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  • Articles  (114)
  • *Ecosystem  (114)
  • 2000-2004  (114)
  • 1950-1954
  • 2003  (114)
  • Medicine  (114)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • Articles  (114)
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  • 2000-2004  (114)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
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    Assessing environmental changes in grasslands (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitchell, Charles E -- Reich, Peter B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 21;299(5614):1844-5; author reply 1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/pathogenicity ; Nitrogen ; *Plant Diseases ; Plant Roots/growth & development ; Poaceae/*growth & development/*microbiology ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Ecology. New count of old whales adds up to big debate (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lubick, Naomi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Mutation ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Whales before whaling in the North Atlantic (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: It is well known that hunting dramatically reduced all baleen whale populations, yet reliable estimates of former whale abundances are elusive. Based on coalescent models for mitochondrial DNA sequence variation, the genetic diversity of North Atlantic whales suggests population sizes of approximately 240,000 humpback, 360,000 fin, and 265,000 minke whales. Estimates for fin and humpback whales are far greater than those previously calculated for prewhaling populations and 6 to 20 times higher than present-day population estimates. Such discrepancies suggest the need for a quantitative reevaluation of historical whale populations and a fundamental revision in our conception of the natural state of the oceans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roman, Joe -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):508-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Base Sequence ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/classification/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Arctic ecology. For precarious populations, pollutants present new perils (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 14;299(5613):1642.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637710" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Canada ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infection/epidemiology/etiology ; *Inuits ; Memory ; Risk Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Agrobiotechnology. Mixed message could prove costly for GM crops (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):542-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beta vulgaris/genetics/growth & development ; Biotechnology ; Brassica napus/genetics/growth & development ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics/growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Great Britain ; Herbicides ; *Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development ; Zea mays/genetics/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Response of a deciduous forest to the Mount Pinatubo eruption: enhanced photosynthesis (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: Volcanic aerosols from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption greatly increased diffuse radiation worldwide for the following 2 years. We estimated that this increase in diffuse radiation alone enhanced noontime photosynthesis of a deciduous forest by 23% in 1992 and 8% in 1993 under cloudless conditions. This finding indicates that the aerosol-induced increase in diffuse radiation by the volcano enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink and contributed to the temporary decline in the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide after the eruption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gu, Lianhong -- Baldocchi, Dennis D -- Wofsy, Steve C -- Munger, J William -- Michalsky, Joseph J -- Urbanski, Shawn P -- Boden, Thomas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):2035-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Division, Building 1509, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, USA. lianhong-gu@ornl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; *Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Models, Statistical ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Philippines ; *Photosynthesis ; Regression Analysis ; Scattering, Radiation ; Seasons ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Trees/*metabolism ; *Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: Geochemical anomalies and growth discontinuities in Porites corals from western Sumatra, Indonesia, record unanticipated reef mortality during anomalous Indian Ocean Dipole upwelling and a giant red tide in 1997. Sea surface temperature reconstructions show that although some past upwelling events have been stronger, there were no analogous episodes of coral mortality during the past 7000 years, indicating that the 1997 red tide was highly unusual. We show that iron fertilization by the 1997 Indonesian wildfires was sufficient to produce the extraordinary red tide, leading to reef death by asphyxiation. These findings highlight tropical wildfires as an escalating threat to coastal marine ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abram, Nerilie J -- Gagan, Michael K -- McCulloch, Malcolm T -- Chappell, John -- Hantoro, Wahyoe S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):952-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. nerilie.abram@anu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Dinoflagellida/growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Eutrophication ; *Fires ; Indian Ocean ; Indonesia ; Iron ; Phytoplankton/growth & development ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Evolution. Climb every mountain? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elena, Santiago F -- Sanjuan, Rafael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2074-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-UPV, 46022 Valencia, Spain. sfelena@ibmcp.upv.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Chlamydomonas/physiology ; Darkness ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Light ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/genetics/*physiology ; RNA Viruses/physiology ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Carbon in Amazon forests: unexpected seasonal fluxes and disturbance-induced losses (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-04
    Description: The net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide was measured by eddy covariance methods for 3 years in two old-growth forest sites near Santarem, Brazil. Carbon was lost in the wet season and gained in the dry season, which was opposite to the seasonal cycles of both tree growth and model predictions. The 3-year average carbon loss was 1.3 (confidence interval: 0.0 to 2.0) megagrams of carbon per hectare per year. Biometric observations confirmed the net loss but imply that it is a transient effect of recent disturbance superimposed on long-term balance. Given that episodic disturbances are characteristic of old-growth forests, it is likely that carbon sequestration is lower than has been inferred from recent eddy covariance studies at undisturbed sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saleska, Scott R -- Miller, Scott D -- Matross, Daniel M -- Goulden, Michael L -- Wofsy, Steven C -- da Rocha, Humberto R -- de Camargo, Plinio B -- Crill, Patrick -- Daube, Bruce C -- de Freitas, Helber C -- Hutyra, Lucy -- Keller, Michael -- Kirchhoff, Volker -- Menton, Mary -- Munger, J William -- Pyle, Elizabeth Hammond -- Rice, Amy H -- Silva, Hudson -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1554-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. saleska@fas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645845" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brazil ; Carbon/*analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/metabolism ; Confidence Intervals ; *Ecosystem ; Oxygen Consumption ; Photosynthesis ; Rain ; *Seasons ; *Trees/growth & development/metabolism ; Wood
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Paleobiology. Megafauna died from big kill, not big chill (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):885.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ascomycota ; Charcoal ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Feces/microbiology ; Geologic Sediments ; Humans ; Madagascar ; *Mammals ; New York ; *Paleontology ; Pollen ; Population Dynamics ; *Spores, Fungal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: In the Pacific Ocean, air and ocean temperatures, atmospheric carbon dioxide, landings of anchovies and sardines, and the productivity of coastal and open ocean ecosystems have varied over periods of about 50 years. In the mid-1970s, the Pacific changed from a cool "anchovy regime" to a warm "sardine regime." A shift back to an anchovy regime occurred in the middle to late 1990s. These large-scale, naturally occurring variations must be taken into account when considering human-induced climate change and the management of ocean living resources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chavez, Francisco P -- Ryan, John -- Lluch-Cota, Salvador E -- Niquen C, Miguel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):217-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. chfr@mbari.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522241" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Birds ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Ocean exploration. Deep-sea mountaineering (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1034-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933987" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Atlantic Ocean ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Geologic Sediments ; *Marine Biology ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Seasonal dynamics of previously unknown fungal lineages in tundra soils (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-06
    Description: The finding that microbial communities are active under snow has changed the estimated global rates of biogeochemical processes beneath seasonal snow packs. We used microbiological and molecular techniques to elucidate the phylogenetic composition of undersnow microbial communities in Colorado, the United States. Here, we show that tundra soil microbial biomass reaches its annual peak under snow, and that fungi account for most of the biomass. Phylogenetic analysis of tundra soil fungi revealed a high diversity of fungi and three novel clades that constitute major new groups of fungi (divergent at the subphylum or class level). An abundance of previously unknown fungi that are active beneath the snow substantially broadens our understanding of both the diversity and biogeochemical functioning of fungi in cold environments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schadt, Christopher W -- Martin, Andrew P -- Lipson, David A -- Schmidt, Steven K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 5;301(5638):1359-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12958355" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ascomycota/classification/genetics/growth & development/isolation & purification ; Basidiomycota/classification/genetics/growth & development/isolation & ; purification ; Bayes Theorem ; Biomass ; *Cold Climate ; Colorado ; DNA, Fungal/analysis/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/*classification/genetics/*growth & development/isolation & purification ; Phylogeny ; *Seasons ; Snow ; *Soil Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    First black carp captured in U.S (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chick, John H -- Maher, Robert J -- Burr, Brooks M -- Thomas, Matthew R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1876-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquaculture ; Bivalvia ; *Carps/classification ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Illinois
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Will direct payments help biodiversity? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Swart, Jac A A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):1981-2; author reply 1981-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663896" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Financial Management
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    The threat to cone snails (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chivian, Eric -- Roberts, Callum M -- Bernstein, Aaron S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):391.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14563988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa ; Biomedical Research ; Conotoxins ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Snails
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Geographic barriers isolate endemic populations of hyperthermophilic archaea (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: Barriers to dispersal between populations allow them to diverge through local adaptation or random genetic drift. High-resolution multilocus sequence analysis revealed that, on a global scale, populations of hyperthermophilic microorganisms are isolated from one another by geographic barriers and have diverged over the course of their recent evolutionary history. The identification of a biogeographic pattern in the archaeon Sulfolobus challenges the current model of microbial biodiversity in which unrestricted dispersal constrains the development of global species richness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whitaker, Rachel J -- Grogan, Dennis W -- Taylor, John W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):976-8. Epub 2003 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. rwhitaker@nature.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, Archaeal ; Genes, rRNA ; Genetic Drift ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Geography ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sulfolobus/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Temperature ; *Water Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    Adaptation limits diversification of experimental bacterial populations (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: Adaptation to a specific niche theoretically constrains a population's ability to subsequently diversify into other niches. We tested this theory using the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, which diversifies into niche specialists when propagated in laboratory microcosms. Numerically dominant genotypes were allowed to diversify in isolation. As predicted, populations increased in fitness through time but showed a greatly decreased ability to diversify. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that niche generalists and reductions in intrinsic evolvability were not responsible for our data. These results show that niche specialization may come with a cost of reduced potential to diversify.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buckling, Angus -- Wills, Matthew A -- Colegrave, Nick -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2107-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. bssagjb@bath.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/cytology/genetics/*physiology ; Selection, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    Comment on "Buffered Tree Population Changes in a Quaternary Refugium: Evolutionary Implications" (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stewart, John R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 7;299(5608):825; author reply 825.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology and AHRB Centre for the Evolutionary Analysis of Cultural Behaviour, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. ucsajrs@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Europe ; Fossils ; Geography ; Pollen ; Time ; *Trees/genetics/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    High plant diversity in Eocene South America: evidence from Patagonia (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-05
    Description: Tropical South America has the highest plant diversity of any region today, but this richness is usually characterized as a geologically recent development (Neogene or Pleistocene). From caldera-lake beds exposed at Laguna del Hunco in Patagonia, Argentina, paleolatitude approximately 47 degrees S, we report 102 leaf species. Radioisotopic and paleomagnetic analyses indicate that the flora was deposited 52 million years ago, the time of the early Eocene climatic optimum, when tropical plant taxa and warm, equable climates reached middle latitudes of both hemispheres. Adjusted for sample size, observed richness exceeds that of any other Eocene leaf flora, supporting an ancient history of high plant diversity in warm areas of South America.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilf, Peter -- Cuneo, N Ruben -- Johnson, Kirk R -- Hicks, Jason F -- Wing, Scott L -- Obradovich, John D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 4;300(5616):122-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. pwilf@geosc.psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12677065" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Argentina ; Climate ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; North America ; Plant Development ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology ; *Plants/classification ; Rain ; South America ; Temperature ; Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Major ecological transitions in wild sunflowers facilitated by hybridization (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-09
    Description: Hybridization is frequent in many organismal groups, but its role in adaptation is poorly understood. In sunflowers, species found in the most extreme habitats are ancient hybrids, and new gene combinations generated by hybridization are speculated to have contributed to ecological divergence. This possibility was tested through phenotypic and genomic comparisons of ancient and synthetic hybrids. Most trait differences in ancient hybrids could be recreated by complementary gene action in synthetic hybrids and were favored by selection. The same combinations of parental chromosomal segments required to generate extreme phenotypes in synthetic hybrids also occurred in ancient hybrids. Thus, hybridization facilitated ecological divergence in sunflowers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rieseberg, Loren H -- Raymond, Olivier -- Rosenthal, David M -- Lai, Zhao -- Livingstone, Kevin -- Nakazato, Takuya -- Durphy, Jennifer L -- Schwarzbach, Andrea E -- Donovan, Lisa A -- Lexer, Christian -- R01 G59065/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 29;301(5637):1211-6. Epub 2003 Aug 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. lriesebe@indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Mapping ; Diploidy ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Genes, Plant ; Genome, Plant ; Genotype ; Helianthus/*genetics/physiology ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Sardine fishing in the early 20th century (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, John G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 27;300(5628):2032-3; author reply 2032-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829766" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; California ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Pacific Ocean ; Population Density ; *Seawater
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 23
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    Metapopulation persistence with age-dependent disturbance or succession (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-13
    Description: Simple metapopulation models with random disturbances are used in species conservation or management, relying on the condition for persistence that the per-patch colonization rate be greater than the per-patch extinction rate. For a general model incorporating the role of succession or patch age-dependent extinction, I show that persistence requires the per-patch colonization rate to be greater than the inverse of mean patch age, where age is the time since the patch became available for colonization. Because mean patch age can be arbitrarily large relative to the extinction rate, currently persisting metapopulations may be persisting despite small colonization rates, and management approaches that do not consider the role of mean patch age may unnecessarily doom populations to extinction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hastings, Alan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 12;301(5639):1525-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. amhastings@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12970563" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Forestry ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Time Factors ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Invasive species. Can well-timed jolts keep out unwanted exotic fish? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):157-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Carps ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Electricity ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 25
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    Geology. Resources of the sea floor (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rona, Peter A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 31;299(5607):673-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. rona@imcs.rutgers.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Ecosystem ; *Geologic Sediments/chemistry/microbiology ; Geological Phenomena ; *Geology ; Hot Temperature ; International Cooperation ; Minerals/*analysis ; Mining ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater/microbiology ; Temperature ; United Nations ; Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolution. Sex, sunflowers, and speciation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abbott, Richard J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 29;301(5637):1189-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, UK. rja@st-and.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947185" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Diploidy ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Genes, Plant ; Genotype ; Helianthus/*genetics/physiology ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Recombination, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 27
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    Impact ejecta layer from the mid-Devonian: possible connection to global mass extinctions (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: We have found evidence for a bolide impacting Earth in the mid-Devonian ( approximately 380 million years ago), including high concentrations of shocked quartz, Ni, Cr, As, V, and Co anomalies; a large negative carbon isotope shift (-9 per mil); and microspherules and microcrysts at Jebel Mech Irdane in the Anti Atlas desert near Rissani, Morocco. This impact is important because it is coincident with a major global extinction event (Kacak/otomari event), suggesting a possible cause-and-effect relation between the impact and the extinction. The result may represent the extinction of as many as 40% of all living marine animal genera.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ellwood, Brooks B -- Benoist, Stephen L -- El Hassani, Ahmed -- Wheeler, Christopher -- Crick, Rex E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1734-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, E235 Howe-Russell Geoscience Complex, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805544" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Geologic Sediments ; Magnetics ; *Meteoroids ; Morocco ; Seawater ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 28
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    Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: Recent climatic changes have enhanced plant growth in northern mid-latitudes and high latitudes. However, a comprehensive analysis of the impact of global climatic changes on vegetation productivity has not before been expressed in the context of variable limiting factors to plant growth. We present a global investigation of vegetation responses to climatic changes by analyzing 18 years (1982 to 1999) of both climatic data and satellite observations of vegetation activity. Our results indicate that global changes in climate have eased several critical climatic constraints to plant growth, such that net primary production increased 6% (3.4 petagrams of carbon over 18 years) globally. The largest increase was in tropical ecosystems. Amazon rain forests accounted for 42% of the global increase in net primary production, owing mainly to decreased cloud cover and the resulting increase in solar radiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nemani, Ramakrishna R -- Keeling, Charles D -- Hashimoto, Hirofumi -- Jolly, William M -- Piper, Stephen C -- Tucker, Compton J -- Myneni, Ranga B -- Running, Steven W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1560-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA. nemani@ntsg.umt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Plant Development ; Rain ; Seasons ; Soil ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Tropical Climate ; Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Preserving the tree of life (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: Phylogenies provide new ways to measure biodiversity, to assess conservation priorities, and to quantify the evolutionary history in any set of species. Methodological problems and a lack of knowledge about most species have so far hampered their use. In the future, as techniques improve and more data become accessible, we will have an expanded set of conservation options, including ways to prioritize outcomes from evolutionary and ecological processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mace, Georgina M -- Gittleman, John L -- Purvis, Andy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1707-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Classification/methods ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geography ; *Phylogeny ; Species Specificity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Protecting China's biodiversity (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Jianguo -- Ouyang, Zhiyun -- Pimm, Stuart L -- Raven, Peter H -- Wang, Xiaoke -- Miao, Hong -- Han, Nianyong -- R01 HD39789/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 23;300(5623):1240-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. jliu@panda.msu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; *Ecosystem ; Financing, Government ; Government Agencies ; Humans ; *Plant Development ; Population Density ; Private Sector ; Public Policy ; Public Sector ; Recreation ; Travel ; Trees/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Analyzing carbon flux measurements (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dolman, A J -- Schulze, E D -- Valentini, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):916-7; author reply 916-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920280" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; *Carbon ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Ecosystem ; Soil ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 32
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    Ecology. Metalife! (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dobson, Andy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 12;301(5639):1488-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. dobber@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12970552" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Parasites/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Ecology. Too much crunching on rainforest nuts? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2049.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bertholletia/growth & development ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; *Nuts ; Peru ; Population Density ; *Trees
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  • 34
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    Explaining the abundance of ants in lowland tropical rainforest canopies (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: The extraordinary abundance of ants in tropical rainforest canopies has led to speculation that numerous arboreal ant taxa feed principally as "herbivores" of plant and insect exudates. Based on nitrogen (N) isotope ratios of plants, known herbivores, arthropod predators, and ants from Amazonia and Borneo, we find that many arboreal ant species obtain little N through predation and scavenging. Microsymbionts of ants and their hemipteran trophobionts might play key roles in the nutrition of taxa specializing on N-poor exudates. For plants, the combined costs of biotic defenses and herbivory by ants and tended Hemiptera are substantial, and forest losses to insect herbivores vastly exceed current estimates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davidson, Diane W -- Cook, Steven C -- Snelling, Roy R -- Chua, Tock H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):969-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South, 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Ants/chemistry/classification/microbiology/*physiology ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Brunei ; *Ecosystem ; Exudates and Transudates ; Feeding Behavior ; Gammaproteobacteria/physiology ; Hemiptera/microbiology/*physiology ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Peru ; Plant Leaves ; *Plants/chemistry ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior ; Symbiosis ; *Trees ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Marine biology. Will oil spell trouble for Western Pacific gray whales? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1365.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775816" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Industry ; Pacific Ocean ; *Petroleum ; Population Density ; Publishing ; *Research ; Russia ; Vibration ; Water Pollution/adverse effects ; *Whales
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Three-Gorges Dam--experiment in habitat fragmentation? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-24
    Description: Habitat fragmentation is the primary cause of the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, but its underlying processes and mechanisms remain poorly understood. Studies of islands and insular terrestrial habitats are essential for improving our understanding of habitat fragmentation. We argue that the Three-Gorges Dam, the largest that humans have ever created, presents a unique grand-scale natural experiment that allows ecologists to address a range of critical questions concerning the theory and practice of biodiversity conservation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Jianguo -- Huang, Jianhui -- Han, Xingguo -- Xie, Zongqiang -- Gao, Xianming -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 23;300(5623):1239-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. jingle.wu@asu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Financial Support ; Fresh Water ; Geography ; International Cooperation ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Modeling marine protected areas (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sanchirico, James N -- Stoffle, Richard -- Broad, Kenny -- Talaue-McManus, Liana -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):47-9; author reply 47-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; California ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Humans ; Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Biodiversity. New Chinese center marks a coming of age for field (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):559.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576399" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Germany ; Internationality ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Global biodiversity, biochemical kinetics, and the energetic-equivalence rule" (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Storch, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 17;299(5605):346; author reply 346.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK, and Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Jilska 1, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic. storch@cts.cuni.cz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12531999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Constitution ; *Ecosystem ; Kinetics ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 40
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    Phosphorus limitation of coastal ecosystem processes (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-25
    Description: Primary production in coastal wetlands is conventionally thought to be limited by nitrogen. Although the plant community in a pristine salt marsh was found to be limited primarily by nitrogen availability, the bacterial community in the soil was limited by phosphorus. Hence, in coastal wetlands, and possibly in many ecosystems, individual trophic groups may respond differently to nitrogen and phosphorus loading. Phosphorus limitation of the growth of nitrogen-transforming bacteria will affect carbon fixation, storage, and release mediated by plants, a result that has important implications for ecosystem management.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sundareshwar, P V -- Morris, J T -- Koepfler, E K -- Fornwalt, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):563-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. pvs@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12543975" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/metabolism ; Bacteria/*growth & development/metabolism ; Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; Colony Count, Microbial ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Glucose/metabolism/pharmacology ; Nitrogen/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Nitrous Oxide/metabolism ; Phosphorus/*metabolism/pharmacology ; *Plant Development ; Plants/metabolism ; Soil Microbiology ; South Carolina ; Urea/metabolism ; Water Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Keeping out unwanted fish (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoover, Jan Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1671.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Perciformes ; United States ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Environmental protection. Pentagon wants out from 'green' rules (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 14;299(5613):1643-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637711" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *Military Science ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Why gobies are like Hobbits (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palumbi, Stephen R -- Warner, Robert R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 3;299(5603):51-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA. spalumbi@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa ; Atlantic Ocean ; Bahamas ; Caribbean Region ; Color ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Drift ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Larva/growth & development/physiology ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Otolithic Membrane/growth & development ; Perciformes/classification/*genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 44
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    The deep roots of eukaryotes (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: Most cultivated and characterized eukaryotes can be confidently assigned to one of eight major groups. After a few false starts, we are beginning to resolve relationships among these major groups as well. However, recent developments are radically revising this picture again, particularly (i) the discovery of the likely antiquity and taxonomic diversity of ultrasmall eukaryotes, and (ii) a fundamental rethinking of the position of the root. Together these data suggest major gaps in our understanding simply of what eukaryotes are or, when it comes to the tree, even which end is up.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baldauf, S L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1703-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of York, Box 373, Heslington, York YO10 5YW, UK. slb14@york.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Classification/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryotic Cells/*classification ; *Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Making allelopathy respectable (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fitter, Alastair -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 5;301(5638):1337-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK. ahf1@york.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12958350" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/growth & development/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Catechin/*metabolism/*toxicity ; Centaurea/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Europe ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Poaceae/growth & development ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Soil/analysis ; United States
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  • 46
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    The impact of the pull of the recent on the history of marine diversity (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-17
    Description: Up to 50% of the increase in marine animal biodiversity through the Cenozoic at the genus level has been attributed to a sampling bias termed "the Pull of the Recent," the extension of stratigraphic ranges of fossil taxa by the relatively complete sampling of the Recent biota. However, 906 of 958 living genera and subgenera of bivalve mollusks having a fossil record occur in the Pliocene or Pleistocene. The Pull of the Recent thus accounts for only 5% of the Cenozoic increase in bivalve diversity, a major component of the marine record, suggesting that the diversity increase is likely to be a genuine biological pattern.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jablonski, David -- Roy, Kaustuv -- Valentine, James W -- Price, Rebecca M -- Anderson, Philip S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 16;300(5622):1133-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. d-jablonski@uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12750517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Models, Biological ; *Mollusca/classification ; Time
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Collapse and conservation of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-18
    Description: Overexploitation threatens the future of many large vertebrates. In the ocean, tunas and sea turtles are current conservation concerns because of this intense pressure. The status of most shark species, in contrast, remains uncertain. Using the largest data set in the Northwest Atlantic, we show rapid large declines in large coastal and oceanic shark populations. Scalloped hammerhead, white, and thresher sharks are each estimated to have declined by over 75% in the past 15 years. Closed-area models highlight priority areas for shark conservation, and the need to consider effort reallocation and site selection if marine reserves are to benefit multiple threatened species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baum, Julia K -- Myers, Ransom A -- Kehler, Daniel G -- Worm, Boris -- Harley, Shelton J -- Doherty, Penny A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 17;299(5605):389-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4J1. baum@mscs.dal.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12532016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Statistical ; Population Density ; *Sharks
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Europe's terrestrial biosphere absorbs 7 to 12% of European anthropogenic CO2 emissions (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-24
    Description: Most inverse atmospheric models report considerable uptake of carbon dioxide in Europe's terrestrial biosphere. In contrast, carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems increase at a much smaller rate, with carbon gains in forests and grassland soils almost being offset by carbon losses from cropland and peat soils. Accounting for non-carbon dioxide carbon transfers that are not detected by the atmospheric models and for carbon dioxide fluxes bypassing the ecosystem carbon stocks considerably reduces the gap between the small carbon-stock changes and the larger carbon dioxide uptake estimated by atmospheric models. The remaining difference could be because of missing components in the stock-change approach, as well as the large uncertainty in both methods. With the use of the corrected atmosphere- and land-based estimates as a dual constraint, we estimate a net carbon sink between 135 and 205 teragrams per year in Europe's terrestrial biosphere, the equivalent of 7 to 12% of the 1995 anthropogenic carbon emissions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Janssens, Ivan A -- Freibauer, Annette -- Ciais, Philippe -- Smith, Pete -- Nabuurs, Gert-Jan -- Folberth, Gerd -- Schlamadinger, Bernhard -- Hutjes, Ronald W A -- Ceulemans, Reinhart -- Schulze, E-Detlef -- Valentini, Riccardo -- Dolman, A Johannes -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1538-42. Epub 2003 May 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, B-2160 Antwerpen, Belgium. ijanssen@uia.ua.ac.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; *Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Soil ; *Trees/metabolism
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    Climate change. Consensus on ecological impacts remains elusive (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jensen, Mari N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 3;299(5603):38.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511629" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Models, Statistical ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Research Design ; Selection Bias ; Statistics as Topic ; Temperature
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    Prospects for biodiversity (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-15
    Description: Assuming no radical transformation in human behavior, we can expect important changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services by 2050. A considerable number of species extinctions will have taken place. Existing large blocks of tropical forest will be much reduced and fragmented, but temperate forests and some tropical forests will be stable or increasing in area, although the latter will be biotically impoverished. Marine ecosystems will be very different from today's, with few large marine predators, and freshwater biodiversity will be severely reduced almost everywhere. These changes will not, in themselves, threaten the survival of humans as a species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jenkins, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 14;302(5648):1175-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, UK. martin.jenkins@unep-wcmc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615529" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Forecasting ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; Seawater ; Trees ; Tropical Climate
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    Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: We report a massive region-wide decline of corals across the entire Caribbean basin, with the average hard coral cover on reefs being reduced by 80%, from about 50% to 10% cover, in three decades. Our meta-analysis shows that patterns of change in coral cover are variable across time periods but largely consistent across subregions, suggesting that local causes have operated with some degree of synchrony on a region-wide scale. Although the rate of coral loss has slowed in the past decade compared to the 1980s, significant declines are persisting. The ability of Caribbean coral reefs to cope with future local and global environmental change may be irretrievably compromised.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gardner, Toby A -- Cote, Isabelle M -- Gill, Jennifer A -- Grant, Alastair -- Watkinson, Andrew R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):958-60. Epub 2003 Jul 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; Caribbean Region ; Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/growth & development ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Demographic threats to the sustainability of Brazil nut exploitation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: A comparative analysis of 23 populations of the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) across the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Bolivian Amazon shows that the history and intensity of Brazil nut exploitation are major determinants of population size structure. Populations subjected to persistent levels of harvest lack juvenile trees less than 60 centimeters in diameter at breast height; only populations with a history of either light or recent exploitation contain large numbers of juvenile trees. A harvesting model confirms that intensive exploitation levels over the past century are such that juvenile recruitment is insufficient to maintain populations over the long term. Without management, intensively harvested populations will succumb to a process of senescence and demographic collapse, threatening this cornerstone of the Amazonian extractive economy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peres, Carlos A -- Baider, Claudia -- Zuidema, Pieter A -- Wadt, Lucia H O -- Kainer, Karen A -- Gomes-Silva, Daisy A P -- Salomao, Rafael P -- Simoes, Luciana L -- Franciosi, Eduardo R N -- Cornejo Valverde, Fernando -- Gribel, Rogerio -- Shepard, Glenn H Jr -- Kanashiro, Milton -- Coventry, Peter -- Yu, Douglas W -- Watkinson, Andrew R -- Freckleton, Robert P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2112-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. C.Peres@uea.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684819" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bertholletia/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Statistical ; *Nuts ; Peru ; Population Density ; Principal Component Analysis ; Regression Analysis ; Time Factors ; *Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Long-term ecosystem response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: The ecosystem response to the 1989 spill of oil from the Exxon Valdez into Prince William Sound, Alaska, shows that current practices for assessing ecological risks of oil in the oceans and, by extension, other toxic sources should be changed. Previously, it was assumed that impacts to populations derive almost exclusively from acute mortality. However, in the Alaskan coastal ecosystem, unexpected persistence of toxic subsurface oil and chronic exposures, even at sublethal levels, have continued to affect wildlife. Delayed population reductions and cascades of indirect effects postponed recovery. Development of ecosystem-based toxicology is required to understand and ultimately predict chronic, delayed, and indirect long-term risks and impacts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peterson, Charles H -- Rice, Stanley D -- Short, Jeffrey W -- Esler, Daniel -- Bodkin, James L -- Ballachey, Brenda E -- Irons, David B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2082-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA. cpeters@email.unc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684812" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Pollution ; Geologic Sediments ; Petroleum/*toxicity ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/*toxicity ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Time Factors ; Toxicity Tests ; Water Pollution/*adverse effects
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Forestry. Old-growth forest spared for now (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shouse, Ben -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 7;299(5608):802.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574590" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Coniferophyta/growth & development ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; *Forestry ; Mexico ; *Trees/growth & development
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    Ecology. Conflict over cooperation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shouse, Ben -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 31;299(5607):644-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Plant Development
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    Long-term effects of wildfire on ecosystem properties across an island area gradient (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: Boreal forest soils play an important role in the global carbon cycle by functioning as a large terrestrial carbon sink or source, and the alteration of fire regime through global change phenomena may influence this role. We studied a system of forested lake islands in the boreal zone of Sweden for which fire frequency increases with increasing island size. Large islands supported higher plant productivity and litter decomposition rates than did smaller ones, and, with increasing time since fire, litter decomposition rates were suppressed sooner than was ecosystem productivity. This contributes to greater carbon storage with increasing time since fire; for every century without a major fire, an additional 0.5 kilograms per square meter of carbon becomes stored in the humus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wardle, David A -- Hornberg, Greger -- Zackrisson, Olle -- Kalela-Brundin, Maarit -- Coomes, David A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):972-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Forest Vegetation Ecology, Faculty of Forestry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901 83 Umea, Sweden. david.wardle@svek.slu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738863" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; *Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Geography ; Light ; *Plant Development ; Soil/*analysis ; Sweden ; Trees/*growth & development
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    Geoscience. Microbial geoengineers (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warren, Lesley A -- Kauffman, Mary E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 14;299(5609):1027-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Geography and Geology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1 Canada. warrenl@mcmaster.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12586932" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/classification/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Gene Expression ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Geological Phenomena ; *Geology ; Metals/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogeny ; Thermodynamics ; *Water Microbiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Foraging adaptation and the relationship between food-web complexity and stability (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Ecological theory suggests that complex food webs should not persist because of their inherent instability. "Real" ecosystems often support a large number of interacting species. A mathematical model shows that fluctuating short-term selection on trophic links, arising from a consumer's adaptive food choice, is a key to the long-term stability of complex communities. Without adaptive foragers, food-web complexity destabilizes community composition; whereas in their presence, complexity may enhance community persistence through facilitation of dynamical food-web reconstruction that buffers environmental fluctuations. The model predicts a linkage pattern consistent with field observations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kondoh, Michio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 28;299(5611):1388-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kamitanakami, Otsu 520-2113, Japan. kondohm@cf.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Mathematics ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics
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    Assessing environmental changes in grasslands (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ausubel, Jesse H -- Waggoner, Paul E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 21;299(5614):1844-5; author reply 1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12650161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; *Nitrogen ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Soil
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    Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: Degradation of coral reef ecosystems began centuries ago, but there is no global summary of the magnitude of change. We compiled records, extending back thousands of years, of the status and trends of seven major guilds of carnivores, herbivores, and architectural species from 14 regions. Large animals declined before small animals and architectural species, and Atlantic reefs declined before reefs in the Red Sea and Australia, but the trajectories of decline were markedly similar worldwide. All reefs were substantially degraded long before outbreaks of coral disease and bleaching. Regardless of these new threats, reefs will not survive without immediate protection from human exploitation over large spatial scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pandolfi, John M -- Bradbury, Roger H -- Sala, Enric -- Hughes, Terence P -- Bjorndal, Karen A -- Cooke, Richard G -- McArdle, Deborah -- McClenachan, Loren -- Newman, Marah J H -- Paredes, Gustavo -- Warner, Robert R -- Jackson, Jeremy B C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):955-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Post Office Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. pandolfi.john@nmnh.si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Culture ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Time Factors
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    A mesoscale iron enrichment in the western subarctic Pacific induces a large centric diatom bloom (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: We have performed an in situ test of the iron limitation hypothesis in the subarctic North Pacific Ocean. A single enrichment of dissolved iron caused a large increase in phytoplankton standing stock and decreases in macronutrients and dissolved carbon dioxide. The dominant phytoplankton species shifted after the iron addition from pennate diatoms to a centric diatom, Chaetoceros debilis, that showed a very high growth rate, 2.6 doublings per day. We conclude that the bioavailability of iron regulates the magnitude of the phytoplankton biomass and the key phytoplankton species that determine the biogeochemical sensitivity to iron supply of high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll waters.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsuda, Atsushi -- Takeda, Shigenobu -- Saito, Hiroaki -- Nishioka, Jun -- Nojiri, Yukihiro -- Kudo, Isao -- Kiyosawa, Hiroshi -- Shiomoto, Akihiro -- Imai, Keiri -- Ono, Tsuneo -- Shimamoto, Akifumi -- Tsumune, Daisuke -- Yoshimura, Takeshi -- Aono, Tatsuo -- Hinuma, Akira -- Kinugasa, Masatoshi -- Suzuki, Koji -- Sohrin, Yoshiki -- Noiri, Yoshifumi -- Tani, Heihachiro -- Deguchi, Yuji -- Tsurushima, Nobuo -- Ogawa, Hiroshi -- Fukami, Kimio -- Kuma, Kenshi -- Saino, Toshiro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):958-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hokkaido National Research Institute, Kushiro, Hokkaido 085-0802, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738858" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arctic Regions ; Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Diatoms/*growth & development/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Eutrophication ; Ferrous Compounds ; *Iron/analysis ; Nitrates/analysis ; Pacific Ocean ; Phytoplankton/*growth & development/metabolism ; *Seawater/chemistry ; Silicates/analysis
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    Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion: from molecules and genes to species interactions (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-06
    Description: Here we present evidence that Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed), an invasive species in the western United States, displaces native plant species by exuding the phytotoxin (-)-catechin from its roots. Our results show inhibition of native species' growth and germination in field soils at natural concentrations of (-)-catechin. In susceptible species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, the allelochemical triggers a wave of reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiated at the root meristem, which leads to a Ca2+ signaling cascade triggering genome-wide changes in gene expression and, ultimately, death of the root system. Our results support a "novel weapons hypothesis" for invasive success.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bais, Harsh P -- Vepachedu, Ramarao -- Gilroy, Simon -- Callaway, Ragan M -- Vivanco, Jorge M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 5;301(5638):1377-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12958360" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics/*physiology ; Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Catechin/*metabolism/*toxicity ; Cell Death ; Cell Survival ; Centaurea/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Europe ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genome, Plant ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; Plant Roots/cytology/metabolism ; Poaceae/drug effects/growth & development ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Soil/analysis ; United States
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    Dispersal, environment, and floristic variation of western Amazonian forests (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: The distribution of plant species, the species compositions of different sites, and the factors that affect them in tropical rain forests are not well understood. The main hypotheses are that species composition is either (i) uniform over large areas, (ii) random but spatially autocorrelated because of dispersal limitation, or (iii) patchy and environmentally determined. Here we test these hypotheses, using a large data set from western Amazonia. The uniformity hypothesis gains no support, but the other hypotheses do. Environmental determinism explains a larger proportion of the variation in floristic differences between sites than does dispersal limitation; together, these processes explain 70 to 75% of the variation. Consequently, it is important that management planning for conservation and resource use take into account both habitat heterogeneity and biogeographic differences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tuomisto, Hanna -- Ruokolainen, Kalle -- Yli-Halla, Markku -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):241-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland. hantuo@utu.fi〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Colombia ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; *Environment ; *Ferns/classification/growth & development ; Geography ; *Melastomataceae/classification/growth & development ; Peru ; Seasons ; Soil ; *Trees
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    Larvae retention: genes or oceanography? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Colin, Patrick L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1657-9; author reply 1657-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805519" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Ecosystem ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Larva/genetics/physiology ; Perciformes/*genetics/*physiology ; West Indies
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    Ecological consequences of a century of warming in Lake Tanganyika (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-28
    Description: Deep tropical lakes are excellent climate monitors because annual mixing is shallow and flushing rates are low, allowing heat to accumulate during climatic warming. We describe effects of warming on Lake Tanganyika: A sharpened density gradient has slowed vertical mixing and reduced primary production. Increased warming rates during the coming century may continue to slow mixing and further reduce productivity in Lake Tanganyika and other deep tropical lakes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verburg, Piet -- Hecky, Robert E -- Kling, Hedy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):505-7. Epub 2003 Jun 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. pverburg@scimail.uwaterloo.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829786" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Animals ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Fresh Water/chemistry ; Greenhouse Effect ; Light ; Mollusca/physiology ; Oxygen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Phytoplankton/physiology ; Seasons ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis ; Sulfur Compounds/analysis ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; *Tropical Climate
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    Endagered Species Act. Report says listings draw on sound science (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 3;302(5642):35.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Guidelines as Topic ; United States ; United States Government Agencies
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    Endangered species. NRC backs ecosystem-wide changes to save Klamath fish (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):765.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; California ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; *National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; Oregon ; United States
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    Evolution 2003 meeting. Garden flower evolves into weed (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):458-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Canada ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Silene/*genetics/*growth & development ; United States
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    Evolution. How global change shaped the squirrel family (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 21;299(5610):1165-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595664" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *Phylogeny ; *Sciuridae/classification/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecological networks. Panel suggests a different shade of NEON (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1828.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512592" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Financing, Government ; National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 71
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    Ecology. Lean winters hinder birds' summertime breeding efforts (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1033.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Breeding ; Carbon Isotopes/blood ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; Male ; *Reproduction ; Seasons ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 72
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    A reservoir of nitrate beneath desert soils (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-08
    Description: A large reservoir of bioavailable nitrogen (up to approximately 10(4) kilograms of nitrogen per hectare, as nitrate) has been previously overlooked in studies of global nitrogen distribution. The reservoir has been accumulating in subsoil zones of arid regions throughout the Holocene. Consideration of the subsoil reservoir raises estimates of vadose-zone nitrogen inventories by 14 to 71% for warm deserts and arid shrublands worldwide and by 3 to 16% globally. Subsoil nitrate accumulation indicates long-term leaching from desert soils, impelling further evaluation of nutrient dynamics in xeric ecosystems. Evidence that subsoil accumulations are readily mobilized raises concern about groundwater contamination after land-use or climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walvoord, Michelle A -- Phillips, Fred M -- Stonestrom, David A -- Evans, R Dave -- Hartsough, Peter C -- Newman, Brent D -- Striegl, Robert G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 7;302(5647):1021-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225, USA. walvoord@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14605364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Chlorides/analysis/metabolism ; *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrates/*analysis/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Soil/*analysis ; Southwestern United States ; Water/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 73
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    Evolution. Puzzling over the origin of species in the depths of the oldest lakes (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, Erica -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 31;299(5607):654-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Amphipoda/genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fishes/genetics ; *Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Siberia ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Turbellaria/classification
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 74
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    Estimating the rock volume bias in paleobiodiversity studies (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: To interpret changes in biodiversity through geological time, it is necessary first to correct for biases in sampling effort related to variations in the exposure of rocks and recovery of fossils with age. Data from New Zealand indicate that outcrop area is likely to be a reliable proxy of rock volume in both stable cratonic regions, where the paleobiodiversity record is strongly correlated with relative sea level, and on tectonically active margins. In contrast, another potential proxy, the number of rock formations, is a poor predictor of outcrop area or sampling effort in the New Zealand case.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crampton, James S -- Beu, Alan G -- Cooper, Roger A -- Jones, Craig M -- Marshall, Bruce -- Maxwell, Phillip A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):358-60. Epub 2003 Jun 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Post Office Box 30-368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. j.crampton@gns.cri.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Mollusca ; New Zealand ; Paleontology ; Selection Bias
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  • 75
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    The European carbon budget: a gap (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Siemens, Jan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 5;302(5651):1681; author reply 1681.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657477" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Rivers ; Soil
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 76
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    Oceanic Rossby waves acting as a "hay rake" for ecosystem floating by-products (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-04
    Description: Recent satellite observations of Rossby waves and chlorophyll anomalies propagating in subtropical gyres have suggested that wave-induced upwelling could stimulate photosynthesis. Instead, we show that chlorophyll maxima are located in abnormally warm water, in Rossby wave-induced convergences. This excludes inputs of nutrients from deeper water. We argue that the sea color anomalies are not caused by chlorophyll but by floating particles evolved from the ecosystem and accumulated by Rossby waves, acting as "marine hay rakes," in convergence zones. Such processes may be determinant for the distribution of living organisms in oligotrophic areas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dandonneau, Yves -- Vega, Andres -- Loisel, Hubert -- du Penhoat, Yves -- Menkes, Christophe -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1548-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IRD, IPSL/Laboratoire d'Oceanographie Dynamique et de Climatologie, 75252 Paris 05, France. yd@lodyc.jussieu.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Chlorophyll/*analysis ; Color ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Light ; Oceanography/*methods ; Optics and Photonics ; Pacific Ocean ; *Phytoplankton ; Scattering, Radiation ; *Seawater ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; Water Movements ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Conservation. Caffeine and conservation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, Timothy G -- Kinnaird, Margaret F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):587.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wildlife Conservation Society, Jalan Pangrango No. 8, Bogor, Indonesia. tobrien@wcs.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714727" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Asia ; Coffea/*growth & development ; *Coffee/economics ; Commerce ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Crops, Agricultural/economics ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Indonesia ; *Public Policy ; United States ; Vietnam
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  • 78
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    Genetic evidence for local retention of pelagic larvae in a Caribbean reef fish (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-04
    Description: The pelagic larvae of many marine organisms can potentially disperse across hundreds of kilometers, but whether oceanographic or behavioral mechanisms can constrain dispersal over periods sufficient for the evolution of genetic differentiation remains unclear. Here, we concurrently examine larval duration and genetic population differentiation in a cleaner goby, Elacatinus evelynae, a member of the most species-rich genus of Caribbean reef fishes. Despite evidence for extended pelagic duration (21 days), populations of E. evelynae show strong genetic differentiation: among color forms (1.36 to 3.04% divergent at mitochondrial cytochrome b) and among island populations within color forms (Phi(ST) up to 70%). These results suggest that marine populations can remain demographically closed for thousands of generations despite extended larval duration, and that recognition cues such as color may promote speciation when geographic barriers are transient or weak.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taylor, Michael S -- Hellberg, Michael E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 3;299(5603):107-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. mtayL22@lsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511651" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa ; Atlantic Ocean ; Bahamas ; Caribbean Region ; Color ; Cytochrome b Group/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Drift ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Larva/growth & development/physiology ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Otolithic Membrane/growth & development ; Perciformes/classification/*genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reproduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 79
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    Ecology. Refuting refugia? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knapp, Sandra -- Mallet, James -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 4;300(5616):71-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK. s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12677050" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Central America ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Genetic Variation ; Plant Development ; *Plants/classification/genetics ; South America ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 80
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    Causes of coral reef degradation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aronson, Richard B -- Bruno, John F -- Precht, William F -- Glynn, Peter W -- Harvell, C Drew -- Kaufman, Les -- Rogers, Caroline S -- Shinn, Eugene A -- Valentine, John F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1502-4; author reply 1502-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645826" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/growth & development/*physiology ; *Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fishes ; Humans ; Population Density
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 81
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    Microbiology. Neither cold nor snow stops tundra fungi (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 5;301(5638):1307.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12958337" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/growth & development/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Biomass ; *Cold Climate ; Colorado ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/classification/*growth & development/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Seasons ; *Snow ; *Soil Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 82
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    Modernizing the tree of life (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1692-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805532" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information ; Animals ; Automatic Data Processing ; Biological Evolution ; Classification/*methods ; DNA/*analysis/genetics ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genes ; Internet ; Mammals/classification ; Mutation ; *Phylogeny ; Software
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 83
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    Removing protected populations to save endangered species (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Courchamp, Franck -- Woodroffe, Rosie -- Roemer, Gary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1532.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecologie, Systematique & Evolution, Universite ParisSud, 91405 Orsay, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; California ; Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence/*methods ; *Eagles ; *Ecosystem ; *Foxes ; Geography ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; *Sus scrofa
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    Romania. Unexpected riches from a fabled gold mine (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):890-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Archaeology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; European Union ; *Gold ; *Mining/economics ; Romania ; Water Pollution, Chemical
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  • 85
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    Glacial refugia: hotspots but not melting pots of genetic diversity (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: Glacial refuge areas are expected to harbor a large fraction of the intraspecific biodiversity of the temperate biota. To test this hypothesis, we studied chloroplast DNA variation in 22 widespread European trees and shrubs sampled in the same forests. Most species had genetically divergent populations in Mediterranean regions, especially those with low seed dispersal abilities. However, the genetically most diverse populations were not located in the south but at intermediate latitudes, a likely consequence of the admixture of divergent lineages colonizing the continent from separate refugia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petit, Remy J -- Aguinagalde, Itziar -- de Beaulieu, Jacques-Louis -- Bittkau, Christiane -- Brewer, Simon -- Cheddadi, Rachid -- Ennos, Richard -- Fineschi, Silvia -- Grivet, Delphine -- Lascoux, Martin -- Mohanty, Aparajita -- Muller-Starck, Gerhard -- Demesure-Musch, Brigitte -- Palme, Anna -- Martin, Juan Pedro -- Rendell, Sarah -- Vendramin, Giovanni G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1563-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Biodiversite, Genes et Ecosystemes, F-33612 Cestas, France. petit@pierroton.inra.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/*genetics ; DNA, Chloroplast/*genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Seeds ; Temperature ; Trees/*genetics
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  • 86
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    Cyclic dynamics in a simple vertebrate predator-prey community (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: The collared lemming in the high-Arctic tundra in Greenland is preyed upon by four species of predators that show marked differences in the numbers of lemmings each consumes and in the dependence of their dynamics on lemming density. A predator prey model based on the field-estimated predator responses robustly predicts 4-year periodicity in lemming dynamics, in agreement with long-term empirical data. There is no indication in the field that food or space limits lemming population growth, nor is there need in the model to consider those factors. The cyclic dynamics are driven by a 1-year delay in the numerical response of the stoat and stabilized by strongly density-dependent predation by the arctic fox, the snowy owl, and the long-tailed skua.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gilg, Olivier -- Hanski, Ilkka -- Sittler, Benoit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):866-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Systematics, Division of Population Biology, Post Office Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. olivier.gilg@libertysurf.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arvicolinae/growth & development/*physiology ; Birds/*physiology ; Carnivora/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Foxes/physiology ; Greenland ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; Strigiformes/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 87
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    Ecology. Drought portends mosquito misery (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):904.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Culicidae/growth & development ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; Larva/growth & development ; Population Density ; Rain
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 88
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    Ecology. NSF hopes Congress will see the light on NEON (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1869-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioterrorism ; Budgets ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Politics ; Research ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    Island biology and ecosystem functioning in epiphytic soil communities (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: Although island attributes such as size and accessibility to colonizing organisms can influence community structure, the consequences of these for ecosystem functioning are little understood. A study of the suspended soils of spatially discrete epiphytes or treetop "islands" in the canopies of New Zealand rainforest trees revealed that different components of the decomposer community responded either positively or negatively to island size, as well as to the tree species that the islands occurred in. This in turn led to important differences between islands in the rates of ecosystem processes driven by the decomposer biota. This system serves as a model for better understanding how attributes of both real and habitat islands may affect key ecosystem functions through determining the community structure of organisms that drive these functions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wardle, David A -- Yeates, Gregor W -- Barker, Gary M -- Bellingham, Peter J -- Bonner, Karen I -- Williamson, Wendy M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1717-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Forest Vegetation Ecology, Faculty of Forestry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden. david.wardle@svek.slu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500981" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthropods/physiology ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Carbon/metabolism ; Coniferophyta ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fungi/growth & development ; Geography ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Lauraceae ; Liliaceae/*growth & development ; Nematoda/physiology ; New Zealand ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Oligochaeta/physiology ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Population Density ; *Soil ; Species Specificity ; *Trees ; Vitex
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Ecological adaptation during incipient speciation revealed by precise gene replacement (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-06
    Description: To understand the role of adaptation in speciation, one must characterize the ecologically relevant phenotypic effects of naturally occurring alleles at loci potentially causing reproductive isolation. The desaturase2 gene of Drosophila melanogaster is such a locus. Two geographically differentiated ds2 alleles underlie a pheromonal difference between the Zimbabwe and Cosmopolitan races. We used a site-directed gene replacement technique to introduce an allele of ds2 from the Zimbabwe population into Cosmopolitan flies. We show that the Cosmopolitan allele confers resistance to cold as well as susceptibility to starvation when the entire genetic background is otherwise identical. We conclude that ecological adaptation likely accompanies sexual isolation between the two behavioral races of D. melanogaster.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greenberg, Anthony J -- Moran, Jennifer R -- Coyne, Jerry A -- Wu, Chung-I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 5;302(5651):1754-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657496" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Africa ; Alkadienes/analysis ; Alkenes/analysis ; Alleles ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Constitution ; Caribbean Region ; Cold Temperature ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/enzymology/*genetics/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fatty Acid Desaturases/*genetics/physiology ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Genes, Insect ; Genotype ; Male ; Phenotype ; Pheromones/physiology ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sex Characteristics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Species Specificity ; Starvation ; Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
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    Ecology. Vole stranglers and lemming cycles (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hudson, Peter J -- Bjornstad, Ottar N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):797-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. pjh18@psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593159" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arvicolinae/growth & development/*physiology ; Birds/*physiology ; Canada ; Carnivora/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Foxes/physiology ; Greenland ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Strigiformes/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: The diversity, frequency, and scale of human impacts on coral reefs are increasing to the extent that reefs are threatened globally. Projected increases in carbon dioxide and temperature over the next 50 years exceed the conditions under which coral reefs have flourished over the past half-million years. However, reefs will change rather than disappear entirely, with some species already showing far greater tolerance to climate change and coral bleaching than others. International integration of management strategies that support reef resilience need to be vigorously implemented, and complemented by strong policy decisions to reduce the rate of global warming.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hughes, T P -- Baird, A H -- Bellwood, D R -- Card, M -- Connolly, S R -- Folke, C -- Grosberg, R -- Hoegh-Guldberg, O -- Jackson, J B C -- Kleypas, J -- Lough, J M -- Marshall, P -- Nystrom, M -- Palumbi, S R -- Pandolfi, J M -- Rosen, B -- Roughgarden, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):929-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Coral Reef Biodiversity, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. terry.hughes@jcu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Anthozoa/growth & development/*physiology ; *Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fishes ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Atmospheric science. Nitrogen and climate change (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hungate, Bruce A -- Dukes, Jeffrey S -- Shaw, M Rebecca -- Luo, Yiqi -- Field, Christopher B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1512-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences and the Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA. bruce.hungate@nau.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Theoretical ; Nitrogen/*analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Plants/metabolism ; Soil/analysis ; Trees/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Ecology. Cryptic herbivores of the rainforest canopy (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hunt, James H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):916-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA. jimhunt@umsl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Biomass ; Carbon ; *Ecosystem ; Exudates and Transudates ; Feeding Behavior ; Insects/physiology ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; *Plants ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior ; Selection, Genetic ; Symbiosis ; *Trees ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Comment on "Ascent of dinosaurs linked to an iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary" (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thulborn, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):169; author reply 169.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Geosciences, Monash University, Box 28E, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Constitution ; *Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Iridium/analysis ; North America ; Queensland
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 96
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    Biodiversity meets the atmosphere: a global view of forest canopies (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: The forest canopy is the functional interface between 90% of Earth's terrestrial biomass and the atmosphere. Multidisciplinary research in the canopy has expanded concepts of global species richness, physiological processes, and the provision of ecosystem services. Trees respond in a species-specific manner to elevated carbon dioxide levels, while climate change threatens plant-animal interactions in the canopy and will likely alter the production of biogenic aerosols that affect cloud formation and atmospheric chemistry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ozanne, C M P -- Anhuf, D -- Boulter, S L -- Keller, M -- Kitching, R L -- Korner, C -- Meinzer, F C -- Mitchell, A W -- Nakashizuka, T -- Dias, P L Silva -- Stork, N E -- Wright, S J -- Yoshimura, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):183-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Research in Ecology and Environment, School of Life and Sport Sciences, University of Surrey Roehampton, West Hill, London SW15 3SN, UK. c.ozanne@roehampton.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Plant Leaves/physiology ; Sunlight ; *Trees/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Environmental economics. False alarm over environmental false alarms (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pacala, S W -- Bulte, E -- List, J A -- Levin, S A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 29;301(5637):1187-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544-1003 USA. pacala@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947184" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollution/legislation & jurisprudence/*prevention & control ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Government Regulation ; Health ; Humans ; Probability ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Heat and biodiversity (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huston, Michael A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):512-3; author reply 512-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12546005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Models, Biological ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Temperature ; Trees ; Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Comment on "Determination of deforestation rates of the world's humid tropical forests" (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fearnside, Philip M -- Laurance, William F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 14;299(5609):1015; author reply 1015.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12586926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Carbon ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry ; Humidity ; Methane ; Nitrous Oxide ; Plant Development ; *Trees/growth & development ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Ocean science. The many shades of ocean blue (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Claustre, Herve -- Maritorena, Stephane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1514-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Observatoire Oceanologique de Villefranche, Laboratoire d'Oceanographie de Villefranche, CNRS-INSU, 06238 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. claustre@obs-vlfr.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645833" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Biomass ; Chlorophyll/*analysis ; Color ; *Ecosystem ; Light ; Oceanography/*methods ; Optics and Photonics ; Pacific Ocean ; *Phytoplankton ; Scattering, Radiation ; *Seawater ; Spacecraft ; Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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