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  • RAPD  (66)
  • kinetics  (58)
  • Springer  (124)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (124)
  • 1997  (124)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (124)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Equilibria and kinetics characterisation of two different structured nutshell-derived activated carbons (1997)
    Springer
    Adsorption 3 (1997), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: characterisation ; equilibria ; kinetics ; micropore size distribution ; n-butane ; nutshell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption equilibria and dynamics ofn-butane on two activated carbon samples prepared from the physical activation of nutshell are studied in this paper. The micropore size distribution (MPSD) is considered as the main source of solid heterogeneity. Lennard-Jones' potential theory and Dubinin's theory (TVFM) are used in the equilibria data to derive the MPSD, which is well fitted by a Gamma distribution function. The adsorption energy distribution derived from the MPSD is very asymmetric for both the samples studied, and this energy distribution used in the HMSD/HMSMD kinetics models for the study of adsorption dynamics ofn-butane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01653629
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the kinetics of degradation of cellulose (1997)
    Springer
    Cellulose 4 (1997), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: paper ; degradation ; ageing ; kinetics ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018408515574
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic studies on oxidation of aromatic donor molecules by horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase (1997)
    Springer
    BioMetals 10 (1997), S. 23-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: aromatic donor molecules ; horseradish peroxidase ; kinetics ; lactoperoxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Based on kinetic evidence, it has been shown for the first time that the mode of binding of aromatic donor molecules is similar in horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase; also that the nature of the heme plays an important role in the reaction with hydrogen peroxide, and has no effect on the reaction of the intermediate compound II with aromatic substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018310618995
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Mapping of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 15 (1997), S. 335-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: RAPD ; PCR ; Soybean ; Linkage Mapping ; Restriction Enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is based on DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of random DNA segments using single arbitrary nucleotide sequences. We have adapted the assay to soybeans by using Stoffel Fragment DNA polymerase and by optimizing the reaction conditions. To increase the percentage of RAPD polymorphisms, the DNA template was digested with restriction enzymes before amplification. The combination of twenty-four primers and five DNA template treatments (Undigested, DraI, EcoRI, HindIII, and TaqI digested) revealed 94 polymorphic DNA fragments differing between soybean lines PI437654 and BSR101. Many polymorphic DNA bands were found unreliable or non-scoreable after re-screening of primers and verification of marker-allele segregation with 20 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). However, 28 RAPD markers were consistently polymorphic between the parental lines and followed Mendelian expectations. The use of DNA templates digested with DraI, EcoRI, HindIII or TaqI increased three times the number of RAPD markers compared to undigested DNA template alone. The 28 RAPD markers obtained were further screened with 72 RILs and placed on an existing RFLP map.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007474913960
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Aspergillus japonicus and Aspergillus aculeatus strains with special regard to their mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 337-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Aspergillus japonicus ; A. aculeatus ; assimilation spectra ; isoenzyme ; mtDNA ; rDNA ; RFLPs ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Forty Aspergillus japonicus and A. aculeatus strains, most of them wild-type isolates, were examined using various molecular and phenotypic techniques. The rDNAs proved to be invariable (even strains of the species A. aculeatus exhibited the same restriction profile), while the strains could be classified into seven different mtDNA RFLP groups. Hybridisation data suggest that six of these mtDNA types have certain common restriction sites, while mtDNA type 7, which was exhibited by some A. aculeatus strains, probably has quite different mtDNA organisation and their size was smallest among the strains studied. The RAPD technique and isoenzyme analysis revealed some variabilities within these RFLP groups and strain specific features could also be recognised. Carbon source assimilation spectra were found to be very distinctive for strains of A. japonicus, A. aculeatus and A. niger, providing a useful tool for pre-characterising new wild-type isolates of black Aspergilli. Only a limited correlation was observed between the dendrograms based on genotypic and phenotypic characters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000578913759
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence of spatial genetic structure in a California bunchgrass population (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 112 (1997), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Conservation ; Nassella(Stipa) pulchra ; Population genetics ; RAPD ; Spatial scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the scale of genetic variation of purple needlegrass (Nassella pulchra), a species commonly used in California for grassland restoration. Common garden and field data revealed evidence of genetic differentiation between two intermixed microhabitats characterized by differences in soil depth and community composition. We assessed the genetic variation within a single population using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data collected from clusters of five individuals in 40 locations. We found no evidence for genetic structure at the whole population level. At smaller spatial scales, however, we found strong evidence that genetic subdivision of the population occurs at the level of the maternal neighborhood. We suggest that the interaction between widespread pollen dispersal and restricted seed dispersal may be the primary factor generating these results; panmictic pollen dispersal will make detection of genetic patterning difficult at larger spatial scales while limited seed dispersal will generate local genetic structure. As a result, the detection of population genetic structure will depend on the spatial scale of analysis. Local selection gradients related to topography and soil depth are also likely to play a role in structuring local genetic variation. Since N. pulchra is widely used in California in grassland and woodland habitat restoration, we suggest that, as a general rule, care should be exercised in transferring germplasm for the purposes of conservation when little is known about the within-population genetic subdivision of a plant species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050317
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tolerance to salt stress in maize callus lines with different polyamine content (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 17 (1997), S. 119-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Polyamines ; Maize ; Callus culture ; Salt stress ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four callus lines from immature embryos of a self-crossed maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid cultivar were selected for “high” (two lines) and “low” (two lines) polyamine (PA) levels. Each selected line was exposed to culture media containing no (control) or 1% (0.171 m) NaCl and the relative growth rates were compared after subculture. Low-PA lines appeared to be tolerant to salt stress, while high-PA lines were sensitive. Analysis of PA at the end of the subculture showed that treated calli of sensitive lines had increased their putrescine content in comparison with their control, while putrescine remained constant in tolerant lines. Callus lines were analysed by RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) markers. One polymorphism (550-bp band) was found, demonstrating a genetic difference between the lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050363
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of a new effervescent tablet of ibuprofen in healthy volunteers (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 52 (1997), S. 505-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Ibuprofen; effervescent tablets ; kinetics ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050327
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Studies on the non-isothermal kinetics of the thermal decomposition of [Cu(NBOCTB)][Cu(NO3)4]· H2O (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 917-923 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: copper compound ; coupled technique ; kinetics ; macrocyclic complex ; non-isothermal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal decomposition process of the complex [Cu(NBOCTB)][Cu(NO3)4] H2O has been studied by TG and DTG technique, and possible intermediates of the thermal decomposition have also been conjectured from the TG and DTG curves. The results suggest that the decomposition of the complex involves five steps: The non-isothermal kinetics of steps 1, 2 and 3 have been studied by means of the Achar and Coats-Redfern method based on TG and DTG curves. Step 1 is a ‘Coring and Growth’ mechanism (n= 1), its kinetic equation may be expressed as: dα/dt=Ae−E/RT(1−α). Steps 2 and 3 are both ‘two order chemical reaction’ mechanisms, their kinetic equations can be expressed as: dα/dt=Ae−E/RT(1−α)2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997197
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    The thermal degradation kinetics of isomeric poly(dipropyl itaconates) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; poly(di-propyl itaconates) ; polymer structure ; thermal degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Non-isothermal thermogravimetry was performed in a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere, on a series of poly(di-n-propyl itaconates) (PDnPI) and poly(di-iso-propyl itaconates) (PDiPI) which had been prepared in the presence of various amounts of the chain transfer agentn-dodecyl mercaptan (DDM). Differential thermogravimetry (DTG) showed that both polymers degraded in two stages. The DTG curve of PDnPI had a large first peak followed by a smaller shoulder, whereas the DTG curve of PDiPI was composed of two peaks of almost equal heights. The addition of DDM during the polymerisations in both cases resulted in a similar decrease in the relative area of the first peak.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01987424
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Thermooxidative degradation of an unsaturated polyester resin (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 183-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; thermooxidative degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The results of non-isothermal kinetic analysis of the thermooxidative degradation in air and oxygen of an unsaturated polyester resin are presented. It has been shown that the thermooxidative degradation in oxygen occurs at lower temperatures than the thermooxidative degradation in air. The kinetic parameters of the thermooxidative degradation depend on the heating rate and the oxygen pressure. Two straight lines of InAvs. E (A is the preexponential factor andE is the activation energy), characteristic for the compensation effect, have been obtained for the thermooxidative degradation in air and in oxygen respectively. The difference between the intercepts of these straight lines can be explained by dependence of the pre-exponential factor on the oxygen pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01987438
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Comparative studies on some analytical methods (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 857-862 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: analytical methods ; kinetics ; powder milk ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This work present comparative results on powder milk storage quality, obtained from analytical methods. Protein content was determined conventional (Kjeldahl) and colorimetric with biuret reagent at 540 nm and integral quality by thermogravimetric and biological methods. A method was developed for the protein separation of powder milk. Powder milk was submitted to degradation processes at 45, 60 and 80°C for 20 days. The results indicated that protein content values were inconsistent if determinations by Kjeldahl and colorimetric methods and biological tests were compared. There is evidence of thermal decomposition of powder milk as detected by biological and thermogravimetric methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01996770
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Application of thermogravimetry in the quality control of mebendazole (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 937-941 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; mebendazole ; quality control ; technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A study was made of the thermal behavior of the starting materials, their mixtures and the resulting mebendazole tablets. The thermal curves were obtained with a Shimadzu thermobalance, model TGA-50, using an air flow of 50 mL min−1 and a heating rate of 10°C min−1 in the temperature interval 30–900°C. The reaction constant velocities for the mebendazole salt and tablets were determined isothermally, using the Arrhenius expression. The thermal stability of mebendazole tablets is lower than that of the mebendazole salt, due to the presence of starch and lactose in the composition. Analysis of the data reveals that thermogravimetry is a powerful tool in pharmaceutical technology and quality control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01996779
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Kinetic analysis of crude oils by a weighted mean activation energy approach (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 343-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: activation energy ; combustion ; crude oil ; differential scanning calorimetry ; kinetics ; thermogravimetric analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A weighted mean activation energy method was applied to describe the reactivity and combustibility of crude oils via simultaneous TG/DTG. Thermal experiments were conducted with a non-isothermal method at a heating rate of 10
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01979278
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  • 15
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    Kinetics of thermal dehydration and decomposition of Fe(III) chloride hydrate (FeCl3·xH 2O) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 385-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: dehydration and decomposition ; kinetics ; Fe(III) chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fe(III) chloride hydrate (FeCl3·xH2O) undergoes simultaneous dehydration and dehydrochlorination from its molten phase in the temperature range 100–200
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01979283
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Fermentation alcoolique (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 413-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: alcoholic fermentation ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The control of alcoholic fermentation is necessary to obtain a quality wine. The overall dynamic and phenomenological modelling already applied to the simulation of this type of reaction enables us to suggest, in this study, a simple model (of which two variants), are relatively satisfactory. The first variant does not take into account the variation of the ambient temperature; the model translates exactly the first phase of the experimental curve or the moment when highest temperatures are measured. The relaxation phase is less well described because of influence of variation of the ambient temperature is relatively important. The second one considers the system depending on the ambient temperature, the model is correct for the relaxation phase too (the reaction temperature decreases, it nears the ambient temperature). The advantage of this model: It permits one to determine the reaction enthalpy and the kinetic parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01979285
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Thermally stimulated creep study of bismaleimide/carbon fiber composite (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 623-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: bismalleimide/carbon fiber composite ; DMA ; kinetics ; TSC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The correlation between structure/microstructure and thermomechanical properties has been investigated by the Thermally Stimulated Creep (TSC) technique in a high performance thermostable thermoset matrix composite. The high resolving power of this technique allows us to analyse the α retardation mode. The kinetics of molecular movements liberated at the glass transition has been investigated by the technique of fractional loading: the analysis of each elementary process gives the real compliance and the retardation time as a function of temperature. The values of the activation parameters show the existence of a compensation phenomenon which characterizes the microstructure. It also gives access to the loss compliance of the composite material as a function of temperature and frequency. The predictive calculation of loss compliance has been validated by the results obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01979508
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  • 18
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    Einfluß der Sensor-Zeitkonstanten auf die Auswertbarkeit von Ta-Daten (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 769-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; non-linear optimization ; reactor time constants ; software ; time constants of sensors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract All temperature sensors have a finitely time constant. The influence of the sensor time constant gts on the results of kinetic evaluation is demonstrated at four reaction types. The ignorance of the sensor indolence gives incorrect activation parameters. Therefore the determination of Τs is necessary. For the estimation of parameters the nonlinear evaluation program TA-kin was used. With its help it is possible to find the real parameters, also when Τs=32 s, if the real Τs-value was entered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997182
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  • 19
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    Kinetic studies on the thermal dissociation of β-cyclodextrin-cinnamyl alcohol inclusion complex (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1517-1525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: β-cyclodextrin ; cinnamyl alcohol ; kinetics ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stability of β-cyclodextrin-cinnamyl alcohol inclusion complex (β-CD·C9H10·8H2O) was investigated using TG and DSC. The mass loss took place in three stages: the dehydration occurred between 50–120°C; the dissociation of β-CD·C9H10O occurred in the range of 210–260°C; and the decomposition of β-CD began at 280°C. The dissociation of β-CD·C9H10O was studied by means of thermogravimetry, and the results showed: the dissociation of β-CD·C9H10O was dominated by a two-dimensional diffusion process (D2). The activation energyE was 161.2 kJ mol−1, the pre-exponential factorA was 4.5×1013 min−1. Cyclodextrin is able to form inclusion complexes with a great variety of guest molecules, and the interesting of studies focussed on the energy binding cyclodextrin and the guest molecule. In this paper, β-cyclodextrin-cinnamyl alcohol inclusion complex was studied by fluorescence spectrophotometry and infrared absorption spectroscopy, and the results show: the stable energy of inclusion complexes of β-CD with weakly polar guest molecules consists mainly of Van der Waals interaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01983712
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  • 20
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    Neural networks for kinetic parameters determination, signal filtering and deconvolution in thermal analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1553-1564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: deconvolution ; differential scanning calorimetry ; feedforward neural networks ; kinetics ; signal filtering ; simulations ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Feedforward neural networks have been used for kinetic parameters determination and signal filtering in differential scanning calorimetry. The proper learning function was chosen and the network topology was optimized, using an empiric procedure. The learning process was achieved using simulated thermoanalytical curves. The resilient-propagation algorithm have led to the best minimization of the error computed over all the patterns. Relative errors on the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were evaluated and compared to those obtained with the usual thermal analysis methods (single scan methods). The errors are much lower, especially in presence of noisy signals. Then, our program was adapted to simulate thermal effects with known thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, generated electrically, using a PC computer and an electronic interface on the serial port. These thermal effects have been generated by using an inconel thread.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01983715
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  • 21
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    Reaction pathway and kinetics of the thermal decomposition of synthetic brochantite (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1467-1475 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: CRTA ; DSC ; kinetics ; synthetic brochantite ; TG-DTA ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction pathway of the thermal decomposition of synthetic brochantite, Cu4(OH)6SO4, to copper(II) oxide was investigated through the detailed kinetic characterization of the thermal dehydration and desulferation processes. The dehydration process was characterized by dividing into two overlapped kinetic processes with a possible formation of an intermediate compound, Cu4O(OH)4SO4. The dehydrated sample, Cu4O3SO4, was found first to be amorphous by means of XRD, followed by the crystallization to a mixture of CuO and CuO-CuSO4 at around 776 K. The specific surface area and the crystallization behaviour of the amorphous dehydrated compound depend largely on the dehydration conditions. The thermal desulferation process is influenced by the gross diffusion of the gaseous product SO3, which is governed by the advancement of the overall reaction interface from the top surface of the sample particle assemblage to the bottom.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01983705
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  • 22
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    Statistical analysis of thermoanalytical experimental data (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 455-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; statistical analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A statistical technique based on the Wilcockson criterion is suggested for estimation of the reproducibility of thermoanalytical experiments. Reduction of the whole physicochemical process to a quasi-one-stage process is described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01980505
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  • 23
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    Thermal behaviour and non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of some Nd(III) coordination compounds (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 425-430 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: decomposition ; kinetics ; non-isothermal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The authors present the results concerning the thermal behaviour of three polynuclear coordination compounds of Nd(III) and Co(II) or Fe(III) with triptophan. For the dehydration steps the values of the non-isothermal kinetic parameters have been determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01980502
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  • 24
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    Mechanism and kinetics of inorganic sulphates decomposition (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1227-1241 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: inorganic sulphates ; kinetics ; mechanism ; thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal decomposition of different inorganic sulphates are presented. A number of techniques, but mainly TG and DTA, are used to prove the mechanism and kinetics of CaSO4, BaSO4, FeSO4·xH2O, Al2(SO4)3·xH2O under various gas atmospheres. It is shown how the partial pressure of gas components and heating rate may effect the mechanism and kinetic parameters. There are also examples on the effects of some additives and initial treatment on the thermal processes. On the base of the results obtained some recommendations are given concerning the precautions to be taken into account in the thermal decomposition studies and the sulphur recovering.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01983679
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  • 25
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    Influence of the particle size distribution on the CRTA curves for the solid-state reactions of interface shrinkage type (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1477-1484 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: CRTA ; kinetics ; particle size distribution ; rate jump method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetic curves at infinite temperature for the solid-state reactions of the interface shrinkage type were drawn theoretically by taking account the particle size distribution in the sample mixture. The CRTA curves for the reactions with the particle size distribution can be drawn by utilizing the universal kinetic curves at infinite temperature. The proper kinetic treatment for the CRTA curves with the particle size distribution is discussed in connection with the property of the kinetic equation with respect to the particle size distribution. The present kinetic consideration is taken as a simulation for the reactions with a certain distribution in α among the reactant particles, produced preferably by the mass and heat transfer phenomena during the thermoanalytical measurements. The merit of the rate jump method by a single cyclic CRTA curve is also discussed on the basis of the present results.
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    Low/high temperature relationships in dinitramide salts by DEA/DSC and study of oxidation of aluminum powders by DSC/TG (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1161-1170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: basicity ; dinitramides ; kinetics ; oxidation ; tanδ ; transition temperatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The dinitramide salts of ammonia (ADN), hexamethylenetetramine (HDN), potassium (KDN), and sodium (NaDN) showed a linear relationship between the DSC rate of decomposition at the peak maximum and the DEA tanδ value at the low temperature transition peak. As the cation basicity increased in the series ADN〈HDN〈KDN〈NaDN, there was an increase in the low temperature transition peak, the energy barrier for relaxation, and the decomposition peak temperature, and a decrease in the tanδ value at the low temperature transition peak, specific heat capacity, and the rate and enthalpy of decomposition. The more basic salts were more thermally stable (i.e., higher decomposition temperature) and less energetic (i.e., lower enthalpy of decomposition). The more internal free volume (disorder) present in these salts, the higher the rates of relaxation and decomposition. Five aluminum powders of different surface areas were analyzed by DSC in platinum sample pans, and it was found that the enthalpy and rate of oxidation increased as the particle size of Al decreased while the enthalpy of the Al melt decreased. TG showed a two-step weight gain in the oxidation of Al with plateaus in the 650 and 1130°C regions and the percent weight gain increased as the particle size of Al decreased. Variable DSC and TG heating rate studies showed that the activation energies for the first step in the oxidation process increased as the particle size of Al increased.
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    The thermal dehydration and decomposition of Ba[Cu(C2O4)2(H2O)]·5H2O (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 33-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: Ba[Cu(C2O4)2(H2O)]·5H2O ; decomposition ; dehydration ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal behaviour of Ba[Cu(C2O4)2(H2O)]·5H2O in N2 and in O2 has been examined using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dehydration starts at relatively low temperatures (about 80°C), but continues until the onset of the decomposition (about 280°C). The decomposition takes place in two major stages (onsets 280 and 390°C). The mass of the intermediate after the first stage corresponded to the formation of barium oxalate and copper metal and, after the second stage, to the formation of barium carbonate and copper metal. The enthalpy for the dehydration was found to be 311±30 kJ mol−1 (or 52±5 kJ (mol of H2O)−1). The overall enthalpy change for the decomposition of Ba[Cu(C2O4)2] in N2 was estimated from the combined area of the peaks of the DSC curve as −347 kJ mol−1. The kinetics of the thermal dehydration and decomposition were studied using isothermal TG. The dehydration was strongly deceleratory and the α-time curves could be described by the three dimensional diffusion (D3) model. The values of the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor for the dehydration were 125±4 kJ mol−1 and (1.38±0.08)×1015 min−1, respectively. The decomposition was complex, consisting of at least two concurrent processes. The decomposition was analysed in terms of two overlapping deceleratory processes. One process was fast and could be described by the contracting-geometry model withn=5. The other process was slow and could also be described by the contracting-geometry model, but withn=2. The values ofE a andA were 206±23 kJ mol−1 and (2.2±0.5)×1019 min−1, respectively, for the fast process, and 259±37 kJ mol−1 and (6.3±1.8)×1023 min−1, respectively, for the slow process.
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    Thermal behaviour of some derivatives of malic acid with calcium and strontium (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 359-366 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: decomposition ; kinetics ; non-isothermal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Results are presented on the thermal behaviour of two derivatives of malic acid. The decomposition intermediates obtained at about 400
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    Physico-geometric kinetics of solid-state reactions by thermal analyses (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 45-56 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: accommodation function ; fractional reaction ; kinetics ; solid-state reaction ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The physico-geometric kinetics for the solid-state reactions by thermoanalytical (TA) measurements were reexamined by focusing some fundamental aspects: (1) the fundamental kinetic equation, (2) the kinetic model function, (3) the fractional reaction α, and (4) the apparent kinetic parameters. It was pointed out that some pitfalls in the practical kinetic study are originated by the disagreement between the kinetic information from the TA measurements and the theory of the physico-geometric kinetics. In order to increase the degree of coordination between the theory and practice, several attempts were made from both the theoretical and experimental points of views. The significance of the apparent kinetic parameters was discussed with a possible orientation for obtaining the reliable kinetic parameters.
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    Catalytic degradation of polyethylene evaluated by TG (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 255-260 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: catalytic degradation ; kinetics ; polyethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract HZSM-5 zeolite was screened as catalyst for high density polyethylene degradation at 450
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    Thermochemical characterization of phenolic resins (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 261-268 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; phenol-formaldehyde resins ; pyrolysis-GC ; thermal degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phenol-formaldehyde resins (I andII), synthesised at a monomer feed ratio of F/P = 1.0 and 1.5, were cured at 130
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    Steps in a minefield (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 17-32 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: Arrhenius equation ; compensation ; distinguishability ; kinetics ; mechanisms ; nonisothermal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is a review of some of the controversial kinetic aspects of thermal analysis, starting from the ‘šesták questions’ posed in 1979 and looking at developments in some areas since that time. Aspects considered include: temperature programmes and variations, models and mechanisms, kinetic parameters, distinguishability and extent of fit of kinetic models, complementary evidence for kinetic models, the Arrhenius equation and the compensation effect. The value of the ideas of non-isothermal kinetics in chemical education is emphasized.
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    Temperature resolved X-ray diffraction as a tool of thermal analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1025-1037 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: crystallographic evaluation ; evaluation with difference procedure ; kinetics ; Rietveld refinement ; X-ray diffraction ; temperature resolved
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Time and temperature resolved X-ray diffraction was used for thermal analysis. Series of diffraction patterns were measured, while the samples are heated/cooled stepwise or isothermally with freely selectable temperature programs. The method was applied for the investigation of the phase transitions of ammonium nitrate and HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraaza-cyclooctane), when the identification of phases was required. Its capability in the field of kinetics is demonstrated with the isothermal investigation of the solid state reaction of ammonium nitrate with copper oxide and the non-isothermal investigation of the high temperature corrosion of nickel, which was performed by means of a difference procedure. For obtaining structural details peak fitting and Rietveld refinement were applied for the investigation of ammonium nitrate and HMX.
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    Thermal analysis of Beypazari lignite (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 617-625 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: combustion ; kinetics ; lignite ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Beypazari lignite was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), high pressure thermogravimetry (HPTG) and combustion cell experiments. All the experiments were conducted at non-isothermal heating conditions with a heating rate of 10°C min−1, in the temperature range of 20–700°C. DSC-TG data were analysed using an Arrhenius-type reaction model assuming a first-order reaction. For the HPTG data the Coats and Redfern equation was used for kinetic analysis. In the combustion cell experiments the Fassihi and Brigham approach was used in order to calculate kinetic data. Finally a comparison is made between the kinetic results.
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    Combustion characteristics of crude oil-limestone mixtures (1997)
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 609-615 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: combustion ; crude oil ; kinetics ; thermogravimetric analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract High pressure thermogravimetric analysis (HPTG) was used in order to study the oxidation of crude oil in a porous medium under pressurised conditions for simulation of in-situ combustion during oil recovery. Three distinct reaction regions were observed from the HPTG curves in an oxidising environment subjected to a constant heating rate. These were low temperature oxidation, fuel deposition and high temperature oxidation. The method of Coats and Redfern was used to obtain kinetic parameters and the results are discussed.
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    Kinetic studies on the thermal dissociation of the inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin with cinnamic aldehyde (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1527-1533 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: β-cyclodextrin ; cinnamic aldehyde ; kinetics ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stability of the inclusion complex of β-CD with cinnamic aldehyde was investigated by means of TG and DSC. The mass loss takes place in three stages: dehydration occurs at 50–120°C; dissociation of β-CD·C9H8O proceeds in the range 200–260°C; and decomposition of β-CD begins at 280°C. The kinetics of the dissociation of β-CD·C9H8O was studied by means of thermogravimetry both at constant temperature and with linearly increasing temperature. The results demonstrate that the dissociation of β-CD·C9H8O is dominated by a one-dimensional diffusion process. The activation energyE is 160 kJ mol−1, and the pre-exponential factorA is 5.8×1014 min−1. Scanning electron microscope observations and the results of crystal structure analysis are in good agreement with those of thermogravimetry.
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    Bias in isothermal time-to-event studies due to approach to test temperature (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1485-1492 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: bias ; constant temperature stability ; isothermal crystallization ; kinetics ; oxidative induction time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oxidative induction time (OIT), constant temperature stability (CTS) and isothermal crystallization are examples of isothermal time-to-event (TTE) measurements obtained using differential scanning calorimetry. In TTE experiments, a test specimen is heated/cooled at a constant rate from the setup temperature to an isothermal test temperature. Once the test temperature is achieved, a clock is started and the time to the thermal event (e.g., onset to oxidation, thermal decomposition or crystallization exotherm peak) is measured. Such TTE values may be used to rank stability of the material at the test temperature. Some portion of the reaction of interest, however, takes place during the pre-isothermal period as the test specimen approaches the test temperature. This amount of reaction is unmeasured and represents a bias in the resultant TTE value. An equation has been derived and numerically integrated to estimate this bias. This approach shows that the bias is dependent upon the activation energy of the test reaction, the heating/cooling rate used and the temperature range between the melting temperature and the test temperature. For commonly used heating rates, the bias for OIT and CTS tests is small. Further, the myth that isothermal crystallization kinetics determinations required high cooling rates is dispelled with the bias of less than 0.9 min resulting from heating rates as low as 10°C min−1. Knowledge of magnitude of this bias permits the selection of experimental conditions without the expense of high heating/cooling rate apparatus or extra cost cooling accessories.
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    Modelling the kinetics of solute segregation to partial dislocations for isothermal microcalorimetric evaluations (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 533-545 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: Cu-19 at% Al ; dislocations ; kinetics ; segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A model is proposed to describe the kinetics of solute segregation to partial dislocations in solid solutions of cold-rolled alloys. The case when half edge and half screw dislocations are present is considered. The model gives account of the kinetic behaviour observed in a deformed Cu-19 at% Al alloy where two unknown processes could be assessed during calorimetric isothermal experiments. The faster process corresponds to segregation to screw dissociated dislocations while the slower one corresponds to segregation to edge dissociated dislocations. Experimental activation energies, larger for edge dislocations, are close to that for pipe diffusion along the partials corrected by pinner binding energy terms. It is also predicted that segregation occurs faster as the dislocation density is increased. A quantitative comparison of experimental results with model predictions is given.
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    Oxidation behavior of an Fe-38Ni-13Co-4.7Nb-1.5Ti-0.4Si superalloy at high temperature in Ar-H2O atmospheres (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 411-426 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Incoloy 909 ; superalloy ; scale ; high temperature ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of an Fe-38Ni-13Co-4.7Nb-1.5Ti-0.4Si superalloy (Incoloy 909 type alloy), was investigated at temperatures between 1000 K and 1400 K in Ar-(1, 10%)H20 atmosphere using metallographic, electron probe microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The oxide scales consist of an external scale and an internal scale which has an intergranular scale (above 1200 K) and an intergranular scale. The oxide phases in each scale are identified asα-Fe2,O3 (below 1200 K) or FeO (above 1300 K) and CoO · Fe2O3 and FeO · Nb2O5, respectively. The morphologies, the oxide phases and the oxidation rates do not depend on the partial pressure of H2O in the range between one and ten percent in Ar gas. The rate constants for the intergranular-scale formation in this alloy are about one-tenth as large as those in Fe-36%Ni alloy reported previously. At all the temperatures the scales grow according to a parabolic rate law and the apparent activation energies for the processes are estimated.
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    On the oxidation ofα-Fe andε-Fe2N1−z : I. Oxidation kinetics and microstructural evolution of the oxide and nitride layers (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 87-109 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; kinetics ; iron ; iron-nitride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of α-Fe and ɛ-Fe2N1−z at 573 K and 673 K in O2 at 1 atm was investigated by thermogravimetrical analysis, X-ray diffraction, light-optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Upon oxidation at 573 K and 673 K, on α-Fe initially α-Fe2O3 develops, whereas on ɛ-Fe2N1−z initially Fe3O4 develops. In an early stage of oxidation the oxidation rate of ɛ-Fe2N1−z appears to be much larger than of α-Fe. This can be attributed largely to an effective surface area available for oxygen uptake, which is much larger for ɛ-Fe2N1−z than for α-Fe due to the porous structure of ɛ-Fe2N1−z as prepared by gaseous nitriding of iron. The development of a magnetite layer in-between the hematite layer and the α-Fe substrate, at a later stage of oxidation, enhances layer-growth kinetics. After 100 min oxidation at 673 K the (parabolic) oxidation rates for α-Fe and ɛ-Fe2N1−z become about equal, indicating that on both substrates the oxide growth is controlled by the same rate limiting step which is attributed to short-circuit diffusion of iron cations. Oxidizing ɛ-Fe2N1−z increases the nitrogen concentration in the remaining ɛ-iron nitride, because the outward flux of iron cations, necessary for oxide growth, leads to an accumulation of nitrogen atoms left behind.
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    Scale formation on γ-TiAl during oxidation at 800 and 900°C in air and in He + 20% O2 (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 171-184 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: TiAl, corrosion ; high-temperature ; kinetics ; nitrogen dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxide scale formation on γ-TiAl at 800 and 900°C was studied using high temperature X-ray diffraction as anin situ-method. The experiments were performed in air and in He with 20 vol.% O2. The formation of alumina in the form of α-Al2O3 and of TiO2 in the form of rutile was observed in both atmospheres and the formation of TiN was detected in air. Depending on the atmosphere the diffraction peaks of two different additional phases were detected, which do not exist in any data base nor in the Ti-Al-O phase diagram. One of them, the Z-phase, appears in He with 20 vol.% O2 and the other, the X-phase, in air. The Zphase was also found at room temperature after oxidation at 900°C in air. The growth of both phases, X and Z, starts immediately with the oxidation process and follows the parabolic rate law.
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    High-temperature oxidation of pure titanium in CO2 and Ar-10%CO2 atmospheres (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 289-302 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; titanium ; rutile ; scale ; high temperature ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of pure titanium has been investigated in the temperature range of 1000 K to 1300 K in CO2 or Ar-10%CO2. Optical microscopy, electron probe microanalyses, and X-ray measurements on the oxide scales formed during oxidation indicate that their structures are nearly independent of temperature and the corrosion atmosphere. The scales consisted of two layers, an external one and an internal one, having a rutile (TiO2) structure. The parabolic rate law was confirmed for growth of the external scale and the permeation depth of oxygen in titanium with apparent activation energies of 266 and 226 kJ/mol, respectively. The rate-determining diffusion species in the oxidation processes are discussed.
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    FTIR Spectroscopy, SAXS and Electrical Conductivity Studies of the Hydrolysis and Condensation of Zirconium and Titanium Alkoxides (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 41-47 
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    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: zirconium butoxide ; titanium butoxide ; kinetics ; hydrolysis ; condensation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A continuous flowing-rapid mixing technique was combined with FTIR, SAXS and electrical conductivity to study the early stages of polymer formation and growth during the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation of titanium and zirconium alkoxides. Reaction times as short as 80 milliseconds were investigated. FTIR spectroscopy was used to monitor the water and M–OR concentrations during the reaction. Hydrolysis of ∼25–50% of the alkoxy groups was facile. The FTIR and SAXS data showed that condensation was also very rapid. The activity and mobility of the ions in the solution were monitored by electrical conductivity measurements. The decrease in the normalized solution conductivity during the reaction correlated with the loss of [M–OR]. Furthermore, the radius of gyration of the growing polymers increased rapidly in regimes where the conductivity and [M–OR] decreased fastest. This finding suggests that the mobility of some of the charge carrying species decreases because of the growth in size of the polymers.
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    An approximate treatment of the transient state in the corrosion of binary alloys forming the most-stable oxide. Part I: Solid-solution alloys (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 91-115 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: binary alloys ; oxidation ; transient state ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The initial transient stage in the oxidation of binary alloys forming scales exclusively composed of the most stable oxide is examined by means of a simplified approach which avoids the numerical integration of the diffusion equation for the transport of the metal components in the alloy. At variance with previous solutions to this problem obtained by means of numerical methods, this treatment takes into account also the effect of the gas-scale reaction at the outer surface of the oxide. The concentration of the most-reactive component at the alloy surface changes gradually with time from the initial bulk value towards the corresponding steady-state value without involving any minimum, while the overall rate of the reaction presents a gradual transition from an initial nearly linear towards final parabolic behavior.
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    LONG-TERM TRANSFORMATIONS AND REDISTRIBUTION OF POTENTIALLY TOXIC HEAVY METALS IN ARID-ZONE SOILS INCUBATED: I. UNDER SATURATED CONDITIONS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 399-423 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fractionation ; redistribution ; saturation ; kinetics ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Solid-phase transformations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn, added as soluble salts at several levels to two arid-zone soils, were studied over a period of one year. The soils were maintained under a saturated-paste regime and sampled periodically. A selective sequential dissolution procedure was employed to determine the changes in metal distribution among six operationally defined solid-phase fractions. A function, Uts was introduced to measure the fractional attainment of equilibrium of the soils following a perturbation. The direction and rate of redistribution of the added metals in the soils were affected by the nature of the metal, the soil properties and the metal loading level. Cd added to the soils was transferred from the exchangeable (EXC) into the carbonate (CARB) fraction. When soluble Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn were added at low loading levels, metals were transferred from the reducible oxides(RO) bound and easily reducible oxides (ERO) bound fractions and the EXC fraction, into the CARB fraction. However, at the higher loading level, metals were transferred from the EXC and CARB fractions into the organic matter bound (OM), ERO and RO fractions. The Uts function approached lower values as incubation continued but remained removed from 1. The overall flux of metals among fractions was the combined result of the readjustment of the metals in the native soil to changing conditions due to saturation, and the transfer of added soluble metals to the less labile fractions.
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    Genetic ecotoxicology II: population genetic structure in mosquitofish exposed in situ to radionuclides (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 335-354 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: population genetics ; mosquitofish ; radiation ; RAPD ; allozymes ; evolutionary toxicology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In 1977, approximately 250 mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) from a relatively uncontaminated site (Crystal Springs) were transplanted into a small pond on the Department of Energy Oak Ridge Reservation which is heavily contaminated with radionuclides (Pond 3513). Starting in 1992, DNA polymorphism was evaluated using the RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and allozyme genotype techniques to determine if genetic differentiation had occurred between the two populations. Fish from a second radionuclide-contaminated population (White Oak Lake) and another unrelated non-contaminated population (Wolf Creek) were also examined. For the RAPD analyes, 15 RAPD primers (from a total of 40) were found to produce polymorphic banding patterns in at least two of the four populations and subsequently were used to produce a total of 142 bands. Data generated by these RAPD primers indicated an increased genetic diversity in radionuclide-contaminated sites relative to reference sites. Furthermore, the patterns from six RAPD primers produced a higher average number of bands when using DNA from radionuclide- contaminated populations than from non-contaminated, and for three RAPD primers the average number of bands from radionuclide- contaminated populations was lower. In addition, 17 bands occurred at a higher frequency in the radionuclide-contaminated compared to the non-contaminated populations. For the allozyme analyses, it was found that there was a higher percentage of polymorphism and heterozygosity in the radionuclide-contaminated relative to non-contaminated sites. These findings contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary effects of contaminant exposure as well as to the development of population-level biomarkers
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018695231565
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    FTIR spectroscopy, SAXS and electrical conductivity studies of the hydrolysis and condensation of zirconium and titanium alkoxides (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: zirconium butoxide ; titanium butoxide ; kinetics ; hydrolysis ; condensation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A continuous flowing-rapid mixing technique was combined with FTIR, SAXS and electrical conductivity to study the early stages of polymer formation and growth during the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation of titanium and zirconium alkoxides. Reaction times as short as 80 milliseconds were investigated. FTIR spectroscopy was used to monitor the water and M−OR concentrations during the reaction. Hydrolysis of ∼25–50% of the alkoxy groups was facile. The FTIR and SAXS data showed that condensation was also very rapid. The activity and mobility of the ions in the solution were monitored by electrical conductivity measurements. The decrease in the normalized solution conductivity during the reaction correlated with the loss of [M−OR]. Furthermore, the radius of gyration of the growing polymers increased rapidly in regimes where the conductivity and [M−OR] decreased fastest. This finding suggests that the mobility of some of the charge carrying species decreases because of the growth in size of the polymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02436815
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    The use of RAPD for verifying the apomictic status of seedlings of Malus species (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1080-1083 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key wordsMalus ; Apomixis ; RAPD ; Baskatong ; Red-purple pigmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The lack of red-purple pigmentation in seedlings obtained from crosses between M. cv Baskatong, carrying a dominant homozygous gene for red-purple pigmentation, and other species has been used for the detection of apomictic plants in Malus species. RAPD marker techniques were employed to evaluate the genetic similarity between putative apomictic seedlings and their female parents. From the selected set of 20 (OPA) primers about half were able to detect hybrids from the apomictic seedlings, if present. RAPD analyses confirmed the usefulness of the colour-marker gene in detecting the hybrids in vitro for seedlings of M. toringoides×M. cv Baskatong, but not for crosses involving M. hupehensis×M. cv Baskatong where in vitro colour-based selection was not possible (due to red stems in all cases). The set of primers (OPA-01, 02, 08, 09, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18 and 20) clearly determined the hybrid nature of seedlings and allowed the selection of apomictic ones. Therefore, although cv Baskatong is useful as an indicator, these data show that this technique is not applicable in all cases.
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    RAPD analysis of isolated mitochondrial DNA reveals heterogeneity in elite wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm in rice (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1098-1103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words mtDNA ; RAPD ; Rice ; WA cytoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  RAPD profiles were generated using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from two cytoplasmic male-sterile lines, two restorer lines and four maintainer lines of rice. Of the 40 primers tested, 25 generated consistent and easily scoreable patterns that were used for the computation of pairwise similarities as well as UPGMA analyses. The different lines of rice, including lines IR58025A and IR62829A that contained the same wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm, were distinguishable on the basis of RAPD profiles. These latter two lines were not distinguishable from each other by mtDNA RFLP analyses with as many as 16 mtDNA probes. The data illustrate the utility of the RAPD technique as a powerful tool for distinguishing different cytoplasms that by other techniques appear to be similar. To our knowledge, this is the first report wherein RAPD profiles obtained with isolated mtDNA templates enable the distinction between two or more types of cytoplasms in rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050668
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    A genetic linkage map of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) developed from a cross between two inbred, domesticated lines (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1210-1217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Vigna unguiculata ; RFLP ; RAPD ; AFLP ; Linkage map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have constructed a genetic linkage map within the cultivated gene pool of cowpea (2n=2x=22) from an F8 recombinant inbred population (94 individuals) derived from a cross between the inbreds IT84S-2049 and 524B. These breeding lines, developed in Nigeria and California, show contrasting reactions against several pests and diseases and differ in several morphological traits. Parental lines were screened with 332 random RAPD decamers, 74 RFLP probes (bean, cowpea and mung bean genomic DNA clones), and 17 AFLP primer combinations. RAPD primers were twice as efficient as AFLP primers and RFLP probes in detecting polymorphisms in this cross. The map consists of 181 loci, comprising 133 RAPDs, 19 RFLPs, 25 AFLPs, three morphological/classical markers, and a biochemical marker (dehydrin). These markers identified 12 linkage groups spanning 972 cM with an average distance of 6.4 cM between markers. Linkage groups ranged from 3 to 257 cM in length and included from 2 to 41 markers, respectively. A gene for earliness was mapped on linkage group 2. Seed weight showed a significant association with a RAPD marker on linkage group 5. This map should facilitate the identification of markers that “tag” genes for pest and disease resistance and other traits in the cultivated gene pool of cowpea.
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    Molecular characterization can quantify and partition variation among genebank holdings: a case study with phenotypically similar accessions of Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (cabbage) `Golden Acre' (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words AMOVA ; Conservation ; Curation ; Genetic markers ; Molecular genetic screening ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To better characterize and conserve crop genetic resources, the assessment of genetic identity, relatedness, and structure among entries and collections becomes a priority. In the present study, a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay was applied as a quick, cost-effective, and preliminary screen to quantify and partition the molecular variation among accessions. Fourteen phenotypically uniform accessions of Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (cabbage) similarly designated as `Golden Acre' were tested with nine decamer oligonucleotide primers. These amplifications generated 110 fragments, of which 80 were polymorphic ranging in size from 370 to 1720 bp. The 80 polymorphic fragments were sufficient to distinguish between all 14 accessions. Data based on the partitioning of variation among accessions indicated that `Golden Acre' entries could be reduced to as few as four groups, with the potential loss of variation being only 4.6% of the absolute current genetic variation in those holdings as estimated from RAPD analysis. This proposed grouping would concurrently save approximately 70% [$750–1000 (US) per accession] for each cycle of regeneration (approximately 20–25 years at most) which alternatively could then be used for other priorities in B. oleracea conservation and use. This case represents but one example where targeted use of a molecular-marker assay linked with rigorous statistical analysis will be useful for plant genebank management, particularly for questions at the intraspecific level. Molecular markers will provide genebank curators with additional sources of information to better plan and organize collection holdings and use finite financial support in a more effective manner.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050404
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    Cloning and sequencing of RAPD fragments amplified from mitochondrial DNA of male-sterile and male-fertile cytoplasm of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key wordsBeta vulgaris ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; RAPD ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Chloroplast DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA fragments of two nearly isogenic lines of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) were amplified by RAPD analysis. A number of fragments, most of them unique to either the male-sterile or the male-fertile cytoplasm, were selected for cloning and sequencing. One fragment was present in the PCR fingerprint pattern of both cytoplasms, whereas five of the selected fragments were specifically amplified from only one type of cytoplasm. The mitochondrial origin of all cloned RAPD fragments was confirmed by Southern hybridization. One fragment resulted in a hybridization pattern that suggests its repetitive presence in the mitochondrial genome of sugar beet. Four out of the five cytoplasm-specific RAPD fragments were shown to hybridize specifically to one type of cytoplasm only. One fragment hybridizing with the mtDNA from N-cytoplasm also revealed hybridization signals with both total and nuclear DNAs of N- as well as S-cytoplasm. Sequence alignments of this clone showed strong homologies with a part of the plastidal ndhC gene of higher plants, indicating that the male-fertile-specific mtDNA RAPD fragment is derived from chloroplast DNA. Sequence analysis of an amplified sterile-specific fragment revealed the presence of an open reading frame of 288 bp. Northern hybridization showed a transcription signal specific for the male-sterile cytoplasm. No sequence homology of the open reading frame to any known sequences was found. The results reveal an extremely high degree of sequence variability between the mtDNA of the N- and S-cytoplasm of Beta vulgaris.
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    Identification of molecular markers linked to the Yr15 stripe rust resistance gene of wheat originated in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 622-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Gene mapping ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Stripe rust ; Triticum dicoccoides ; Triticum durum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The Yr15 gene of wheat confers resistance to the stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis West., which is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat throughout the world. In the present study, molecular markers flanking the Yr15 gene of wheat have been identified using the near-isogenic-lines approach. RFLP screening of 76 probe-enzyme combinations revealed one polymorphic marker (Nor/TaqI) between the susceptible and the resistant lines. In addition, out of 340 RAPD primers tested, six produced polymorphic RAPD bands between the susceptible and the resistant lines. The genetic linkage of the polymorphic markers was tested on segregating F2 population (123 plants) derived from crosses between stripe rust-susceptible Triticum durum wheat, cv D447, and a BC3F9 resistant line carrying Yr15 in a D447 background. A 2.8-kb fragment produced by the Nor RFLP probe and a 1420-bp PCR product generated by the RAPD primer OPB13 showed linkage, in coupling, with the Yr15 gene. Employing the standard maximum-likelihood technique it was found that the order OPB13 1420 –Yr15–Nor1 on chromosome 1B appeared to be no less than 1000-times more probable than the closest alternative. The map distances between OPB13 1420 –Yr15–Nor1 are 27.1 cM and 11.0 cM for the first and second intervals, respectively. The application of marker-assisted selection for the breeding of new wheat cultivars with the stripe rust resistance gene is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050604
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    Genetic diversity and relationships detected by isozyme and RAPD analysis of crop and wild species of Amaranthus (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 865-873 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Amaranthus ; Crop evolution ; Isozyme ; Genetic diversity ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic diversity and relationships of 23 cultivated and wild Amaranthus species were examined using both isozyme and RAPD markers. A total of 30 loci encoding 15 enzymes were resolved, and all were polymorphic at the interspecific level. High levels of inter-accessional genetic diversity were found within species, but genetic uniformity was observed within most accessions. In the cultivated grain amaranths (A. caudatus, A. cruentus, and A. hypochondriacus), the mean value of HT was 0.094, HS was 0.003, and GST was 0.977 at the species level. The corresponding values in their putative wild progenitors (A. hybridus, A. powellii, and A. quitensis) were 0.135, 0.004, and 0.963, respectively. More than 600 RAPD fragments were generated with 27 arbitrary 10-base primers. On average, 39.9% of the RAPD fragments were polymorphic among accessions within each crop species; a similar level of polymorphism (42.8%) was present in the putative progenitors, but much higher levels of polymorphism were found in vegetable (51%) and other wild species (69.5%). The evolutionary relationships between grain amaranths and their putative ancestors were investigated, and both the RAPD and isozyme data sets supported a monophyletic origin of grain amaranths, with A. hybridus as the common ancestor. A complementary approach using information from both isozymes and RAPDs was shown to generate more accurate estimates of genetic diversity, and of relationships within and among crop species and their wild relatives, than either data set alone.
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    Physical mapping of four RAPDs in the B chromosome of maize (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 534-538 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Zea mays ; B chromosome ; RAPD ; B-A translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Four DNA fragments were amplified specifically from the B chromosome by PCR using random 10-base oligonucleotides as primers. The location of the fragments in the B chromosome was determined based on whether or not they were amplified from the hypo- ploid DNA generated by four B-A translocations, three of which break in the proximal euchromatic region and the fourth in the distal one-third of the heterochromatic region on the B long arm. Since the hypoploid DNA carries the portion of the B chromosome distal to the breakpoint of a translocation, the presence of a fragment in the hypoploid DNA, but not in the control (which is devoid of any B chromatin), indicates that the fragments is located in the B region distal to the breakpoint in the B long arm. Two fragments were mapped to the euchromatic region and two others to either the distal portion of the euchromatic region or the proximal two-thirds of the heterochromatic region. These fragments in turn mapped three B-A translocations whose breakpoints were located in the euchromatic region.
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    Insight on segregation distortions in two intraspecific crosses between annual species of Medicago (Leguminosae) (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 682-691 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Medicago truncatula ; Medicago tornata ; RAPD ; Segregation distortion ; DNA content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  About 40% (α=0.05) of the PCR-derived markers scored in a Medicago truncatula and M. tornata intraspecific cross departed from Mendelian expectations at α=0.05. This proportion is among the highest ever documented in the literature, notably for intraspecific crosses. Estimations of DNA amount were also implemented for the parental genotypes or parental lines, and significant variations were observed. Our results suggest that the parental genotypes have diverged for quite a while, and we propose that the level of distortion we documented is correlated with the genome size difference we measured.
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    RAPDs as molecular markers for the detection of Aegilops markgrafii chromatin in addition and euploid introgression lines of hexaploid wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 934-940 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops markgrafii ; Triticum aestivum ; RAPD ; Addition lines ; Leaf rust ; Powdery mildew
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Aegilops markgrafii contains resistance genes to powdery mildew, leaf rust and stripe rust, and also has high crude protein and lysine contents, which can be useful for wheat improvement. These important traits are localized on different chromosomes. Disomic Triticum aestivum-Ae. markgrafii addition lines and euploid introgression lines showing leaf-rust and powdery mildew resistance were screened with RAPDs to detect chromosome-specific markers which can accelerate the breeding process. RAPD markers for all six available disomic addition lines were obtained. The additional chromosomes B, C, D, E, F and G were identified by three, three, three, two, one and seven primers, respectively. All three chromosome-B-specific RAPD markers demonstrated the presence of alien chromatin in the leaf-rust-resistant 42-chromosome introgression lines as well as in the segregating progeny. The three chromosome-C-identifying primers also demonstrated the presence of that chromosome in powdery mildew-resistant euploid introgression lines. The substitution lines (5A)5C and (5D)5C with different genetic backgrounds for both parents, in comparison to the lines mentioned above, showed the chromosome C-specific band with only two of the three primers. The chromosome F-specific primer and a primer evident on all the Ae. markgrafii chromosomes analysed did not generate the expected fragments on the chromosome Fdel addition line, indicating that the markers are located on the deleted part of chromosome F.
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    Linkage mapping and genome length in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 1031-1037 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genome mapping ; Map length ; Pines ; RAPD ; Microsatellite DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Haploid linkage analysis of eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L., was carried out using mainly RAPD markers and microsatellite, or simple-sequence-repeat, markers. Ninety one loci mapped to 12 linkage groups of three or more markers. The resulting framework genome map, the first for a soft pine species, contained 69 markers. The map covered 58% of the estimated genome length of 2071 cM(K), with a 95% confidence interval of 1828–2242 cM(K). A systematic comparison of linkage data from eastern white pine, longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) and maritime pine (P. pinaster Ait.), gave genome-length estimates for all three species very close to either 2000 cM(K) or 2600 cM(H), depending on whether the Kosambi(K) or Haldane(H) map functions, respectively, were employed. Differences among previous pine genome-length estimates were attributed to the divergent criteria used in the methods of estimation, and indicate the need for the adoption of uniform criteria when performing genome-length estimates. Current data suggest that members of the two pine subgenera, which diverged during the late Mesozoic era, have highly conserved rates of recombination.
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    Evaluation of the extent of genetic variability among Theobroma cacao accessions using RAPD and RFLP markers (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 10-19 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Theobroma cacao ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to evaluate genetic relationships within the Theobroma cacao species and to assess the organization of its genetic diversity. Genetic variability was estimated with 18 primers and 43 RFLP probes on 155 cocoa trees belonging to different morphological groups and coming from various geographic origins. The majority of the RFLP probes issued from low-copy DNA sequences. On the basis of on the genetic distance matrices, the two molecular methods gave related estimates of the genetic relationship between genotypes. Although an influence of cocoa morphological groups and geographical origins of trees was observed, a lack of gene differentiation characterized the T. cacao accessions studied. The continuous RFLP variability observed within the species may reflect the hybridization and introgressions between trees of different origins. Nevertheless, the Nacional type was detected to be genetically specific and different from well-known types such as Forastero, Criollo and Trinitario. Some of those genotypes were characterized by a low heterozygosity rate and may constitute the original Nacional pool. These results also provide information for the constitution of a cocoa tree core collection.
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    Regeneration and analysis of interspecific asymmetric potato –Solanum ssp hybrid plants selected by micromanipulation or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Protoplasts ; Solanum tuberosum ; Solanum ssp. donor ; RAPD ; Chromosome elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Recipient protoplasts from three Solanum tuberosum genotypes, cv ‘Folva’ (2n=4x=48), cv ‘Matilda’ (4n) and ‘161 : 14’ (2n), were electrofused with X-ray-irradiated donor protoplasts from two wild species S. spegazzinii (2n) or S. microdontum×S. vernei (2n). Prior to fusion, protoplasts were fluorescence-labelled with either fluorescein diacetate or scopoletin. Fusion products were identified by dual fluorescence and selected by micromanipulation or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). All putative hybrid plants were analysed by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Our analysis demonstrates that each asymmetric hybrid plant has an individual and stable profile of donor-specific RAPD bands. The irradiation of donor protoplasts hampered the growth of selected heterofusion products in a dose-dependent way. Irradiation resulted in donor chromosome elimination, but not in a dose dependent way, in the tested interval. In asymmetric hybrids with the S. spegazzinii donor 33–68% of the donor-specific RAPD bands were missing, indicating a similar level of chromosome elimination. In asymmetric hybrid plants with the S. microdontum×S. vernei donor 74–95% of the donor RAPD bands were missing. Chromosome countings revealed that these hybrids had chromosome numbers equal to or below the chromosome numbers found in the tetraploid recipients. This is the first time that highly asymmetric hybrid plants between two tetraploid potato recipients and the donor S. microdontum×S. vernei have been obtained.
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    Genetic homogeneity among isolates of Fusarium solani that cause soybean sudden death syndrome (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 474-478 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Ribosomal DNA ; RAPD ; Fusarium solani ; Genetic variation ; Fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli is the etiological agent of soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS). This form species includes both members that cause SDS and those that do not. Despite the extensive use of SDS isolates in soybean plant breeding studies, no information regarding genetic relatedness of isolates is available. Sequencing of the D2 region of the large-subunit (28S) ribosomal DNA of 19 isolates of F. solani f. sp. phaseoli, both SDS and non-SDS isolates, resulted in identical sequences and thus indicated a very low level of genetic variation within the form species. Sequencing of the ITS region resulted in low-level intra-individual as well as intra-specific variation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used for a genome-wide estimate of genetic variation and was able to resolve only two amplitypes of the SDS isolates. Thus, SDS isolates from throughout the U.S. comprise an almost clonal population with an extremely low level of genetic variation among individuals.
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    Identification of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the v locus in barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 637-642 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Molecular marker ; v locus (kernel row type) ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; RAPD ; Recombinant backcross line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Recombinant backcross lines of barley were produced from a cross between Kanto Nakate Gold (KNG; two-rowed) and Azumamugi (AZ; six-rowed) after backcrosses of F1 plants with AZ as the recurrent parent. Each of these lines had an introgressed segment from chromosome 2 of KNG. Two recombinant backcross lines, L1 and M3-13, were used for an initial screening of polymorphism. After screening a total of 888 oligonucleotides as arbitrary primers, we identified eight random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) between backcross lines and AZ. Among the RAPD fragments, CMNA-38700 was linked to the v locus with a recombination frequency of zero, while OPJ-09850 and OPP-02700 were linked to the v locus at a map distance of 1.4 cM. Thus, the three RAPD markers were clustered around the v locus since the lengths of introgressed chromosomal segments in the L1 and M3-13 lines were no less than 38 cM. The other five RAPD fragments that we identified were not linked to the v locus.
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    Identification of RAPD markers linked to a locus involved in quantitative resistance to TYLCV in tomato by bulked segregant analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 671-677 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Bulked Segregant Analysis ; Marker-assisted selection ; QTL ; RAPD ; Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  In tomato, Bulked Segregant Analysis was used to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to a quantitative trait locus (QTL) involved in the resistance to the Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus. F4 lines were distributed into two pools, each consisting of the most resistant and of the most susceptible individuals, respectively. Both pools were screened using 600 random primers. Four RAPD markers were found to be linked to a QTL responsible for up to 27.7% of the resistance. These markers, localized in the same linkage group within a distance of 17.3 cM, were mapped to chromosome 6 on the tomato RFLP map.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050611
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    Direct comparison of levels of genetic variation among barley accessions detected by RFLPs, AFLPs, SSRs and RAPDs (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 714-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Barley ; Genetic relationships ; Molecular analysis ; RFLP ; AFLP ; RAPD ; SSR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  RFLPs, AFLPs, RAPDs and SSRs were used to determine the genetic relationships among 18 cultivated barley accessions and the results compared to pedigree relationships where these were available. All of the approaches were able to uniquely fingerprint each of the accessions. The four assays differed in the amount of polymorphism detected. For example, all 13 SSR primers were polymorphic, with an average of 5.7 alleles per primer set, while nearly 54% of the fragments generated using AFLPs were monomorphic. The highest diversity index was observed for AFLPs (0.937) and the lowest for RFLP (0.322). Principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) clearly separated the spring types from the winter types using RFLP and AFLP data with the two-row winter types forming an intermediate group. Only a small group of spring types clustered together using SSR data with the two-row and six-row winter varieties more widely dispersed. Direct comparisons between genetic similarity (GS) estimates revealed by each of the assays were measured by a number of approaches. Spearman rank correlation ranked over 70% of the pairwise comparisons between AFLPs and RFLPs in the same order. SSRs had the lowest values when compared to the other three assays. These results are discussed in terms of the choice of appropriate technology for different aspects of germplasm evaluation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050617
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    Species boundaries and interrelationships of two closely related sympatric diploid wild potato species, Solanum astleyi and S. boliviense, based on RAPDs (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 764-771 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Bootstrap ; UPGMA ; RAPD ; Section Petota ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The more than 200 wild and cultivated species relatives of potato (Solanum sect. Petota) present a valuable germplasm base for cultivar improvement. However, species boundaries and interrelationships within sect. Petota are controversial, inhibiting the efficient organization of the many germplasm collections of these species. One controversy involves questions of species boundaries and interrelationships of S. astleyi and S. boliviense. Solanum boliviense is narrowly endemic to two Departments in southern Bolivia, and S. astleyi is known only from one site entirely within the range of this species, where they co-occur. Both species are diploid and morphologically very similar. Artificial hybrids between them are fully fertile, and the species putatively hybridize naturally. These data have been interpreted to designate them as separate species or as S. astleyi an ecotype of S. boliviense. Putative progenitors of S. astleyi are S. boliviense, S. megistacrolobum subsp. megistacrolobum, and S. megistacrolobum subsp. toralapanum. We evaluated interrelationships among these species with random amplified polymorphic DNA’s (RAPDs) generated for 2 accessions of S. astleyi and 14 accessions of S. boliviense. These represent the entire geographic range of the former species and nearly the entire range of the latter. We also analyzed 1 accession each of S. acaule subsp. acaule, S. acaule subsp. aemulans, S. albicans, S. berthaultii, S. megistacrolobum subsp. megistacrolobum, S. megistacrolobum subsp. toralapanum, S. raphanifolium, S. sogarandinum, and S. sparsipilum. Phenetic analyses of the RAPD data show S. astleyi and S. boliviense to form two distinct groups and to be more similar to each other than to any of the other species investigated, suggesting that S. astleyi and S. boliviense are sister taxa. The divergence of S. astleyi and S. boliviense relative to other species examined suggests that they are worthy of taxonomic recognition at the subspecies, rather than species level, and we propose the new combination S. boliviense subsp. astleyi.
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    A genetic map of melon (Cucumis melo L.) based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 791-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Melon ; Cucumis melo L. ; Genetic mapping ; AFLP ; RAPD ; Microsatellite ; DNA markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic maps facilitate the study of genome structure and evolution, and the identification of monogenic traits or Mendelian components of quantitative traits. We evaluated 228 RAPD, microsatellite and AFLP markers for linkage analysis in melon (Cucumis melo L.) varieties MR-1 (resistant to Fusarium wilt, powdery and downy mildews) and Ananas Yokneum (AY; susceptible to these diseases) and constructed a detailed genetic map. The mapping population consisted of 66 backcross progenies derived from AY×(MR-1×AY). Despite a relatively low level of polymorphism in the species, AFLP markers were found to be more efficient in mapping the melon genome than RAPD or microsatellite markers. The map contains 197 AFLPs, six RAPDs and one microsatellite marker assigned to 14 major and six minor linkage groups, and covers 1942 cM with the average distance between adjacent markers of approximately 10 cM. The maximum distance allowed between markers is 27.5 cM. About 11% of the intervals (20 out of 173) are over 20 cM (but less than 27.5 cM). The map has immediate utility for identifying markers linked to disease resistance genes that are suitable for marker-assisted breeding. The use of microsatellite markers for integration with other maps is also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050627
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    Estimation of outcrossing rate in a breeding population of Eucalyptus urophylla with dominant RAPD and AFLP markers (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 842-849 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Mating system ; AFLP ; RAPD ; Eucalyptus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Eucalyptus breeding is typically conducted by selection in open-pollinated progenies. As mating is controlled only on the female side of the cross, knowledge of outcrossing versus selfing rates is essential for maintaining adequate levels of genetic variability for continuous gains. Outcrossing rate in an open-pollinated breeding population of Eucalyptus urophylla was estimated by two PCR-based dominant marker technologies, RAPD and AFLP, using 11 open-pollinated progeny arrays of 24 individuals. Estimated outcrossing rates indicate predominant outcrossing and suggest maintenance of adequate genetic variability within families. The multilcous outcrossing rate (tm) estimated from RAPD markers (0.93±0.027), although in the same range, was higher (α〉0.01) than the estimate based on AFLP (0.89±0.033). Both estimates were of similar magnitude to those estimated for natural populations using isozymes. The estimated Wright’s fixation index was lower than expected based on tm possibly resulting from selection against selfed seedlings when sampling plants for the study. An empirical analysis suggests that 18 is the minimum number of dominant marker loci necessary to achieve robust estimates of tm. This study demonstrates the usefulness of dominant markers, both RAPD and AFLP, for estimating the outcrossing rate in breeding and natural populations of forest trees. We anticipate an increasing use of such PCR-based technologies in mating-system studies, in view of their high throughput and universality of the reagents, particularly for species where isozyme systems have not yet been optimized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050634
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    Comparison of the genetic maps of Brassica napus and Brassica oleracea (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 569-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Brassica napus ; Brassica oleracea ; Genetic maps ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The genus Brassica consists of several hundreds of diploid and amphidiploid species. Most of the diploid species have eight, nine or ten pairs of chromosomes, known respectively as the B, C, and A genomes. Genetic maps were constructed for both B. napus and B. oleracea using mostly RFLP and RAPD markers. For the B. napus linkage map, 274 RFLPs, 66 RAPDs, and two STS loci were arranged in 19 major linkage groups and ten smaller unassigned segments, covering a genetic distance of 2125 cM. A genetic map of B. oleracea was constructed using the same set of RFLP probes and RAPD primers. The B. oleracea map consisted of 270 RFLPs, 31 RAPDs, one STS, three SCARs, one phenotypic and four isozyme marker loci, arranged into nine major linkage groups and four smaller unassigned segments, covering a genetic distance of 1606 cM. Comparison of the B. napus and B. oleracea linkage maps showed that eight out of nine B. oleracea linkage groups were conserved in the B. napus map. There were also regions in the B. oleracea map showing homoeologies with more than one linkage group in the B. napus map. These results provided molecular evidence for B. oleracea, or a closely related 2n=18 Brassica species, as the C-genome progenitor, and also reflected on the homoeology between the A and C genomes in B. napus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050453
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    Applicability of inter-simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in wheat for use as DNA markers in comparison to RFLP and RAPD markers (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 597-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Microsatellite DNA ; RAPD ; PCR ; Markers ; Wheats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Inter-simple sequence repeat polymorphic DNA (ISSR) was evaluated for its applicability as a genetic marker system in wheat. PCR was carried out with primers that annealed to simple sequence repeats. The resultant products were subjected to agarose-gel electrophoresis, and the banding patterns were compared among six wheat accessions containing diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid members. Out of 100 examined, 33 primers produced distinguishable as well as polymorphic bands in each of the six accessions. Although most of the primers that gave distinct bands (30 primers out of 33) contained dinucleotide repeats, each of the primers with tri-, tetra-, and penta-nucleotide motifs also yielded discrete bands. Primers based on (AC)n repeats gave the most polymorphic bands. In total, 224 polymorphic bands were found in the comparison between Einkorn wheats whereas, on the average, 120 polymorphic bands were detected between common wheats. ISSR primers produced several times more information than RAPD markers. The extent of band polymorphism was similar to that of RFLP markers, and greater than that of RAPDs. The genetic relationships of wheat accessions estimated by the polymorphism of ISSR markers were identical with those inferred by RFLP and RAPD markers, indicating the reliability of ISSR markers for estimation of genotypes. These polymorphic bands are potential candidates as novel markers for use in linkage-map construction in wheat. The characteristic features of ISSR markers, i.e. polymorphism, generation of information and ease of handling, suggest their applicability to the analysis of genotypes as well as to the construction of PCR-based genome maps of wheats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050456
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    Specifying the introgressed regions from H. argophyllus in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to mark Phomopsis resistance genes (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key worsArgophyllus  ;  Helianthus  ;  Sunflower  ;  Introgression  ;  Phomopsis  ;  Diaporthe helianthi  ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method based upon targetting of intro-gressed markers in a Phomopsis-resistant line (R) of cultivated sunflower, issuing from a H. argophyllus cross was used to mark the Phomopsis resistance regions. Our study was based upon 203 families derived from a cross between an inbred line susceptible to Phomopsis (S1) and the introgressed resistant line (R). Families were checked for Phomopsis resistance level in a design with replicated plots and natural infection was re-inforced by pieces of contaminated stems. Thirty four primers were employed for RAPD analysis. Out of 102 polymorphic fragments between (S1) and H. argophyllus, seven were still present in (R) suggesting that they marked introgressions of H. argophyllus into (R). The plants were scored for the presence or absence of 19 fragments obtained from five primers, and the relationships between the presence/absence of fragments in plants and Phomopsis resistance/susceptiblity in the progenies was determined by using an analysis of variance. We found that at least two introgressed regions, as well as favourable factors from sunflower, contributed to the level of Phomopsis resistance in cultivated sunflower.
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    Somatic embryogenesis and somaclonal variation in Norway spruce: morphogenetic, cytogenetic and molecular approaches (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 159-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Somaclonal variation ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Conifers ; RAPD ; Trisomy ; Chimerism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four embryogenic clones of Norway spruce have been subcultivated and observed over several years to determine the evolution of production of mature embryos and to assess the quality of the embryos produced. A wide range of intraclonal quantitative and qualitative variability has been observed within this production. Certain morphologic deviations appeared at the immature stage and after maturation, such as immature embryos with a diffuse organization, complete or part albino mature embryos or acclimated somatic seedlings comparable to dwarf mutants. All of these phenotypic variations could be the result of a modification of the genome itself or of only the expression of the genome. Two approaches, chromosome counting and RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA), were chosen for their capacity to detect genotypic variations: respectively, genomic and chromosomic or genic mutations. The cytogenetic approach revealed, for the first time in this species, three cases of mutated acclimated somatic plants: one totally trisomic and two chimeras with trisomic buds and diploid roots. Other cases of 5-year-old trisomic, double trisomic, tetraploid or mixoploid embryogenic masses were also detected. The molecular approach (RAPD) revealed no somaclonal variation despite the large sample of DNA and primers used and the important interclonal variation observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050395
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    Hybrid origin of some ornamentals of Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum verified with GISH and RAPD (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1229-1238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Allium ; Ornamental cultivars ; Hybrids ; GISH ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) methods have been used to verify the hybridogenic origin and to identify the parental species of some ornamental cultivars in the subgenus Melanocrommyum of the genus Allium. The cultivars had been selected from seed obtained after uncontrolled pollination in breeders’ fields. The combination of GISH analysis with RAPD markers is very suitable for testing the hybridogenic origin of plants and to ascertain the parental species of the hybrids in such cases. As suspected, A. macleanii and A. cristophii are the parental species of ‘Globemaster’. The parental species of cultivar ‘Globus’ are A. karataviense and A. stipitatum, and not A. cristophii and A. giganteum as has been assumed on morphological grounds. Cultivars ‘Lucy Ball’ and ‘Gladiator’ are of hybrid origin, though only one of the parental species, A. hollandicum, could be confirmed. The cultivars ‘Purple Sensation’, ‘Mount Everest’, ‘White Giant’, ‘Michael H. Hoog’ and ‘Mars’ are not hybrids since neither GISH nor RAPD suggest the presence of a second genome. ‘Purple Sensation’ belongs to A. hollandicum, ‘Mount Everest’, ‘White Giant’ and ‘Mars’ to A. stipitatum,‘Michael H. Hoog’ to A. rosenorum.
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    Identification of RAPD markers for 11 Hessian fly resistance genes in wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 419-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Wheat ; RAPD ; Marker-assisted selection ; Hessian fly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The pyramiding of genes that confer race- or biotype-specific resistance has become increasingly attractive as a breeding strategy now that DNA-based marker-assisted selection is feasible. Our objective here was to identify DNA markers closely linked to genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that condition resistance to Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)]. We used a set of near-isogenic wheat lines, each carrying a resistance gene at 1 of 11 loci (H3, H5, H6, H9, H10, H11, H12, H13, H14, H16 or H17) and developed by backcrossing to the Hessian fly-susceptible wheat cultivar ‘Newton’. Using genomic DNA of these 11 lines and ‘Newton’, we have identified 18 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the 11 resistance genes. Seven of these markers were identified by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and the others by agarose gel electrophoresis. We confirmed linkage to the Hessian fly resistance loci by cosegregation analysis in F2 populations of 50–120 plants for each different gene. Several of the DNA markers were used to determine the presence/absence of specific Hessian fly resistance genes in resistant wheat lines that have 1 or possibly multiple genes for resistance. The use of RAPD markers presents a valuable strategy for selection of single and combined Hessian fly resistance genes in wheat improvement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050431
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    Genetic variability of the wild diploid wheat Triticum urartu revealed by RFLP and RAPD markers (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 424-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Triticum urartu ; Wheat ; A genome ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Genetic variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic variability among 49 accessions of Triticum urartu was estimated by RFLP and RAPD marker analyses, and the two data sets were compared. One T. timopheevii accession and two accessions of T. durum and T. aestivum, respectively, were included to identify T. urartu accessions closely related to these polyploid wheats. Twenty eight RFLP clones and 29 RAPD primers generated 451 and 155 polymorphic bands, respectively. The three accessions from Armenia clustered together and were well separated from all other accessions, which showed less pronounced geographical patterns. Genetic similarity and co-phenetic values calculated with RAPD markers were very similar to those calculated with RFLP markers for the intraspecific comparisons, but not for the interspecific comparisons. The identification of individual T. urartu accessions which are more related to polyploid wheats than others was not possible.
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    Allotetraploid origin ofAllium altyncolicum (Alliaceae, Allium sect.Schoenoprasum) as investigated by karyological and molecular markers (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 206 (1997), S. 317-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Alliaceae ; Allium altyncolicum ; A. ledebourianum ; A. schoenoprasum ; Allopolyploidy ; C-banding ; GISH ; ITS sequencing ; PCR-RFLP of cpDNA ; RFLP mapping of rDNA ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tetraploidAllium altyncolicum (2n = 4x = 32) is considered to be of hybrid origin, because most of its morphological characters are intermediate between those of its putative parents,A. schoenoprasum andA. ledebourianum. In the present work an attempt has been made to ascertain its parentage by several methods: Giemsa C-banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), PCR-RFLP of cpDNA, restriction enzyme mapping of the rDNA, and RAPDs. C-banding and GISH indicates clearly thatA. altyncolicum is a segmental allopolyploid.Allium schoenoprasum andA. ledebourianum are the most likely the parental species and the larger part of the genome ofA. altyncolicum (26 chromosomes) is derived fromA. schoenoprasum. The low genetic divergence between these three species was confirmed by the lack of sequence variation in the ITS sequences of nuclear rRNA genes and of the plastid rbcL-atpB intergenic spacer. Both parental species andA. altyncolicum could be distinguished by RFLP of the rDNA repeats. The geographic origin of the putative parental species was investigated using RAPDs.
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    Phenetic investigation of non-nodulating African species ofAcacia (Leguminosae) using morphological and molecular markers (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 205 (1997), S. 27-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Mimosoideae ; Acacia ; Aculeiferum ; Monacanthea ; African acacias ; classification ; molecular markers ; RAPD ; morphology ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological and RAPD markers were used to assess the relationships among nodulating and non-nodulating species of AfricanAcacia. Non-nodulating species of AfricanAcacia are only found within subg.Aculeiferum sect.Monacanthea. African species of sect.Monacanthea examined were found to form a group distinct from the other African species examined on a morphological and molecular basis. All lack the ability to nodulate, suggesting that non-nodulation may be used as a taxonomic tool. The species of sect.Aculeiferum were separated by RAPD and morphological analysis into two groups depending on whether they were armed with prickles in pairs and/or prickles in threes, or solitary. A third group of species was identified within sect.Acacia: further subdivision of this group was achieved into subsectt.Pluriseriae andUniseriae. The position ofA. albida relative to other AfricanAcacia species was found to be distinct but not totally independent of the genus. The partitioning and distribution of the genetic variability within the genus is further elucidated by the RAPD analysis of populations ofAcacia species. A population analysis ofA. polyacantha demonstrated geographical and site-specific variation.
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    Distribution of parental DNA markers inEncelia virginensis (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), a diploid species of putative hybrid origin (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 205 (1997), S. 205-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Encelia virginensis ; E. actoni ; E. frutescens ; Diploid hybrid speciation ; RAPD ; chloroplast DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological, geographical and ecological evidence suggests thatEncelia virginensis is a true-breeding diploid species derived from hybrids ofE. actoni andE. frutescens. To test this hypothesis, we examined the chloroplast and nuclear DNA of severalEncelia species. PCR amplification targeted three separate regions of chloroplast DNA:trnK-2621/trnK-11,rbcL/ORF106, andpsbA3/TrnI-51, which amplify 2600bp, 3300bp and 3200bp fragments respectively. Restriction fragment analysis of chloroplast DNA revealed no variation that could be used to discriminate between the parent species. A RAPD analysis using 109 dekamer primers was used to analyze the nuclear genome.Encelia actoni andE. frutescens were distinguished by several high-frequency RAPD markers. In populations ofE. virginensis, these markers were detected in varying proportions, and no unique markers were found. Evidence from the nuclear genome supports the hypothesis thatE. virginensis is of hybrid origin. ThatE. virginensis may have arisen by normal divergent speciation followed by later introgression remains a possibility, however, and is not formally ruled out here. Diploid hybrid speciation inEncelia differs from other documented cases in that there are no discernible chromosome differences between the species, and all interspecific hybrids are fully fertile. In addition, apparent ecological selection against backcross progeny provides an external barrier to reproduction between F1 progeny and the parental species. These characteristics suggest that hybrid speciation inEncelia may represent an alternative model for homoploid hybrid speciation involving external reproductive barriers. In particular, this may be the case for other proposed diploid hybrid taxa that also exhibit little chromosomal differentiation and have fertile F1s.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01464406
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    Genetic analysis of aMicroseris douglasii (Asteraceae) population polymorphic for an alien chloroplast type (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 206 (1997), S. 273-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Microseris ; Chloroplast introgression ; reticulate evolution ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent evidence suggests chloroplast introgression fromMicroseris bigelovii intoM. douglasii. We have examined 23 plants from a population ofM. douglasii polymorphic forM. douglasii andM. bigelovii chloroplast types. All 23 plants were completely homozygous for morphological and RAPD markers, and inbred lines derived by selfing have been used for DNA analysis. Chloroplast RFLP analysis identified 16 plants withM. bigelovii chloroplasts and seven withM. douglasii chloroplasts. The nuclear genomes of the 16 plants withM. bigelovii chloroplasts were examined with 22 primers for RAPD amplification products shared exclusively withM. bigelovii. Five of 268 markers appeared to be shared betweenM. bigelovii and one or more of these 16 plants on the basis of their position in gels. Detailed examination of these five amplification products showed that none of them are nuclear DNA fromM. bigelovii. Very little, if any, nuclear DNA fromM. bigelovii can be present inM. douglasii plants with chloroplasts typical ofM. bigelovii. The study demonstrates the usefulness of the RAPD technique for screening large numbers of markers to select a few potentially informative ones for rigorous examination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987952
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    A first linkage map of Cichorium intybus L. using a one-way pseudo-testcross and PCR-derived markers (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 415-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLP ; SAMPL ; RAPD ; interspecific hybrid ; molecular map ; chicory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have used a one-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy in combination with different types of PCR-based markers (RAPD, AFLP, SAMPL) to construct a first linkage map for variegated chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. silvestre Biskoff, n=9), a self-incompatible vegetable species. The success of such a strategy depends on the presence of sufficiently high levels of heterozygosity in the individual plant which is being mapped and on the informativeness of the marker system that is used. A total of 371 markers, comprising 16 RAPDs, 72 SAMPLs and 283 AFLPs, were scored in 46 F1 individuals obtained from an interspecific cross between a C. intybus outbred individual and a C. endivia inbred line. Grouping of the markers at a LOD score of 4.0 resulted in 13 linkage groups covering 1330 cM. A framework map covering 1201.4 cM was assembled by using all markers that could be ordered with a LOD greater than 2.0. We estimate the total genome size of chicory to be ca. 1405 cM, thus considerably smaller than that estimated for lettuce (1950 cM). The usefulness of the different marker systems that were applied is analysed in terms of level of heterozygosity and marker index, i.e. number of different genetic loci that may be simultaneously analysed per experiment. Out of the 371 markers, 50 of them showed segregation distortion which is discussed in terms of the hybrid origin of the variegated chicory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009616801404
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    Distribution of photo-induced and non-photo-induced sporulator physiotypes ofBipolaris oryzae in Japan (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Bipolaris oryzae ; mycochrome ; photo-control of conidiation ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of three sporulator physiotypes ofBipolaris oryzae, namely, photo-induced, and non-photo-induced (I) and (II), was investigated. Of 407 isolates, 99% belonged to the photo-induced type, in which conidial development was under photo-control of the antagonistic action of blue/UV-A and near-UV radiation mediated through the ‘mycochrome’ system at conidiophore induction and conidiophore maturation stages. Of the remainder, 1 isolate belonged to the non-photo-induced (I) type, and 4 isolates belonged to the non-photo-induced (II) type. Conidial development in the former of these was photo-controlled by the ‘mycochrome’ system at conidiophore maturation stage alone, while in the latter it was not affected by light conditions. No difference was found between the three physiotypes in restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of rDNA. However, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) revealed polymorphisms between photo-induced and non-photo-induced isolates and showed that non-photo-induced (I) and (II) strains were clustered in the same group, suggesting that they are genetically close. Photo-induced sporulators ofB. oryzae were confirmed to be widely distributed in paddy fields in Japan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460850
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    Gelling agents for tissue culture of the seaweed Hizikia fusiformis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 9 (1997), S. 489-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gelling agent ; Hizikia ; RAPD ; seaweed ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Callus and blade formation of the seaweed Hizikia fusiformis depended on the gelling agents used under axenic culture conditions. Excised cylindrical pieces (5 mm) of the hold fast were cultured on seven different gelling agents in seawater with added Provasoli's enrichment (PESI), at 40 µmol m−2 s−1 light intensity, 18 −C for 1 month. The highest percent of callus formation (47%), from holdfast pieces, was produced on solid medium composed of 2.0% high gel strength agar. No callus was formed in liquid medium. Blades, from holdfast pieces, were formed in PESI liquid medium at the rate of 45%, while the high level of axenic blade formation (30%) on solid support was observed on 0.5% high gel strength agar. Callus and blade were identified with the original strain, at the DNA level, using random amplified polymorphic DNAs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007980519620
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    Development of coupling-repulsion-phase SCAR markers diagnostic for the sugar beet Rr1 allele conferring resistance to rhizomania (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: BNYVV ; BSA ; RAPD ; rhizomania resistance ; SCAR ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In sugar beet genotypes with the ‘Holly’ type of resistance to rhizomania, a disease due to infection of the beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), the major gene rrl is responsible for resistance. Twelve RAPD markers linked to rrl were selected by BSA and mapped on linkage group IV using a segregating population previously analysed by the same group. Markers F61050 and N9600 were tightly linked, respectively in coupling and repulsion, to the Rrl allele (recombination values of 1.4 cM for both markers). After sequencing the products amplified by F61050 and N9600, new PCR primers were used to generate the two SCAR markers F6 and N9. The simultaneous use of these markers in a PCR reaction allows the correct fingerprinting of rrl rrl, Rrl rrl and Rrl Rrl sugar beet plants in populations segregating for the ‘Holly’ resistance. In a group of sugar beet elite lines containing the ‘Holly’ type of rhizomania resistance, SCAR F6 is always present whereas the SCAR N9 fragment is absent. Thus, in marker-assisted selection with coupling-repulsion-phase markers, SCAR F6 can be used in combination with N9, or together with any other RAPD marker linked in repulsion to the Rrl allele.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009626214058
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    Marker-assisted transfer of acylsugar-mediated pest resistance from the wild tomato, Lycopersicon pennellii, to the cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 307-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: insect resistance ; marker-assisted selection ; PCR ; quantitative trait loci ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Acylsugars exuded from type IV trichomes mediate the multiple pest resistance found in the wild tomato species, Lycopersicon pennellii. A marker-assisted selection breeding program was used to attempt the transfer of the ability to accumulate acylsugars to cultivated tomato. RFLP and PCR-based markers were used through three backcross generations to select plants containing 5 target regions associated by QTL analysis with acylsugar accumulation. The BC1F1 plant selected possessed all 5 target regions and accumulated acylsugars at a moderate level similar to that of the interspecific F1 control. The BC2F1 and BC3F1 selections contained complementary subsets of the 5 target regions and did not accumulate acylsugars. BC3F1 plants with complementary subsets of the 5 target regions were intermated to produce populations segregating for the 5 target regions. From 1000 BC3F1-intermated plants, three plants were found which accumulated acylsugars at low levels and contained 3 to 5 of the target regions. The recovery of acylsugar accumulation in progeny of the intermated BC3F1 plants supports the involvement of at least some of the 5 target regions in acylsugar biosynthesis. However, since the levels of acylsugars accumulated by these plants were lower than that of the interspecific F1, it is likely that another, as of yet unidentified, region is necessary for accumulation of higher levels of acylsugars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009677412902
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    Reproducibility testing of RAPD, AFLP and SSR markers in plants by a network of European laboratories (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 381-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: DNA markers ; RAPD ; AFLP ; SSR ; microsatellite ; network ; reproducibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A number of PCR-based techniques can be used to detect polymorphisms in plants. For their wide-scale usage in germplasm characterisation and breeding it is important that these marker technologies can be exchanged between laboratories, which in turn requires that they can be standardised to yield reproducible results, so that direct collation and comparison of the data are possible. This article describes a network experiment involving several European laboratories, in which the reproducibility of three popular molecular marker techniques was examined: random-amplified fragment length polymorphism (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and sequence-tagged microsatellites (SSR). For each technique, an optimal system was chosen, which had been standardised and routinely used by one laboratory. This system (genetic screening package) was distributed to different participating laboratories in the network and the results obtained compared with those of the original sender. Different experiences were gained in this exchange experiment with the different techniques. RAPDs proved difficult to reproduce. For AFLPs, a single-band difference was observed in one track, whilst SSR alleles were amplified by all laboratories, but small differences in their sizing were obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009612517139
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    Comparison of PCR-based marker systems for the analysis of genetic relationships in cultivated potato (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 127-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLP ; genetic relationships ; potato ; RAPD ; SSR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The application of AFLPs, RAPDs and SSRs to examine genetic relationships in the primary northwestern European cultivated potato gene pool was investigated. Sixteen potato cultivars were genotyped using five AFLP primer combinations, 14 RAPD primers, and 17 database-derived SSR primer pairs. All three approaches successfully discriminated between the 16 cultivars using a minimum of one assay. Similarity matrices produced for each marker type on the basis of Nei and Li coefficients showed low correlations when compared with different statistical tests. Dendrograms were produced from these data for each marker system. The usefulness of each system was examined in terms of number of loci revealed (effective multiplex ratio, or EMR) and the amount of polymorphism detected (diversity index, or DI). AFLPs had the highest EMR, and SSRs the highest DI. A single parameter, marker index (MI), which is the product of DI and EMR, was used to evaluate the overall utility of each marker system. The use of these PCR-based marker systems in potato improvement and statutory applications is discussed. Abbreviations: PCR, polymerase chain reaction; AFLP, amplified fragment length polymorphism; RAPD, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; EMR, effective multiplex ratio; DI, diversity index; MI, marker index; RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009633005390
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    A molecular marker associated with the H21 Hessian fly resistance gene in wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 177-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: bulked segregant analysis ; H21 ; near-isogenic lines (NILs) ; RAPD ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Near-isogenic lines in conjunction with bulked segregant analysis were used to identify a DNA marker in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) associated with the H21 gene conferring resistance to biotype L of Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] larvae. Near-isogenic lines were developed by backcross introgression BC3F3:4 (‘Coker 797’ * 4 / ‘Hamlet’) and differed by the presence or absence of H21 (on 2RL) derived from ‘Chaupon’ rye (Secale cereale L.). Bulked DNA samples were prepared from near-isogenic lines and BC3F2 population individuals segregating for reaction to Hessian fly biotype L and screened for random amplified polymorphic DNA markers using 46 10mer primers. Random-amplified polymorphic DNA markers from resistant and susceptible individuals and parental lines were scored and these data were used to identify a 3 kb DNA fragment that was related to the occurrence of H21. This fragment was amplified from DNA isolated from Hamlet, a near-isogenic line carrying 2RL, and bulked DNA from resistant BC3F2 individuals, but not from the recurrent parent Coker 797 or DNA bulks from susceptible BC3F2 plants. Analysis of 111 BC3F2 segregating individuals and BC3F2:3 segregants confirmed the co-segregation of the 3 kb DNA marker with the H21 resistance gene to Hessian fly. Use of this marker could facilitate more rapid screening of plant populations for Hessian fly resistance and monitoring the introgression of H21.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009606304447
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    Mapping and QTL analysis of horticultural traits in a narrow cross in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) using random-amplified polymorphic DNA markers (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 257-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: determinate ; genetic markers ; multiple lateral branching ; plant architecture ; quantitative trait loci ; sex expression ; cucumber ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An 80-point genetic map [77 random-amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPD), F (female sex expression), de (determinate), and ll (little leaf)] was constructed from a narrow cross in cucumber using the determinate, gynoecious, standard-sized leaf line G421 and the indeterminate, monoecious, little leaf line H-19. The map defined nine linkage groups and spanned ca. 600 cM with an average distance between markers of 8.4 ± 9.4 cM. The RAPD loci BC-551 and BC-592 were found to flank ll at 3.4 and 12.2 cM, respectively. The locus OP-L18-2 was linked (16 cM) to de, and the F locus was flanked by markers at 44 and 31 cM. One-hundred F3 families were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for sex expression, main stem length, number of lateral branches, days to anthesis, fruit number and weight, fruit length and diameter, and fruit length: diameter ratio in two replicated test locations (Wisconsin and Georgia). QTL on linkage group B explained major portions (R2 = ca. 2 to 74%) of the variation observed for sex expression, main stem length, lateral branch number, and fruit diameter (LOD = 2.1 to 29.8). Although ca. 62 to 74% of the variation for sex expression was associated with a putative QTL spanning the F locus (OP-AJ-2 to F and F to de), other regions (three) of the genome were important for the determination of sex in the F3 families examined depending upon environment. The number of genomic regions affecting main stem length (five) and number of lateral branches (three) coincided with expectations as determined by calculations of minimum number of genes in previous studies. Evaluation of QTL associated with several fruit number determinants of early, first-harvest yield demonstrating additive genetic variance (i.e., sex expression, main stem length, and number of laterals) suggests that marker-assisted selection may have utility for the development of determinate, multiple lateral branching germplasm suited for once-over mechanical harvesting in this population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009689002015
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    Molecular records of micro-evolution within the Algerian population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis during its spread to new oases (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 485-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: bayoud disease ; date palm ; population genetics ; RAPD ; RFLP ; VCG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic diversity of the date palm wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis in Algeria was assessed using vegetative compatibility, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Ninety-eight isolates were collected from the main infested regions, Touat, Gourara and Mzab, and 6 isolates from Morocco were added for comparison. All isolates were vegetatively compatible and belonged to VCG 0170. No variation was detected in the mtDNA of a subset of 73 isolates and the RAPD analysis indicated that they were genetically very closely related. However, some geographic substructuring was apparent, suggesting that local diversification of the pathogen might have occurred. These results provide evidence that the Algerian isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis belong to a same clonal lineage and support the hypothesis that they were probably founded by a single virulent clone that originated from the Moroccan oases where the date palm wilt (Bayoud disease) was first detected. Based on similarity of RAPD patterns occurring in different oases, and on historical records of the Bayoud disease in Algeria, spread of the pathogen in the different regions is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008644515046
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    Subdivision and genetic structure of four populations of Venturia inaequalis in Switzerland (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 565-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: apple scab ; PCR-RFLP ; population genetics ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of four populations of Venturia inaequalis in Switzerland were performed to obtain information about migration and to predict the probable speed of the spread of new pathotypes able to overcome resistance, e.g. Vf-resistance, of new cultivars. Genetic and haplotype diversity was calculated based on allele frequencies of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-region of ribosomal DNA, which are regarded to be neutral, and the β-tubulin locus which may be under selection pressure. Within-population diversity was found to be quite similar over all four populations. Normalised haplotype diversity based on RAPD and ITS data was very high with a mean of 0.95. Diversity among populations (GST) was consistent over all neutral loci with a low mean of 0.04, but reached the high value of 0.26 for the selected β-tubulin locus. Low GST based on neutral loci may suggest a high level of gene flow. Considering these results, new pathotypes would be expected soon outside their place of identification. But actual gene flow is easily overestimated because of effects of gene flow in the past. However, naturally occurring gene flow could be increased by human activity. Therefore, it is very difficult to predict durability of the Vf-resitance in Switzerland.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008636913211
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    Extraction of DNA from anostracan cysts (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) for use in RAPD-PCR analyses (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 359 (1997), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Crustacea ; Anostraca ; cysts ; egg bank ; RAPD ; PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Like many diapausing crustaceans, anostracans (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) produce encysted embryos capable of surviving the long periods of desiccation typical of their environments. These cysts are far more abundant and are easier to collect than adults and for some applications they are superior to adults as subjects for genetic analysis. Due to the lack of minimal tissue size requirements, PCR-based analysis is the best alternative for genetic study of cysts. We describe a method for the fast extraction of DNA from cysts, yielding template for RAPD-PCR analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003154618381
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    Morphological and molecular characterization of Colletotrichum spp. from citrus orchards affected by postbloom fruit drop in Brazil (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 323-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Colletotrichum acutatum ; citrus postbloom fruit drop disease ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Brazilian isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from citrus orchards affected by postbloom fruit drop were examined for colony colour, mycelial growth, benomyl-resistance, pathogenicity, and genetic variability by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. All isolates were obtained from flowers and persistent calyxes from different citrus hosts from Sao Paulo, Brazil. DNA polymorphisms detected after amplification with random 10-mer primers were used to classify the isolates into two groups. Group I isolates grew rapidly on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and were sensitive to benomyl, and group II isolates grew slowly on PDA and were benomyl-resistant. Colletotrichum acutatum was analyzed by RAPD and had high genetic similarity with group II isolates of Colletotrichum from citrus. Probably, the group I is C. gloeosporioides and group II is C. acutatum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008627302706
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    Recombinant Factor VIII SQ- Inactivation Kinetics in Aqueous Solution and the Influence of Disaccharides and Sugar Alcohols (1997)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 14 (1997), S. 1679-1684 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: solution ; protein stability ; factor VIII ; formulation ; kinetics ; DSC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. To investigate the influence of various nonreducing disaccharides and sugar alcohols on the inactivation kinetics of recombinant factor VIII SQ (r-VIII SQ) in aqueous solution not containing albumin as a stabiliser. Methods. The stability of r-VIII SQ was followed using measurement of activity (VIII: C) and HPLC gel filtration at different temperatures. The thermal stability was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results. The decline in VIII:C followed pseudo-first order kinetics. However, the Arrhenius plot was not linear for formulations without carbohydrate, demonstrating a distinct, reproducible curvature. The reaction rate at 5°C was faster than expected from the Arrhenius kinetics. The energy of activation (Ea) for formulations without added carbohydrates, derived from the linear part of the Arrhenius plot, varied between 77 and 86 kJ/mole in the temperature range 20−37°C. The addition of 600 mg/ml sucrose increased the Ea to 104 kJ/mole. DSC measurements showed thatTm′ was 64.2 ± 0.2°C for r-VIII SQ without stabiliser. This value increased linearly with increasing concentrations of carbohydrate. This stabilising effect is most probably explained by the theory of preferential hydration. Conclusions. The inactivation kinetics of r-VIII SQ in aqueous solution without addition of carbohydrates followed pseudo-first order kinetics but the Arrhenius plot was nonlinear. Sucrose and sorbitol both had highly stabilising effects on r-VIII SQ at concentrations above 300 mg/ml. The preparation containing 600 mg/ml sucrose was stable for at least 12 months at 5°C and 6 months at 25°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012163309468
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    Comparison of chloroplast and nuclear phylogeny in the autogamous annualMicroseris douglasii (Asteraceae: Lactuceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 204 (1997), S. 49-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Microseris ; Chloroplast phylogeny ; cpRFLP ; cytoplasmic introgression ; RAPD ; selfing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphology suggests that the Californian annualMicroseris douglasii is a monophyletic sister group to the other three diploid annuals ofMicroseris. Phylogenetic analysis of 44 inbred strains ofM. douglasii derived from 23 populations with 72 RAPD markers in the nuclear DNA strongly supports this phylogeny. However, 13 chloroplast RFLPs divideM. douglasii into four distinct groups. Two of these each share one or more cpRFLPs withM. bigelovii andM. pygmaea. Several hypotheses can explain the incongruence between nuclear and chloroplast phylogeny: (1) random sorting out of chloroplasts during phylogeny from a polymorphic pool, (2) cytoplasmic introgression from the related annualM. bigelovii intoM. douglasii after hybridization followed by elimination of theM. bigelovii nuclear genome. We suggest cytoplasmic introgression as the most likely origin. Possible remnants of nuclear introgression have been found in two populations ofM. douglasii that are polymorphic for chloroplast types. In these populationsM. bigelovii type chloroplast DNA seems to be accompanied by nuclear genes for flower color and leaf shape.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982531
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    Hybridization and evolution inCardamine (Brassicaceae) at Urnerboden, Central Switzerland: Biosystematic and molecular evidence (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 204 (1997), S. 233-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Brassicaceae ; Cardamine amara ; C. ×insueta ; C. rivularis ; C. schulzii ; Hybridization ; evolution ; amphiploidy ; introgression ; cpDNA ; isozymes ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hybridization between two diploid (2n = 2x = 16) species ofBrassicaceae, Cardamine rivularis andC. amara, at Urnerboden, Central Switzerland, resulted in the rather unusual triploid hybridC. insueta (2n = 3x = 24), and later on in the amphiploidC. schulzii (2n = 6x = 48). The hybrid and the neopolyploid species colonized successfully some man-made biotopes. Plants ofC. insueta are mostly functional females with non-dehiscent anthers, but true hermaphrodite individuals with partly sterile pollen grains also occur within the population. Analyses of cpDNA and nuclear DNA permitted to establish the parentage of the hybrid: the maternal parent which contributed unreduced egg cells proved to beC. rivularis whereas the normally reduced pollen originated fromC. amara. The pronounced genetic variability inC. insueta revealed by isozyme and RAPD analyses, at variance with the polarized segregation, heterogamy and strong vegetative reproduction of the hybrid, is possibly influenced by recurrent formation ofC. insueta which party results from backcrosses betweenC. insueta andC. rivularis but may also proceed by other pathways. The amphiploidCardamine schulzii has normally developed anthers but its pollen is sometimes highly sterile. The surprisingly uniform genetic make-up of the new amphiploid species might be related to its possible monotopic origin and/or young phylogenetic age but should be further assessed. Site management seems to be very important to a further development of hybridogenous populations and their parent species. In conclusion, the evolution at Urnerboden is discussed in the context of the traditional concept of multiple plant origins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989208
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    Genetic analysis among and within populations forming ecotypes and cultivars of lucerne,Medicago sativa (Leguminosae), using RAPD fragments (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 208 (1997), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Medicago sativa ; Alfalfa ; cultivar discrimination ; DNA ; RAPD ; population genetics ; Mahalanobis distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We conducted this study to determine whether the analysis of the population frequency of individual RAPD fragments amplified from DNA of single seedlings could be used to discriminate cultivars of lucerne and compare the relatedness of cultivars of differing geographic and genetic origin. Canonical discriminant analysis of RAPD banding data obtained from amplification of DNA from 40 seedlings of each of ten cultivars (six Iranian ecotypic cultivars, two cultivars from New Zealand and two from the USA) with one selected primer enabled discrimination of most cultivars (78% of pairwise comparisons at P 〈 0.01 among the ten cultivars examined in this study). Comparison of the Mahalanobis generalized distances among the cultivars produced results for genetic relatedness which were generally consistent with geographical origin and breeding relationships. Cultivar uniformity was assessed by determining the percentage of seedlings correctly classified into the named cultivar; this was variable among cultivars and the Iranian ecotypic cultivars had a particularly wide range of variability. Analysis of population genetics in lucerne using RAPD banding data may be useful for plant improvement, in descriptions of new cultivars and also when assessing cultivar purity in seed certification programmes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986085
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of vesicle formation (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 275 (1997), S. 303-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Vesicle ; self-assembly ; hydrotrope ; stopped-flow ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  The kinetics of vesicle formation from a hydrotrope (sodium xylenesulfonate) solution of a surfactant (Laureth 4) is studied by the use of a stopped-flow apparatus combined with a dynamic light scattering device to determine vesicle size in the system. The hydrotrope system studied presents a system with a high surfactant solubilization combined with vesicle formation simply by dilution with water. The kinetic results show a single exponential decay time. The kinetic analysis indicates that the vesicles are formed from a molecular solution which resulted from the shear in the stopped-flow device and grow by monomeric association.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050086
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of interaction of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane with silica gel using elemental analysis and 29Si NMR spectra (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 275 (1997), S. 672-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane ; silica gel ; interaction ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  Three silica gel sample systems, modified with 3-amino-propyltriethoxy silane (APTS), were prepared by sequentially sampling the reaction mixture at various time intervals. The concentrations of 3-aminopropylsilyl groups (APS) bound on the silica surface were determined by elemental analysis. For the same sample systems, 29Si NMR intensities of an (–O)4Si species belonging only to the silica gel particles and corrected by a cross-polarization correction factor were also measured. Both the APS-concentrations and the correc-ted 29Si NMR intensities depended upon reaction time, reflecting the rate of the APTS–silica gel reaction. Kinetic analysis of these data was made by use of the Gauss–Newton method, and the overall reaction was found to consist of three reaction processes (an initial fast reaction, a slower second reaction and a much slower third reaction). In particular, the conversion of (–O)3SiOH to (–O)4Si is predominant in the second reaction process and the pore size of a silica gel particle affects the reaction mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050134
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diversity analysis and species identification in Lens using PCR generated markers (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: RAPD ; PCR ; genetic diversity ; 5S rRNA ; Lens ; lentil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis we assessed the genetic relationships between 16 accessions and cultivars of lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris) in the Australian lentil breeding program. All lines exhibited polymorphism with a maximum dissimilarity value of 0.36. This indicated a limited degree of genetic variation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers based on the flanking regions of the 5S rRNA gene from Pisum sativum amplified the non-translated spacer (NTS) region from within the 5S rRNA gene of Lens. Three distinct amplification banding patterns differentiated between restricted genomic DNA of Lens spp. L. culinaris ssp. culinaris and L. culinaris ssp. orientalis shared similar markers of two distinctly different NTS sizes. L. nigricans and L. odemensis shared the same amplification pattern of a single sized NTS region. However, L. ervoides contained two separate sizes of NTS, distinct from other Lens species. In an effort to widen the genetic base of cultivated lentil, these species-specific molecular markers may be used to follow potential introgression between species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003097600701
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic diversity in Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) as revealed by RAPD markers (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: andean ; cultigroups ; genetic variability ; Lima bean ; mesoamerican ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic variability of 46 accessions of the Lima bean (P. lunatus L.) including 16 wild forms and 30 landraces belonging to the three cultigroups Big lima, Sieva, Potato, and their intermediates, was evaluated using RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers. Twelve oligonucleotide primers produced 172 RAPD markers which allowed the differentiation of two main groups: the mesoamerican and the andean groups. This was confirmed by an AMOVA analysis which indicated that 37.7% of the variation was found between these two groups. For each botanical form (wild and cultivated), the molecular markers showed that small-seeded types (i.e. Sieva and Potato types and their related wild forms) had a wide distribution (from Mexico to Argentina) while the large-seeded types (Big lima type and its related wild forms) were circumscribed to the narrow west-coastal region from Ecuador to Bolivia. The results are in favour of an independent domestication process within the two groups, as the differentiation between mesoamerican and andean accessions was found to occur in both wild forms and landraces. Within each of the two main groups, wild forms and landraces were also found to be genetically differentiated and higher genetic diversity was observed among landraces than among wild forms. Within the mesoamerican landraces, low but significant differentiation between the Sieva and Potato cultigroups was observed. Some suggestions and hypotheses are discussed about evolution of the two small-seeded types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002910114869
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic variation of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in carrots revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cytoplasmic male sterility ; Daucus carota ; ssp. sativus ; mitochondrial DNA ; pedigree analysis ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial and nuclear genomic diversities of 8 carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus) varieties, including 6 pure lines and 2 cytoplasmic male sterile (cms) lines, were taxonomically identified using PCR with 19 RAPD primers. Dendrograms based on polymorphisms of both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes were constructed. According to the dendrogram of the mitochondrial genome revealed by RAPD, 4 differentiated clusters formed, in good accordance with the classification based on analyses with restriction enzyme digestion. Two cms lines were grouped into the same cluster, as genetically separated from the others. Thus, the cytoplasm donors of these male sterile lines were thought to be wild carrots. Conversely, RAPD analysis of the nuclear genome for these eight cultivars revealed no evident clusters although some cultivars were of a similar origin or place of cultivation. A correlation between nuclear and mitochondrial dendrograms was absent. RAPD has proved to be a useful tool for identifying mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. This technique will greatly aid in promoting efficient improvement of carrots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002901112164
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