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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1095-1104 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Forest dieback ; Waldsterben ; damage inventory ; efficient energy use ; abatement techniques ; pollution source substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper starts from the generally accepted premise that forest dieback is a complex phenomenon caused by multiple stresses that are exerted by a host of contributing factors. It is argued that the rapidly proceeding forest dieback, as documented in the damage inventories, is in itself enough reason to warrant action. Therefore, at this late stage, this paper emphasizes the pressing need to introduce active control measures which will reduce pollution emission through more efficient use of fossil fuels, through abatement techniques at the source, and through substitution with less polluting sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Photochemistry 5 (1976), S. 186-187 
    ISSN: 0047-2670
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 35 (1985), S. 323-339 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Abschätzung einer möglichen Klimaänderung als Folge einer Verdopplung der CO2-Konzentration in der Atmosphäre dienen die Ergebnisse von Studien mit drei-dimensionalen Modellen der atmosphärischen Zirkulation. Diese Ergebnisse können nicht als Klimavorhersagen betrachtet werden, da die gegenwärtigen Modelle noch erhebliche Mängel aufweisen. Sie bilden jedoch die Grundlage zur Entwicklung von Klimaszenarien. Klimamodelle sind gegenwärtig die einzigen Hilfsmittel, um die Reaktion des Klimasystems auf eine externe Störung in physikalisch konsistenter Weise und in hoher zeitlicher und räumlicher Auflösung zu simulieren. Für den Mittelmeerraum werden die Ergebnisse dreier verschiedener Klimamodelle (British Meteorological Office (BMO); Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS); National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)) anhand der regionalen und saisonalen Verteilungen von Temperatur, Niederschlag und Bodenfeuchte vorgestellt. Die durch einen CO2-Anstieg verursachte Änderung der Temperaturverteilung ist bei den drei Modellergebnissen ähnlich. Die räumlichen Mittelwerte liegen zwischen 2,5 und 4,0 K. Der Vergleich der Verteilung hydrologischer Größen ergibt dagegen kein einheitliches Bild. Die den simulierten Klimaänderungen zugrunde liegenden physikalischen Mechanismen werden benannt und die statistische Signifikanz der Klimaänderung wird getestet. Diese Arbeit dient zur Entwicklung einer Methodologie für den Einsatz von Klimamodellszenarien bei der Impaktanalyse.
    Notes: Summary For the estimation of a potential climatic change induced by a doubling of atmospheric CO2 we use the results of three-dimensional general circulation models (GCM). Although the results from present climate modeling cannot be considered as predictions of future climatic conditions due to the inherent models' deficiencies, they can still serve a useful purpose in climate change scenarios. The reason for this is that climate models are the only tools available to study the response of the climate system to a perturbation in a physically consistent manner and that such types of models can provide a consistent data set of high temporal and spatial resolution. For the Mediterranean area, the results obtained from three different GCMs, namely, the British Meteorological Office model (BMO), the Goddard Institute for Space Studies model (GISS), and the National Center for Atmospheric Research model (NCAR) are shown. The regional and seasonal distributions of temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture are used to study the potential changes. The results indicate that the CO2-induced changes for temperature generated by the three models are of similar magnitude. The values of the area mean change range between 2.5 and 4.0 K. The precipitation response results in a diverse pattern. The physical mechanism likely to be responsible for the simulated climatic changes are identified and their statistical significance is tested. This type of work will help us develop the methodology and assist us in gaining insight into the use of climate model scenarios for impact analysis.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 15 (1971), S. 41-54 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung befasst sich mit den mikroklimatischen Unterschieden von gepflasterten und Grasflächen-Zonen der Stadt und Vorstadt von Cincinnatti,Ohio, anhand der Daten von Feucht- und Trockentemperatur, Strahlungswärme und Luftbewegung. Daraus wurden berechnet: die Effektive Temperatur und die korrigierte Effektive Temperatur, die Nass-Globe-Temperatur, der Discomfort-Index und der Relative-Strain-Index. Die Werte wurden untersucht in Hinsicht auf die Gesundheit und Behaglichkeit der Stadtbewohner im Vergleich mit den Vorstadtbewohnern. Am Nachmittag waren Grasflächen angenehmer als gepflasterte Flächen, am Abend war es umgekehrt. Dieser Stadt-Vorort Unterschied zeigt auf, dass der Wärmeüberschuss in der Stadt die direkte Ursache der Hitze-Todesfälle während extremer Hitzeperioden sein kann. Die wohlüberlegte Verteilung von Grünflächen und die Verwendung von Baumaterialien mit geringer Wärmeleitung und Wärmespeicherung und höheren Albedos werden zur Abschwächung des städtischen Wärmeüberschusses vorgeschlagen.
    Abstract: Resume On étudie ici les différences micrométéorologiques entre les zones pavées et engazonnées de Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, et cela aussi bien dans la villemême que dans les faubourgs. Pour cela, on a mesuré la température des thermomètres sec et mouillé, la chaleur radiante et la vitesse du vent. On en tire la température effective, la température effective corrigée, la température du thermomètre mouillé, l'indice dinconfort et l'indice de contrainte relative. On interprête ces chiffres au vu de l'état de santé et de confort des habitants du centre urbain lui-même par rapport à ceux des banlieusards. L'après-midi, les zones engazonnées sont plus agréables que celles qui sont pavées. Le soir, les faubourgs présentent un confort plus important que la ville. Les différences constatées entre la ville et sa banlieue montrent que les excès thermiques de la première sont directement responsables de la mortalité par coups de chaleur pendant les périodes de chaud prononcé. Pour améliorer les conditions de vie, c'est-à-dire diminuer les excès thermiques, on propose une répartition équilibrée de zones vertes et l'usage de matériaux de construction ayant de faibles conductivité et capacité thermiques ainsi qu'un albédo élevé.
    Notes: Abstract The study gives the microenvironmental contrasts between paved and grass surfaces, in both urban and suburban areas of Cincinnati, Ohio. Wetand dry-bulb temperatures, radiant heat, and air velocity measurements are presented. Thermal indices such as effective temperature, corrected effective temperature, wet-bulb globe temperature, discomfort index, and relative strain index are calculated from these measurements. The data are interpreted with respect to the health and comfort of urban inhabitants relative to adjacent suburban inhabitants. During the afternoon, the grass sites were more comfortable than paved sites. During the evening, the suburban area was significantly more comfortable than the urban area. The urban-suburban differences indicate that the urban thermal excess may be a direct factor in heat deaths during periods of extreme heat. Careful spacing of green areas, and the use of building materials with lower heat conductivity and heat storage properties and higher albedoes are suggested to ameliorate the urban temperature excess.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 116 (1994), S. 365-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Chemical data of 39 fresh basaltic glasses from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) between 6 and 30°S and Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic compositions of 12 basalt glasses are presented. Major and trace element data indicate a wide compositional range, including primitive basalts (Mg#=0.67) and highly evolved FeTi-basalts (Mg#=0.34) [molMg/(Mg+Fe2+)]. The compositional range can be attributed to low-pressure fractional crystallization. Fractionation-corrected major element concentrations provide evidence for varying mantle melting conditions. Calculations of the melting conditions suggest melt generation in a rising upper mantle column between 20 and 10 kbar, at temperatures between 1430 and 1280°C, and total degrees of partial melting between 17 and 20% by weight. Leached and hand-picked basalt glasses display large variations in 87Sr/86Sr (0.70235–0.70270), 143Nd/144Nd (0.51312–0.51323), and 206Pb/204Pb (18.064–18.665), but are similar to other N-type MORB from the EPR. The isotopic ratios of basalts from 13 to 23°S show strong correlations and delineate two systematic trends. From 23 to 17°S, 87Sr/86Sr and Pb isotope ratios increase and 143Nd/144Nd decrease in agreement with previous results (Mahoney et al. 1989). A reverse trend is indicated by basalts from 17 to 13°S. However, K/Ti and (La/Sm)N continuously increase from 23 to 13°S. This opposite behavior indicates a recent decoupling of isotopic and minor element ratios in the mantle between 13 and 17°S. North of 13.5°S (Garrett Fracture Zone), isotopic data show no systematic variation with ridge location and display an overall weaker covariation. The results suggest that the isotopic variations and ridge segmentation appear to be unrelated and that major ridge offsets apparently coincide with changes in mantle melting conditions (P, T, F) (F, degrees of melting). There is no evidence for a systematic relationship between calculated melting conditions and second order ridge segmentation. Our isotopic data provide further evidence for regionally confined chemical variations in the mantle at 5 to 30°S. We interpret the isotopic trends as reflecting melting of distinct smallvolume and old enriched mantle components. In contrast, variations in trace elements are attributed to young mantle differentiation processes.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 82 (1995), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 84 (1997), S. 268-274 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 82 (1995), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    GeoJournal 7 (1983), S. 381-382 
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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