufficient for RFLP analysis. The remnant half seeds containing the embryo can be maintained for later germination of selected genotypes.
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    Robert Chambers and Thomas Henry Huxley, Science Correspondents: The Popularization and Dissemination of Nineteenth Century Natural Science (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 343-383 
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    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: agnosticism ; Darwinian ; evolution ; materialism ; Malthusian ; nebular hypothesis ; popularization ; professionalization ; transitional forms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract Robert Chambers and Thomas Henry Huxley helped popularize science by writing for general interest publications when science was becoming increasingly professionalized. A non-professional, Chambers used his family-owned Chambers' Edinburgh Journal to report on scientific discoveries, giving his audience access to ideas that were only available to scientists who regularly attended professional meetings or read published transactions of such forums. He had no formal training in the sciences and little interest in advancing the professional status of scientists; his course of action was determined by his disability and interest in scientific phenomena. His skillful reporting enabled readers to learn how the ideas that flowed from scientific innovation affected their lives, and his series of article in the Journal presenting his rudimentary ideas on evolution, served as a prelude to his important popular work, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. Huxley, an example of the new professional class of scientists, defended science and evolution from attacks by religious spokesmen and other opponents of evolution, informing the British public about science through his lectures and articles in such publications as Nineteenth Century. He understood that by popularizing scientific information, he could effectively challenge the old Tory establishment -- with its orthodox religious and political views -- and promote the ideas of the new class of professional scientists. In attempting to transform British society, he frequently came in conflict with theologians and others on issues in which science and religion seemed to contradict each other but refused to discuss matters of science with non-professionals like Chambers, whose popular writing struck a more resonant chord with working class readers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004616403134
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    Conventions and institutions in coordination problems (1996)
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    De economist 144 (1996), S. 397-428 
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    ISSN: 1572-9982
    Keywords: conventions ; institutions ; game theory ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary This survey article starts with a game-theory interpretation of coordination problems that occur in an economy. Three types of games are discussed in which the degree of coordination versus conflict varies. It is shown that game-theoretic techniques for equilibrium selection or securing the highest pay-off outcome do not always suffice, which raises the need for exogenous information. Norms, such as conventions and institutions, may provide this information. The emergence and persistence of norms as well as the relationship between the type of game and the type of norm are discussed. After a discussion on conventions and rationality, some notions from Institutional Economics are introduced, in which institutions are explained as a way to deal with limited and costly information. Some applications are given in the last section.
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    On the elevated intestinal pH of higher termites (Isoptera: Termitidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 42 (1995), S. 57-69 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hindgut ; alkalinity ; evolution ; symbionts ; gut morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pH of the gut contents was measured in 52 species of higher termites (Termitidae), representing 36 genera in all four subfamilies. A statistically significant trend was shown from lower termites with low mean gut pH through to the Termitinae with higher mean gut pHs. Elevation of the pH occurred principally in the first and third proctodaeal segments, reaching values as high as 10.5 in 8 soil-feeding genera and 1 wood-feeding genus of Termitinae. Elevation of gut pH within the Termitidae appears to be independent of the general nature of the feeding substrate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245699
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    Castes in humivorous and litter-dwelling neotropical nasute termites (Isoptera, Termitidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 43 (1996), S. 375-389 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Nasutitermitinae ; Subulitermes ; Coatitermes ; Velocitermes ; evolution ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The developmental pathways of the neuter castes were studied in three species of Nasutitermitinae from central Panama. The humivorousSubulitermes denisae andCoatitermes clevelandi display several primitive traits: absence of sex dimorphism, representation of both sexes among workers and soldiers, and occurrence of successive worker instars. The litter-dwellingVelocitermes barrocoloradensis has a more complex caste system: female larvae are larger than males and give rise to the large workers, which constitute the bulk of the work force; male larvae proceed to soldiers through a small worker or a special larval instar. The resulting soldier caste is polymorphic. These results support previously formulated hypotheses regarding a link between humivorous diet and reduced polymorphism on the one hand, and between forest-floor foraging and large continuous size variation among soldiers on the other. Whereas the caste systems ofSubulitermes andCoatitermes probably represent a primitive condition,Velocitermes shares derived traits withNasutitermes and the other fully nasute genera previously studied. I therefore hypothesize that ancestors with these advanced features may have spread from the neotropics and be at the origin of most nasute genera, including humivorous taxa, present in other regions.
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    Sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal genes support close relationships between parasitic ants and their respective host species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1996)
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    Insectes sociaux 43 (1996), S. 53-67 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Formicidae ; Leptothoracini ; Tetramoriini ; internal transcribed spacer ; social parasitism ; evolution ; phylogenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A fragment of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) adjacent to the 5.8S rRNA gene of 20 myrmicine ant species was sequenced. Sequence comparisons were carried out between 11 species of the tribe Leptothoracini, five species of the tribe Tetramoriini, three species of the tribe Solenopsidini and one species of the tribe Myrmicini. Additionally, the formicine antCamponotus ligniperda (tribe Camponotini) was analyzed as an outgroup species. Among all investigated species, the fragment had a variable length of ≈ 230–380 bp with only a few conserved sequence elements. The sequences of this fragment were perfectly identical within four palearctic populations ofLeptothorax acervorum indicating that intraspecific variation is rather low. Within the species of Tetramoriini (includingAnergates atratulus) 94.1% of sequence positions were identical, 95.6% within the species of theLeptothorax s.str.-group and 64.6% within the species of theMyrafant-group. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the social parasitesHarpagoxenus sublaevis, Doronomyrmex goesswaldi, D. kutteri andD. pacis, Chalepoxenus muellerianus as well asStrongylognathus alpinus andTeleutomyrmex schneideri are most closely related to the groups of their respective host species, which generally confirms the taxonomical classifications of the subfamily Myrmicinae based on morphological criteria. The taxonomical positions of the speciesA. atratulus has as yet been uncertain, however, sequence comparison of the ITS-1 fragment leads to the conclusion thatA. atratulus rather belongs to the tribe Tetramoriini than to the Solenopsidini.
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    Sex pheromones and attractants in the Eucosmini and Grapholitini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) (1996)
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    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 13-23 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; synergist ; antagonist ; mate recognition ; reproductive isolation ; chemotaxonomoy ; phylogeny ; evolution ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The geometric isomers (E,E)-, (E,Z)-, (Z,E)-, and (Z,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate were identified as sex pheromone components or sex attractants in the tribes Eucosmini and Grapholitini of the tortricid subfamily Olethreutinae. Species belonging to the more ancestral Tortricinae were not attracted. Each one isomer was behaviourally active in males ofCydia andGrapholita (Grapholitini), either as main pheromone compound, attraction synergist or attraction inhibitor. Their reciprocal attractive/antagonistic activity in a number of species enables specific communication with these four compounds.Pammene, as well as otherGrapholita andCydia responded to the monoenic 8- or 10-dodecen-1-yl acetates. Of the tribes Olethreutini and Eucosmini,Hedya, Epiblema, Eucosma, andNotocelia trimaculana were also attracted to 8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetates, but several otherNotocelia to 10,12-tetradecadien-1-yl acetates. The female sex pheromones ofC. fagiglandana, C. pyrivora, C. splendana, Epiblema foenella andNotocelia roborana were identified. (E,E)- and (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate are producedvia a commonE9 desaturation pathway inC. splendana. CallingC. nigricana andC. fagiglandana females are attracted to wingfanning males.
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    A new polymorphism in the 5' flanking region of the human interleukin (IL)-4 gene (1999)
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    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 738-739 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Interleukin (IL)-4 ; Promoter ; Polymorphism ; RFLP ; Linkage disequilibrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Evidence for an HLA-C-like locus in the orangutan Pongo pygmaeus (1999)
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    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 865-871 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Orangutan ; MHC class I ; HLA-C ; natural killer cells ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  HLA-B and C are related class I genes which are believed to have arisen by duplication of a common ancestor. Previous study showed the presence of orthologues for both HLA-B and C in African apes but only for HLA-B in Asian apes. These observations suggested that the primate C locus evolved subsequent to the divergence of the Pongidae and Hominidae. From an analysis of orangutan Tengku two HLA-C-like alleles (Popy C*0101 and Popy C*0201) were defined as well as three HLA-B-like (Popy-B) alleles. By contrast, no Popy-C alleles were obtained from orangutan Hati, although three Popy-B alleles were defined. Thus an HLA-C-like locus exists in the orangutan (as well as a duplicated B locus), implying that the primate C locus evolved prior to the divergence of the Pongidae and Hominidae and is at least 12–13 million years old. Uncertain is whether all orangutan MHC haplotypes contain a C locus, as the failure to find C alleles in some individuals could be due to a mispairing of HLA-C-specific primers with certain Popy-C alleles. These results raise the possibilities that other primate species have a C locus and that the regulation of natural killer cells by C allotypes evolved earlier in primate evolution than has been thought.
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    A new polymorphism in the promoter of the Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit (IL-5RA) gene (1998)
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    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 65-66 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words IL-5Rα ; Promoter ; Polymorphism ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Ultrastructural and molecular study of plastid inheritance in Abies alba and some Abies hybrids (1998)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 11 (1998), S. 284-291 
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    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Abies ; Egg cell ; Plastid inheritance ; RFLP ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of egg cells in Abies alba was examined to elucidate the lack of maternal inheritance of plastids. Before fertilization, maternal plastids are absent in the perinuclar zone containing mainly mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. During egg cell development the maternal plastids are transformed into large inclusions which are situated mostly towards the periphery of the egg cell, and finally disintegrate. As a consequence, they do not participate in zygote formation. RFLP analysis of cpDNA of parental trees and their F1 interspecific hybrids (A. alba×A. numidica, A. alba×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. Alba) using HindIII and BamHI showed a paternal mode of cpDNA inheritance. Paternal inheritance has also been found with PCR/RFLP analysis of cpDNA from parental trees and their hybrids (A. alba×A. pinsapo, A. pinsapo×A. alba, A. pinsapo×A. numidica) using ApaI and HaeIII digests, as well as in the crosses of A. cephalonica×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. cephalonica, A. cephalonica×A. numidica using TagI digests.
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    Non-Mendelian and skewed segregation of DNA markers in wide crosses of the bean rust fungus,Uromyces appendiculatus (1996)
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    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Genetic linkage mapping ; Segregation distortion ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The inheritance of DNA markers was investigated in 27 F2 progeny from a single F1 hybrid derived from a wide cross inUromyces appendiculatus. This cross was unusual because asexual spores were used to fertilize sexual fruiting structures. Sixty percent of the DNA markers failed to segregate according to simple Mendelian ratios. Segregation bias was evident, in that F2 progeny inherited on average 91 % of maternal bands and 52% of paternal bands, which deviates significantly from the expected value for each of 75% for dominant markers. Because of these distortions, linkage mapping was not possible with this population. Evaluation of two F1s from a second wide cross, reciprocals obtained by normal fertilization, also showed non-Mendelian inheritance of one of three co-dominant RFLPs and five of six isozyme markers, indicating that the method of crossing was probably not responsible for the abnormal segregation patterns in the first cross. Either genetic incompatibility, similar to that of an interspecific cross, or selection of particular genotypes could explain the genetic anomalies reported here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02221580
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    Heterogeneity in intergenic regions of the ribosomal repeat of the pine-blister rustsCronartium flaccidum andPeridermium pini (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 388-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cronartium flaccidum ; Pine blister rusts ; Ribosomal intergenic region polymorphism ; RFLP ; HPA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mixed aeciospore isolates ofCronartium flaccidum andPeridermium pini were obtained from single-tree infections in Britain, Italy and Greece. The 5.8s ribosomal RNA gene and flanking intergenic transcribed spacer regions ITS 1 and ITS2 were found to be highly similar betweenC. flaccidum andP. pini. Within samples heterogeneity was detected at three nucleotide loci in the ITS1 and at four loci in the ITS2 suggesting that several fungal genotypes may occur at a single infection court. The heterogeneity was confirmed by heteroduplex polymorphism analysis of mixed aeciospore products. RFLP of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region 1 (IGSI) amplified from the same templates indicated limited sequence polymorphism in some copies of this repeated locus. Both the sexual and asexual forms ofC. flaccidum show evidence of sequence polymorphism in two independent, non-coding regions of the ribosomal gene array. Variation appears to be greater in the sexual formC. flaccidum, than in the monoaecious formP. pini.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02208620
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    Heterogeneity in intergenic regions of the ribosomal repeat of the pine-blister rusts Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 388-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words  Cronartium flaccidum ; Pine blister rusts ; Ribosomal intergenic region polymorphism ; RFLP ; HPA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Mixed aeciospore isolates of Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini were obtained from single-tree infections in Britain, Italy and Greece. The 5.8s ribosomal RNA gene and flanking intergenic transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2 were found to be highly similar between C. flaccidum and P. pini. Within samples heterogeneity was detected at three nucleotide loci in the ITS1 and at four loci in the ITS2 suggesting that several fungal genotypes may occur at a single infection court. The heterogeneity was confirmed by heteroduplex polymorphism analysis of mixed aeciospore products. RFLP of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region 1 (IGS1) amplified from the same templates indicated limited sequence polymorphism in some copies of this repeated locus. Both the sexual and asexual forms of C. flaccidum show evidence of sequence polymorphism in two independent, non-coding regions of the ribosomal gene array. Variation appears to be greater in the sexual form C. flaccidum, than in the monoaecious form P. pini.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050060
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    Non-Mendelian and skewed segregation of DNA markers in wide crosses of the bean rust fungus, Uromyces appendiculatus (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Genetic linkage mapping ; Segregation distortion ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The inheritance of DNA markers was investigated in 27 F2 progeny from a single F1 hybrid derived from a wide cross in Uromyces appendiculatus. This cross was unusual because asexual spores were used to fertilize sexual fruiting structures. Sixty percent of the DNA markers failed to segregate according to simple Mendelian ratios. Segregation bias was evident, in that F2 progeny inherited on average 91% of maternal bands and 52% of paternal bands, which deviates significantly from the expected value for each of 75% for dominant markers. Because of these distortions, linkage mapping was not possible with this population. Evaluation of two F1s from a second wide cross, reciprocals obtained by normal fertilization, also showed non-Mendelian inheritance of one of three co-dominant RFLPs and five of six isozyme markers, indicating that the method of crossing was probably not responsible for the abnormal segregation patterns in the first cross. Either genetic incompatibility, similar to that of an interspecific cross, or selection of particular genotypes could explain the genetic anomalies reported here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050031
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    Characterization of Cyanobacteria by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins and PCR/RFLP of the 16S rRNA gene (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 168 (1997), S. 176-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Cyanobacteria ; Planktonic ; Total protein ; SDS-PAGE ; PCR ; RFLP ; 16S rRNA ; UPGMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Planktonic, filamentous cyanobacterial strains from different genera, both toxic and nontoxic strains, were characterized by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins and PCR/RFLP of the 16S rRNA gene. Total protein pattern analysis revealed the mutual relationships at the genus level. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 16S rRNA gene with reference strains proved to be a good method for the cyanobacterial taxonomy. The nonheterocystous strains outgrouped from the nitrogen-fixing ones. With both methods, Aphanizomenon clustered with Anabaena, and Nodularia with Nostoc. In the RFLP study of Anabaena, the neurotoxic strains were identical, but the hepatotoxic ones formed a heterogeneous group. Genetic distances found in the RFLP study were short, confirming that close genotypic relationships underlie considerable diversity among cyanobacterial genera.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050485
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    Megaplasmids in Thermus oshimai isolates from two widely separated geographical areas: restriction fragment profiling and DNA homology (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 168 (1997), S. 473-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Thermus oshimai ; Megaplasmids ; Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ; RFLP ; Southern ; hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Megaplasmid DNA was detected in ten isolates belonging to the recently described thermophilic eubacterial species Thermus oshimai and isolated from hot springs in Portugal (eight isolates) and Iceland (two isolates). The estimated size of the large plasmids purified from T. oshimai SPS-18 from S. Pedro do Sul, Portugal, and from isolate JK-91 from Hveragerdhi-Hengill, Iceland, was 214 and 275 kb, respectively. No sequence homologous to isolate SPS-18 megaplasmid is present in chromosomal DNA as indicated by Southern hybridization analysis. Overall examination of the HindIII fragment profiles of megaplasmid DNAs purified from isolates from the same geographical area gave similar but not always identical restriction profiles on agarose gels. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was higher for megaplasmids present in isolates purified from the Portuguese and Icelandic isolates than for megaplasmids from the same hot spring. Megaplasmid RFLP correlated with previous results obtained on the polymorphism of macrorestriction patterns of whole genomic DNA and with the RFLP of co-resident small plasmid DNA that was found in one half of the isolates examined. The 16-kb HindIII–HindIII fragment from isolate SPS-18 megaplasmid showed DNA–DNA homology with restriction fragments of similar size generated by the large plasmids present in all the other isolates, even in those from hot springs of widely separated geographical areas. This suggests a high degree of sequence conservation in T. oshimai megaplasmids.
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    Fluctuation of body temperature and cuckoo brood parasitism (1995)
    Springer
    Ecological research 10 (1995), S. 321-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: body temperature ; brood parasitism ; cuckoo ; evolution ; telemetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Body temperatures of 11 bird species, including cuckoos, were measured in an artificial meteorological room. Ratios of change in body temperature to that in air temperature were thereby obtained for each species. Cuckoos demonstrate a remarkably high value, indicating a particularly low ability to regulate body temperature. Viewed in this light, the cuckoo's parasitic behavior is very likely an adaptation to overcome a physiological disadvantage. This in turn might be expected to reinforce delay in evolution of temperature homeostasis.
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    The ecology and evolution of bacteriocins (1996)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1996), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: bacteriocins ; colicins ; evolution ; ecology ; Escherichia coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this review we focus on the ecological and evolutionary forces that determine the frequency and diversity of colicins inEscherichia coli. To begin, we describe that this killing phenotype is ubiquitous inE. coli, with as many as 50% of the isolates from a population producing colicin toxins, and that each population sampled has its own unique distribution of the more than 20 known colicin types. Next, we explore the dynamics of colicinogeny, which exhibits a typical form of frequency dependence, where the likelihood of successful colicin invasion into a population increases as the initial density of colicinogenic cells increases. We then incorporate thoughts on the evolution of chromosomal resistance to colicins and describe how resistance might influence the dynamics of colicinogen invasion and maintenance and the resulting colicin diversity. The final section deals with a genetic and phylogenetic characterization of colicins and a discussion of the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for generating colicin diversity. In this final section we provide details of the different molecular mechanisms known to play a role in generating colicin diversity, including the two most dominant forces in colincin evolution: recombination and positive, deversifying, selection.
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    The Glycophorin A Gene Family in Gorillas: Structure, Expression, and Comparison with the Human and Chimpanzee Homologues (1997)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 35 (1997), S. 59-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glycophorins ; gorilla ; evolution ; gene family ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Homologues of MN blood group antigens, encoded by members of the glycophorin A (GPA) gene family, are expressed in man, anthropoid apes, and some species of Old World monkeys. Previous studies had shown that a three-gene framework, most closely related to that in man, is present in the chimpanzee. Here we report the genomic structure, transcript map, and protein expression of the GYPA locus in gorillas. Compared to the corresponding human and chimpanzee homologues, gorilla GPA, GPB, and GPB/E genes each showed a high degree of sequence identity, with the same exon-intron organization. However, the expression of exons III, IV, or V encoding the extracellular or membrane domains of homologous glycophorins varied among the three species. Gorilla GPA and GPB/E genes were unique in that the former occurred in two allelic forms with or without the expression of exon III, whereas the latter contained one (ψ exon III) instead of two silenced exons (ψ exons III and IV). Differences from human but not chimpanzee GPA also included the presence of a hybrid M/N epitope and the absence of the sequon for N-glycosylation. Owing to the retention of a functional exon III, gorilla GPB was more similar to chimpanzee GPB than human GPB. A transspecies allele was identified in the gorilla that gave rise to the Henshaw (He)-like antigen similar to that found in man. These results provide further insight into the model for evolution of the GPA gene family, indicating that the mechanisms underlying inter- and intraspecific polymorphism of glycophorins could predate the divergence of gorillas as the consequence of gene duplication and diversification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022212630370
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    Identification of a novel moth sex pheromone inEriocrania cicatricella (Zett.) (Lepidoptera: Eriocraniidae) and its phylogenetic implications (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 29-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Eriocrania cicatricella ; Eriocrania sparrmannella ; Eriocraniidae ; Lepidoptera ; sex pheromone ; EAG ; GC-EAD ; mass spectrometry ; synthesis ; evolution ; (Z)-4-hepten-2-one ; (2R)-heptan-2-ol ; (2R)-(Z)-4-hepten-2-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts from different body parts of adult femaleEriocrania cicatricella (Zett.) were tested for electrophysiological activity on conspecific male antennae. Extracts from the Vth abdominal segment, containing a pair of exocrine glands, elicited the largest electroantennographic response when compared to extracts of other body parts. Female extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with simultaneous flame ionization and electroantennographic detection (EAD). The EAD active peaks were identified as (Z)-4-hepten-2-one, (2R)-heptane-2-ol, and (2R)-(Z)-4-hepten-2-ol by coinjection on a gas chromatography and by comparison of mass spectra with those of synthetic standards. In field tests, a blend of these three pheromone components was highly attractive to conspecific males, and a subtractive assay confirmed that the unsaturated alcohol is the major pheromone component, whereas no definite behavioral activity could be assigned to the ketone or the saturated alcohol. A bait containing the two alcohols withS-configuration was attractive to maleE. sparrmannella (Bosc), whereas no males ofE. cicatricella were found in these traps. The sex pheromone compounds inE. cicatricella are chemically similar to pheromones reported in Trichoptera and they are produced in homologous glands.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033660
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    Olefinic acetates, Δ-9,11–14: OAc and Δ-7,9–12: OAc used as sex pheromone components in three geometrid moths,Idaea aversata, I. straminata, andI. biselata (Geometridae, Lepidoptera) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1505-1526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Idaea aversata ; Idaea straminata ; Idaea biselata ; (Z,Z)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate ; (Z,E)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; electroantennography ; single cell recording ; biosynthesis ; phylogeny ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone compounds so far identified from most geometrid moths consist of all-Z diene, triene, or tetraene hydrocarbons with chain lengths of C17 to C21, and their monoepoxide derivatives biosynthesized from linoleic and linolenic acids. The present study reports the occurrence of olefinic acetates as sex pheromones in three species of Geometridae. (Z,Z)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate and (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate found in female gland extracts ofIdaea aversata elicited significant responses from conspecific male antennae in gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GCEAD). In extracts ofI. straminata, (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, and (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate were found, and the synthetic compounds elicited strong responses from conspecific male antennae. In the third species,I. biselata, only (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate was found in the female extracts, and this compound elicited a strong EAD response from the conspecific male antenna. The identities of the pheromone components inI. aversata andI. straminata were further confirmed according to their characteristic ions after GC-MS analyses. Single sensillum recordings fromI. aversata showed two types of pheromone-detecting sensilla present on the male antenna. One type contained two receptor neurons, one of which was specifically tuned to (Z,Z)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate, the other to (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate. A second type contained one neuron responding to (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate. The two types were clearly different also with respect to external morphology, the former being considerably longer and having a larger base diameter. Also inI. straminata two physiological types of sensilla could be distinguished. One type contained two neurons, one of which responded to (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, the other to (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate. The second type contained one neuron, responding to (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate. No correlation between external morphology and physiological response of the investigated sensilla was observed inI. straminata. In field tests, a two-component blend containing (Z,Z)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate and (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate in a ratio of 10:1 was attractive to males ofI. aversata. This two-component blend was also attractive to males ofI. straminata, but in a ratio of 1:1. High numbers of maleI. biselata were caught in traps baited with (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate alone. The incorporation of deuterium labels into pheromone components after topical application of deuterium-labeled palmitic acid confirmed that the pheromone components ofI. aversata could be synthesized from this precursor, as has been previously observed for acetate pheromone components of many other moth species. Our results suggest that an evolutionary reversal back to the production of palmitic acid-derived pheromone components has occurred within the geometrid subfamily Sterrhinae.
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    Multiple Functions for Secondary Metabolites in Encrusting Marine Invertebrates (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1527-1547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Secondary metabolites ; chemical defense ; evolution ; ascidians ; sponges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We used three chemical fractions (spanning a wide range of polarities) from the extracts of four marine invertebrates, the spongesCrambe crambe andHemimycale columella and the ascidiansCystodytes dellechiajei andPolysyncraton lacazei, to test inhibition of cell division, photosynthesis, and settlement. We used assay organisms from the same habitat, seeking to determine whether a species may display diverse, ecologically relevant bioac-tivities and, if so, whether the same types of compound may be responsible for such activities. Cell division was strongly inhibited by the spongeC. crambe. A dichloromethane fraction fromC. crambe prevented development of sea urchinParacentrotus lividus eggs at a concentration of 10 μg/ml, as did the butanolic fraction, but at higher concentrations (50 and 100 μg/ml). At 50 μg/ml, the aqueous fraction ofC. crambe allowed cell division but prevented eggs from developing beyond the gastrula stage. Similar results were recorded with the dichloromethane fraction ofP. lacazei and from the aqueous fraction ofH. columella. Photosynthesis was unaffected by any of the species at 50 μg/ml. Larval settlement was inhibited by one or another fraction from the four species surveyed at a concentration of 50 μg/ml, althoughC. crambe exhibited the greatest amount of activity. We therefore found that various fractions displayed the same type of bioactivity, while compounds from the same fraction were responsible for multiple activities, suggesting that secondary metabolites are multiple-purpose tools in nature, which is relevant to our understanding of species ecology and evolution. Moreover, results showed that the assessment of the role of chemical compounds is significantly influenced by the assay organism, fractionation procedure, concentration, and duration of experiments. All these factors should be carefully considered when testing ecological hypotheses of the roles of chemically-mediated bioactivities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006420.04002.2e
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    From Chemical to Population Ecology: Infochemical Use in an Evolutionary Context (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 31-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemical ecology ; evolution ; variation ; population dynamics ; community ; species interactions ; infochemical ; semiochemical ; parasitoid ; foraging behavior ; learning ; phenotypic plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The marriage of chemistry with ecology has been a productive one, providing a wealth of examples of how chemicals play important roles in the loves and lives of living organisms. At first the marriage may have been a simple and monogamous one with the major scientific aim of making proximate analyses of chemically mediated, individual level interactions. But times have changed and chemical ecology is broadening, embracing different approaches and disciplines. There is, for example, increasing appreciation of variability in the systems under study and an increase in evolutionary thinking. Another promising development is greater recognition of the potential importance of chemically mediated interactions for population dynamics and for structuring communities and species coexistence. The latter is an utterly underexplored area in chemical ecology. The field of chemical ecology of insect parasitoids shows some of these promising developments. Responses of parasitoids to infochemicals are increasingly studied with an integrated approach of mechanism and function. This integration of “how” and “why” questions significantly enhances the evolutionary and ecological understanding of stimulus–response patterns. The future challenge in chemical ecology is to demonstrate how chemically mediated interactions steer ecological and evolutionary processes at all levels of ecological organization. To reach this goal there is a need for interdisciplinary collaboration among chemists and ecologists working at different levels of organization and with different approaches, with other disciplines as partners.
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    Interspecies relationships among ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs): Evidence of evolutionary pressure to maintain individual identities (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 159 (1996), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: guanine nucleotide-binding proteins ; evolution ; phylogeny ; structure-function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are ∼20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that are allosteric activators of the NAD:arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and appear to play a role in intracellular vesicular trafficking. Although the physiological roles of these proteins have not been defined, it has been presumed that each has a specific intracellular function. To obtain genetic evidence that each ARF is under evolutionary pressure to maintain its structure, and presumably function, rat ARF cDNA clones were isolated and their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were compared to those of other mammalian ARFs. Deduced amino acid sequences for rat ARFs 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 were identical to those of the known cognate human and bovine ARFs; rat ARF4 was 96% identical to human ARF4. Nucleotide sequences of both the untranslated as well as the coding regions were highly conserved. These results indicate that the ARF proteins are, as a family, extraordinarily well conserved across mammalian species. The unusually high degree of conservation of the untranslated regions is consistent with these regions having important regulatory roles and that individual ARFs contain structurally unique elements required for specific functions.
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    The Amino Acid Sequence of Ribitol Dehydrogenase-F, a Mutant Enzyme with Improved Xylitol Dehydrogenase Activity (1999)
    Springer
    The protein journal 18 (1999), S. 489-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Klebsiella aerogenes ; ribitol dehydrogenase ; evolution ; mutant structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A mutant ribitol dehydrogenase (RDH-F) was purified from Klebsiella aerogenes strain F which evolved from the wild-type strain A under selective pressure to improve growth on xylitol, a poor substrate used as sole carbon source. The ratio of activities on xylitol (500 mM) and ribitol (50 mM) was 0.154 for RDH-F compared to 0.033 for the wild-type (RDH-A) enzyme. The complete amino acid sequence of RDH-F showed the mutations. Q60 for E60 and V215 for L215 in the single polypeptide chain of 249 amino acid residues. Structural modeling based on homologies with two other microbial dehydrogenases suggests that E60 → Q60 is a neutral mutation, since it lies in a region far from the catalytic site and should not cause structural perturbations. In contrast, L215 → V215 lies in variable region II and would shift a loop that interacts with the NADH cofactor. Another improved ribitol dehydrogenase, RDH-D, contains an A196 → P196 mutation that would disrupt a surface α-helix in region II. Hence conformational changes in this region appear to be responsible for the improved xylitol specificity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020601011846
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    Nucleotide sequence of a major satellite DNA element isolated from a saltwater fishSillago japonica (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 22 (1995), S. 33-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: fish ; repetitive DNA ; RFLP ; satellite DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A member of satellite repetitive DNA was isolated and sequenced from a saltwater fishSillago japonica (Percoidei). This sequence consists of several oligo-dA/dT tracts and two inverted repeats which resemble each other. Dot blot hybridization analysis using a satellite DNA clone pSJ2 among the species in the suborder Percoidei revealed that the pSJ2 sequence was amplified at least after the family Sillaginidae had been derived.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00996302
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    Allozymic characterization and evolutionary relationships in the BrazilianAkodon cursor species group (Rodentia-Cricetidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 33 (1995), S. 283-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Akodon ; Cricetidae rodents ; genetic diversity ; biochemical polymorphism ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The present study involved an electrophoretic survey of 22 protein loci in 269 individuals belonging to three species of the genusAkodon, A. aff.cursor (2n=16),A. cursor (2n=14/15), andA. montensis (2n=24/25/26), collected in Eastern Brazil. The joint results of gene diversity, genetic distances, phenetic analyses, and phylogenetic trees suggested thatA. aff.cursor has recently separated fromA. cursor and that the three species have experienced a recent chromosomal divergence followed by low allozyme differentiation. These data are in agreement with their classification as sibling species.
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    Chemotaxis of the unicellular green algaDunaliella salina and the ciliatedTetrahymena pyriformis—effects of glycine, lysine, and alanine, and their oligopeptides (1996)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 16 (1996), S. 467-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: Chemotaxis ; evolution ; oligopeptides ; Tetrahymena ; Dunaliella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemotactic properties of amino acids (L-alanine, glycine and L-lysine) and their oligopeptides (10−6M) and binding sites to these ligands were investigated in two unicellular models, the heterotrophicTetrahymena pyriformis and the auxotrophicDunaliella salina. Chemotaxis ofDunaliella induced by simple amino acids and their derivatives demonstrated that binding sites (receptors) for food molecules are not only present in the membrane but are also able to induce their basic physiological response. InTetrahymena, substances with special molecular structure and properties (polar, hydrophilic character of the signal peptide chain)-5-L-Lys, 5-Glywere required for chemoattraction, other peptides tested, lacking the required structure, were repellent. Divergences in chemotaxis and binding assays of both species suggest that trends of functional and binding parameters do not run parallel at this level of evolution.
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    Amino acid sequence of the ribosomal protein HS23 from the halophilicHaloarcula marismortui and homology studies to other ribosomal proteins (1995)
    Springer
    The protein journal 14 (1995), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Ribosomal proteins ; protein sequencing ; evolution ; Haloarcula marismortui
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ribosomal protein HS23 from the 30S subunit of the extreme halophilicHaloarcula marismortui, belonging to the group of archaea, was isolated either by RP-HLPLC or two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The complete amino acid sequence was determined by automated N-terminal microsequencing. The protein consists of 123 residues with a corresponding molecular mass of 12,552 Da as determined by electrospray mass spectroscopy; the pI is 11.04. Homology studies reveal similarities to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein S8 fromHomo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Leishmania major, andSaccharomyces cerevisiae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01886759
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    Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of two catalase isozyme genes in barley (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 1005-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: evolution ; genome mapping ; isozymes ; oxygen radicals ; powdery mildew
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Clones representing two distinct barley catalase genes, Cat1 and Cat2, were found in a cDNA library prepared from seedling polysomal mRNA. Both clones were sequenced, and their deduced amino acid sequences were found to have high homology with maize and rice catalase genes. Cat1 had a 91% deduced amino acid sequence identity to CAT-1 of maize and 92% to CAT B of rice. Cat2 had 72 and 79% amino acid sequence identities to maize CAT-2 and-3 and 89% to CAT A of rice. Barley, maize or rice isozymes could be divided into two distinct groups by amino acid homologies, with one group homologous to the mitochondria-associated CAT-3 of maize and the other homologous to the maize peroxisomal/glyoxysomal CAT-1. Both barley CATs contained possible peroxisomal targeting signals, but neither had favorable mitochondrial targeting sequences. Cat1 mRNA occurred in whole endosperms (aleurones plus starchy endosperm), in isolated aleurones and in developing seeds, but Cat2 mRNA was virtually absent. Both mRNAs displayed different developmental expression patterns in scutella of germinating seeds. Cat2 mRNA predominated in etiolated seedling shoots and leaf blades. Barley genomic DNA contained two genes for Cat1 and one gene for Cat2. The Cat2 gene was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 4, 2.9 cM in telomeric orientation from the mlo locus conferring resistance to the powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei).
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    Isolation, expression, and evolution of the gene encoding mitochondrial elongation factor Tu in Arabidopsis thaliana (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 1057-1070 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; EF-Tu ; evolution ; gene families ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have characterized a second nuclear gene (tufM) in Arabidopsis thaliana that encodes a eubacterial-like protein synthesis elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). This gene does not closely resemble the previously described Arabidopsis nuclear tufA gene, which encodes the plastid EF-Tu, and does not contain sequence elements found in all cyanobacterial and plastid tufA genes. However, the predicted amino acid sequence includes an N-terminal extension which resembles an organellar targeting sequence and shares three unique sequence elements with mitochondrial EF-Tu's, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens, suggesting that this gene encodes the Arabidopsis mitochondrial EF-Tu. Consistent with this interpretation, the gene is expressed at a higher level in flowers than in leaves. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the mitochondrial character of the sequence and indicates that the human, yeast, and Arabidopsis tufM genes have undergone considerably more sequence divergence than their cytoplasmic counterparts, perhaps reflecting a cross-compartmental acceleration of gene evolution for components of the mitochondrial translation apparatus. As previously observed for tufA, the tufM gene is present in one copy in Arabidopsis but in several copies in other species of crucifers.
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    Cloning of the amphibolic Calvin cycle/OPPP enzyme d-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.1) from spinach chloroplasts: functional and evolutionary aspects (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 1279-1291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: carbon fixation ; oxidative pentose phosphate pathway ; chloroplasts ; evolution ; endosymbiosis ; isoenzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Exploiting the differential expression of genes for Calvin cycle enzymes in bundle-sheath and mesophyll cells of the C4 plant Sorghum bicolor L., we isolated via subtractive hybridization a molecular probe for the Calvin cycle enzyme d-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase (R5P3E) (EC 5.1.3.1), with the help of which several full-size cDNAs were isolated from spinach. Functional identity of the encoded mature subunit was shown by R5P3E activity found in affinity-purified glutatione S-transferase fusions expressed in Escherichia coli and by three-fold increase of R5P3E activity upon induction of E. coli overexpressing the spinach subunit under the control of the bacteriophage T7 promoter, demonstrating that we have cloned the first functional ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase from any eukaryotic source. The chloroplast enzyme from spinach shares about 50% amino acid identity with its homologues from the Calvin cycle operons of the autotrophic purple bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus and Rhodospirillum rubrum. A R5P3E-related eubacterial gene family was identified which arose through ancient duplications in prokaryotic chromosomes, three R5P3E-related genes of yet unknown function have persisted to the present within the E. coli genome. A gene phylogeny reveals that spinach R5P3E is more similar to eubacterial homologues than to the yeast sequence, suggesting a eubacterial origin for this plant nuclear gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020468
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    Molecular characterization of transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) active in the Calvin cycle of spinach chloroplasts (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 475-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: carbon fixation ; chloroplasts ; evolution ; isoenzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA encoding the Calvin cycle enzyme transketolase (TKL; EC 2.2.1.1) was isolated from Sorghum bicolor via subtractive differential hybridization, and used to isolate several full-length cDNA clones for this enzyme from spinach. Functional identity of the encoded mature subunit was shown by an 8.6-fold increase of TKL activity upon induction of Escherichia coli cells that overexpress the spinach TKL subunit under the control of the bacteriophage T7 promoter. Chloroplast localization of the cloned enzyme is shown by processing of the in vitro synthesized precursor upon uptake by isolated chloroplasts. Southern blot-analysis suggests that TKL is encoded by a single gene in the spinach genome. TKL proteins of both higher-plant chloroplasts and the cytosol of non-photosynthetic eukaryotes are found to be unexpectedly similar to eubacterial homologues, suggesting a possible eubacterial origin of these nuclear genes. Chloroplast TKL is the last of the demonstrably chloroplast-localized Calvin cycle enzymes to have been cloned and thus completes the isolation of gene probes for all enzymes of the pathway in higher plants.
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    Phylogenetic relationship among all living species of the genusBubalus based on DNA sequences of the cytochromeb gene (1996)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 34 (1996), S. 443-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Bubalus ; tamaraw ; anoa ; cytochromeb ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cytochromeb genes of all living species ofBubalus, including the river type and the swamp type of domestic buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), were sequenced to clarify their phylogenetic relationships. These sequences were compared together with the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and banteng (Bos javanicus) sequences as an outgroup. Phylogenetic trees ofBubalus species based on the DNA sequences of the cytochromeb gene demonstrated that the tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis), endemic to the Philippines, could be classified into the subgenusBubalus, not the subgenusAnoa. The divergence time between the lowland anoa (B. depressicornis) and the mountain anoa (B. quarlesi) was estimated at approximately 2.0 million years (Myr), which is almost the same as the coalescence time for theBubalus sequences. This large genetic distance supports the idea that the lowland anoa and the mountain anoa are different species. An unexpectedly large genetic distance between the river and the swamp type of domestic buffaloes suggests a divergence time of about 1.7 Myr, while the swamp type was noticed to have the closest relationship with the tamaraw (1.5 Myr). This result implies that the two types of domestic buffaloes have differentiated at the full species level.
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    Ribonuclease P from plant nuclei and photosynthetic organelles (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 22 (1995), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: chloroplast ; cyanelle ; evolution ; pre-tRNA processing ; ribozyme ; wheat germ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RNase P consists of both protein and RNA subunits in all organisms and organelles investigated so far, with the exception of chloroplasts and plant nuclei where no enzyme-associated RNA has been detected to date. Studies on substrate specificity revealed that cleavage by plant nuclear RNase P is critically dependent on a complete and intact structure of the substrate. No clearcut answer is yet possible regarding the order of processing events at the 5′ or 3′ end of tRNAs in the case of nuclear or chloroplast processing enzymes. RNase P from a phylogenetically ancient photosynthetic organelle will be discussed in greater detail: The enzyme from theCyanophora paradoxa cyanelle is the first RNase P from a photosynthetic organelle which has been shown to contain an essential RNA subunit. This RNA is strikingly similar to its counterpart from cyanobacteria, yet it lacks catalytic activity. Properties of the holoenzyme suggest an intermediate position in RNA enzyme evolution, with an eukaryotic-type, inactive RNA and a prokaryotic-type small protein subunit. The possible presence of an RNA component in RNase P from plant nuclei and modern chloroplasts will be discussed, including a critical evaluation of some criteria that have been frequently applied to elucidate the subunit composition of RNase P from different organisms.
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    Evolution of the Group 1 late embryogenesis abundant (Lea) genes: analysis of the Lea B19 gene family in barley (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 28 (1995), S. 1039-1054 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABA-inducible genes ; coding region repeats ; embryo-specific gene family ; evolution ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; phylogenetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The highly conserved Group 1 late embryogenesis abundant (Lea) genes are present in the genome of most plants as a gene family. Family members are conserved along the entire coding region, especially within the extremely hydrophilic internal 20 amino acid motif, which may be repeated. Cloning of Lea Group 1 genes from barley resulted in the characterization of four family members named B19.1, B19.1b, B19.3 and B19.4 after the presence of this motif 1, 1, 3 and 4 times in each gene, respectively. We present here the results of comparative and evolutionary analyses of the barley Group 1 Lea gene family (B19). The most important findings resulting from this work are (1) the tandem clustering of B19.3 and B19.4, (2) the spatial conservation of putative regulatory elements between the four B19 gene promoters, (3) the determination of the relative ‘age’ of the gene family members and (4) the ‘chimeric’ nature of B19.3 and B19.4, reflecting a cross-over or gene-conversion event in their common ancestor. We also show evidence for the presence of one or two additional expressed B19 genes in the barley genome. Based on our results, we present a model for the evolution of the family in barley, including the 20 amino acid motif. Comparisons of the relatedness between the barley family and all other known Group 1 Lea genes using maximum parsimony (PAUP) analysis provide evidence for the time of divergence between the barley genes containing the internal motif as a single copy and as a repeat. The PAUP analyses also provide evidence for independent duplications of Group 1 genes containing the internal motif as a repeat in both monocots and dicots.
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    Characterization of a maize ribosomal P2 protein cDNA and phylogenetic analysis of the P1/P2 family of ribosomal proteins (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 655-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; evolution ; p2 protein ; ribosome ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucleotide sequence of a full-length ribosomal P2 protein cDNA from maize was determined and used for a sequence comparison with the P2 and P1 proteins from other organisms. The integration of these data into a phylogenetic tree shows that the P proteins separated into the subspecies P1 and P2 before the eukaryotic kingdoms including plants developed from their ancestor.
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    RNA editing in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 343-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: RNA editing ; tRNA editing ; chloroplast ; mitochondrion ; post-transcriptional modification ; initiation codon ; stop codon ; deamination ; evolution ; guide RNA ; transgenic plants ; plastid transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the mitochondria and chloroplasts of higher plants there is an RNA editing activity responsible for specific C-to-U conversions and for a few U-to-C conversions leading to RNA sequences different from the corresponding DNA sequences. RNA editing is a post-transcriptional process which essentially affects the transcripts of protein coding genes, but has also been found to modify non-coding transcribed regions, structural RNAs and intron sequences. RNA editing is essential for correct gene expression: proteins translated from edited transcripts are different from the ones deduced from the genes sequences and usually present higher similarity to the corresponding non-plant homologues. Initiation and stop codons can also be created by RNA editing. RNA editing has also been shown to be required for the stabilization of the secondary structure of introns and tRNAs. The biochemistry of RNA editing in plant organelles is still largely unknown. In mitochondria, recent experiments indicate that RNA editing may be a deamination process. A plastid transformation technique showed to be a powerful tool for the study of RNA editing. The biochemistry as well as the evolutionary features of RNA editing in both organelles are compared in order to identify common as well as organelle-specific components.
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    Higher-plant chloroplast and cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphophosphatase isoenzymes: origins via duplication rather than prokaryote-eukaryote divergence (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 485-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Calvin cycle ; sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase ; isoenzymes ; endosymbiosis ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Full-size cDNAs encoding the precursors of chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP), sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBP), and the small subunit of Rubisco (RbcS) from spinach were cloned. These cDNAs complete the set of homologous probes for all nuclear-encoded enzymes of the Calvin cycle from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). FBP enzymes not only of higher plants but also of non-photosynthetic eukaryotes are found to be unexpectedly similar to eubacterial homologues, suggesting a eubacterial origin of these eukaryotic nuclear genes. Chloroplast and cytosolic FBP isoenzymes of higher plants arose through a gene duplication event which occurred early in eukaryotic evolution. Both FBP and SBP of higher plant chloroplasts have acquired substrate specificity, i.e. have undergone functional specialization since their divergence from bifunctional FBP/SBP enzymes of free-living eubacteria.
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    A model for the evolution of the plastid sec apparatus inferred from secY gene phylogeny (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 685-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: evolution ; protein transport ; sec apparatus ; secA ; secY ; thylakoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plastids possess a bacteria-like sec apparatus that is involved in protein import into the thylakoid lumen. We have analyzed one of the genes essential for this process, secY. A secY gene from the unicellular red alga Cyanidium caldarium was found to be transcriptionally active, demonstrating for the first time that secY is functional in a plastid. Unlike the situation seen in bacteria the C. caldarium gene is transcribed monocistronically, despite the fact that it is part of a large ribosomal gene cluster that resembles bacterial spc operons. A molecular phylogeny is presented for 8 plastid-encoded secY genes, four of which have not been published yet. In this analysis plastid secY genes fall into two classes. One of these, comprising of genes from multicellular red algae and Cryptophyta, clusters in a neighbour-joining tree with a cyanobacterial counterpart. Separated from the aforesaid are secY genes from Chromophyta, Glaucocystophyta and a unicellular red alga. All plastid and cyanobacterial sequences are located on the same branch, separated from bacterial homologues. We postulate that the two classes of secY genes are paralogous, i.e. their gene products are involved in different protein translocation processes. Based on this assumption a model for the evolution of the plastid sec apparatus is presented.
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    Evolutionary origin of expandable G-C-rich triplet repeat DNA sequences (1995)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 33 (1995), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: fragile-X DNA systems ; expandable triplet repeats ; dynamic mutations ; conserved genetic domains ; evolution ; heritable disease mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A model explaining properties exhibited by fragile-X DNA systems arises from observations that time-dependent base substitutions are expressed at G-C sites but not at A–T sites (Biochem. Genet.32:383, 1994). [CGG]n sequences are classified as most sensitive to evolutionary base substitution processes involving time-dependent populating of G-C sites with enol-imine states having enhanced stability. Increased density of these states in oocyte DNA would introduce a ground-state collapse double-helix of reduced energy that would inhibit strand separation by the replicase. Evolutionarily altered G′ in CG′G triplets allows CG′G to be transcribed as CTG, an initiation codon. And this will cause reinitiation of DNA synthesis, thereby adding additional CGG units to the collapsed double helix. This situation would not occur in slower-evolving male haploid DNA that replicates frequently.
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    Allozymic characterization and evolutionary relationships in the BrazilianAkodon cursor species group (Rodentia-Cricetidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 33 (1995), S. 283-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Akodon ; Cricetidae rodents ; genetic diversity ; biochemical polymorphism ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The present study involved an electrophoretic survey of 22 protein loci in 269 individuals belonging to three species of the genusAkodon, A. aff.cursor (2n=16),A. cursor (2n=14/15), andA. montensis (2n=24/25/26), collected in Eastern Brazil. The joint results of gene diversity, genetic distances, phenetic analyses, and phylogenetic trees suggested thatA. aff.cursor has recently separated fromA. cursor and that the three species have experienced a recent chromosomal divergence followed by low allozyme differentiation. These data are in agreement with their classification as sibling species.
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    Gene-specific universal mammalian sequence-tagged sites: Application to the canine genome (1996)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 34 (1996), S. 321-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: genome mapping ; evolution ; homology ; polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We are developing a genetic map of the dog based partly upon markers contained within known genes. In order to facilitate the development of these markers, we have used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers designed to conserved regions of genes that have been sequenced in at least two species. We have refined the method for designing primers to maximize the number that produce successful amplifications across as many mammalian species as possible. We report the development of primer sets for 11 loci in detail:CFTR, COL10A1, CSFIR, CYP1A1, DCN1, FES, GHR, GLB1, PKLR, PVALB, andRB1. We also report an additional 75 primer sets in the appendices. The PCR products were sequenced to show that the primers amplify the expected canine genes. These primer sets thus define a class of gene-specific sequence-tagged sites (STSs). There are a number of uses for these STSs, including the rapid development of various linkage tools and the rapid testing of genomic and cDNA libraries for the presence of their corresponding genes. Six of the eleven gene targets reported in detail have been proposed to serve as “anchored reference loci” for the development of mammalian genetic maps [O'Brien, S. J.,et al., Nat. Genet. 3:103, 1993]. The primer sets should cover a significant portion of the canine genome for the development of a linkage map. In order to determine how useful these primer sets would be for the other genome projects, we tested the 11 primer sets on the DNA from species representing five mammalian orders. Eighty-four percent of the gene-species combinations amplified successfully. We have named these primer sets “universal mammalian sequence-tagged sites” because they should be useful for many mammalian genome projects.
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    Gene-specific universal mammalian sequence-tagged sites: Application to the canine genome (1996)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 34 (1996), S. 321-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: genome mapping ; evolution ; homology ; polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We are developing a genetic map of the dog based partly upon markers contained within known genes. In order to facilitate the development of these markers, we have used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers designed to conserved regions of genes that have been sequenced in at least two species. We have refined the method for designing primers to maximize the number that produce successful amplifications across as many mammalian species as possible. We report the development of primer sets for 11 loci in detail:CFTR, COL10A1, CSFIR, CYP1A1, DCN1, FES, GHR, GLB1, PKLR, PVALB, andRB1. We also report an additional 75 primer sets in the appendices. The PCR products were sequenced to show that the primers amplify the expected canine genes. These primer sets thus define a class of gene-specific sequence-tagged sites (STSs). There are a number of uses for these STSs, including the rapid development of various linkage tools and the rapid testing of genomic and cDNA libraries for the presence of their corresponding genes. Six of the eleven gene targets reported in detail have been proposed to serve as “anchored reference loci” for the development of mammalian genetic maps [O'Brien, S. J.,et al., Nat. Genet. 3:103, 1993]. The primer sets should cover a significant portion of the canine genome for the development of a linkage map. In order to determine how useful these primer sets would be for the other genome projects, we tested the 11 primer sets on the DNA from species representing five mammalian orders. Eighty-four percent of the gene-species combinations amplified successfully. We have named these primer sets “universal mammalian sequence-tagged sites” because they should be useful for many mammalian genome projects.
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    The primary structure ofHarpalus rufipes 5S ribosomal RNA (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 21 (1995), S. 165-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: 5S ribosomal RNA ; Harpalus rufipes ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucleotide sequence of 5S ribosomal RNA from the beetleHarpalus rufipes was determined and compared with primary structures of other insect 5S rRNAs. Sequence differences between two beetle 5S rRNAs may represent phylogenetic markers specific for two groups of Coleoptera — Adephaga and Polyphaga. Analysis of all insect sequences using parsimony allowed us to infer a phylogenetic tree of insects, which is consistent with morphological and paleobiological data.
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    The myrosinase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana: gene organization, expression and evolution (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 911-922 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; evolution ; expression ; genomic clone ; in situ hybridization ; myrosinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.3.1.) is in Brassicaceae species such as Brassica napus and Sinapis alba encoded by two differentially expressed gene families, MA and MB, consisting of about 4 and 10 genes, respectively. Southern blot analysis showed that Arabidopsis thaliana contains three myrosinase genes. These genes were isolated from a genomic library and two of them, TGG1 and TGG2, were sequenced. They were found to be located in an inverted mode with their 3′ ends 4.4 kb apart. Their organization was highly conserved with 12 exons and 11 short introns. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of TGG1 and TGG2 exons revealed an overall 75% similarity. In contrast, the overall nucleotide sequence similarity in introns was only 42%. In intron 1 the unusual 5′ splice border GC was used. Phylogenetic analyses using both distance matrix and parsimony programs suggested that the Arabidopsis genes could not be grouped with either MA or MB genes. Consequently, these two gene families arose only after Arabidopsis had diverged from the other Brassicaceae species. In situ hybridization experiments showed that TGG1 and TGG2 expressing cells are present in leaf, sepal, petal, and gynoecium. In developing seeds, a few cells reacting with the TGG1 probe, but not with the TGG2 probe, were found indicating a partly different expression of these genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037019
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    Two copies of a DNA element, ‘Wendy’, in the chloroplast chromosome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii between rearranged gene clusters (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 63-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: evolution ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; chloroplast ; site-specific recombination ; transcription ; transposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have characterized two copies of a 2.4 kb DNA element that we call ‘Wendy’, in the chloroplast chromosome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The two copies of Wendy reside in different single-copy regions at opposite positions in the chloroplast genome. Like many mobile DNA elements, both copies of Wendy are bordered by inverted repeats and contain several additional degenerate copies of these repeat sequences in direct or inverted orientation. In addition, four basepairs are repeated in direct orientation. Two major open reading frames (ORFs) are predicted from the DNA sequence of Wendy I. These ORFs are co-transcribed from a promoter inside the element. The deduced amino acid sequence of the larger of these ORFs shares some weak similarities with sequence motifs of transposases and integrases of other mobile elements. Wendy II appears to be altered relative to Wendy I by point mutations and small deletions and insertions which destroy the ORFs. The leader sequence of the Wendy transcript is nearly identical with the leader sequence of the rbcL transcript of C. reinhardtii, but not of C. moewusii (where the complete Wendy was also undetectable). Furthermore, both copies of Wendy are bracketed by gene clusters that are separated in C. reinhardtii but are contiguous in C. moewusii where they exist in an inverted orientation compared with C. reinhardtii. Wendy was not found in any of the completely sequenced chloroplast genomes of rice, tobacco, pine, Euglena or Marchantia, nor in any other GenBank entry. Our results suggest that Wendy has invaded C. reinhardtii after divergence from other species. Subsequent Wendy-dependent illegitimate homologous or site-specific recombination events or both may have contributed to scrambling of the C. reinhardtii chloroplast genome relative to genomes of other species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019119
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    Elongation factor 1α genes of the red alga Porphyra purpurea include a novel, developmentally specialized variant (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: developmental regulation ; elongation factor ; evolution ; gene expression ; rhodophyte, sporophyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The life cycle of the red alga Porphyra purpurea alternates between two morphologically distinct phases: a shell-boring, filamentous sporophyte and a free-living, foliose gametophyte. From a subtracted cDNA library enriched for sporophyte-specific sequences, we isolated a cDNA encoding an unusual elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) that is expressed only in the sporophyte. A second EF-1α gene that is expressed equally in the sporophyte and the gametophyte was isolated from a genomic library. These are the only EF-1α genes detectable in P. purpurea. The constitutively expressed gene encodes and EF-1α very similar to those of most eukaryotes. However, the sporophyte-specific EF-1α is one of the most divergent yet described, with nine insertions or deletions ranging in size from 1 to 26 amino acids. This is the first report of a developmental stage-specific EF-1α outside of the animal kingdom and suggests a fundamental role for EF-1α in the developmental process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020608
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    Chalcone synthase in rice (Oryza sativa L.): Detection of the CHS protein in seedlings and molecular mapping of the chs locus (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 735-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chalcone synthase cDNA (chs cDNA) ; RFLP ; anthocyanins ; flavonoids ; synteny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chalcone synthase is a key enzyme that catalyses the first dedicated reaction of the flavonoid pathway in higher plants. The chs gene and its protein product in rice has been investigated. The presence of a chalcone synthase (CHS) protein in rice seedlings and its developmental stage-specific expression has been demonstrated by western analysis. The chalcone synthase of rice was found to be immunologically similar to that of maize. A rice cDNA clone, Os-chs cDNA, encoding chalcone synthase, isolated from a leaf cDNA library of an indica rice variety Purpleputtu has been mapped to the centromeric region of chromosome 11 of rice. It was mapped between RFLP markers RG2 and RG103. RG2 is the nearest RFLP marker located at a genetic distance of 3.3 cM. Some segments of chromosome 11 of rice including chs locus are conserved on chromosome 4 of maize. The markers, including chs locus on chromosome 11 of rice are located, though not in the same order, on chromosome 4 of maize. Genetic analysis of purple pigmentation in two rice lines, Abhaya and Shyamala, used in the present mapping studies, indicated the involvement of three genes, one of which has been identified as a dominant inhibitor of leaf pigmentation. The Os-chs cDNA shows extensive sequence homology, both for DNA and protein (deduced), to that of maize, barley and also to different monocots and dicots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020214
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    Regulation, unique gene organization, and unusual primary structure of carbon fixation genes from a marine phycoerythrin-containing cyanobacterium (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 1103-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: carboxysomes ; evolution ; ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; Synechococcus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Marine phycoerythrin-containing cyanobacteria are major contributors to the overall productivity of the oceans. The present study indicates that the structural genes of the carbon assimilatory system are unusually arranged and possess a unique primary structure compared to previously studied cyanobacteria. Southern blot analyses of Synechococcus sp. strain WH7803 chromosomal DNA digests, using the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) large subunit gene from Synechococcus sp. strain PCC6301 as a heterologous probe, revealed the presence of a 6.4 kb HindIII fragment that was detectable at only low stringency. Three complete open reading frames (ORFs) were detected within this fragment. Two of these ORFs potentially encode the Synechococcus sp. strain WH7803 rbcL and rbcS genes. The third ORF, situated immediately upstream from rbcL, potentially encodes a homologue of the ccmK gene from Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942. The deduced amino acid sequences of each of these ORFs are more similar to homologues among the β/γ purple bacteria than to existing cyanobacterial homologues and phylogenetic analysis of the Rubisco large and small subunit sequences confirmed an unexpected relationship to sequences from among the β/γ purple bacteria. This is the first instance in which the possibility has been considered that an operon encoding three genes involved in carbon fixation may have been laterally transferred from a purple bacterium. Analysis of mRNA extracted from cells grown under diel conditions indicated that rbcL, rbcS and ccmK were regulated at the transcriptional level; specifically rubisco transcripts were highest during the midday period, decreased at later times during the light period and eventually reached a level where they were all but undetectable during the dark period. Primer extension analysis indicated that the ccmK, rbcL and rbcS genes were co-transcribed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041394
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    Molecular characterization of a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the gymnosperm Picea abies (Norway spruce) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 923-936 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: PEPC ; C3 metabolism ; gene expression ; evolution ; gymnosperm ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) genes and cDNA sequences have so far been isolated from a broad range of angiosperm but not from gymnosperm species. We constructed a cDNA library from seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and identified cDNAs coding for PEPC. A full-length PEPC cDNA was sequenced. It consists of 3522 nucleotides and has an open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a polypeptide (963 amino acids) with a molecular mass of 109 551. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed a higher similarity to the C3-form PEPC of angiosperm species (86–88%) than to the CAM and C4 forms (76–84%). The putative motif (Lys/Arg-X-X-Ser) for serine kinase, which is conserved in all angiosperm PEPCs analysed so far, is also present in this gymnosperm sequence. Southern blot analysis of spruce genomic DNA under low-stringency conditions using the PEPC cDNA as a hybridization probe showed a complex hybridization pattern, indicating the presence of additional PEPC-related sequences in the genome of the spruce. In contrast, the probe hybridized to only a few bands under high-stringency conditions. Whereas this PEPC gene is highly expressed in roots of seedlings, a low-level expression can be detected in cotyledons and adult needles. A molecular phyiogeny of plant PEPC including the spruce PEPC sequence revealed that the spruce PEPC sequence is clustered with monocot and dicot C3-form PEPCs including the only dicot C4 form characterized so far.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020489
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    Assessment of the type and degree of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in diploid species of the genus Triticum (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1063-1067 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: T. monococcum ssp. monococcum ; T. monococcum ssp. boeoticum ; T. urartu ; RFLP ; Diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The A genome of the Triticeae is carried by three diploid species and subspecies of the genus Triticum: T. monococcum ssp. monococcum, T. monococcum ssp. boeoticum, and T. urartu, the A-genome donor of bread wheat. These species carry many genes of agronomic interest, including disease resistances, and may also be used for the genetic mapping of the A genome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability present in a sample of 25 accessions representative of this group using RFLP markers. Twenty probes, consisting of genomic DNA or cDNA from wheat, were used in combination with four restriction enzymes. A high level of polymorphism was found, especially at the interspecific level. Selecting the most informative enzymes appeared to be of great importance in order to obtain a stable structure for the diversity observed with only 20 probes. The results are largely consistent with taxonomy and data relating to geographical origins. The probes were also tested on 14 wheat cutivars. A good correlation coefficient was found for their informative values on wheat cultivars and diploid lines. Whether the group of species studied here would be useful for genetic mapping remains to be determined. Nevertheless, RFLP markers will be useful to follow genes that can possibly be introgressed from these species into cultivated wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222922
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    Detection of the apomictic mode of reproduction in maize-Tripsacum hybrids using maize RFLP markers (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1198-1203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Diplospory ; RFLP ; Bulk-segregant analysis ; Genome similarity ; Intergeneric hybrids ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polyploid plants in the genus Tripsacum, a wild relative of maize, reproduce through gametophytic apomixis of the diplosporous type, an asexual mode of reproduction through seed. Moving gene(s) responsible for the apomictic trait into crop plants would open new areas in plant breeding and agriculture. Efforts to transfer apomixis from Tripsacum into maize at CIMMYT resulted in numerou intergeneric F1 hybrids obtained from various Tripsacum species. A bulk-segregant analysis was carried out to identify molecular markers linked to diplospory in T. dactyloides. This was possible because of numerous genome similarities among related species in the Andropogoneae. On the basis of maize RFLP probes, three restriction fragments co-segregating with diplospory were identified in one maize-Tripsacum dactyloides F1 population that segregated 1∶1 for the mode of reproduction. The markers were also found to be linked in the maize RFLP map, on the distal end of the long arm of chromosome 6. These results support a simple inheritance of diplospory in Tripsacum. Manipulation of the mode of reproduction in maize-Tripsacum backcross generations, and implications for the transfer of apomixis into maize, are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222943
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    Mapping quantitative trait loci for downy mildew resistance in pearl millet (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 448-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: QTLs ; RFLP ; Pearl millet ; Downy mildew resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to pathogen populations of Scelerospora graminicola from India, Nigeria, Niger and Senegal were mapped using a resistant x susceptible pearl millet cross. An RFLP map constructed using F2 plants was used to map QTLs for traits scored on F4 families. QTL analysis was carried out using the interval mapping programme Mapmaker/QTL. Independent inheritance of resistance to pathogen populations from India, Senegal, and populations from Niger and Nigeria was shown. These results demonstrate the existence of differing virulences in the pathogen populations from within Africa and between Africa and India. QTLs of large effect, contributing towards a large porportion of the variation in resistance, were consistently detected in repeated screens. QTLs of smaller and more variable effect were also detected. There was no QTLs that were effective against all four pathogen populations, demonstrating that pathotype-specific resistance is a major mechanism of downy mildew resistance in this cross. For all but one of the QTLs, resistance was inherited from the resistant parent and the inheritance of resistance tended to be the result of dominance or over-dominance. The implications of this research for pearl millet breeding are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222972
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    Identification of a RAPD marker for palmitic-acid concentration in the seed oil of spring turnip rape (Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera) (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 477-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica rapa ; RFLP ; RAPD ; QTL ; Palmitic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract F2 progeny (105 individuals) from the cross Jo4002 x Sv3402 were used to identify DNA markers associated with palmitic-acid content in spring turnip rape (Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera). QTL mapping and ANOVA analysis of 140 markers exposed one linkage group with a locus controlling palmitic-acid content (LOD score 27), and one RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) marker, OPB-11a, closely linked (1.4 cM) to this locus. Palmitic-acid content in the 62 F2 plants with the visible allele of marker OPB-11a was 8.45 ±3.15%, while that in the 24 plants without it was 4.59 ±0.97%. As oleic-acid concentration is affected by a locus on the same linkage group as the palmitic-acid locus, this locus probably controls the chain elongation from palmitic acid to oleic acid (through stearic acid). Marker OPB-11a may be used in future breeding programs of spring turnip rape to simplify and hasten the selection for palmitic-acid content.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222976
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    Cytoplasmic DNAs and nuclear rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in commercial witloof chicories (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 505-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chloroplast DNA ; Mitochondrial DNA ; rDNA ; RFLP ; Witloof chicory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of cytoplasmic DNAs and nuclear rDNA were analyzed in several Cichorium intybus genotypes, comprising four white inbred lines, eight red witloof experimental lines, and a number of F1 hybrids derived from two white parents. Chloroplast and mitochondrial restriction patterns led to the distinction between two different cytoplasms, called I and II. Southern hybridization using a nuclear rDNA probe revealed that all the lines possessed two types of rDNA repeat units. The shortest unit was 10 kb and was common to all lines. The largest rDNA repeat unit was 10.5 kb in lines I and 10.4 kb in lines II. In addition, a sequence heterogeneity between the 10.5 and 10.4-kb rDNA repeat units was revealed by Sac I digestion. A 10-kb rDNA unit was successively cloned, mapped, and used as a probe to check the genetic purity of F1 hybrid seeds between line I and II white parents. We found a 30% average percentage of impurities, originating both from selfing and full-sib crossing, in different open-pollinated hybrid samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222980
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    Genetic mapping of soybean cyst nematode race-3 resistance loci in the soybean PI 437.654 (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 574-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Heterodera glycines ; RFLP ; Genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is difficult to evaluate in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeding. PI 437.654 has resistance to more SCN race isolates than any other known soybean. We screened 298 F6∶7 recombinant-inbred lines from a cross between PI 437.654 and ‘BSR101’ for SCN race-3 resistance, genetically mapped 355 RFLP markers and the I locus, and tested these markers for association with resistance loci. The Rhg 4 resistance locus was within 1 cM of the I locus on linkage group A. Two additional QTLs associated with SCN resistance were located within 3cM of markers on groups G and M. These two loci were not independent because 91 of 96 lines that had a resistant-parent marker type on group G also had a resistant-parent marker type on group M. Rhg 4 and the QTL on G showed a significant interaction by together providing complete resistance to SCN race-3. Individually, the QTL on G had greater effect on resistance than did Rhg 4, but neither locus alone provided a degree of resistance much different from the susceptible parent. The nearest markers to the mapped QTLs on groups A and G had allele frequencies from the resistant parent indicating 52 resistant lines in this population, a number not significantly different from the 55 resistant lines found. Therefore, no QTLs from PI 437.654 other than those mapped here are expected to be required for resistance to SCN race-3. All 50 lines that had the PI 437.654 marker type at the nearest marker to each of the QTLs on groups A and G were resistant to SCN race-3. We believe markers near to these QTLs can be used effectively to select for SCN race-3 resistance, thereby improving the ability to breed SCN-resistant soybean varieties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223282
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    A barley RFLP map: alignment of three barley maps and comparisons to Gramineae species (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 681-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Barley ; Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum ; Gramineae ; Comparative mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several gene linkage maps have been produced for cultivated barley. We have produced a new linkage map for barley, based on a cross between Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum and Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare (Hvs x Hvv), having a higher level of polymorphism than most of the previous barley crosses used for RFLP mapping. Of 133 markers mapped in the Hvs x Hvv F2 population, 69 were previously mapped on other barley maps, and 26 were mapped in rice, maize, or wheat. Two known gene clones were mapped as well as two morphological markers. The distributions of previously mapped markers were compared with their respective barley maps to align the different maps into one consensus map. The distributions of common markers among barley, wheat, rice and maize were also compared, indicating colinear linkage groups among these species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223297
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    Linkage relationships among stress-induced genes in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 795-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Salt stress ; Water deficient ; Heat shock ; Mapping ; Triticeae ; RFLP ; Linkage map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Linkage relationships among genes responding to water-deficit, salt stress, and heat shock were investigated in diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum L. The position of these gene loci relative to closely linked markers and the centromeres is reported. It is proposed to continue to use the present T. monococcum mapping population and the genetic maps based thereon as a framework for future determination of relationships among other genes related to environmental stress in the tribe Triticeae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220962
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    Detection of a highly heterozygous locus in recombinant inbred lines of rice and its possible involvement in heterosis (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 978-986 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heterozygosity ; Oryza sativa ; Heterosis ; RFLP ; Recombinant inbred lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-seven recombinant inbred (RI) lines derived from a cross between two indica rices, cv ‘Phalguna’ and the Assam land race ARC 6650, were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using cloned probes defining 150 single-copy loci uniformly dispersed on the 12 chromosomes of rice. Of the probes tested, 47 detected polymorphism between the parents. Heterozygosity was calculated for each line and for each of the polymorphic loci. Average heterozygosity per line was 9.6% but was excessive (〉20%) in the 5 lines that seemed to have undergone outcrossing immediately prior to harvest. Average heterozygosity detected by each probe across the 47 RI lines was 9.7%. The majority of probes revealed the low level of heterozygosity (〈8%) expected for F5-F6 lines in a species showing about 5% outbreeding. On the other hand, 7 probes exhibited heterozygosity in excess of 15%, while with a eighth probe (RG2 from chromosome 11) heterozygosity varied according to the restriction enzyme employed, ranging from 2% with SaII to 72% with EcoRV. The presence of 34 recombination sites in a segment of the genome as short as 24 kb indicates a strong selection for recombination between two neighbouring loci, one required as homozygous for the ‘Phalguna’ allele, and the other heterozygous. Since selection was principally for yield advantage over that of the high-yielding parent, ‘Phalguna’, one or both of these loci may be important for heterosis in this cross. The results also indicate that heterozygosity as measured by RFLP can depend on the particular restriction endonuclease employed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223909
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    Mapping quantitative trait loci for seedling vigor in rice using RFLPs (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 395-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Quantitative trait locus (QTL) ; RFLP ; Seedling vigor ; Shoot growth ; Oryza sauva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Improving seedling vigor is an important objective of modern rice (Oryza saliva L.) breeding programs. The purpose of this study was to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seedling vigor-related traits using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). An F2 population of 204 plants was developed from a cross between a low-vigor japonica cultivar ‘Labelle’ (LBL) and a high-vigor indica cultivar ‘Black Gora’ (BG). A linkage map was constructed of 117 markers spanning 1496 Haldane cM and encompassing the 12 rice chromosomes with an average marker spacing of 14 cM. The length of the shoots, roots, coleoptile and mesocotyl were measured on F3 families in slantboard tests conducted at two temperatures (18° and 25°C). By means of interval analysis, 13 QTLs, each accounting for 7% to 38% of the phenotypic variance, were identified and mapped in the two temperature regimes at a log-likelihood (LOD) threshold of 2.5. Four QTLs controlled shoot length, 2 each controlled root and coleoptile lengths and 5 influenced mesocotyl length. Single-point analysis confirmed the presence of these QTLs and detected additional loci for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths, these latter usually accounting for less than 5% of the phenotypic variation. Only 3 QTLs detected both by interval and singlepoint analyses were expressed under both temperature regimes. Additive, dominant and overdominant modes of gene action were observed. Contrary to what was predicted from parental phenotype, the low-vigor LBL contributed 46% of the positive alleles for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths. Positive alleles from the high-vigor parent BG were identified for increased root, coleoptile and mesocotyl lengths. However, BG contributed alleles with only minor effects for shoot length, the most important determinant of seedling vigor in water-seeded rice, suggesting that it would not be an ideal donor parent for introducing faster shoot growth alleles into temperate japonica cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223685
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    Identification of molecular markers linked to the Agropyron elongatum-derived leaf rust resistance gene Lr24 in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 982-990 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leaf rust ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Wheat ; Agropyron elongatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers linked to the wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr24 derived from Agropyron elongatum (3DL/3Ag translocation). Two near isogenic lines (NILs), ‘Arina’ and Lr24/7 * “Arina”, were screened for polymorphism at the DNA level with 115 RFLP probes. Twenty-one of these probes map to the homoeologous group 3. In addition, 360 RAPD primers were tested on the NILs. Six RFLP probes showed polymorphism between the NILs, and 11 RAPD primers detected one additional band in the resistant NIL. The genetic linkage of the polymorphic markers with Lr24 was tested on a segregating F2 population (150 plants) derived from a cross between the leaf rust resistant Lr24/7 * “Arina” and the susceptible spelt (Triticum spelta) variety ‘Oberkulmer’. All 6 RFLP markers were completely linked to Lr24: one was inherited as a codominant marker (PSR1205), one was in coupling phase (PSR1203) and 4 were in repulsion phase (PSR388, PSR904, PSR931, PSR1067) with Lr24. The localization of these probes on chromosome 3D was confirmed by nulli-tetrasomic analysis. Distorted genotypic segregation was found for the Codominant RFLP marker PSR1205. This distortion can be explained by the occurrence of hemizygous plants. One of the 11 RAPD markers (OPJ-09) also showed complete linkage to theLr24 resistance gene. The polymorphic RAPD fragment was cloned and sequenced. Specific primers were synthesized, and they produced an amplification product only in the resistant plants. This specific marker allows a reliable and rapid screening of a large number of genotypes in practical breeding. Analysis of 6 additional lines containing Lr24 revealed that 3 lines have a smaller chromosomal segment of A. elongatum than lines derived from ‘Agent’, a commonly used gene donor for the Lr24 resistance gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222911
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  • 91
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    The genetic and molecular characterization of pollen-derived plant lines from octoploid triticale x wheat hybrids (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 811-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Doubled haploids ; Octoploid triticale ; Wheat ; Wheat/rye translocations ; Wheat/rye addition ; Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) ; SDS-PAGE ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six doubled-haploid (DH) lines, derived by anther culture from octoploid triticale x wheat hybrids, were characterized using cytological, biochemical and molecular techniques. Lines varied in their wheat and rye genome composition, and were either wheat-rye chromosome multiple addition lines or had spontaneous substitutions and/or wheat-rye translocations. Most of the lines contained a pair of 4R chromosomes, whereas 1R or 7R were present in others. The results are similar to those previously obtained with hexaploid triticale x wheat crosses and indicate that it is possible to produce alien (wheat/rye) addition, substitution, and translocation lines directly from the anther culture of intergeneric hybrids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221892
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  • 92
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    The genetic and molecular characterization of pollen-derived plant lines from octoploid triticale × wheat hybrids (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 811-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Doubled haploids ; Octoploid triticale ; Wheat ; Wheat/rye translocations ; Wheat/rye addition ; Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) ; SDS-PAGE ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Six doubled-haploid (DH) lines, derived by anther culture from octoploid triticale × wheat hybrids, were characterized using cytological, biochemical and molecular techniques. Lines varied in their wheat and rye genome composition, and were either wheat-rye chromosome multiple-addition lines or had spontaneous substitutions and/or wheat-rye translocations. Most of the lines contained a pair of 4R chromosomes, whereas 1R or 7R were present in others. The results are similar to those previously obtained with hexaploid triticale × wheat crosses and indicate that it is possible to produce alien (wheat/rye) addition, substitution, and translocation lines directly from the anther culture of intergeneric hybrids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050197
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  • 93
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    Linkage between RFLP markers and genes affecting kernel hardness in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 580-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Kernel hardness ; Wheat ; RFLP ; QTL ; Puroindoline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A molecular-marker linkage map of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) provides a powerful tool for identifying genomic regions influencing breadmaking quality. A variance analysis for kernel hardness was conducted using 114 recombinant inbred lines (F7) from a cross between a synthetic and a cultivated wheat. The major gene involved in kernel hardness, ha (hard), known to be on chromosome arm 5DS, was found to be closely linked with the locus Xmta9 corresponding to the gene of puroindoline-a. This locus explained around 63% of the phenotypic variability but there was no evidence that puroindoline-a is the product of Ha (soft). Four additional regions located on chromosomes 2A, 2D, 5B, and 6D were shown to have single-factor effects on hardness, while three others situated on chromosomes 5A, 6D and 7A had interaction effects. Positive alleles were contributed by both parents. A three-marker model explains about 75% of the variation for this trait.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417951
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  • 94
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    Genetic localization of four genes for nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) resistance in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 991-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Sugar beet ; Beta vulgaris ; Nematode resistance ; RFLP ; Genetic maps ; Bulk segregant analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is highly susceptible to the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.). Three resistance genes originating from the wild beets B. procumbens and B. webbiana have been transferred to sugar beet via species hybridization. We describe the genetic localization of the nematode resistance genes in four different sugar beet lines using segregating populations and RFLP markers from our current sugar beet linkage map. The mapping studies yielded a surprising result. Although the four parental lines carrying the wild beet translocations were not related to each other, the four genes mapped to the same locus in sugar beet independent of the original translocation event. Close linkage (0–4.6 cM) was found with marker loci at one end of linkage group IV. In two populations, RFLP loci showed segregation distortion due to gametic selection. For the first time, the non-randomness of the translocation process promoting gene transfer from the wild beet to the sugar beet is demonstrated. The data suggest that the resistance genes were incorporated into the sugar beet chromosomes by non-allelic homologous recombination. The finding that the different resistance genes are allelic will have major implications on future attempts to breed sugar beet combining the different resistance genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050220
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  • 95
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    Comparative genetic mapping between duplicated segments on maize chromosomes 3 and 8 and homoeologous regions in sorghum and sugarcane (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 1024-1030 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Maize ; Sorghum ; Sugarcane ; RFLP ; Synteny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Comparative mapping within maize, sorghum and sugarcane has previously revealed the existence of syntenic regions between the crops. In the present study, mapping on the sorghum genome of a set of probes previously located on the maize and sugarcane maps allow a detailed analysis of the relationship between maize chromosomes 3 and 8 and sorghum and sugarcane homoeologous regions. Of 49 loci revealed by 46 (4 sugarcane and 42 maize) polymorphic probes in sorghum, 42 were linked and were assigned to linkage groups G (28), E (10) and I (4). On the basis of common probes, a complete co-linearity is observed between sorghum linkage group G and the two sugarcane linkage groups II and III. The comparison between the consensus sorghum/sugarcane map (G/II/III) and the maps of maize chromosomes 3 and 8 reveals a series of linkage blocks within which gene orders are conserved. These blocks are interspersed with non-homoeologous regions corresponding to the central part of the two maize chromosomes and have been reshuffled, resulting in several inversions in maize compared to sorghum and sugarcane. The results emphasize the fact that duplication will considerably complicate precise comparative mapping at the whole genome scale between maize and other Poaceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050225
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  • 96
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    RFLP mapping of QTLs for yield and related characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 920-927 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Oryza sativa L. ; RFLP ; Yield traits ; QTLs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Quantitative triat loci (QTLs) for yield and related traits in rice were mapped based on RFLP maps from two indica/indica populations, Tesanai 2/CB and Waiyin 2/CB. In Tesanai 2/CB, 14 intervals carrying QTLs for eight traits were detected, including 3 for grain weight per plant (GWT), 2 for number of panicles per plant (NP), 2 for number of grains per panicle (NG), 1 for total number of spikelets per panicle (TNS), 1 for spikelet fertility (SF), 3 for 1000-grain weight (TGWT), 1 for spikelet density (SD), and 1 for number of first branches per main panicle. The 3 QTLs for GWT were located on chromosomes 1, 2, and 4, with 1 in each chromosome. The additive effect of the single locus ranged from 2.0 g to 9.1 g. A major gene (np4) for NP was detected on chromosome 4 within the interval of RG143-RG214, about 4 cM for RG143, and this locus explained 26.1% of the observed phenotypic variance for NP. The paternal allele of this locus was responsible for reduced panicles per plant (3 panicles per plant). In another population, Waiyin 2/CB, 12 intervals containing QTLs for six of the above-mentioned traits were detected, including 3 for GWT, 2 for each of NP, TNS, TGWT and SD, 1 for SF. Three QTLs for GWT were located on chromosome 1, 4, and 5, respectively. The additive effect of the single locus for GWT ranged from 6.7 g to 8.8 g, while the dominance effect was 1.7–11.5 g. QTL mapping in two populations with a common male parent is compared and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050212
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Linkage between RFLP markers and genes affecting kernel hardness in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 580-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Kernel hardness ; Wheat ; RFLP ; QTL ; Puroindoline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A molecular-marker linkage map of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) provides a powerful tool for identifying genomic regions influencing breadmaking quality. A variance analysis for kernel hardness was conducted using 114 recombinant inbred lines (F7) from a cross between a synthetic and a cultivated wheat. The major gene involved in kernel hardness, ha (hard), known to be on chromosome arm 5DS, was found to be closely linked with the locus Xmta9 corresponding to the gene of puroindoline-a. This locus explained around 63% of the phenotypic variability but there was no evidence that puroindoline-a is the product of Ha (soft). Four additional regions located on chromosomes 2A, 2D, 5B, and 6D were shown to have single-factor effects on hardness, while three others situated on chromosomes 5A, 6D and 7A had interaction effects. Positive alleles were contributed by both parents. A three-marker model explains about 75% of the variation for this trait.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050318
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  • 98
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    Comparative QTL mapping of resistance to Ustilago maydis across four populations of European flint-maize (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1321-1330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Maize ; Ustilago maydis ; QTL mapping ; RFLP ; Resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We mapped and characterized quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to Ustilago maydis and investigated their consistency across different flint-maize populations. Four independent populations, comprising 280 F3 lines (A×BI), 120 F5 lines (A×BII), 131 F4 lines (A×C) and 133 F4 lines (C×D), were produced from four European elite flint inbreds (A, B, C, D) and genotyped at 89, 151, 104, and 122 RFLP marker loci, respectively. All Fn lines were evaluated in field trials with two replications in five German environments. Genotypic variances were highly significant for the percentage of U. maydis infected plants (UST) in all populations, and heritabilities exceeded 0.69. Between five and ten QTLs were detected in individual populations by composite interval mapping, explaining between 39% and 58% of the phenotypic variance. These 19 different QTLs were distributed over all ten chromosomes without any clustering on certain chromosomes. In most cases, gene action was dominant or overdominant. Fourteen pairs of the detected QTLs for UST displayed significant digenic epistatic interactions, but only two of them did so after arcsin √UST/100 transformation. Significant QTL× environment interactions occurred frequently. Between two to four QTLs were common between pairs of populations. Population C×D was also grown in Chartres, a location with a high U. maydis incidence. Two out of six QTLs identified for Chartres were in common with QTLs detected across five German environments for C×D. Consequently, marker-assisted or phenotypic selection based on results from natural infection seem to be suitable breeding strategies for improving the resistance of maize to U. maydis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051025
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  • 99
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    Inter- and intra-genomic homology of the Brassica genomes: implications for their origin and evolution (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1225-1233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica rapa ; B. oleracea ; B. nigra ; Genome homology ; RFLP ; Linkage maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to determine the homologous regions shared by the cultivated Brassica genomes, linkage maps of the diploid cultivated B. rapa (A genome, n = 10), B. nigra (B genome, n = 8) and B. oleracea (C genome, n = 9), were compared. We found intergenomic conserved regions but with extensitve reordering among the genomes. Eighteen linkage groups from all three species could be associated on the basis of homologous segments based on at least three common markers. Intragenomic homologous conservation was also observed for some of the chromosomes of the A, B and C genomes. A possible chromosome phylogenetic pathway based on an ancestral genome of at least five, and no more than seven chromosomes, was drawn from the chromosomal inter-relationships observed. These results demonstrate that extensive duplication and rearrangement have been involved in the formation of the Brassica genomes from a smaller ancestral genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223454
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  • 100
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    Ribosomal DNA variation in foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv., and a survey of variation from Europe and Asia (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 751-756 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Foxtail millet ; rDNA ; RFLP ; Restriction mapping ; Geographical distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and the structure of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were investigated in 117 landraces of foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. Five RFLP phenotypes were found when the genomic DNA was digested with BamHI; these were named types I–V. Of these types I, II and III were the most frequent. Type I was mainly distributed in the temperature zone, type II in the Taiwan-Philippines Islands and type III in South Asia. Restriction mapping of the cloned rDNA and comparison with RFLP phenotypes showed that the different types originated from a polymorphism in the length within the intergenic spacer (IGS) and BamHI site changes within the IGS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050621
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