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  • Other Sources  (98)
  • Springer  (97)
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  • 1
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    Weak ENSO asymmetry due to weak nonlinear air–sea interaction in CMIP5 climate models (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 33 (3). pp. 352-364.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: State-of-the-art climate models have long-standing intrinsic biases that limit their simulation and projection capabilities. Significantly weak ENSO asymmetry and weakly nonlinear air–sea interaction over the tropical Pacific was found in CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5) climate models compared with observation. The results suggest that a weak nonlinear air–sea interaction may play a role in the weak ENSO asymmetry. Moreover, a weak nonlinearity in air–sea interaction in the models may be associated with the biases in the mean climate—the cold biases in the equatorial central Pacific. The excessive cold tongue bias pushes the deep convection far west to the western Pacific warm pool region and suppresses its development in the central equatorial Pacific. The deep convection has difficulties in further moving to the eastern equatorial Pacific, especially during extreme El Ni˜no events, which confines the westerly wind anomaly to the western Pacific. This weakens the eastern Pacific El Ni˜no events, especially the extreme El Ni˜no events, and thus leads to the weakened ENSO asymmetry in climate models. An accurate mean state structure (especially a realistic cold tongue and deep convection) is critical to reproducing ENSO events in climate models. Our evaluation also revealed that ENSO statistics in CMIP5 climate models are slightly improved compared with those of CMIP3. The weak ENSO asymmetry in CMIP5 is closer to the observation. It is more evident in CMIP5 that strong ENSO activities are usually accompanied by strong ENSO asymmetry, and the diversity of ENSO amplitude is reduced.
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  • 2
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    Spatial and seasonal reef calcification in corals and calcareous crusts in the central Red Sea (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Coral Reefs, 35 (2). pp. 681-693.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The existence of coral reef ecosystems critically relies on the reef carbonate framework produced by scleractinian corals and calcareous crusts (i.e., crustose coralline algae). While the Red Sea harbors one of the longest connected reef systems in the world, detailed calcification data are only available from the northernmost part. To fill this knowledge gap, we measured in situ calcification rates of primary and secondary reef builders in the central Red Sea. We collected data on the major habitat-forming coral genera Porites, Acropora, and Pocillopora and also on calcareous crusts (CC) in a spatio-seasonal framework. The scope of the study comprised sheltered and exposed sites of three reefs along a cross-shelf gradient and over four seasons of the year. Calcification of all coral genera was consistent across the shelf and highest in spring. In addition, Pocillopora showed increased calcification at exposed reef sites. In contrast, CC calcification increased from nearshore, sheltered to offshore, exposed reef sites, but also varied over seasons. Comparing our data to other reef locations, calcification in the Red Sea was in the range of data collected from reefs in the Caribbean and Indo-Pacific; however, Acropora calcification estimates were at the lower end of worldwide rates. Our study shows that the increasing coral cover from nearshore to offshore environments aligned with CC calcification but not coral calcification, highlighting the potentially important role of CC in structuring reef cover and habitats. While coral calcification maxima have been typically observed during summer in many reef locations worldwide, calcification maxima during spring in the central Red Sea indicate that summer temperatures exceed the optima of reef calcifiers in this region. This study provides a foundation for comparative efforts and sets a baseline to quantify impact of future environmental change in the central Red Sea.
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  • 3
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    Chemical Flux Associated with Spatially and Temporally Variable Submarine Groundwater Discharge, and Chemical Modification in the Subterranean Estuary at Gloucester Point, VA (USA) (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Estuaries and Coasts, 39 (1). pp. 1-12.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Submarine groundwater discharge represents a major but poorly constrained component of coastal marine chemical budgets. In the current study, the geochemical behavior of 224Ra, inorganic nitrogen species, and Fe in shallow coastal groundwater was characterized to improve estimates of chemical flux via submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) at a site in the York River estuary, VA (USA). Directly measured SGD rates varied between 3.9 ± 1.2 cm day−1 offshore, and 8.9 ± 2.6 cm day−1 close to shore. A clear inverse relationship was observed between SGD and tidal height, reflecting the hydraulic gradient between groundwater and surface water. Discharge rates varied spatially in conjunction with the subterranean estuary location, and there was a strong inverse correlation between seepage rates and seepage salinity. Dissolved 224Ra activity in the mixing zone reached levels up to 6 dpm L−1 and co-varied with salinity in the groundwater but not in the surface water or seepage water. Instead, a consistent sigmoidal trend of Ra with pH was observed, which matched previous laboratory experiment results. Dissolved NH4 + reached concentrations up to 120 μM in the groundwater and appeared to mix conservatively with respect to salinity in the subterranean estuary. In contrast, NOx (NO2 − + NO3 −) was low in both fresh groundwater and surface water and showed non-conservative enrichment (up to 23 μM) within the subterranean estuary. Dissolved Fe also showed non-conservative excess in the subterranean estuary, reaching concentrations up to 50 μM. SGD-derived chemical fluxes were estimated using several different commonly used approaches: average groundwater concentrations, pore water constituent-salinity trends coupled with directly collected seepage salinity, constituent concentrations in directly collected seepage, and concentrations in shallowest groundwater samples. Different flux estimates were compared with a “variable endmember” approach based on the observed geochemical distribution and inferred behavior.
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  • 4
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    Dynamics of exrtrusive dome growth and variations in chemical and mineralogical composition of Young Shiveluch andesites in 2001–2013 (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Journal of Volcanology and Seismology, 10 (6). pp. 360-381.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: This paper discribes characteristic features of the extrusive dome growth of the Young Shiveluch Volcano in 2001–2013 and analyzes variations in the chemical and mineralogic composition of magmas erupted during this period. It is shown that, compared with the earlier phases in the dome growth during 1980–1981 and 1993–1995, the andesites that were erupted in the 2000s are less homogeneous in bulk composition, crystal contents and contain phenocrysts, which differ in composition and the conditions of crystallization. These compositional feature of rocks are interpreted as resulting from convection in a shallow magma chamber, with the convection being caused by the arrival of a fresh portion of deep magma.
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  • 5
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    Development of Mining Technology and Equipment for Seafloor Massive Sulfide Deposits (2016)
    Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society | Springer
    In:  Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 29 (5). pp. 863-870.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-27
    Description: Seafloor massive sulfide(SMS) deposits which consist of Au, Ag, Cu, and other metal elements, have been a target of commercial mining in recent decades. The demand for established and reliable commercial mining system for SMS deposits is increasing within the marine mining industry. The current status and progress of mining technology and equipment for SMS deposits are introduced. First, the mining technology and other recent developments of SMS deposits are comprehensively explained and analyzed. The seafloor production tools manufactured by Nautilus Minerals and similar mining tools from Japan for SMS deposits are compared and discussed in turn. Second, SMS deposit mining technology research being conducted in China is described, and a new SMS deposits mining tool is designed according to the environmental requirement. Finally, some new trends of mining technology of SMS deposits are summarized and analyzed. All of these conclusions and results have reference value and guiding significance for the research of SMS deposit mining in China.
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  • 6
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    Simulation by CMIP5 models of the atlantic multidecadal oscillation and its climate impacts (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 33 (12). pp. 1329-1342.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-23
    Description: This study focuses on the climatic impacts of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) as a mode of internal variability. Given the difficulties involved in excluding the effects of external forcing from internal variation, i.e., owing to the short record length of instrumental observations and historical simulations, we assess and compare the AMO and its related climatic impacts both in observations and in the “Pre-industrial” experiments of models participating in CMIP5. First, we evaluate the skill of the 25 CMIP5 models’ “Historical” simulations in simulating the observational AMO, and find there is generally a considerable range of skill among them in this regard. Six of the models with higher skill relative to the other models are selected to investigate the AMO-related climate impacts, and it is found that their “Pre-industrial” simulations capture the essential features of the AMO. A positive AMO favors warmer surface temperature around the North Atlantic, and the Atlantic ITCZ shifts northward leading to more rainfall in the Sahel and less rainfall in Brazil. Furthermore, the results confirm the existence of a teleconnection between the AMO and East Asian surface temperature, as well as the late withdrawal of the Indian summer monsoon, during positive AMO phases. These connections could be mainly caused by internal climate variability. Opposite patterns are true for the negative phase of the AMO.
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  • 7
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    The Changing Face of Reef Building (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Coral Reefs at the Crossroads. , ed. by Hubbard, D. K., Rogers, C. S., Lipps, J. H. and Stanley, G. D. Coral Reefs of the World, 6 . Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 127-153. ISBN 978-94-017-7567-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-22
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    Meere: Herausforderung Ozean (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Handbuch Umweltethik. , ed. by Ott, K., Dierks, J. and Voget-Kleschin, L. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 273-280. ISBN 978-3-476-05193-6
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-17
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  • 9
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    Conserved effects of salinity acclimation on thermal tolerance and hsp70 expression in divergent populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Journal of Comparative Physiology B - Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology, 186 (7). pp. 879-889.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: In natural environments, organisms must cope with complex combinations of abiotic stressors. Here, we use threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to examine how changes in salinity affect tolerance of high temperatures. Threespine stickleback inhabit a range of environments that vary in both salinity and thermal stability making this species an excellent system for investigating interacting stressors. We examined the effects of environmental salinity on maximum thermal tolerance (CTMax) and 70 kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) gene expression using divergent stickleback ecotypes from marine and freshwater habitats. In both ecotypes, the CTMax of fish acclimated to 20 ppt was significantly higher compared to fish acclimated to 2 ppt. The effect of salinity acclimation on the expression of hsp70-1 and hsp70-2 was similar in both the marine and freshwater stickleback ecotype. There were differences in the expression profiles of hsp70-1 and hsp70-2 during heat shock, with hsp70-2 being induced earlier and to a higher level compared to hsp70-1. These data suggest that the two hsp70 isoforms may have functionally different roles in the heat shock response. Lastly, acute salinity challenge coupled with heat shock revealed that the osmoregulatory demands experienced during the heat shock response have a larger effect on the hsp70 expression profile than does the acclimation salinity.
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  • 10
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    Marine gas hydrates (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 433-437. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-22
    Description: Gas hydrates are non-stoichiometric solid compounds in which low-molecular-weight gases are trapped (guests) within water cavities (hosts). The presence of gas hydrates is controlled by temperature, pressure, and the availability of appropriate gases and water.
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  • 11
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    Food-limited growth of larval Atlantic herring Clupea harengus recurrently observed in a coastal nursery area (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Helgoland Marine Research, 70 (1). Art. No. 17.
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Food-limited growth of larval fish, defined as growth rates lower than observed in other habitats or from laboratory experiments at a given temperature, is rarely reported in field studies. This would imply that either larval fishes are living in an environment characterized by plenty of food, that nutritional condition selective mortality (i.e., eliminating the weak) is very strong, or this impression is caused by misinterpretation of data concerning e.g., poor taxonomical resolution of potential prey items, i.e., total potential prey abundance is high, but positively selected food is actually scarce. We analyzed RNA:DNA derived growth rates of herring larvae (Clupea harengus L.) and taxonomically differentiated prey field data of six consecutive spring seasons from the Kiel Canal, an artificial waterway in northern Germany, in order to test if food-limited growth in larval fish can occur recurrently in coastal habitats. In all years analyzed, larval growth rates decreased simultaneously with prey abundance at the end of each larval season. Furthermore, larval growth rates were observed to be lower than mean growth rates observed in another herring larvae nursery area at temperatures above 15 °C. Asymptotic relationships between prey abundance and larval growth rates were observed, further supporting the hypothesis of food-limitation. As larval growth was best explained by the abundance of the numerically dominant calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis, the paramount importance of the dominant prey item is highlighted. We conclude that food limitation can be a severe and re-occurring issue for larval fish in coastal habitats, and that certain prey items play a crucial role in determining larval growth rates, and therefore potentially recruitment.
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  • 12
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    Image-Based Large-Scale Geo-localization in Mountainous Regions (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Large-Scale Visual Geo-Localization. , ed. by Zamir, A., Hakeem, A., Van Gool, L., Shah, M. and Szeliski, R. Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 3 . Springer , Cham, Switzerland, pp. 205-223. ISBN 978-3-319-25779-2
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-03
    Description: Given a picture taken somewhere in the world, automatic geo-localization of such an image is an extremely useful task especially for historical and forensic sciences, documentation purposes, organization of the world’s photographs and intelligence applications. While tremendous progress has been made over the last years in visual location recognition within a single city, localization in natural environments is much more difficult, since vegetation, illumination, seasonal changes make appearance-only approaches impractical. In this chapter, we target mountainous terrain and use digital elevation models to extract representations for fast visual database lookup. We propose an automated approach for very large-scale visual localization that can efficiently exploit visual information (contours) and geometric constraints (consistent orientation) at the same time. We validate the system at the scale of Switzerland (40000km2) using over 1000 landscape query images with ground truth GPS position.
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  • 13
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    Developing an Event-Tree Probabilistic Tsunami Inundation Model for NE Atlantic Coasts: Application to a Case Study (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Pure and Applied Geophysics, 173 (12). pp. 3775-3794.
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: This study constitutes a preliminary assessment of probabilistic tsunami inundation in the NE Atlantic region. We developed an event-tree approach to calculate the likelihood of tsunami flood occurrence and exceedance of a specific near-shore wave height for a given exposure time. Only tsunamis of tectonic origin are considered here, taking into account local, regional, and far-field sources. The approach used here consists of an event-tree method that gathers probability models for seismic sources, tsunami numerical modeling, and statistical methods. It also includes a treatment of aleatoric uncertainties related to source location and tidal stage. Epistemic uncertainties are not addressed in this study. The methodology is applied to the coastal test-site of Sines located in the NE Atlantic coast of Portugal. We derive probabilistic high-resolution maximum wave amplitudes and flood distributions for the study test-site considering 100- and 500-year exposure times. We find that the probability that maximum wave amplitude exceeds 1 m somewhere along the Sines coasts reaches about 60 % for an exposure time of 100 years and is up to 97 % for an exposure time of 500 years. The probability of inundation occurrence (flow depth 〉0 m) varies between 10 % and 57 %, and from 20 % up to 95 % for 100- and 500-year exposure times, respectively. No validation has been performed here with historical tsunamis. This paper illustrates a methodology through a case study, which is not an operational assessment.
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  • 14
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    Mineral composition of tephra layers in the Quaternary deposits of the Sea of Okhotsk:: Heavy minerals associations and their geochemistry (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Geochemistry International, 54 (2). pp. 167-196.
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    Publication Date: 2020-11-04
    Description: Heavy mineral associations from tephra layers in the Quaternary deposits of the Sea of Okhotsk and their chemical characteristics were studied by various techniques. It was shown that such investigations may have a bearing on the problems of tephrostratigraphic correlation. We assessed the possibility of application of the mineral composition of distal tephra for identification and, in particular, estimation of the relation of tephras to the explosive volcanism of back-arc and frontal zones of island arcs. The investigation of the compositions of minerals and use of mineral geothermometers and geobarometers (two-pyroxene, magnetite–ilmenite, and amphibole) provided evidence on the physicochemical parameters of melt crystallization during the explosive volcanic eruptions that produced the distal tephra layers. It was established that the pyroclastic material of some tephra layers was supplied during explosive eruptions not only from shallow magma chambers but also from deeper and higher temperature reservoirs. Together with the geochemical signatures of volcanic glasses, the obtained results on mineral associations and the geochemistry of mineral inclusions are applicable for the comparative analysis and correlation of tephras from marine and continental sequences, as well as for the identification of explosive volcanic products in adjacent land areas.
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  • 15
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    Thermal small-steps staircase and layer migration in the Atlantis II Deep, Red Sea (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9 (392).
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Atlantis II Deep, a submarine basin of the Red Sea, is noteworthy because of its hydrothermally active brine pools. High-resolution temperature records from Poseidon Cruise during February 2011 revealed small steps thermal staircase in the lower transition zone from ≈2002 to 2008/2009 m depth at stations. Four vertically well-mixed convective layers, lower convective layer (LCL) and upper convective layers (UCL1–3), separated by high-temperature gradients at the interfaces were observed. The temperature of the layers UCL1–3 has dropped between 2008 and 2011. The top of UCL3 extends to about 2008/2009 m at stations and its average thickness has increased from 3.3 ± 0.5 m in 1992 to 7 m in 2011, whereas the thickness of layers UCL1–2 has decreased from 25.2 ± 0.3 m to 19.8 m and from 16.4 ± 0.5 m to 14.7 m, respectively, during this time. The upward buoyancy flux is 0.032 to 0.038 × 10−7 m2 s−3 which gives migration speed of UCL3 layer from 0.1 to 0.12 m year−1. With this speed, the thermal staircase ≈6 m thick will merge with UCL3 in 50 to 60 years increasing the thickness from 7 m to nearly 13 m.
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  • 16
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    Are genetic databases sufficiently populated to detect non-indigenous species? (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Biological Invasions, 18 (7). pp. 1911-1922.
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Correct species identifications are of tremendous importance for invasion ecology, as mistakes could lead to misdirecting limited resources against harmless species or inaction against problematic ones. DNA barcoding is becoming a promising and reliable tool for species identifications, however the efficacy of such molecular taxonomy depends on gene region(s) that provide a unique sequence to differentiate among species and on availability of reference sequences in existing genetic databases. Here, we assembled a list of aquatic and terrestrial non-indigenous species (NIS) and checked two leading genetic databases for corresponding sequences of six genome regions used for DNA barcoding. The genetic databases were checked in 2010, 2012, and 2016. All four aquatic kingdoms (Animalia, Chromista, Plantae and Protozoa) were initially equally represented in the genetic databases, with 64, 65, 69, and 61 % of NIS included, respectively. Sequences for terrestrial NIS were present at rates of 58 and 78 % for Animalia and Plantae, respectively. Six years later, the number of sequences for aquatic NIS increased to 75, 75, 74, and 63 % respectively, while those for terrestrial NIS increased to 74 and 88 % respectively. Genetic databases are marginally better populated with sequences of terrestrial NIS of plants compared to aquatic NIS and terrestrial NIS of animals. The rate at which sequences are added to databases is not equal among taxa. Though some groups of NIS are not detectable at all based on available data—mostly aquatic ones—encouragingly, current availability of sequences of taxa with environmental and/or economic impact is relatively good and continues to increase with time.
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  • 17
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    Trematodes on acid: editorial comment on the feature article by Guilloteau et al. (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 163 (5). Article Nr. 95.
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
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  • 18
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    Climatic and societal impacts of a volcanic double event at the dawn of the Middle Ages (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Climatic Change, 136 (3-4). pp. 401-412.
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Volcanic activity in and around the year 536 CE led to severe cold and famine, and has been speculatively linked to large-scale societal crises around the globe. Using a coupled aerosol-climate model, with eruption parameters constrained by recently re-dated ice core records and historical observations of the aerosol cloud, we reconstruct the radiative forcing resulting from a sequence of two major volcanic eruptions in 536 and 540 CE. We estimate that the decadal-scale Northern Hemisphere (NH) extra-tropical radiative forcing from this volcanic “double event” was larger than that of any period in existing reconstructions of the last 1200 years. Earth system model simulations including the volcanic forcing show peak NH mean temperature anomalies reaching more than −2 °C, and show agreement with the limited number of available maximum latewood density temperature reconstructions. The simulations also produce decadal-scale anomalies of Arctic sea ice. The simulated cooling is interpreted in terms of probable impacts on agricultural production in Europe, and implies a high likelihood of multiple years of significant decreases in crop production across Scandinavia, supporting the theory of a connection between the 536 and 540 eruptions and evidence of societal crisis dated to the mid-6th century.
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  • 19
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    Expelled subsalt fluids form a pockmark field in the eastern Red Sea (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Geo-Marine Letters, 36 (5). pp. 339-352.
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: This study aimed to constrain the source area of fluids responsible for the formation of a pockmark field in the eastern Red Sea. The newly discovered field extends over an area of at least 1,000 km2 at a water depth of ~400 m. The pockmarks have modal diameters of 140–150 m and are either randomly distributed on the seafloor or aligned within valleys approximately 25 m deep and several kilometres in length. Seismic data show that chimneys and/or regions of acoustic turbidity prevail beneath the pockmark field down to the top of Miocene evaporites, which are widespread in the Red Sea. Four gravity cores were taken from the pockmark field. For most of the cores, geochemical analyses show that porewater has a higher Cl concentration than the local seawater and increased Cl/Br ratios, which indicate an origin from evaporites. The adsorbed hydrocarbons are of thermal origin, with C1/(C2+C3) ratios between 4 and 23 and stable carbon isotope data for methane varying from δ13C of –34 to –36.4‰ with respect to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite. On the basis of the calculated maturity of the source rock of 1.2–1.4 Ro, local thermal gradients and sedimentation rates, its deeper depth boundary is approximated at 2,000 to 2,200 m. The results indicate that the adsorbed hydrocarbons sampled at the seafloor had to pass through an evaporite sequence of potentially several hundred metres to a few km in thickness. The most likely explanation for the increased permeability of the evaporite sequence is brittle deformation triggered by extensive local tectonic movements and supported by high fluid overpressure within the evaporite sequence.
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  • 20
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    Constraints on the magmatic evolution of the oceanic crust from plagiogranite intrusions in the Oman ophiolite (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 171 ( Art.No. 46).
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: We present major and trace element as well as Sr, Nd, and Hf isotope data on a suite of 87 plutonic rock samples from 27 felsic crustal intrusions in seven blocks of the Oman ophiolite. The rock compositions of the sample suite including associated more mafic rocks range from 48 to 79 wt% SiO2, i.e. from gabbros to tonalites. The samples are grouped into a Ti-rich and relatively light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched P1 group [(Ce/Yb)N 〉 0.7] resembling the early V1 lavas, and a Ti-poor and LREE-depleted P2 group [(Ce/Yb)N 〈 0.7] resembling the late-stage V2 lavas. Based on the geochemical differences and in agreement with previous structural and petrographic models, we define phase 1 (P1) and phase 2 (P2) plutonic rocks. Felsic magmas in both groups formed by extensive fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, apatite, and Ti-magnetite from mafic melts. The incompatible element compositions of P1 rocks overlap with those from mid-ocean ridges but have higher Ba/Nb and Th/Nb trending towards the P2 rock compositions and indicating an influence of a subducting slab. The P2 rocks formed from a more depleted mantle source but show a more pronounced slab signature. These rocks also occur in the southern blocks (with the exception of the Tayin block) of the Oman ophiolite implying that the entire ophiolite formed above a subducting slab. Initial Nd and Hf isotope compositions suggest an Indian-MORB-type mantle source for the Oman ophiolite magmas. Isotope compositions and high Th/Nb in some P2 rocks indicate mixing of a melt from subducted sediment into this mantle.
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  • 21
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    Investigation of the atmospheric mechanisms related to the autumn sea ice and winter circulation link in the Northern Hemisphere (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Climate Dynamics, 46 (3-4). pp. 1185-1195.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The relationship of Barents-Kara sea ice concentration in October and November with atmospheric circulation in the subsequent winter is examined using reanalysis and observational data. The analyses are performed on data with the 5-year running means removed to reduce the potential effects of slowly-varying external driving factors, such as global warming. We show that positive (negative) Barents-Kara sea ice concentration anomaly in autumn is associated with a positive (negative) North Atlantic Oscillation-like (NAO) pattern with lags of up to 3 months. The month-to-month variations in the lag relationships of the atmospheric anomalies related to November sea ice concentration are presented. Further analysis shows that the stratosphere-troposphere interaction may provide the memory in the system: positive (negative) sea ice concentration anomaly in November is associated with a strengthened (weakened) stratospheric polar vortex and these anomalies propagate downward leading to the positive (negative) NAO-like pattern in the late December to early January. This stratosphere mechanism may also play a role for Barents-Kara sea ice anomaly in December, but not for September and October. Consistently, Eliassen-Palm, eddy heat and momentum fluxes suggest that there is strong forcing of the zonal winds in November.
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    Temporal dietary shift in jellyfish revealed by stable isotope analysis (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 163 (5, 112). pp. 1-9.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: A temporal change in the stable isotope (SI) composition of jellyfish in the Kiel Fjord, Western Baltic Sea, was documented by analyzing δ13C, δ15N and δ34S of bell tissue of Aurelia aurita and Cyanea capillata in the period between June and October 2011. A strong and significant temporal change in all SI values of A. aurita was found, including an increase of ~3 ‰ in δ13C, a decrease of ~4 ‰ in δ15N and sharp decline of ~7 ‰ in δ34S. While knowledge gaps in jellyfish isotope ecology, in particular the lack of reliable trophic enrichment factors, call for a conservative interpretation of our data, observed changes in particular in δ34S, as indicated by means of a MixSIR mixing model, would be consistent with a temporal dietary shift in A. aurita from mesozooplankton (〉150 µm) to microplankton and small re-suspended particles (0.8–20 µm) from the benthos. Presence of a hitherto unidentified food source not included in the model could also contribute to the shift. During the 2-month occurrence of C. capillata, its isotope composition remained stable and was consistent with a mainly mesozooplanktonic diet. Mixing model output, mainly driven by δ34S values, indicated a lower proportion of A. aurita in the diet of C. capillata than previously reported, and thus to a potentially lesser importance of intraguild predation among jellyfish in the Kiel Fjord. Overall, our results clearly highlighted the potential for substantial intraspecific isotopic seasonal variation in jellyfish, which should be taken into account in future feeding ecology studies on this group.
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  • 23
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    Selection of heat-shock resistance traits during the invasion of the seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 163 (5). Article Nr. 104.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Most macroalgae and other aquatic organisms feature life cycles without a stage of dormancy and elevated stress resistance that is comparable to plant seeds. During anthropogenic transportation, they are therefore probably more exposed to stress than plant invaders, which could result in a more rigorous selection of stress-resistant phenotypes. However, selection of stress resistance during invasion processes of aquatic organisms has rarely been studied. We therefore compared the responses of native and non-native populations of the seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla to heat shock in common garden-type experiments. Specimens from six native populations in East Asia and from eight non-native populations in Europe and on the Mexican Pacific coast were acclimated to two sets of identical conditions before their resistance to heat shock was examined. The experiments were carried out twice—one time in the native range in Qingdao, China, and one time in the invaded range in Kiel, Germany—to rule out effects of specific local conditions. In both testing sites the non-native populations survived heat shock significantly better than the native populations. After three hours of heat shock G. vermiculophylla exhibited increased levels of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) and of a specific isoform of haloperoxidase, suggesting that both enzymes could be required for heat-shock stress management. However, the elevated resistance toward heat shock of non-native populations only correlated with an increased constitutive expression of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70). The haloperoxidase isoform was more prominent in native populations, suggesting that not only increased HSP70 expression, but also reduced allocation into haloperoxidase expression after heat shock was selected during the invasion history. This selection probably happened early because the same combination of traits was detected in all realms within the non-native range.
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  • 24
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    Thermal stress markers in Colpophyllia natans provide an archive of site-specific bleaching events (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Coral Reefs, 35 (1). pp. 181-186.
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Tropical coral reef monitoring relies heavily on in situ diver observations. However, in many reef regions resources are not available to regularly monitor reefs. This lack of historical baseline data makes it difficult to determine how different reefs respond to environmental stressors and what the implications are for management. To test whether coral cores could be used to identify bleaching events retrospectively, three sites in Tobago with pre-existing reef data including water quality and bleaching observations were identified. Colpophyllia natans cores were examined for growth anomalies which occurred during periods of thermal stress. If present, anomalies were compared to in situ, real-time bleaching observations and water quality data. Interestingly, sites with better water quality during the 2005 thermal anomaly were less prone to bleaching. We suggest that by reducing terrestrial run-off (e.g., sediment and nutrients), and therefore improving marine water quality, reef managers could enhance near-shore coral reef resilience during high-temperature events.
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  • 25
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    Genotypic variation in tolerance to warming and acidification of early life-stage Fucus vesiculosus L. (Phaeophyceae) in a seasonally fluctuating environment (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 163 (14). pp. 1-15.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Global change exposes brown algal Fucus vesiculosus populations to increasing temperature and pCO2, which may threaten individuals, in particular the early life-stages. Genetic diversity of F. vesiculosus populations is low in the Baltic compared to Atlantic populations. This might jeopardise their potential for adaptation to environmental changes. Here, we report on the responses of early life-stage F. vesiculosus to warming and acidification in a near-natural scenario maintaining natural and seasonal variation (spring 2013–2014) of the Kiel Fjord in the Baltic Sea, Germany (54°27ʹN, 10°11ʹW). We assessed how stress sensitivity differed among sibling groups and how genetic diversity of germling populations affected their stress tolerance. Warming increased growth rates of Fucus germlings in spring and in early summer, but led to higher photoinhibition in spring and decreased their survival in late summer. Acidification increased germlings’ growth in summer but otherwise showed much weaker effects than warming. During the colder seasons (autumn and winter), growth was slow while survival was high compared to spring and summer, all at ambient temperatures. A pronounced variation in stress response among genetically different sibling groups (full-sib families) suggests a genotypic basis for this variation and thus a potential for adaptation for F. vesiculosus populations to future conditions. Corroborating this, survival in response to warming in populations with higher diversity was better than the mean survival of single sibling groups. We conclude that impacts on early life-stages depend on the combination of stressors and season and that genetic variation is crucial for the tolerance to global change stress.
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  • 26
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    Temperature effects on seaweed-sustaining top-down control vary with season (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Oecologia, 180 (3). pp. 889-901.
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Rising seawater temperature and CO2 concentrations (ocean acidification) represent two of the most influential factors impacting marine ecosystems in the face of global climate change. In ecological climate change research, full-factorial experiments performed across seasons in multispecies, cross-trophic-level settings are essential as they permit a more realistic estimation of direct and indirect effects as well as the relative importance of the effects of both major environmental stressors on ecosystems. In benthic mesocosm experiments, we tested the responses of coastal Baltic Sea Fucus vesiculosus communities to elevated seawater temperature and CO2 concentrations across four seasons of one year. While increasing [CO2] levels had only minor effects, warming had strong and persistent effects on grazers, and the resulting effects on the Fucus community were found to be season dependent. In late summer, a temperature-driven collapse of grazers caused a cascading effect from the consumers to the foundation species, resulting in overgrowth of Fucus thalli by epiphytes. In fall/winter (outside the growing season of epiphytes), intensified grazing under warming resulted in a significant reduction in Fucus biomass. Thus, we were able to confirm the prediction that future increases in water temperatures will influence marine food-web processes by altering top-down control, but we were also able to show that specific consequences for food-web structure depend on the season. Since F. vesiculosus is the dominant habitat-forming brown algal system in the Baltic Sea, its potential decline under global warming implies a loss of key functions and services such as provision of nutrient storage, substrate, food, shelter, and nursery grounds for a diverse community of marine invertebrates and fish in Baltic Sea coastal waters.
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    Correcting North Atlantic Sea Surface Salinity Biases in the Kiel Climate Model: Influences on Ocean Circulation and Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Climate Dynamics, 47 (7). pp. 2543-2560.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-23
    Description: A long-standing problem in climate models is the large sea surface salinity (SSS) biases in the North Atlantic. In this study, we describe the influences of correcting these SSS biases on the circulation of the North Atlantic as well as on North Atlantic sector mean climate and decadal to multidecadal variability. We performed integrations of the Kiel Climate Model (KCM) with and without applying a freshwater flux correction over the North Atlantic. The quality of simulating the mean circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic sector mean climate and decadal variability is greatly enhanced in the freshwater flux-corrected integration which, by definition, depicts relatively small North Atlantic SSS biases. In particular, a large reduction in the North Atlantic cold sea surface temperature bias is observed and a more realistic Atlantic Multidecadal Variability simulated. Improvements relative to the non-flux corrected integration also comprise a more realistic representation of deep convection sites, sea ice, gyre circulation and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. The results suggest that simulations of North Atlantic sector mean climate and decadal variability could strongly benefit from alleviating sea surface salinity biases in the North Atlantic, which may enhance the skill of decadal predictions in that region.
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    Chemical characterization and quantification of the brown algal storage compound laminarin — A new methodological approach (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Journal of Applied Phycology, 28 (1). pp. 533-543.
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-06
    Description: The polysaccharide laminarin (β-1,3-glucan) is used as a long-term carbon storage compound in brown algae. This chemical storage form of carbon enables perennial brown algae in seasonally fluctuating ecosystems to uncouple growth from photosynthesis, i.e., most of these plants grow as seasonal anticipators in winter based on remobilization of laminarin, while in summer, growth typically ceased to fill up the storage pool. Because of this high ecological relevance, a reliable and precise method for determination and quantification of laminarin is needed. Therefore, a simple, efficient, cold water extraction method coupled to a new quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometrical method (LC-MS) was developed. Laminarin was determined in 9 out of 12 brown algal species, and its expected typical molar mass distribution of 2000–7000 Da was confirmed. Furthermore, laminarin consisted of a complex mixture of different chemical forms, since 15 chemical laminarin species with distinct molecular weights were measured in 9 species of brown algae. Differences in chain length and number of laminarin species seem to be species specific and hence may indicate some chemotaxonomic value. Laminarin concentrations in the algal tissues ranged from 0.03 to 0.86 % dry weight (DW). The direct chemical characterization and quantification of laminarin by LC-MS represents a powerful method to verify the biochemical and ecological importance of laminarin for brown algae.
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    On the distribution of a coccinellid, Coccinella fulgida Brown (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in Notheast Asia (2016)
    Springer
    In:  (In Press / Accepted) Entomological Review .
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-18
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    Diversity and antimicrobial potential of bacterial isolates associated with the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum from the Baltic Sea (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology, 109 (1). pp. 105-119.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: It is well recognized that microorganisms associated with marine invertebrates, in particular sponges and hard corals, are an excellent source of new natural products. Therefore, the diversity of bacteria associated with marine invertebrates and their potential to produce bioactive compounds have received much attention in recent years. We report here for the first time on the biodiversity of bacteria associated with the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum, which is abundant in the Baltic Sea. In order to increase the cultured diversity, bacteria were isolated using four different media, identified with support of 16S rRNA gene sequences and screened for antimicrobial activity using two different media. Activity of crude extracts was tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and the yeast Candida albicans. A total of 251 coral-associated bacterial isolates were classified and found to belong to 41 species in 14 genera of the Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria. The genus Bacillus was most abundant and diverse with 17 recognized species. Forty-eight percent of all 251 isolates exhibited antimicrobial activity. All isolates of Bacillus methylotrophicus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens displayed inhibition of at least three out of the four tested microorganisms. It became obvious during this study that the production of antibiotic substances not only is strain-specific, but in many cases also depends on the media composition and growth conditions. In addition, the antimicrobial potential of bacteria associated with A. digitatum may represent a promising source for antimicrobial substances.
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    Fluid venting and seepage at accretionary ridges: the Four Way Closure Ridge offshore SW Taiwan (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Geo-Marine Letters, 36 (3). pp. 165-174.
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Within the accretionary prism offshore SW Taiwan, widespread gas hydrate accumulations are postulated to occur based on the presence of a bottom simulating reflection. Methane seepage, however, is also widespread at accretionary ridges offshore SW Taiwan and may indicate a significant loss of methane bypassing the gas hydrate system. Four Way Closure Ridge, located in 1,500 m water depth, is an anticlinal ridge that would constitute an ideal trap for methane and consequently represents a site with good potential for gas hydrate accumulations. The analysis of high-resolution bathymetry, deep-towed sidescan sonar imagery, high-resolution seismic profiling and towed video observations of the seafloor shows that Four Way Closure Ridge is and has been a site of intensive methane seepage. Continuous seepage is mainly evidenced by large accumulations of authigenic carbonate precipitates, which appear to be controlled by the creation of fluid pathways through faulting. Consequently, Four Way Closure Ridge is not a closed system in terms of fluid migration and seepage. A conceptual model of the evolution of gas hydrates and seepage at accretionary ridges suggests that seepage is common and may be a standard feature during the geological development of ridges in accretionary prisms. The observation of seafloor seepage alone is therefore not a reliable indicator of exploitable gas hydrate accumulations at depth.
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  • 32
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    Temperature-driven changes in early life-history stages influence the Gulf of Riga spring spawning herring (Clupea harengus m.) recruitment abundance (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Hydrobiologia, 767 (1). pp. 125-135.
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-06
    Description: Processes occurring during early life-history stages influence the year-class abundance of marine fish. We found that the abundance of 1-year-old spring spawning herring is statistically significantly determined by the number of post-flexion herring larvae in the Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea). The abundance of consecutive developmental stages of larvae: yolk-sac, pre-flexion, flexion and post-flexion strongly correlated with each other, indicating that factors which already influence the yolk-sac stage are important in determining the abundance of post-flexion herring larvae. Winter air temperature before spawning determined the timing of maximum abundance of pre-flexion herring larvae, but not their main prey: copepod nauplii, implying that different mechanisms governing major preconditions for the formation of year-class strength. The abundance of post-flexion larvae displayed a potential dome-shaped relationship with sea surface temperature experienced after hatching. We suggest that increased summer temperatures, which exceed the physiological optimum negatively, affect the survival of post-flexion herring larvae. Overall, future climate warming poses an additional risk to larval herring survival and this may lead to a reduction in those herring stock which rely on recruitment from shallow coastal areas.
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    Food availability in an anthropogenically impacted habitat determines tolerance to hypoxia in the Asian green mussel Perna viridis (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 163 (15). pp. 1-15.
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The Asian green mussel Perna viridis is tolerant to environmental stress, but its robustness varies between populations from habitats that differ in quality. So far, it is unclear whether local adaptations through stress-induced selection or phenotypic plasticity are responsible for these inter-population differences. We tested for the relevance of both mechanisms by comparing survival under hypoxia in mussels that were transplanted from an anthropogenically impacted (Jakarta Bay, Indonesia) to a natural habitat (Lada Bay, Indonesia) and vice versa. Mussels were retrieved 8 weeks after transplantation and exposed to hypoxia in the laboratory. Additional hypoxia tests were conducted with juvenile mussels collected directly from both sites. To elucidate possible relationships between habitat quality and mussel tolerance, we monitored concentrations of inorganic nutrients, temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, phytoplankton density and the mussels’ body condition index (BCI) for 20 months before, during and after the experiments. Survival under hypoxia depended mainly on the quality of the habitat where the mussels lived before the hypoxia tests and only to a small degree on their site of origin. Furthermore, stress tolerance was only higher in Jakarta than in Lada Bay mussels when the BCIs were substantially higher, which in turn correlated with the phytoplankton densities. We explain why phenotypic plasticity and high BCIs are more likely the causes of population-specific differences in hypoxia tolerance in P. viridis than stress-induced selection for robust genotypes. This is relevant to understanding the role of P. viridis as mariculture organism in eutrophic ecosystems and invasive species in the (sub)tropical world.
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    Image Based Geo-localization in the Alps (2016)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Computer Vision, 116 (3). pp. 213-225.
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Given a picture taken somewhere in the world, automatic geo-localization of such an image is an extremely useful task especially for historical and forensic sciences, documentation purposes, organization of the world’s photographs and intelligence applications. While tremendous progress has been made over the last years in visual location recognition within a single city, localization in natural environments ismuch more difficult, since vegetation, illumination, seasonal changes make appearance-only approaches impractical. In this work, we target mountainous terrain and use digital elevationmodels to extract representations for fast visual database lookup. We propose an automated approach for very large scale visual localization that can efficiently exploit visual information (contours) and geometric constraints (consistent orientation) at the same time.We validate the system at the scale of Switzerland (40,000 km2) using over 1000 landscape query images with ground truth GPS position.
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    Linking SO2 emission rates and seismicity by continuous wavelet transform: implications for volcanic surveillance at San Cristóbal volcano, Nicaragua (2016)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 105 (5). pp. 1453-1465.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: San Cristóbal volcano is the highest and one of the most active volcanoes in Nicaragua. Its persistently high activity during the past decade is characterized by strong degassing and almost annual VEI 1–2 explosions, which present a threat to the local communities. Following an eruption on 8 September 2012, the intervals between eruptions decreased significantly, which we interpret as the start of a new eruptive phase. We present here the results of semi-continuous SO2 flux measurements covering a period of 18 months, obtained by two scanning UV-DOAS instruments installed as a part of the network for observation of volcanic and atmospheric change project, and the results of real-time seismic amplitude measurements (RSAM) data. Our data comprise a series of small to moderately explosive events in December 2012, June 2013 and February 2014, which were accompanied by increased gas emissions and seismicity. In order to approach an early warning strategy, we present a statistical method for the joint analysis of gas flux and seismic data, by using continuous wavelet transform and cross-wavelet transform (XWT) methods. This analysis shows that the XWT coefficients of SO2 flux and RSAM are in good agreement with the occurrence of eruptive events and thus may be used to indicate magma ascent into the volcano edifice. Such multi-parameter surveillance efforts can be useful for the interpretation and surveillance of possible eruptive events and could thus be used by local institutions for the prediction of upcoming volcanic unrest.
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  • 36
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    Effects of using inclined parametric echosounding on sub-bottom acoustic imaging and advances in buried object detection (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Geo-Marine Letters, 36 (2). pp. 113-119.
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: This study reports an adaptation of a parametric echosounder system using 15 kHz as secondary frequency to investigate the angular response of sub-bottom backscatter strength of layered mud, providing a new method for enhanced acoustic detection of buried targets. Adaptions to achieve both vertical (0°) and non-vertical inclination (1– 15°, 30°, 45° and 60°) comprise mechanical tilting of the acoustic transducer and electronic beam steering. Data were acquired at 18 m water depth at a study site characterized by a flat, muddy seafloor where a 0.1 m diameter power cable lies 1–2 m below the seafloor. Surveying the cable with vertical incidence revealed that the buried cable can hardly be discriminated against the backscatter strength of the layered mud. However, the backscatter strength of layered mud decreases strongly at 〉3±0.5° incidence and the layered mud echo pattern vanishes beyond 5°. As a consequence, the backscatter pattern of the buried cable is very pronounced in acoustic images gathered at 15°, 30°, 45° and 60° incidence. The size of the cable echo pattern increases linearly with incidence. These effects are attributed to reflection loss from layered mud at larger incidence and to the scattering of the 0.1 m diameter buried cable. Data analyses support the visual impression of superior detection of the cable with an up to 2.6-fold increase of the signal-to-noise ratio at 40° incidence compared to the vertical incidence case.
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    Multiyear predictability of Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature in the Kiel Climate Model (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Climate Dynamics, 47 (3). pp. 793-804.
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The multiyear predictability of Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature (SAT) is examined in a multi-millennial control integration of the Kiel Climate Model, a coupled ocean–atmosphere–sea ice general circulation model. A statistical method maximizing average predictability time (APT) is used to identify the most predictable SAT patterns in the model. The two leading APT modes are much localized and the physics are discussed that give rise to the enhanced predictability of SAT in these limited regions. Multiyear SAT predictability exists near the sea ice margin in the North Atlantic and mid-latitude North Pacific sector. Enhanced predictability in the North Atlantic is linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and to the sea ice changes. In the North Pacific, the most predictable SAT pattern is characterized by a zonal band in the western and central mid-latitude Pacific. This pattern is linked to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which drives sea surface temperature anomalies. The temperature anomalies subduct into deeper ocean layers and re-emerge at the sea surface during the following winters, providing multiyear memory. Results obtained from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 ensemble yield similar APT modes. Overall, the results stress the importance of ocean dynamics in enhancing predictability in the atmosphere.
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    Troposphere–stratosphere response to large-scale North Atlantic Ocean variability in an atmosphere/ocean coupled model (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Climate Dynamics, 46 (5-6). pp. 1397-1415.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The instrumental records indicate that the basin-wide wintertime North Atlantic warm conditions are accompanied by a pattern resembling negative North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), and cold conditions with pattern resembling the positive NAO. This relation is well reproduced in a control simulation by the stratosphere resolving atmosphere–ocean coupled Max-Planck-Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). Further analyses of the MPI-ESM model simulation shows that the large-scale warm North Atlantic conditions are associated with a stratospheric precursory signal that propagates down into the troposphere, preceding the wintertime negative NAO. Additional experiments using only the atmospheric component of MPI-ESM (ECHAM6) indicate that these stratospheric and tropospheric changes are forced by the warm North Atlantic conditions. The basin-wide warming excites a wave-induced stratospheric vortex weakening, stratosphere/troposphere coupling and a high-latitude tropospheric warming. The induced high-latitude tropospheric warming is associated with reduction of the growth rate of low-level baroclinic waves over the North Atlantic region, contributing to the negative NAO pattern. For the cold North Atlantic conditions, the strengthening of the westerlies in the coupled model is confined to the troposphere and lower stratosphere. Comparing the coupled and uncoupled model shows that in the cold phase the tropospheric changes seen in the coupled model are not well reproduced by the standalone atmospheric configuration. Our experiments provide further evidence that North Atlantic Ocean variability (NAV) impacts the coupled stratosphere/troposphere system. As NAV has been shown to be predictable on seasonal-to-decadal timescales, these results have important implications for the predictability of the extra-tropical atmospheric circulation on these time-scales
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    Joggins Cliff on Nova Scotia: the most spectacular view into Upper Carboniferous time (2016)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 105 (2). pp. 581-582.
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The Joggins Cliff (45°41′40″N; 64°27′02″W) exposes a unique section through Upper Carboniferous sequences (the “Coal Age Forests”), deposited in the Cumberland basin of northwestern Nova Scotia (Canada) around 315 Ma ago. It is designated a UNESCO world heritage site for the geological insights it contains, including details of the tropical Carboniferous amphibious environment and the first fossils of land-living reptiles (and therewith the first animals to give birth on land) in their environmental context. This is one of the marine basins of the Atlantic Canadian margin, which were filled from Devonian until the end of the Permian time. (...)
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    Effects of warming, nutrient enrichment and detritivore presence on litter breakdown and associated microbial decomposers in a simulated temperate woodland creek (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Hydrobiologia, 770 (1). pp. 243-256.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Current scenarios of global environmental change predict rapid temperature increases, which can directly affect freshwater ecosystems. Leaf litter breakdown in aquatic environments constitutes a fundamental ecosystem process that is mediated by microbial decomposers and animal detritivores. In this study, we examined interactive effects of water temperature (two levels), nutrient concentration (two levels) and grazing pressure by Gammarus pulex (two levels) on breakdown rates of birch leaf litter, biomass and structure of the colonizing microbial community. Litter breakdown rates were stimulated by detritivores, with detritivore effects being enhanced by simultaneously increasing the temperature and adding the nutrients. The interaction between the three factors was synergistic and thus unpredictable from the effects of changes in individual factors. Bacterial community composition was affected by both detritivores and temperature, but less so by nutrient levels and fungal community composition changed upon detritivore activity but was independent of temperature and nutrients. These factors depended on each other in how they affected bacterial communities, but this did not prove true for fungal communities. Relative growth rates of G. pulex were not affected by temperature or nutrient level. We conclude that both abiotic and biotic factors that potentially affect ecosystem processes should be considered simultaneously in studies on effects of environmental change at the community and ecosystem level.
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  • 41
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    Macroepibenthic communities at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, an ecological survey at different spatial scales (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 39 (5). pp. 829-849.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: The Southern Ocean ecosystem at the Antarctic Peninsula has steep natural environmental gradients, e.g. in terms of water masses and ice cover, and experiences regional above global average climate change. An ecological macroepibenthic survey was conducted in three ecoregions in the north-western Weddell Sea, on the continental shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula in the Bransfield Strait and on the shelf of the South Shetland Islands in the Drake Passage, defined by their environmental envelop. The aim was to improve the so far poor knowledge of the structure of this component of the Southern Ocean ecosystem and its ecological driving forces. It can also provide a baseline to assess the impact of ongoing climate change to the benthic diversity, functioning and ecosystem services. Different intermediate-scaled topographic features such as canyon systems including the corresponding topographically defined habitats ‘bank’, ‘upper slope’, ‘slope’ and ‘canyon/deep’ were sampled. In addition, the physical and biological environmental factors such as sea-ice cover, chlorophyll-a concentration, small-scale bottom topography and water masses were analysed. Catches by Agassiz trawl showed high among-station variability in biomass of 96 higher systematic groups including ecological key taxa. Large-scale patterns separating the three ecoregions from each other could be correlated with the two environmental factors, sea-ice and depth. Attribution to habitats only poorly explained benthic composition, and small-scale bottom topography did not explain such patterns at all. The large-scale factors, sea-ice and depth, might have caused large-scale differences in pelagic benthic coupling, whilst small-scale variability, also affecting larger scales, seemed to be predominantly driven by unknown physical drivers or biological interactions.
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  • 42
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    Phylogenetic Relationship and Secondary Metabolite Production of Marine Fungi Producing the Cyclodepsipeptides Scopularide A and B (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biotechnology, 18 (4). pp. 466-474.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Strains originally affiliated to the genera Scopulariopsis and Microascus were compared regarding the scopularide production in order to investigate their ability to produce the cyclodepsipeptides and select the best suited candidate for subsequent optimisation processes. Phylogenetic calculations using available sequences of the genera Scopulariopsis and Microascus revealed that most of the sequences clustered within two closely related groups, comprising mainly Scopulariopsis/Microascus brevicaulis and Microascus sp., respectively. Interestingly, high yields of scopularide A were exhibited by three strains belonging to S./M. brevicaulis, while lower titres were observed for two strains of Microascus sp. Close phylogenetic distances within and between the two groups supported the proposed combination of both genera into one holomorph group. Short phylogenetic distances did not allow a clear affiliation at the species level on the basis of ribosomal DNA sequences, especially for Microascus sp. strains. Additionally, several sequences originating from strains assigned to Scopulariopsis exhibited a polyphyletic nature. The production pattern is in accordance with the phylogenetic position of the strains and significant production of scopularide B could only be observed for the S./M. brevicaulis strain LF580. Thus, the phylogenetic position marks the biotechnologically interesting strains and matters in optimisation strategies. In conclusion, the ability of all five strains to produce at least one of the scopularides suggests a distribution of the responsible gene cluster within the holomorph group. Setting the focus on the production of the cyclodepsipeptides, strain LF580 represents the best candidate for further strain and process optimisation
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  • 43
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    Shallow 3D Reflection Seismics (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering. , ed. by Beer, M., Kougioumtzoglou, I. A., Patelli, E. and Au, S. K. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1-9. ISBN 978-3-642-36197-5
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-30
    Description: High-resolution 3D reflection seismology for near-surface applications is a noninvasive geophysical approach that uses sound wave reflected from subsurface discontinuities to infer and delineate the discontinuities. It results in high-resolution 3D structural images of the subsurface displaying mainly the interfaces between geological units and faults. The attributes “near surface” or “shallow” refer to sounding depths of typically some 10 m to 1 km. The 3D seismic method has been developed since the late 1960s. It is applied on- and offshore. This article gives an overview of the aims, principles, and realizations of shallow 3D reflection seismics. More details on field technique and data processing can be found, for example, in Meunier (2011) and Biondi (2006).
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  • 44
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    Link between anomalously cold winters in Russia and sea-ice decline in the Barents Sea (2016)
    MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica | Springer
    In:  Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 52 (3). pp. 225-233.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: There were several anomalously cold winter weather regimes in Russia in the early 21st century. These regimes were usually associated with a blocking anticyclone south of the Barents Sea. Numerical simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) using prescribed sea-ice concentration (SIC) data for different periods during the last 50 years showed that a rapid sea-ice area decline in the Barents Sea in the last decade could bring about the formation of such a blocking anticyclone and cooling over northern Eurasia. The SIC reduction in the former period, from the second half of the 1960s to the first half of the 1990s, results in a weaker response of opposite sign. This suggests a nonlinear atmospheric circulation response to the SIC reduction in the Barents Sea, which has been previously found in the idealized AGCM simulations. An impact of the Barents Sea SIC reduction on the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), in particular, on the formation of the anomalously low NAO index, is found. The results indicate an important role that the Barents Sea, a region with the largest variability of the ocean–atmosphere heat exchange in the Arctic in wintertime, plays in generating anomalous weather regimes in Russia.
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  • 45
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    Mating tactics in the sub-Antarctic deep-sea squid Onykia ingens (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae) (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 39 (7). pp. 1319-1328.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The behavior of polar deep-sea nekton is very poorly known. To obtain insight into mating behavior of the abundant and ecologically important sub-Antarctic deep-sea squid Onykia ingens, our goals were to (1) quantify spermatophore production; (2) determine the preferred location for spermatangia deposition; (3) investigate whether male and female O. ingens mate with multiple mates; and (4) discuss the location of implanted spermatangia in light of mating behavior and egg fertilization. Toward this end, we examined male and female O. ingens specimens from Falkland Island and New Zealand waters. Male O. ingens store up to 198 spermatophores (mean 103 +/- A 61; n = 12) in their reproductive system, which are produced over a period of considerable somatic growth (200-400 mm ML), and which may have a considerable size range. Males insert their long extendible terminal organ in the mantle cavity of the female, potentially through the funnel, to deposit spermatophores in one or more of four regions on the female's body. Most implanted spermatangia (52.5 %) were found in the funnel region, but many were also found inside the mantle cavity closer to the oviducts. Males with longer terminal organs therefore may be able to position closer to the oviducts where fertilization chances are higher than for spermatangia located in the funnel region. The number of implanted spermatangia per individual female (4-60, mean 29 +/- A 20; n = 24), the multiregional spermatangia deposition, and the different outer appearance of spermatangia, suggested that females have multiple mating events. Since males produce more spermatophores (up to 200) than the number of spermatangia in one region (〈 60), it is likely that males too mate with more than one female. We show how quantitative assessment of reproductive characteristics can provide insight into the reproductive behavior of deep-sea species for which in situ observations are currently lacking.
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  • 46
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    A Possible Source Mechanism of the 1946 Unimak Alaska Far-Field Tsunami: Uplift of the Mid-Slope Terrace Above a Splay Fault Zone (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Pure and Applied Geophysics, 173 (12). pp. 4189-4201.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: In 1946, megathrust seismicity along the Unimak segment of the Alaska subduction zone generated the largest ever recorded Alaska/Aleutian tsunami. The tsunami severely damaged Pacific islands and coastal areas from Alaska to Antarctica. It is the charter member of “tsunami” earthquakes that produce outsized far-field tsunamis for the recorded magnitude. Its source mechanisms were unconstrained by observations because geophysical data for the Unimak segment were sparse and of low resolution. Reprocessing of legacy geophysical data reveals a deep water, high-angle reverse or splay thrust fault zone that leads megathrust slip upward to the mid-slope terrace seafloor rather than along the plate boundary toward the trench axis. Splay fault uplift elevates the outer mid-slope terrace and its inner area subsides. Multibeam bathymetry along the splay fault zone shows recent but undated seafloor disruption. The structural configuration of the nearby Semidi segment is similar to that of the Unimak segment, portending generation of a future large tsunami directed toward the US West coast.
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  • 47
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    Using the critical salinity (S crit) concept to predict invasion potential of the anemone Diadumene lineata in the Baltic Sea (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 163 (11, Art. No. 227).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: It is widely assumed that the ability of an introduced species to acclimate to local environmental conditions determines its invasion success. The sea anemone Diadumene lineata is a cosmopolitan invader and shows extreme physiological tolerances. It was recently discovered in Kiel Fjord (Western Baltic Sea), although the brackish conditions in this area are physiologically challenging for most marine organisms. This study investigated salinity tolerance in D. lineata specimens from Kiel Fjord in order to assess potential geographical range expansion of the species in the Baltic Sea. In laboratory growth assays, we quantified biomass change and asexual reproduction rates under various salinity regimes (34: North Sea, 24: Kattegat, 14: Kiel Fjord, 7: Baltic Proper). Furthermore, we used 1H-NMR-based metabolomics to analyse intracellular osmolyte dynamics. Within four weeks D. lineata exhibited a fivefold population growth through asexual reproduction at high salinities (34 and 24). Biomass increase under these conditions was significantly higher (69 %) than at a salinity of 14. At a salinity of 7, anemones ceased to reproduce asexually, their biomass decreased and metabolic depression was observed. Five main intracellular osmolytes were identified to be regulated in response to salinity change, with osmolyte depletion at a salinity of 7. We postulate that depletion of intracellular osmolytes defines a critical salinity (Scrit) that determines loss of fitness. Our results indicate that D. lineata has the potential to invade the Kattegat and Skagerrak regions with salinity 〉10. However, salinities of the Baltic Proper (salinity 〈8) currently seem to constitute a physiological limit for the species.
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  • 48
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    Strain and flow in the metamorphic core complex of Ios Island (Cyclades, Greece) (2016)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 105 (7). pp. 2097-2110.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: We have analysed strain and flow kinematics in the footwall of the South Cyclades Shear Zone (SCSZ), an important tectonic boundary within the Attic-Cycladic Crystalline Complex exposed on Ios Island, Cyclades, Aegean Sea. Coarse-grained augen gneisses in the basement unit flooring the SCSZ and forming a metamorphic core complex are excellently suited to measure finite strain using the Fry method and estimate the vorticity number (Wk) of flow with the “blocked-object” method. The results show that Oligo-Miocene exhumation of the basement unit during extension brought approximately 70 % N–S crustal stretching and up to 40 % subvertical shortening in a plane strain environment (k = 0.99). Linear down-section strain decrease constrains a zone of contact deformation of the SCSZ of about 1.5 km thick. Kinematic vorticity number estimates suggest little deviation from pure shear (Wk = 0.26). Finite strain and Wk are not correlated, indicating that the Ios basement and the overlying cover units were stretched compatibly. While the SCSZ is a localized zone of high strain, net displacement, however, may be restricted to about ten kilometres. This has important repercussions on large-scale tectonic models for extension in the Aegean.
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  • 49
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    Turbulent high-latitude oceanic intrusions - details of non-smooth apparent isopycnal transport West of Svalbard (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Ocean Dynamics, 66 (6). pp. 785-794.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Filament intrusions are observed in high-resolution temperature (T) measurements from a 100-m and several month-long mooring in the Fram Strait in around 400-m water depth at the continental slope West of Svalbard (Spitsbergen, Norway). In this dynamic environment, a wide variety of intrusive layers are observed with thicknesses between 5 and 80 m with warmer water between cooler waters above and below. The layers typically last from several hours up to 1 day, exceeding the local buoyancy period but not lasting as long as intrusive layers in the open ocean. The intrusions are a result of an intermingling of Arctic and North-Atlantic waters and generated in the basins interior and locally via internal wave steepening upon the sloping bottom. Freely propagating semidiurnal lunar internal tides cannot exist without background vorticity at these high latitudes. Strongly nonlinear turbulent bores are not observed at the tidal periodicity, but wave fronts occur at the sub-inertial frequency of dominant baroclinic instability. The fronts are in part associated with near-buoyancy frequency internal waves (breaking). The details of the moored T observations and their spectral content demonstrate the non-smooth, relatively turbulent development including convective overturning and shear-induced instabilities when intrusions disperse in presumably salinity-compensated isopycnal layers.
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  • 50
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    Withstanding multiple stressors: ephyrae of the moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita, Scyphozoa) in a high-temperature, high-CO2 and low-oxygen environment (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 163 (9).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Global change is affecting marine ecosystems through a combination of different stressors such as warming, ocean acidification and oxygen depletion. Very little is known about the interactions among these factors, especially with respect to gelatinous zooplankton. Therefore, in this study we investigated the direct effects of pH, temperature and oxygen availability on the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita, concentrating on the ephyral life stage. Starved one-day-old ephyrae were exposed to a range of pCO2 (400–4000 ppm) and three different dissolved oxygen levels (from saturated to hypoxic conditions), in two different temperatures (5 and 15 °C) for 7 days. Carbon content and swimming activity were analysed at the end of the incubation period, and mortality noted. General linearized models were fitted through the data, with the best fitting models including two- and three-way interactions between pCO2, temperature and oxygen concentration. The combined effect of the stressors was small but significant, with the clearest negative effect on growth caused by the combination of all three stressors present (high temperature, high CO2, low oxygen). We conclude that A. aurita ephyrae are robust and that they are not likely to suffer from these environmental stressors in a near future.
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  • 51
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    Hydrothermalism (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 344-357. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Definition Hydrothermalism refers to the convective circulation of seawater through oceanic lithosphere with possible contributions of volatiles and metals from underlying magma chambers.
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  • 52
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    Marine Mineral Resources (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 475-480. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Definition Marine mineral resources are accumulations of minerals that form at or below the seabed and from which metals, minerals, elements, or aggregate might be extracted as a resource. They are distinguished from energy resources such as oil, gas, or gas hydrates and living resources such as fish, although many of the metals potentially available are essential for green-energy applications.
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  • 53
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    Technology in Marine Geosciences (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 825-835. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: This chapter describes the most commonly used technologies and instruments for observing and sampling in the field of marine geosciences and refers to a number of special papers within this encyclopedia and beyond. This chapter is meant as an introduction showing the variability and broad scale of intruments being used. Since technology is a vast and rapidly changing field, numerous specific instruments used throughout marine geoscience are undouptfully missing in this compilation.
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  • 54
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    Volcanogenic Massive Sulfides (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 917-923. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Definition Volcanogenic Massive Sulfides. Accumulations of dominantly sulfide minerals that form at sites of focused hydrothermal discharge on the seafloor. Also refers to a class of ore deposit mined from ancient oceanic crust that is now exposed on land.
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  • 55
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    Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences (2016)
    Springer
    In:  , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series . Springer, Dordrecht, XXXIII, 961 pp. ISBN 978-94-007-6237-4 (Print)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: This Encyclopedia comprises the current knowledge in marine geosciences whereby not only basic but also applied and technical sciences are covered. Through this concept a broad scale of users in the field of marine sciences and techniques is addressed, from students and scholars in academia to engineers and decision makers in industry and politics. Globally growing demand of energy and mineral resources, reliable future projection of climate processes and the protection of coasts to mitigate the threats of disasters and hazards require a comprehensive understanding of the structure, ongoing processes and genesis of the marine geosphere. Beyond the “classical” research fields in marine geology in current time more general concepts have been evolved integrating marine geophysics, hydrography, marine biology, climatology and ecology. As an umbrella the term “marine geosciences” has been broadly accepted for this new complex field of research and the solutions of practical tasks in the marine realm.
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  • 56
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    Reefs (Biogenic) (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 718-721. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Reefs are in situ organic deposits which exhibit different sizes from few cubic meters to several hundreds of kilometers length and even several hundreds of meters in thickness (Spalding et al., 2001). Modern reefs are formed predominantly by stony corals which is the equivalent of the taxonomic order Scleractinia. Corals and other calcifying organisms produce hard skeletons, which lead to the accumulation of biogenic carbonates as a result of individual growth, bioerosion, sedimentation, and cementation due to wave energy during several hundreds of years. On millennial and much longer timescales, sea-level changes are the major driving force of reef growth. Today coral reefs cover more than 284,000 km2 (Spalding et al., 2001) and they are the largest marine structures on earth formed by biota, having a long geological record and ...
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  • 57
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    Radiogenic Tracers (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 699-700. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Isotopes can be characterized to be stable, cosmogenic, radioactive, or radiogenic. Stable isotopes do not change their relative abundance in the environment as long as no isotopes are added or extracted from the system. Cosmogenic isotopes are produced by high energetic cosmic rays in the upper layers of the atmosphere and are usually radioactive also. Radioactive isotopes change their abundance in the environment according to their half-life (T1/2), whereas radiogenic isotopes are not radioactive itself but change their abundance according to the half-life of their mother isotope. There are several important radiogenic systems known, and the most important are 238U/206Pb, 190Pt/186Os, 147Sm/143Nd, 87Rb/87Sr, 187Re/187Os, 176Lu/176Hf, 232Th/208Pb, 40 K/40Ar, 40 K/40Ca, 235U/207Pb, 129I/129Xe, 10Be/10B, 26Al/26 Mg, 36Cl/36Ar, 14C/14 N, etc. For the geological sciences, the most important radiogenic isotope systems are the radiogenic system ...
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  • 58
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    Sclerochronology (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, p. 747. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Sclerochronology is the record of different periodicities expressed as chemical and physical variations in mineralized endo- or exoskeletons of living, fossil, and even extinct aquatic organisms. Sclerochronological periodicities are documented in growth increments of different shapes and sizes, depending on the time span they represent (Schöne and Surge, 2005). Such increments may portray days, lunar cycles, months, or years. Their individual width and pattern reflect either specific taxonomically related and therefore biologically controlled signals or environmental conditions in which the organism grew. These skeletal chronologies may comprise individual lifetimes of organisms ranging from several decades to several hundreds of years. Prominent organisms are scleractinian corals, calcified sponges, mollusk shells, or otoliths from fish. Along with the record of growth increments, the chemical composition of the mineralized skeleton based on elemental ratios such as Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca or ...
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  • 59
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    Seasonally fluctuating chemical microfouling control in Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus from the Baltic Sea (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 163 (203).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Microfouling in temperate seas underlies seasonal variations. Thus, perennial macroalgae are exposed to fluctuating levels of fouling pressure. Only few studies have examined the link between fouling pressure and algal fouling control. We assessed whether microfouling control of F. vesiculosus and F. serratus against prokaryotes and pennate diatoms fluctuates with season and correlates with microfouling pressure in a 1-year field survey. Microfouler recruitment on glass (reference surface) and on Fucus, microfouling control strength of Fucus surface metabolites (tested by an in situ bioassay approach) and Fucus tissue mannitol content (used as proxy for energy availability) were determined monthly. Microfouling pressure (settled cells per unit time and area) and microfouling control of Fucus varied seasonally. Both Fucus species exhibited cuticula shedding in all seasons. We conclude that microfouling control in both Fucus species showed a lagged or synchronized relationship with mannitol or microfouling pressure.
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  • 60
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    The deep-water squid Octopoteuthis sicula Rüppell, 1844 (Cephalopoda: Octopoteuthidae) as the single species of the genus occurring in the Mediterranean Sea (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 163 (Art. Nr. 192).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The genus Octopoteuthis includes squids inhabiting meso- and bathypelagic waters worldwide. Of the seven presently named species distributed in the world’s oceans, only Octopoteuthis sicula has been reported for certain in the Mediterranean Sea to date. However, mixed and confusing descriptions of the systematic characters useful for identifying the species occur in the literature. Similarly, molecular analysis results available for the genus are contradictory and inconsistent. The research herein was undertaken firstly to clarify the systematic status of the genus in the Mediterranean Sea and confirm the presence of a single species, namely O. sicula. Additional goals were the assessment of the validity of systematic characters to identify the species and the analysis of beak morphology to provide useful tools in prey–predator relationship studies. Octopoteuthis specimens from various areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans were compared, and the analysis of traditional morphological characters was combined with molecular genetics and the study of beaks. Molecular genetics and beak morphology results support the existence of a single species in the Mediterranean Sea. Additional evidence would suggest that this species is also distributed in the north-eastern Atlantic. The morphological characters reported in the literature to identify O. sicula did not identify Mediterranean specimens, with the exception of the two tail photophores. All information collected supports the need for a reconsideration of morphological characters used to identify Octopoteuthis species.
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    Submarine Slides (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 817-821. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Failure of submarine slopes results in underwater landslides, a mass movement of sediment and rock that spills down ocean margin slopes (Hampton and Locat, 1996). Visual observations during submarine mass movement are few, and therefore landslides are commonly recognized by the remnant morphology they leave behind. These remnant slope failure features have been observed along the world’s continental margins, on the slopes of volcanic islands, and volcanic island arcs. Initiation of landslides commonly results from dynamic events, generally earthquakes. Landslides are most frequent along margins where converging lithospheric plates form subduction zones and the shear between the upper and lower plates create large earthquakes, however, some large landslides occur without tectonic or seismic triggers. Sedimentary processes have caused failure from loading or unloading. Submarine landslides in the spectrum from fast to slow can be catastrophic, incremental, or creeping. Large ca ...
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    Paleoceanography (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 628-632. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Paleoceanography is the science of the history of the world ocean and its subbasins, of their physiography, benthic and planktonic biota, water masses and their properties, circulation patterns of surface, intermediate, and bottom water masses. Quantitative paleoceanography can in essence only be done from pelagic and hemipelagic sediments of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic ocean, basically from the age of the oldest undisturbed ocean crust to modern times. It is closely linked to the time of collecting ocean-wide geophysical data (marine seismics, magnetics), of deep-sea drilling and our increasing ability to collect long sediment cores, providing a global coverage and long, undisturbed time series of paleoceanographic data. It is henceforth a young subdiscipline of the marine geosciences.
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    Axial Volcanic Ridges (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 36-39. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: The surface expression of volcanic activity is extremely variable at different spreading rates (see “Spreading Rates and Ridge Morphology”), as a result of the differing eruption styles associated with each. Axial volcanic ridges (AVRs), sometimes called neo-volcanic ridges, have been recognized at many slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) spreading segments (e.g., Ballard and Van Andel, 1977; Karson et al., 1987; Smith and Cann, 1992; Parson et al., 1993; Sempere et al., 1993; Lawson et al., 1996; Bideau et al., 1998; Gracia et al., 1998; Navin et al., 1998; Briais et al., 2000; Peirce and Sinha, 2008; Searle et al., 2010) and some ultraslow-spreading segments elsewhere (Mendel et al., 2003). AVRs are elong ...
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    Submarine landslides offshore Vancouver Island along the northern Cascadia margin, British Columbia: why preconditioning is likely required to trigger slope failure (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Geo-Marine Letters, 36 (5). pp. 323-337.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Bathymetric data reveal abundant submarine landslides along the deformation front of the northern Cascadia margin that might have significant tsunami potential. Radiocarbon age dating showed that slope failures are early to mid-Holocene. The aim of this study is the analysis of slope stability to investigate possible trigger mechanisms using the factor of safety analysis technique on two prominent frontal ridges. First-order values for the earthquake shaking required to generate instability are derived. These are compared to estimated ground accelerations for large (M=5 to 8) crustal earthquakes to giant (M=8 to 9) megathrust events. The results suggest that estimated earthquake accelerations are insufficient to destabilize the slopes, unless the normal sediment frictional resistance is significantly reduced by, for example, excess pore pressure. Elevated pore pressure (overpressure ratio of 0.4) should significantly lower the threshold for earthquake shaking, so that a medium-sized M=5 earthquake at 10 km distance may trigger submarine landslides. Preconditioning of the slopes must be limited primarily to the mid- to early Holocene as slope failures are constrained to this period. The most likely causes for excess pore pressures include rapid sedimentation at the time of glacial retreat, sediment tectonic deformation, and gas hydrate dissociation as result of ocean warming and sea level rise. No slope failures comparable in size and volume have occurred since that time. Megathrust earthquakes have occurred frequently since the most recent failures in the mid-Holocene, which emphasizes the importance of preconditioning for submarine slope stability.
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    In situ growth rates of deep-water octocorals determined from 3D photogrammetric reconstructions (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Coral Reefs, 35 (4). pp. 1227-1239.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Growth rates of deep-water corals provide important information on the recovery potential of these ecosystems, for example from fisheries-induced impacts. Here, we present in situ growth dynamics that are currently largely unknown for deep-water octocorals, calculated by applying a non-destructive method. Videos of a boulder harbouring multiple colonies of Paragorgia arborea and Primnoa resedaeformis in the Northeast Channel Coral Conservation Area at the entrance to the Gulf of Maine at 863 m depth were collected in 2006, 2010 and 2014. Photogrammetric reconstructions of the boulder and the fauna yielded georeferenced 3D models for all sampling years. Repeated measurements of total length and cross-sectional area of the same colonies allowed the observation of growth dynamics. Growth rates of total length of Paragorgia arborea decreased over time with higher rates between 2006 and 2010 than between 2010 and 2014, while growth rates of cross-sectional area remained comparatively constant. A general trend of decreasing growth rates of total length with size of the coral colony was documented. While no growth was observed for the largest colony (165 cm in length) between 2010 and 2014, a colony 50–65 cm in length grew 3.7 cm yr−1 between 2006 and 2010. Minimum growth rates of 1.6–2.7 cm yr−1 were estimated for two recruits (〈23 cm in 2014) of Primnoa resedaeformis. We successfully extracted biologically meaningful data from photogrammetric models and present the first in situ growth rates for these coral species in the Northwest Atlantic.
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    Seasonal dynamics of mesozooplankton in the Arctic Kongsfjord (Svalbard) during year-round observations from August 1998 to July 1999 (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 39 (10). pp. 1859-1878.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: We conducted a year-round mesozooplankton study in the Arctic Kongsfjord from August 1998 until July 1999 to investigate seasonal abundance and vertical as well as stage distributions of the prevalent taxa. It is the first investigation in Kongsfjord that covers the Arctic winter season and provides reasonable estimates also of small-sized copepod species. Abundant smaller copepods comprised Oithona similis, Pseudocalanus minutus, Microcalanus spp., Triconia borealis and Acartia longiremis. Among the larger copepods, Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis, C. hyperboreus and Metridia longa dominated. The thecosome pteropod Limacina helicina was also an important component. Abundance maxima occurred in November (988,669 ind. m−2) with one to two orders of magnitude higher numbers as compared to all other months (39,832–200,067 ind. m−2). The summers of 1998 and 1999 were characterized by intrusions of Atlantic water, but the community was not entirely dominated by advected boreal species. During winter, the majority of the mesozooplankton occurred below 100 m. Advection is the most likely reason for the accumulation of zooplankton at depth in winter, but local production may also contribute to high overwintering numbers. Much lower abundances of most species in spring suggest high winter mortality and emphasize the importance of sufficient reproductive success during the previous summer to ensure enough winter survivors as seed stock for the coming reproductive season. This study was conducted prior to the recent warming trend in the Arctic. Therefore, it provides valuable baseline data and allows comparing present and future states of the zooplankton community in Kongsfjord.
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    Hotspot-Ridge Interaction (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 328-329. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: The exchange of material (magma, mantle rock) between an intraplate mantle melting anomaly (hotspot, thought to be caused in places by the presence of a mantle plume) and the global spreading ridge system. Evidence for the interaction is found in the depth of the spreading axis, its morphology, the chemistry of the lavas (both on the spreading axis and possibly at the hotspot), and sometimes by the presence of linear volcanic ridges between spreading axis and hotspot. These linear volcanic ridges generally do not show clear age-progressive volcanism, in contrast to the volcanoes of the hotspot itself.
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    Seamounts (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 754-760. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Seamounts are literally mountains rising from the seafloor. More specifically, they are “any geographically isolated topographic feature on the seafloor taller than 100 m, including ones whose summit regions may temporarily emerge above sea level, but not including features that are located on continental shelves or that are part of other major landmasses” (Staudigel et al., 2010). The term “guyot” can be used for seamounts having a truncated cone shape with a flat summit produced by erosion at sea level (Hess, 1946), development of carbonate reefs (e.g., Flood, 1999), or partial collapse due to caldera formation (e.g., Batiza et al., 1984). Seamounts 〈1,000 m tall are sometimes referred to as “knolls” (e.g., Hirano et al., 2008). “Petit spots” are a newly discovered subset of sea knolls confined to the bulge of subducting oceanic plates of oceanic plates seaward of deep-sea trenches (Hirano et al., 2006).
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    Mg/Ca Paleothermometry (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 499-501. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Mg/Ca paleothermometry. Geochemical proxy used in paleoceanography to reconstruct past temperatures of the ocean surface. Reliable sea surface temperature (SST) estimates are crucial to the reconstruction and modeling of past climate change. Reconstructions of the thermal state of the ocean, in turn, may help to assess the significance of instrumentally observed climate variability and may validate global circulation models used to predict future climate change. Most promising in this respect is the Mg/Ca paleothermometry, which is based on the temperature dependence of the substitution of magnesium into biogenic calcite. It has long been known that tropical calcitic shells of marine organisms are generally more enriched in magnesium than subpolar shells (e.g., Savin and Douglas, 1973). But in particular for the important group of foraminifera (marine protozoa), a well-defined and species-specific calibration of the shell Mg/Ca ratio on ocean temperature was missing until the ...
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    Marine Geosciences: A Short, Eclectic, and Weighted Historic Account (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. , ed. by Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S. and Thiede, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 437-448. ISBN 978-94-007-6239-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Marine geosciences are covering all phenomena and processes related to the formations of shallow shelf seas and of the deep ocean. They draw on modern dynamics of seafloor and sediment formation, marine geophysics and tectonics, volcanology, geochemistry, microbiology, biology, and paleontology of marine organisms. They are of great economic importance because of the wealth of nonliving marine resources.
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    Treibhauseffekt, Wetter, Klima, Klimawandel (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Erkenntnis, Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft: Wie Forschung Wissen schafft. , ed. by Buchmüller, W. and Jacobeit, C. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 137-150. ISBN 978-3-662-49911-5
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-01
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    A successful non-native predator, round goby, in the Baltic Sea: generalist feeding strategy, diverse diet and high prey consumption (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Hydrobiologia, 777 (1). pp. 271-281.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The round goby Neogobius melanostomus has successfully invaded much of the Baltic Sea. However, very little is known about the feeding habits of the species in this newly invaded environment. Our laboratory experiment showed that the round goby is able to effectively consume a diverse variety of prey when given the choice between dominant benthic invertebrates: bivalves (Macoma balthica, Mytilus trossulus, Cerastoderma glaucum) and amphipods (Gammarus spp.). In contrast consumption of the gastropod (Theodoxus fluviatilis) was very low in all provided combinations. Nevertheless, the round goby had no statistically significant preference towards any of the prey taxa. The round goby exhibited size-specific consumption of M.trossulus, with smaller individuals being consumed at least 25% more than larger size classes. In addition elevated prey density resulted in higher consumption of prey by the fish. The broad diet suggests that shifting densities of benthic invertebrate prey has little influence on the further dispersal of the round goby in the Baltic Sea as the species is potentially able to switch between several native invertebrate taxa. This opportunistic feeding behaviour has likely favoured this invasion and ensured success of the species in the invaded ecosystem.
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    A plankton bloom shifts as the ocean warms (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 354 (6310). pp. 287-288.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-05
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    Wolfgang Schott (1905–1989): the founder of quantitative paleoceanography (2016)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 105 (8). pp. 2355-2360.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Wolfgang Schott is the pioneer in paleoceanography and has established this research field within marine geology. His papers from the first half of the twentieth century are all published in German; therefore, the most inspiring results are given here as original quotes in English, since they paved the ground for all scientific discussions on climate stratigraphy, past ocean currents, and glacial interglacial cycles.
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    Contrasting Effects of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reef “Animal Forests” Versus Seaweed “Kelp Forests” (2016)
    Springer
    In:  In: Marine Animal Forests. , ed. by Rossi, S., Bramanti, L., Gori, A. and Saco del Valle, C. O. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 1-25. ISBN 978-3-319-17001-5
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Ocean acidification is the sustained absorption of anthropogenically derived CO2 and is a major threat to marine ecosystems. Ocean acidification results in the decline of seawater pH (increase in protons) and carbonate ions and increased CO2. Added CO2 could benefit terrestrial forests, but changes in the concentration of any one of aspect of the carbonate system could affect various marine organisms both positively and negatively. One ecosystem under particular threat from ocean acidification is tropical coral reefs, formed predominately by scleractinian coral species that are predicted to be negatively impacted by ocean acidification. In contrast, temperate shallow rocky reefs are dominated by seaweed that forms extensive kelp/seaweed forests; these noncalcareous seaweeds are not predicted to be as negatively impacted by ocean acidification. Tropical coral reef “animal forests” and temperate “kelp forests” both provide three-dimensional habitat for tens of thousands of species, but are characterized by vastly different environmental regimes. The present chapter outlines differences in key environmental parameters (such as nutrients, water motion, and temperature) in these two habitats that could dictate the relative magnitudes of the effects of ocean acidification within them. The vulnerability of key habitat-forming organisms within these habitats and the potential mechanisms behind specific responses to ocean acidification are also discussed.
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    Gas migration through Opouawe Bank at the Hikurangi margin offshore New Zealand (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Geo-Marine Letters, 36 (3). pp. 187-196.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: This study presents 2D seismic reflection data, seismic velocity analysis, as well as geochemical and isotopic porewater compositions from Opouawe Bank on New Zealand’s Hikurangi subduction margin, providing evidence for essentially pure methane gas seepage. The combination of geochemical information and seismic reflection images is an effective way to investigate the nature of gas migration beneath the seafloor, and to distinguish between water advection and gas ascent. The maximum source depth of the methane that migrates to the seep sites on Opouawe Bank is 1,500–2,100 m below seafloor, generated by low-temperature degradation of organic matter via microbial CO2 reduction. Seismic velocity analysis enabled identifying a zone of gas accumulation underneath the base of gas hydrate stability (BGHS) below the bank. Besides structurally controlled gas migration along conduits, gas migration also takes place along dipping strata across the BGHS. Gas migration on Opouawe Bank is influenced by anticlinal focusing and by several focusing levels within the gas hydrate stability zone.
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    Electrical properties of seafloor massive sulfides (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Geo-Marine Letters, 36 (3). pp. 235-245.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits are increasingly seen as important marine metal resources for the future. A growing number of industrialized nations are involved in the surveying and sampling of such deposits by drilling. Drill ships are expensive and their availability can be limited; seabed drill rigs are a cost-effective alternative and more suitable for obtaining cores for resource evaluation. In order to achieve the objectives of resource evaluations, details are required of the geological, mineralogical, and physical properties of the polymetallic deposits and their host rocks. Electrical properties of the deposits and their ore minerals are distinct from their unmineralized host rocks. Therefore, the use of electrical methods to detect SMS while drilling and recovering drill cores could decrease the costs and accelerate offshore operations by limiting the amount of drilling in unmineralized material. This paper presents new data regarding the electrical properties of SMS cores that can be used in that assessment. Frequency-dependent complex electrical resistivity in the frequency range between 0.002 and 100 Hz was examined in order to potentially discriminate between different types of fresh rocks, alteration and mineralization. Forty mini-cores of SMS and unmineralized host rocks were tested in the laboratory, originating from different tectonic settings such as the intermediate-spreading ridges of the Galapagos and Axial Seamount, and the Pacmanus back-arc basin. The results indicate that there is a clear potential to distinguish between mineralized and non-mineralized samples, with some evidence that even different types of mineralization can be discriminated. This could be achieved using resistivity magnitude alone with appropriate rig-mounted electrical sensors. Exploiting the frequency-dependent behavior of resistivity might amplify the differences and further improve the rock characterization.
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    New encounters in Arctic waters: a comparison of metabolism and performance of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) under ocean acidification and warming (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 39 . pp. 1137-1153.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-06
    Description: Oceans are experiencing increasing acidification in parallel to a distinct warming trend in consequence of ongoing climate change. Rising seawater temperatures are mediating a northward shift in distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), into the habitat of polar cod (Boreogadus saida), that is associated with retreating cold water masses. This study investigates the competitive strength of the co-occurring gadoids under ocean acidification and warming (OAW) scenarios. Therefore, we incubated specimens of both species in individual tanks for 4 months, under different control and projected temperatures (polar cod: 0, 3, 6, 8 °C, Atlantic cod: 3, 8, 12, 16 °C) and PCO2 conditions (390 and 1170 µatm) and monitored growth, feed consumption and standard metabolic rate. Our results revealed distinct temperature effects on both species. While hypercapnia by itself had no effect, combined drivers caused nonsignificant trends. The feed conversion efficiency of normocapnic polar cod was highest at 0 °C, while optimum growth performance was attained at 6 °C; the long-term upper thermal tolerance limit was reached at 8 °C. OAW caused only slight impairments in growth performance. Under normocapnic conditions, Atlantic cod consumed progressively increasing amounts of feed than individuals under hypercapnia despite maintaining similar growth rates during warming. The low feed conversion efficiency at 3 °C may relate to the lower thermal limit of Atlantic cod. In conclusion, Atlantic cod displayed increased performance in the warming Arctic such that the competitive strength of polar cod is expected to decrease under future OAW conditions
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    High-resolution IP25-based reconstruction of sea-ice variability in the western North Pacific and Bering Sea during the past 18,000 years (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Geo-Marine Letters, 36 (2). pp. 101-111.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Due to its strong influence on heat and moisture exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere, sea ice is an essential component of the global climate system. In the context of its alarming decrease in terms of concentration, thickness and duration, understanding the processes controlling sea-ice variability and reconstructing paleo-sea-ice extent in polar regions have become of great interest for the scientific community. In this study, for the first time, IP25, a recently developed biomarker sea-ice proxy, was used for a high-resolution reconstruction of the sea-ice extent and its variability in the western North Pacific and western Bering Sea during the past 18,000 years. To identify mechanisms controlling the sea-ice variability, IP25 data were associated with published sea-surface temperature as well as diatom and biogenic opal data. The results indicate that a seasonal sea-ice cover existed during cold periods (Heinrich Stadial 1 and Younger Dryas), whereas during warmer intervals (Bolling-Allerod and Holocene) reduced sea ice or ice-free conditions prevailed in the study area. The variability in sea-ice extent seems to be linked to climate anomalies and sea-level changes controlling the oceanographic circulation between the subarctic Pacific and the Bering Sea, especially the Alaskan Stream injection though the Aleutian passes.
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    Hydrothermale Tiefseequellen: ökologisches Modellsystem und biologische Ressource - Nachwuchswissenschaftler stellen sich vor (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Biospektrum - das Magazin für Biowissenschaften, 22 (5). p. 541.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-17
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    IT-OSRA: applying ensemble simulations to estimate the oil spill risk associated to operational and accidental oil spills (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-09
    Description: Oil Spill Risk Assessments (OSRAs) are widely employed to support decision making regarding oil spill risks. This article adapts the ISO-compliant OSRA framework developed by Sepp Neves et al. (J Environ Manag 159:158–168, 2015) to estimate risks in a complex scenario where uncertainties related to the meteo-oceanographic conditions, where and how a spill could happen exist and the risk computation methodology is not yet well established (ensemble oil spill modeling). The improved method was applied to the Algarve coast, Portugal. Over 50,000 simulations were performed in 2 ensemble experiments to estimate the risks due to operational and accidental spill scenarios associated with maritime traffic. The level of risk was found to be important for both types of scenarios, with significant seasonal variations due to the the currents and waves variability. Higher frequency variability in the meteo-oceanographic variables were also found to contribute to the level of risk. The ensemble results show that the distribution of oil concentrations found on the coast is not Gaussian, opening up new fields of research on how to deal with oil spill risks and related uncertainties
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    A non-native macroalga is less attractive for herbivores but more susceptible to light limitation and grazing stress than a comparable native species (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-09
    Description: It has been suggested that non-native species are more tolerant towards abiotic stress than ecologically comparable native species. Furthermore, non-native marine macroalgae should be under lower grazing pressure than native seaweeds, because they left their co-evolved enemies behind. As a consequence, they generally need to allocate less energy to defences and can invest more into compensating the negative effects of abiotic stress or, assuming that grazing pressure is low but not zero, to defensive reactions following grazer attack. This, in turn, should make them more stress tolerant and less susceptible to herbivory. However, empirical evidence for both concepts is still scarce and very little is known about whether enemy release is commonly associated with an enhanced tolerance towards abiotic or biotic stress. We therefore ran an experimental study that (a) assessed attractiveness for grazers, (b) verified whether short-term low-light stress impairs growth and (c) investigated whether light limitation and previous grazing interactively affect the consumption of two macroalgae from Madeira Island, the native brown alga Stypopodium zonale and the non-native red alga Grateloupia imbricata by the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. To come to ecologically meaningful low-light stress levels, pilot studies were performed in order to determine the light compensation point of photosynthesis for each algal species and then we established six light regimes around this point by reducing the amount of incoming light. Simultaneously, we let one sea urchin graze on each algal individual to stimulate a chemical defence in the seaweeds if present. In parallel to this, we kept the same number of algal replicates in the absence of sea urchins. After 21 days, we compared algal growth in the absence of grazers as well as the attractiveness of previously grazed and non-grazed algal material for P. lividus across all light regimes. Algal attractiveness was assessed in no-choice feeding assays. The observation that the non-native alga was less consumed by the grazer than the native species generally confirms the concept of enemy release. However, light limitation reduced growth in the non-native but not in the native seaweed, while previous grazing reduced consumption of the native but enhanced it in case of the non-native alga. These findings do not corroborate the assumption that enemy release can, through the re-allocation of energy, enhance tolerance to abiotic (light limitation) or biotic (grazing) stressors in non-native marine macroalgae.
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    Large-amplitude internal waves sustain coral health during thermal stress (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-10
    Description: Ocean warming is a major threat for coral reefs causing widespread coral bleaching and mortality. Potential refugia are thus crucial for coral survival. Exposure to large-amplitude internal waves (LAIW) mitigated heat stress and ensured coral survival and recovery during and after an extreme heat anomaly. The physiological status of two common corals, Porites lutea and Pocillopora meandrina, was monitored in host and symbiont traits, in response to LAIW-exposure throughout the unprecedented 2010 heat anomaly in the Andaman Sea. LAIW-exposed corals of both species survived and recovered, while LAIW-sheltered corals suffered partial and total mortality in P. lutea and P. meandrina, respectively. LAIW are ubiquitous in the tropics and potentially generate coral refuge areas. As thermal stress to corals is expected to increase in a warming ocean, the mechanisms linking coral bleaching to ocean dynamics will be crucial to predict coral survival on a warming planet
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    Recurrence Plots and Their Quantifications: Expanding Horizons (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Springer Proceedings in Physics ; 180
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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    Analysing Stakeholder Driven Scenarios with a Transboundary Water Planning Tool for IWRM in the Jordan River Basin (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Integrated Water Resources Management
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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    The Challenge of a 4°C World by 2100 (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Handbook on Sustainability Transition and Sustainable Peace | Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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    Hydroclimatic Projections for the Upper Vistula Basin (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Flood Risk in the Upper Vistula Basin | GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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    Water Scarcity Impacts and Challenges of Water Governance in the Guanting Basin, North China. Evidence from Interviews with Local Stakeholders (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Integrated Water Resources Management
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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    Approximate Recurrence Quantification Analysis (aRQA) in Code of Best Practice (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Recurrence Plots and Their Quantifications | Springer Proceedings in Physics ; 180
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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    Torwards Visual Analytics for the Exploration of Large Sets of Time Series (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Recurrence Plots and Their Quantifications | Springer Proceedings in Physics ; 180
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 91
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    Projections of Changes in Flood Hazard in Two Headwater Catchments of the Vistula in the Context of European-Scale Studies (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Flood Risk in the Upper Vistula Basin | GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences.
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 92
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    Time and Again: Time Series Mining via Recurrence Quantification Analysis (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases | Lecture Notes in Computer Science ; 9853
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 93
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    Transitions in Sociometabolic Regimes Throughout Human History (2016)
    Springer
    In:  Social Ecology | Human-Environment Interactions ; 5
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 94
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    Plant Glycomics (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Glycomics is the comprehensive study of glycomes (the entire complement of sugars, whether free or present in more complex molecules of an organism), including genetic, physiologic, pathologic, and other aspects in living organisms. Carbohydrates being most abundant macromolecules are found in all organisms’ organs, tissues, and cells. They are present in almost every organelle of the cell in varying amounts depending on the type of organelle. Carbohydrates are not directly synthesized by genes; rather they are formed by gene products. Sometime carbohydrates are present in free form and also exist in the form of conjugates. Plants being the largest producer of carbohydrates on earth are of particular importance. Plants are rich in complex carbohydrates molecules. Complex biopolymers like cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses are being studied along with their structure and type of linkages present between them. The presence of these carbohydrates is somewhat linked to the survival of these plants under extreme conditions and stresses. Understanding these carbohydrates has allowed us to find answers on how plants survived severe climate changes in the past. These complex molecules form linkages with non-carbohydrate molecules and understanding the structure of these conjugates is a challenging task to the scientific community. Glycomics approach regarding the structural and functional analysis of these carbohydrates has been revolutionized by the modification in techniques like mass spectrophotometry, high pressure liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis. Still some improvements are needed in these techniques to make glycomic approach less time-consuming and more specific and sensitive.
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    A process-based evaluation of dust-emitting winds in the CMIP5 simulation of HadGEM2-ES (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-03
    Description: Despite the importance of dust aerosol in the Earth system, state-of-the-art models show a large variety for North African dust emission. This study presents a systematic evaluation of dust emitting-winds in 30 years of the historical model simulation with the UK Met Office Earth-system model HadGEM2-ES for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. Isolating the effect of winds on dust emission and using an automated detection for nocturnal low-level jets (NLLJs) allow an in-depth evaluation of the model performance for dust emission from a meteorological perspective. The findings highlight that NLLJs are a key driver for dust emission in HadGEM2-ES in terms of occurrence frequency and strength. The annually and spatially averaged occurrence frequency of NLLJs is similar in HadGEM2-ES and ERA-Interim from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Compared to ERA-Interim, a stronger pressure ridge over northern Africa in winter and the southward displaced heat low in summer result in differences in location and strength of NLLJs. Particularly the larger geostrophic winds associated with the stronger ridge have a strengthening effect on NLLJs over parts of West Africa in winter. Stronger NLLJs in summer may rather result from an artificially increased mixing coefficient under stable stratification that is weaker in HadGEM2-ES. NLLJs in the Bodélé Depression are affected by stronger synoptic-scale pressure gradients in HadGEM2-ES. Wintertime geostrophic winds can even be so strong that the associated vertical wind shear prevents the formation of NLLJs. These results call for further model improvements in the synoptic-scale dynamics and the physical parametrization of the nocturnal stable boundary layer to better represent dust-emitting processes in the atmospheric model. The new approach could be used for identifying systematic behavior in other models with respect to meteorological processes for dust emission. This would help to improve dust emission simulations and contribute to decreasing the currently large uncertainty in climate change projections with respect to dust aerosol.
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    Meteorology and oceanography of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean—a review of German achievements from the last decade (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-03-09
    Description: In the early 1980s, Germany started a new era of modern Antarctic research. The Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) was founded and important research platforms such as the German permanent station in Antarctica, today called Neumayer III, and the research icebreaker Polarstern were installed. The research primarily focused on the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. In parallel, the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) started a priority program ‘Antarctic Research’ (since 2003 called SPP-1158) to foster and intensify the cooperation between scientists from different German universities and the AWI as well as other institutes involved in polar research. Here, we review the main findings in meteorology and oceanography of the last decade, funded by the priority program. The paper presents field observations and modelling efforts, extending from the stratosphere to the deep ocean. The research spans a large range of temporal and spatial scales, including the interaction of both climate components. In particular, radiative processes, the interaction of the changing ozone layer with large-scale atmospheric circulations, and changes in the sea ice cover are discussed. Climate and weather forecast models provide an insight into the water cycle and the climate change signals associated with synoptic cyclones. Investigations of the atmospheric boundary layer focus on the interaction between atmosphere, sea ice and ocean in the vicinity of polynyas and leads. The chapters dedicated to polar oceanography review the interaction between the ocean and ice shelves with regard to the freshwater input and discuss the changes in water mass characteristics, ventilation and formation rates, crucial for the deepest limb of the global, climate-relevant meridional overturning circulation. They also highlight the associated storage of anthropogenic carbon as well as the cycling of carbon, nutrients and trace metals in the ocean with special emphasis on the Weddell Sea.
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    The 12.4 ka Upper Apoyeque Tephra, Nicaragua: stratigraphy, dispersal, composition, magma reservoir conditions and trigger of the plinian eruption (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-11-08
    Description: Upper Apoyeque Tephra (UAq) was formed by a rhyodacitic plinian eruption in west-central Nicaragua at 12.4 ka BP. The fallout tephra was dispersed from a progressively rising plinian eruption column that became exposed to different wind speeds and directions at different heights in the stratosphere, leading to an asymmetric tephra fan with different facies in the western and southern sector. Tephra dispersal data integrated with geochemical compositions of lava flows in the area facilitate delimitation of the source vent to the south of Chiltepe Peninsula. UAq, Lower Apoyeque Tephra, Apoyeque Ignimbrite, and two lithic clasts in San Isidro Tephra together form a differentiation trend distinct from that of the younger tephras and lavas at Chiltepe Volcanic Complex in a TiO2 versus K2O diagram, compositionally precluding a genetic relationship of UAq with the present-day Apoyeque stratovolcano. Apoyeque Volcano in its present shape did not exist at the time of the UAq eruption. The surface expression of the UAq vent is now obscured by younger eruption products and lake water. Pressure-temperature constraints based on mineral-melt equilibria and fluid inclusions in plagioclase indicate at least two magma storage levels. Clinopyroxenes crystallised in a deep crustal reservoir at ~24 km depth as inferred from clinopyroxene-melt inclusion pairs. Chemical disequilibrium between clinopyroxenes and matrix glasses indicates rapid magma ascent to the shallower reservoir at ~5.4 km depth, where magnesiohornblendes and plagioclase fractionated at a temperature of ~830°C. Water concentrations were ~5.5 wt. % as derived from congruent results of amphibole and plagioclase-melt hygrometry. The eruption was triggered by injection of a hotter, more primitive melt into a water-supersaturated reservoir.
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    Antimicrobial Activity of Marine Bacterial Symbionts Retrieved from Shallow Water Hydrothermal Vents (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: Marine sponges and other sessile macro-organisms were collected at a shallow water hydrothermal site in Eyjafjörður, Iceland. Bacteria were isolated from the organisms using selective media for actinomycetes, and the isolates were screened for antimicrobial activity. A total of 111 isolates revealed antimicrobial activity displaying different antimicrobial patterns which indicates production of various compounds. Known test strains were grown in the presence of ethyl acetate extracts from one selected isolate, and a clear growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus was observed down to 0.1 % extract concentration in the medium. Identification of isolates shows different species of Actinobacteria with Streptomyces sp. playing the largest role, but also members of Bacilli, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Sponges have an excellent record regarding production of bioactive compounds, often involving microbial symbionts. At the hydrothermal vents, however, the majority of active isolates originated from other invertebrates such as sea anemones or algae. The results indicate that antimicrobial assays involving isolates in full growth can detect activity not visible by other methods. The macro-organisms inhabiting the Eyjafjörður hydrothermal vent area host diverse microbial species in the phylum Actinobacteria with antimicrobial activity, and the compounds responsible for the activity will be subject to further research.
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