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The Changing Face of Reef Building

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Coral Reefs at the Crossroads

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 6))

Abstract

Declining calcification and accelerating sea-level rise have brought us ever closer to the point where coral reefs may not be able to keep pace. Even if this is insufficient to change reef-community structure or totally overtop low reef islands in the twenty-first century, the impacts on reefs and the organisms that depend on them will still be profound. Patterns of sea-level rise have varied spatially in the past due to both local tectonics and regional crustal responses to deglaciation. The result has been regionally disparate sea-level histories that complicate our understanding of the links between past sea level and reef development.

At the same time, gaps remain in our understanding of how, and how fast, reefs build. Holocene reefs-accretion rates (generally <5 mm/year) are lower than previous estimates (10–15 mm/year), making coral reefs more vulnerable to rising sea level than has been assumed. Furthermore, the conflation of coral growth and reef accretion has provided an overly simplistic view of reef building that focuses on coral abundance and calcification. Protocols have been suggested to quantify the changing balance between carbonate production and bioerosion, but these still ignore the role of physical processes that redistribute and remove material from the reef, a scenario that will become even more important as the intensity of tropical storms increases. Holocene cores show that accretion does not mimic the depth dependence of calcification, suggesting that predictions based solely on biological assessments could be flawed.

Uniformitarianism, the idea that “the present is the key to the past”, has been a fundamental tool for geologists trying to unravel the development of ancient reefs using their modern counterparts. As we try to separate anthropogenic change from natural variability that operates on cycles longer than human lifetimes, we might consider whether this concept could be reversed to help predict the fate of coral reefs – or to at least examine some of our critical assumptions about reef accretion and sea-level rise. This chapter considers some of our long-standing models of sea level and reef building, using recent data to provide a more complete picture of the factors involved in both the recent geologic past and the immediate future. The goal is to provide a better understanding of interactions between the two that might allow better models of ancient reefs while also providing more realistic answers to the question, “Will coral reefs keep up with rising sea level in the twenty-first century?”

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Notes

  1. 1.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling

  2. 2.

    http://sealevel.colorado.edu/

  3. 3.

    http://sealevel.colorado.edu/content/map-sea-level-trends

  4. 4.

    “The Coastal Resources Commission and the Division of Coastal Management of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources shall not define rates of sea-level change for regulatory purposes....” - House Bill 819, General Assembly of North Carolina, Sect. 113A-107.1 Sea-level policy.

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  1. Department of Geology, Oberlin College, 52 W. Lorain St., Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA

    Dennis K. Hubbard

  2. Ocean Circulation und Climate Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung, Kiel, Germany

    Wolf-Christian Dullo

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  1. Department of Geology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, USA

    Dennis K. Hubbard

  2. Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Car, US Geological Survey, St. John, Virgin Islands, USA

    Caroline S. Rogers

  3. John D. Cooper Archaeological and Paleon, Santa Ana, California, USA

    Jere H. Lipps

  4. Department of Geosciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA

    George D. Stanley, Jr.

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Hubbard, D.K., Dullo, WC. (2016). The Changing Face of Reef Building. In: Hubbard, D., Rogers, C., Lipps, J., Stanley, Jr., G. (eds) Coral Reefs at the Crossroads. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7567-0_6

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