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  • RAPD  (133)
  • Springer  (133)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Springer Nature
  • 1995-1999  (133)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1945-1949
  • 1998  (67)
  • 1997  (66)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (133)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Springer Nature
Years
  • 1995-1999  (133)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1945-1949
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic diversity of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius based on RAPD-PCR analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 7 (1998), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words DNA polymorphism ; Ectomycorrhizal fungi ; Genetic diversity ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Twenty Pisolithus tinctorius isolates from different geographic locations and different hosts were characterized by the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique. Thirteen arbitrary primers generated 87 DNA fragments, all of them polymorphic. These data were used to calculate genetic distances among the isolates. The pairwise genetic distances ranged from 1 to 100%, with an average of 58.7%. Cluster analysis based on the amplified fragments grouped the isolates according to their host and geographical origins. Group I contained isolates collected in Brazil and group II those collected in the Northern Hemisphere. In addition to the diversity seen at the molecular level, the isolates also showed host specificity. Greenhouse experiments demonstrated that isolates from the Northern Hemisphere colonized mainly Pinus whereas isolates from Brazil colonized only Eucalyptus. The molecular data suggest that the Pisolithus tinctorius isolates analyzed belong to two distinct groups. The data also suggest new guidelines for future investigations on the taxonomy and systematic of this important fungus species. Furthermore, these results support future experiments aimed at the selection and development of improved isolates of P. tinctorius.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050187
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Error Rates and Polymorphism Frequencies for Three RAPD Protocols (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 139-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: competition ; DNA mixture ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three amplification protocols were analyzed for error rate and generation of polymorphisms during RAPD analysis. Using a set of 240 primers, the protocols detected similar frequencies of polymorphisms in two inbred sugar beet lines. The error rate was investigated by including a 1:1 mixture of DNA from the two lines in all analyses. Similar error rates, approximately 18%, were detected by the three protocols. Thus, altered amplification conditions did not substantially affect the error rate during RAPD analysis. For each of the three possible pairs of protocols, a positive correlation was obtained for primer and number of polymorphisms. Thus, a set of highly polymorphic RAPD primers can be used effectively, without prior screening, to detect polymorphisms for each protocol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007485919390
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Mapping of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 15 (1997), S. 335-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: RAPD ; PCR ; Soybean ; Linkage Mapping ; Restriction Enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is based on DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of random DNA segments using single arbitrary nucleotide sequences. We have adapted the assay to soybeans by using Stoffel Fragment DNA polymerase and by optimizing the reaction conditions. To increase the percentage of RAPD polymorphisms, the DNA template was digested with restriction enzymes before amplification. The combination of twenty-four primers and five DNA template treatments (Undigested, DraI, EcoRI, HindIII, and TaqI digested) revealed 94 polymorphic DNA fragments differing between soybean lines PI437654 and BSR101. Many polymorphic DNA bands were found unreliable or non-scoreable after re-screening of primers and verification of marker-allele segregation with 20 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). However, 28 RAPD markers were consistently polymorphic between the parental lines and followed Mendelian expectations. The use of DNA templates digested with DraI, EcoRI, HindIII or TaqI increased three times the number of RAPD markers compared to undigested DNA template alone. The 28 RAPD markers obtained were further screened with 72 RILs and placed on an existing RFLP map.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007474913960
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA Isolation and AFLP™ Genetic Fingerprinting of shape Theobroma cacao (L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: amplified fragment length polymorphism ; cocoa ; RAPD ; woody plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Accurate identification of parental plants and their hybrids is essential for an effective breeding programme. Traditional classification of cocoa varieties relies on the characterisation of agricultural traits at plant maturity. A rapid and reliable method is described, based on genotypic analysis. An efficient DNA isolation procedure was developed, yielding unsheared DNA of high purity. Two genetic fingerprinting techniques, RAPD and AFLP™, were evaluated for their suitability in distinguishing cocoa varieties. RAPD analysis was unsatisfactory due to the low frequency of polymorphisms and poor reproducibility. AFLP™ was reliable in distinguishing phenotypically identical, known varieties of cocoa. Importantly, AFLP™ also revealed intra- and inter-varietal variation. Abbreviations: AFLP™, amplified fragment length polymorphism; APS, ammonium persulphate; CTAB, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; DEB, DNA extraction buffer; f.wt., fresh weight; NEB, nuclei extraction buffer; PMSF, phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride; RAPD, random amplified polymorphic DNA; T4 PNK, Bacteriophage T4 polynucleotide kinase; Taq, Thermus aquaticus; TBE, tris-borate-EDTA; TEMED, NNN′N′ tetramethylethylenediamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007468624596
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Simple and Rapid Procedure for Isolation of Total DNA Suitable for Fingerprint Analysis from shape Amaranthus (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 91-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: Amaranthus ; DNA fingerprinting ; PCR ; polysaccharides ; RAPD ; total DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A simple, efficient and reliable method is described for isolation of total DNA from young leaves of Amaranthus species. This procedure yields a high amount (600–800 µg DNA/g fresh leaf tissue) of good quality DNA free from contaminating proteins, polysaccharides, and coloured pigments. The DNA is suitable for digestion with several restriction endonucleases, preparation of Southern blots, and PCR amplification. The DNA has been successfully used for generating DNA fingerprint profiles and RAPD banding patterns in two species of Amaranthus. The procedure is suitable for processing of a large number of samples simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007414505189
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison between human and armadillo Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 143 (1998), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: armadillo ; Paracoccidioides brasiliensis ; PCR ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixty-three Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates obtained from three nine-banded armadillos ( Dasypus novemcinctus), one Amazonian armadillo's and 19 clinical isolates were compared by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis with the primer OPG-19. The isolates were divided into three major clusters, I, II and III. Coincidences between human and armadillo isolates were observed in clusters I and II. Cluster III consisted only of armadillos' isolates. The results suggested that (I) humans may acquire P. brasiliensis infection by contact with armadillo's environment, (II) there may be P. brasiliensis genotypes peculiar to the animal, and (III) individual armadillos may be infected with P. brasiliensis cells with different genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006949113529
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary distances and identification of Candida species in clinical isolates by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (1998)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 142 (1998), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Candida ; identification ; PCR ; phylogeny ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fast and reliable identification of different species of the genus Candida is important to define adequate therapeutic decisions, because the different species have highly variable susceptibilities to antifungal drugs; azoles and amphothericin B. Accurate statistical records on case history and epidemiological studies also depend on effective identification. To address this problem we established a RAPD method that enabled direct identification of five very common species of Candida. Initially, reference band patterns were established for C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata and C. krusei. One of the primers, M2, showed remarkably conserved intra-specific patterns of approximately 10 bands each, ranging in size from 2.0 to 0.1 kb. These patterns were significantly different and species-specific. Few bands were conserved between different species of Candida, which was assumed to be consistent with their phylogenetic relatedness. In addition, band patterns were constant and reproducible and DNA isolated from single colonies yielded sufficient DNA for identification. The reference band patterns were then used, in blind experiments, to identify species of Candida in 50 randomly chosen samples, including clinical isolates and ATCC strains. RAPD results were 100% consistent with results obtained by conventional diagnostic methods and were achieved in one day instead of several days taken by conventional methods. Because ideal identification methods should be consistent with phylogeny and taxonomy we tested whether RAPD could be used to calculate genetic distances. Comparison of RAPD phylogenetic trees with 18S rRNA trees showed significant differences in tree topologies which indicated that RAPD data could not accurately measure the relative distances between different species. Also, computer simulations of RAPD random patterns were used to test whether the observed degree of RAPD band pattern similarities could occur at random. These simulations suggested that the level of inter-specific band pattern similarities observed in our data could be obtained at random, while intra-specific pattern similarities could not. RAPD would be helpful to discriminate between isolates but not to quantitate the differences. We suggest that the inaccurate estimate of genetic distances from RAPD is a general limitation of the technique and not a specific problem of our identification method. Because of the repetitive character of the target sequences, genetic distances calculated from RAPD could be affected by paralogy, namely, recombination and duplication events not parallel with speciation events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006998325716
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Aspergillus japonicus and Aspergillus aculeatus strains with special regard to their mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 337-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Aspergillus japonicus ; A. aculeatus ; assimilation spectra ; isoenzyme ; mtDNA ; rDNA ; RFLPs ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Forty Aspergillus japonicus and A. aculeatus strains, most of them wild-type isolates, were examined using various molecular and phenotypic techniques. The rDNAs proved to be invariable (even strains of the species A. aculeatus exhibited the same restriction profile), while the strains could be classified into seven different mtDNA RFLP groups. Hybridisation data suggest that six of these mtDNA types have certain common restriction sites, while mtDNA type 7, which was exhibited by some A. aculeatus strains, probably has quite different mtDNA organisation and their size was smallest among the strains studied. The RAPD technique and isoenzyme analysis revealed some variabilities within these RFLP groups and strain specific features could also be recognised. Carbon source assimilation spectra were found to be very distinctive for strains of A. japonicus, A. aculeatus and A. niger, providing a useful tool for pre-characterising new wild-type isolates of black Aspergilli. Only a limited correlation was observed between the dendrograms based on genotypic and phenotypic characters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000578913759
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence of spatial genetic structure in a California bunchgrass population (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 112 (1997), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Conservation ; Nassella(Stipa) pulchra ; Population genetics ; RAPD ; Spatial scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the scale of genetic variation of purple needlegrass (Nassella pulchra), a species commonly used in California for grassland restoration. Common garden and field data revealed evidence of genetic differentiation between two intermixed microhabitats characterized by differences in soil depth and community composition. We assessed the genetic variation within a single population using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data collected from clusters of five individuals in 40 locations. We found no evidence for genetic structure at the whole population level. At smaller spatial scales, however, we found strong evidence that genetic subdivision of the population occurs at the level of the maternal neighborhood. We suggest that the interaction between widespread pollen dispersal and restricted seed dispersal may be the primary factor generating these results; panmictic pollen dispersal will make detection of genetic patterning difficult at larger spatial scales while limited seed dispersal will generate local genetic structure. As a result, the detection of population genetic structure will depend on the spatial scale of analysis. Local selection gradients related to topography and soil depth are also likely to play a role in structuring local genetic variation. Since N. pulchra is widely used in California in grassland and woodland habitat restoration, we suggest that, as a general rule, care should be exercised in transferring germplasm for the purposes of conservation when little is known about the within-population genetic subdivision of a plant species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050317
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tolerance to salt stress in maize callus lines with different polyamine content (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 17 (1997), S. 119-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Polyamines ; Maize ; Callus culture ; Salt stress ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four callus lines from immature embryos of a self-crossed maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid cultivar were selected for “high” (two lines) and “low” (two lines) polyamine (PA) levels. Each selected line was exposed to culture media containing no (control) or 1% (0.171 m) NaCl and the relative growth rates were compared after subculture. Low-PA lines appeared to be tolerant to salt stress, while high-PA lines were sensitive. Analysis of PA at the end of the subculture showed that treated calli of sensitive lines had increased their putrescine content in comparison with their control, while putrescine remained constant in tolerant lines. Callus lines were analysed by RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) markers. One polymorphism (550-bp band) was found, demonstrating a genetic difference between the lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050363
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatic hybrid plantlets regeneration between Citrus and its wild relative, Murraya paniculata via protoplast electrofusion (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 18 (1998), S. 297-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Somatic hybridization ; RAPD ; Citrus huanglongbin ; Sexual and graft incompatibility ; Aurantioideae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts isolated from `Page' tangelo (Minneola tangelo × clementine) cell suspension cultures were electrically fused with mesophyll protoplasts of orange jessamine [Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack]. Shoots were regenerated after 6 – 10 months of culture, but they were extremely recalcitrant to producing roots in root-induction medium. Complete plantlets were formed via micrografting. Chromosome counting of shoot tips revealed they were tetraploids (2n = 4x = 36). Glutamateoxaloacetate transaminase isozyme and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis confirmed their hybridity. Orange jessamine is immune to citrus huanglongbin, a severe disease of citrus, but sexual incompatibility and limited graft compatibility exist between Citrus and orange jessamine. The cell fusion technique may make it possible to transfer the huanglongbin resistance trait from orange jessamine to Citrus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050575
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of genetic stability in long-term micropropagated shoots of Pinus thunbergii Parl. using RAPD markers (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 18 (1998), S. 193-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Genetic stability ; Micropropagation ; Pinewood-nematode ; Pinus thunbergii ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to determine the genetic stability of long-term (more than 10 years) micropropagated shoots of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.). Thirty-six shoots consisting of three morphotypes (short, medium, and long needles) were randomly chosen from about 4,000 micropropagated shoots regenerated from the explants of a single nematode-resistant mother plant. Out of 126 primers screened, 30 gave 134 clear reproducible bands. A total of 4,824 bands obtained from these studies exhibited no aberration in RAPD banding patterns among the tested shoots. Our results show that regenerants from our plant micropropagation system are genetically stable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050555
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient plantlet regeneration from protoplasts isolated from suspension cultures of poplar (Populus alba L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 17 (1998), S. 201-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key wordsPopulus alba L. ; Protoplast ; Plant regeneration ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We developed an efficient plant regeneration system from protoplasts for poplar (Populus alba L.). Protoplasts were isolated from 4-day-old suspension cultures derived from seed-induced calli with a yield of 6.96× 106 cells/g fresh weight cells and then cultured at a concentration of 2.5×105 cells/ml in NH4NO3-free Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5 µM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 0.05 µM thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.5 M glucose as a osmoticum. The plating efficiency of the cultured protoplasts was calculated at 26.5% at day 7 and 31.7% at day 14. Cell colonies were observed after culturing for 4 weeks. Regenerated colonies were propagated through subculture in liquid MS medium supplemented with 5 µM 2,4-D. Buds were induced from regenerated calli on MS medium containing 10 µM kinetin or 1 µM TDZ. Regenerated shoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium, and the plantlets were transplanted in soil. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis did not detect any DNA polymorphism among the regenerated plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050378
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic ecotoxicology II: population genetic structure in mosquitofish exposed in situ to radionuclides (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 335-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: population genetics ; mosquitofish ; radiation ; RAPD ; allozymes ; evolutionary toxicology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In 1977, approximately 250 mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) from a relatively uncontaminated site (Crystal Springs) were transplanted into a small pond on the Department of Energy Oak Ridge Reservation which is heavily contaminated with radionuclides (Pond 3513). Starting in 1992, DNA polymorphism was evaluated using the RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and allozyme genotype techniques to determine if genetic differentiation had occurred between the two populations. Fish from a second radionuclide-contaminated population (White Oak Lake) and another unrelated non-contaminated population (Wolf Creek) were also examined. For the RAPD analyes, 15 RAPD primers (from a total of 40) were found to produce polymorphic banding patterns in at least two of the four populations and subsequently were used to produce a total of 142 bands. Data generated by these RAPD primers indicated an increased genetic diversity in radionuclide-contaminated sites relative to reference sites. Furthermore, the patterns from six RAPD primers produced a higher average number of bands when using DNA from radionuclide- contaminated populations than from non-contaminated, and for three RAPD primers the average number of bands from radionuclide- contaminated populations was lower. In addition, 17 bands occurred at a higher frequency in the radionuclide-contaminated compared to the non-contaminated populations. For the allozyme analyses, it was found that there was a higher percentage of polymorphism and heterozygosity in the radionuclide-contaminated relative to non-contaminated sites. These findings contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary effects of contaminant exposure as well as to the development of population-level biomarkers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018695231565
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Interspecific somatic hybrids between wild potato Solanum acaule Bitt. and anther-derived dihaploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 18 (1998), S. 82-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words DNA content ; Morphology ; Protoplast fusion ; RAPD ; Somatic hybrid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Solanum acaule Bitt. is a disomic tetraploid (4x) wild potato species which is resistant to several potato diseases. Introgression of disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance to the tetrasomic tetraploid (4x) cultivated potato (S. tuberosum L.) gene pool via crossing has been limited due to the difference in the endosperm balance number. In the present study, protoplast fusion was applied to produce hexaploid (6x) somatic hybrids between the parental lines, tetraploid (4x) S. acaule and two anther-derived dihaploid (2x) lines of S. tuberosum cv. White Lady. One callus (0.4%) of a total of 229 calli obtained regenerated into shoots in the fusion combination S. acaule (+) White Lady 15.dh.8.2.2. All the regenerated shoots were confirmed to be interspecific somatic hybrids using species-specific RAPD markers. In another fusion combination, S. acaule (+) White Lady 7.dh.23.1.1, fifteen calli (5%) regenerated into a total of sixteen shoots from 289 calli. All the analysed somatic hybrids between S. acaule and S. tuberosum were hexaploid. The mean DNA content (2C value) of the combination S. acaule (+) White Lady 15.dh.8.2.2 somatic hybrids (4.55 pg), was approximately the sum (4.69 pg) of the DNA contents of the parental lines, S. acaule (2.95 pg) and S. tuberosum (1.74 pg). In the greenhouse, the two somatic hybrids analysed were normal in their morphological characteristics and more vigorous than their parental lines. Most of the morphological characteristics were closer to the tetraploid S. acaule than to the dihaploid S. tuberosum. The interspecific somatic hybrids are currently being tested for frost tolerance and glycoalkaloid composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050536
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  • 16
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    The use of RAPD for verifying the apomictic status of seedlings of Malus species (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1080-1083 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key wordsMalus ; Apomixis ; RAPD ; Baskatong ; Red-purple pigmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The lack of red-purple pigmentation in seedlings obtained from crosses between M. cv Baskatong, carrying a dominant homozygous gene for red-purple pigmentation, and other species has been used for the detection of apomictic plants in Malus species. RAPD marker techniques were employed to evaluate the genetic similarity between putative apomictic seedlings and their female parents. From the selected set of 20 (OPA) primers about half were able to detect hybrids from the apomictic seedlings, if present. RAPD analyses confirmed the usefulness of the colour-marker gene in detecting the hybrids in vitro for seedlings of M. toringoides×M. cv Baskatong, but not for crosses involving M. hupehensis×M. cv Baskatong where in vitro colour-based selection was not possible (due to red stems in all cases). The set of primers (OPA-01, 02, 08, 09, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18 and 20) clearly determined the hybrid nature of seedlings and allowed the selection of apomictic ones. Therefore, although cv Baskatong is useful as an indicator, these data show that this technique is not applicable in all cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050665
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    RAPD analysis of isolated mitochondrial DNA reveals heterogeneity in elite wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm in rice (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1098-1103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words mtDNA ; RAPD ; Rice ; WA cytoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  RAPD profiles were generated using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from two cytoplasmic male-sterile lines, two restorer lines and four maintainer lines of rice. Of the 40 primers tested, 25 generated consistent and easily scoreable patterns that were used for the computation of pairwise similarities as well as UPGMA analyses. The different lines of rice, including lines IR58025A and IR62829A that contained the same wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm, were distinguishable on the basis of RAPD profiles. These latter two lines were not distinguishable from each other by mtDNA RFLP analyses with as many as 16 mtDNA probes. The data illustrate the utility of the RAPD technique as a powerful tool for distinguishing different cytoplasms that by other techniques appear to be similar. To our knowledge, this is the first report wherein RAPD profiles obtained with isolated mtDNA templates enable the distinction between two or more types of cytoplasms in rice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050668
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    A genetic linkage map of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) developed from a cross between two inbred, domesticated lines (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1210-1217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Vigna unguiculata ; RFLP ; RAPD ; AFLP ; Linkage map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have constructed a genetic linkage map within the cultivated gene pool of cowpea (2n=2x=22) from an F8 recombinant inbred population (94 individuals) derived from a cross between the inbreds IT84S-2049 and 524B. These breeding lines, developed in Nigeria and California, show contrasting reactions against several pests and diseases and differ in several morphological traits. Parental lines were screened with 332 random RAPD decamers, 74 RFLP probes (bean, cowpea and mung bean genomic DNA clones), and 17 AFLP primer combinations. RAPD primers were twice as efficient as AFLP primers and RFLP probes in detecting polymorphisms in this cross. The map consists of 181 loci, comprising 133 RAPDs, 19 RFLPs, 25 AFLPs, three morphological/classical markers, and a biochemical marker (dehydrin). These markers identified 12 linkage groups spanning 972 cM with an average distance of 6.4 cM between markers. Linkage groups ranged from 3 to 257 cM in length and included from 2 to 41 markers, respectively. A gene for earliness was mapped on linkage group 2. Seed weight showed a significant association with a RAPD marker on linkage group 5. This map should facilitate the identification of markers that “tag” genes for pest and disease resistance and other traits in the cultivated gene pool of cowpea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050683
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    Molecular characterization can quantify and partition variation among genebank holdings: a case study with phenotypically similar accessions of Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (cabbage) `Golden Acre' (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words AMOVA ; Conservation ; Curation ; Genetic markers ; Molecular genetic screening ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To better characterize and conserve crop genetic resources, the assessment of genetic identity, relatedness, and structure among entries and collections becomes a priority. In the present study, a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay was applied as a quick, cost-effective, and preliminary screen to quantify and partition the molecular variation among accessions. Fourteen phenotypically uniform accessions of Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (cabbage) similarly designated as `Golden Acre' were tested with nine decamer oligonucleotide primers. These amplifications generated 110 fragments, of which 80 were polymorphic ranging in size from 370 to 1720 bp. The 80 polymorphic fragments were sufficient to distinguish between all 14 accessions. Data based on the partitioning of variation among accessions indicated that `Golden Acre' entries could be reduced to as few as four groups, with the potential loss of variation being only 4.6% of the absolute current genetic variation in those holdings as estimated from RAPD analysis. This proposed grouping would concurrently save approximately 70% [$750–1000 (US) per accession] for each cycle of regeneration (approximately 20–25 years at most) which alternatively could then be used for other priorities in B. oleracea conservation and use. This case represents but one example where targeted use of a molecular-marker assay linked with rigorous statistical analysis will be useful for plant genebank management, particularly for questions at the intraspecific level. Molecular markers will provide genebank curators with additional sources of information to better plan and organize collection holdings and use finite financial support in a more effective manner.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050404
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    Cloning and sequencing of RAPD fragments amplified from mitochondrial DNA of male-sterile and male-fertile cytoplasm of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key wordsBeta vulgaris ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; RAPD ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Chloroplast DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA fragments of two nearly isogenic lines of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) were amplified by RAPD analysis. A number of fragments, most of them unique to either the male-sterile or the male-fertile cytoplasm, were selected for cloning and sequencing. One fragment was present in the PCR fingerprint pattern of both cytoplasms, whereas five of the selected fragments were specifically amplified from only one type of cytoplasm. The mitochondrial origin of all cloned RAPD fragments was confirmed by Southern hybridization. One fragment resulted in a hybridization pattern that suggests its repetitive presence in the mitochondrial genome of sugar beet. Four out of the five cytoplasm-specific RAPD fragments were shown to hybridize specifically to one type of cytoplasm only. One fragment hybridizing with the mtDNA from N-cytoplasm also revealed hybridization signals with both total and nuclear DNAs of N- as well as S-cytoplasm. Sequence alignments of this clone showed strong homologies with a part of the plastidal ndhC gene of higher plants, indicating that the male-fertile-specific mtDNA RAPD fragment is derived from chloroplast DNA. Sequence analysis of an amplified sterile-specific fragment revealed the presence of an open reading frame of 288 bp. Northern hybridization showed a transcription signal specific for the male-sterile cytoplasm. No sequence homology of the open reading frame to any known sequences was found. The results reveal an extremely high degree of sequence variability between the mtDNA of the N- and S-cytoplasm of Beta vulgaris.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050410
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    RAPD variation in wild populations of four species of the genus Hordeum (Poaceae) (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 101-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Hordeum ; Barley ; RAPD ; Variability ; Phylogeny ; DNA analyses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The genetic variation of 102 natural populations of wild barley growing in Spain was assessed using RAPDs (random amplified polymorphic DNA). The plant material included the annual species H. marinum subsp. marinum (22 populations) and subsp. gussoneanum (14), H. murinum subsp. murinum (7) and subsp. leporinum (35), and the perennial species H. bulbosum (17) and H. secalinum (7). Ten of the tested 64 arbitrary 10-mer primers amplified polymorphic DNA in all taxonomic units. Analyses was performed within and between populations, species and subspecies. The primers gave a total of 250 RAPD products. The level of polymorphism varied between taxonomic units depending on the primers employed and the plant reproductive system. In general, the most variable were the allogamous species H. secalinum and H. bulbosum and the autogamous H. marinum subsp. marinum. Among the amplified bands, 69 (27%) were shared by at least two different taxonomic units. The remaining bands were specific. The results demonstrate differences in the degree of similarity between taxonomic units. Jaccard’s similarity coefficients for interval measure within and between populations were used to produce a cluster diagram using the unweighted pair-group method (UPGMA). The different populations of the species and subspecies of Hordeum fell into three groups. The first group contained the populations belonging to both subspecies of H. marinum, plus those of H. secalinum. The populations of H. marinum subsp. gussoneanum were very closely associated. Those of H. marinum subsp. marinum were grouped in a broad cluster. The second group, occupying the innermost position of the tree, was very closely associated with the populations of both subspecies of H. murinum. The third branch segregated H. bulbosum. A series of RAPD markers were investigated by cleaving the amplified products of the same size with restriction endonucleases that recognize targets of 4- or 6-bp. The production of equivalent fragments following cleavage by the same enzyme would seem to demonstrate their homology in samples from different individuals, populations or taxonomic units.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050715
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    Somatic hybridization in mint: identification and characterization of Mentha piperita (+) M. spicata hybrid plants (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 683-687 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Essential oils ; Mint ; Mentha piperita ; M. spicata ; Somatic hybridization ; Plant regeneration ; RAPD ; Southern hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Twenty eight somatic hybrid plants were identified following protoplast fusions between peppermint (Mentha piperita L. cv Black Mitcham), producing high-quality oil, and spearmint (Mentha spicata L. cv Native Spearmint), likewise producing high-quality oil and also possessing resistance to verticillium wilt. Prior to fusion, peppermint protoplasts were subjected to iodoacetic acid to inhibit cell division. Protoplasts of peppermint and spearmint were fused using polyethylene glycol plus DMSO. Fusion products were cultured according to an efficient protoplast-to-plant-cycle protocol developed for peppermint. Using this protocol, iodoacetic acid-treated peppermint protoplasts were not able to divide, whereas untreated spearmint protoplasts had the ability to produce callus but not shoots. Therefore, selection of somatic hybrid calli was based on the presumed capability of hybrid cells to form calli and shoots. Shoots in vitro were initially identified as hybrids using RAPD profiles. Subsequently, observations on morphology, chromosome counts, and Southern-hybridization patterns confirmed their hybrid status. The results of verticillium tests revealed that 18 somatic hybrids were more susceptible than Native Spearmint, while hybrid II-14 had a level of susceptibility intermediate between that of the fusion parents. Oil-analysis of hybrid plants indicated that they all have a GC-profile typical of spearmint oil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050789
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    A method to measure genetic distance between allogamous populations of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) using RAPD molecular markers (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 406-412 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Medicago sativa ; RAPD ; Cultivars ; Genetic distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a forage legume of world-wide importance whose both allogamous and autotetraploid nature maximizes the genetic diversity within natural and cultivated populations. This genetic diversity makes difficult the discrimination between two related populations. We analyzed this genetic diversity by screening DNA from individual plants of eight cultivated and natural populations of M. sativa and M.  falcata using the RAPD method. A high level of genetic variation was found within and between populations. Using five primers, 64 intense bands were scored as present or absent across all populations. Most of the loci were revealed to be highly polymorphic whereas very few population-specific polymorphisms were identified. From these observations, we adopted a method based on the Roger’s genetic distance between populations using the observed frequency of bands to discriminate populations pairwise. Except for one case, the between-population distances were all significantly different from zero. We have also determined the minimal number of bands and individuals required to test for the significance of between-population distances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050756
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    Molecular phylogeny of mangroves V. Analysis of genome relationships in mangrove species using RAPD and RFLP markers (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 617-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Mangroves ; Genome relationship ; Phylogeny ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  DNA from pooled leaf samples of 11 true major mangrove, three true minor mangrove, two mangrove associate, two mangrove parasite, three terrestrial and one cultivated species were isolated for the present study. In total, 198 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and 180 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci were scored by using ten primers and 14 enzyme-probe combinations respectively. The polymorphism observed for these markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity in mangroves at both inter-specific or inter-generic levels. A dendrogram, constructed after pooling both RAPD and RFLP data, using a similarity index was analysed for genome relationships among these species. The dendrogram showed clustering of all the major mangroves, except for Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), into one group. All species under the tribe Rhizophorae formed a sub-cluster, to which Xylocarpus granatum was found to be the most closesly related species. The clustering pattern implied that Excoecaria agallocha and Acanthus ilicifolius should be considered as true minor mangroves. The present study also provided molecular data favouring the separation of Avicennia spp. from the Verbenaceae to create a monotypic family the Avicenniaceae. The separation of Viscum orientale into the Viscaceae was also favoured.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050937
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    A sex-averaged genetic linkage map in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii[Mirb.] Franco var ‘menziesii’) based on RFLP and RAPD markers (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 762-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words RFLP ; RAPD ; Genetic map ; Null loci ; Gene family
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have constructed a sex-averaged genetic linkage map in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco var ‘menziesii’) using a three-generation outcrossed pedigree and molecular markers. Our research objectives are to learn about genome organization and to identify markers associated with adaptive traits. The map reported here is comprised of 141 markers organized into 17 linkage groups and covers 1,062 centiMorgans (cM). Of the markers positioned on the map, 94 were derived from a Douglas-fir complimentary-DNA (cDNA) library that was constructed from new-growth needle tissue. Other markers include 11 Douglas-fir genomic-DNAs, 20 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) cDNAs, 15 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and a PCR-amplified phytochrome probe. A high degree of variation was detected in each of the two parents of our mapping population, and many of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and RAPD phenotypes were complex. Marker data were analyzed for linkage using mapping software JOINMAP version 2.0.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050953
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    Identification of molecular markers linked to the Yr15 stripe rust resistance gene of wheat originated in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 622-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Gene mapping ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Stripe rust ; Triticum dicoccoides ; Triticum durum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The Yr15 gene of wheat confers resistance to the stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis West., which is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat throughout the world. In the present study, molecular markers flanking the Yr15 gene of wheat have been identified using the near-isogenic-lines approach. RFLP screening of 76 probe-enzyme combinations revealed one polymorphic marker (Nor/TaqI) between the susceptible and the resistant lines. In addition, out of 340 RAPD primers tested, six produced polymorphic RAPD bands between the susceptible and the resistant lines. The genetic linkage of the polymorphic markers was tested on segregating F2 population (123 plants) derived from crosses between stripe rust-susceptible Triticum durum wheat, cv D447, and a BC3F9 resistant line carrying Yr15 in a D447 background. A 2.8-kb fragment produced by the Nor RFLP probe and a 1420-bp PCR product generated by the RAPD primer OPB13 showed linkage, in coupling, with the Yr15 gene. Employing the standard maximum-likelihood technique it was found that the order OPB13 1420 –Yr15–Nor1 on chromosome 1B appeared to be no less than 1000-times more probable than the closest alternative. The map distances between OPB13 1420 –Yr15–Nor1 are 27.1 cM and 11.0 cM for the first and second intervals, respectively. The application of marker-assisted selection for the breeding of new wheat cultivars with the stripe rust resistance gene is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050604
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    Genetic diversity and relationships detected by isozyme and RAPD analysis of crop and wild species of Amaranthus (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 865-873 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Amaranthus ; Crop evolution ; Isozyme ; Genetic diversity ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic diversity and relationships of 23 cultivated and wild Amaranthus species were examined using both isozyme and RAPD markers. A total of 30 loci encoding 15 enzymes were resolved, and all were polymorphic at the interspecific level. High levels of inter-accessional genetic diversity were found within species, but genetic uniformity was observed within most accessions. In the cultivated grain amaranths (A. caudatus, A. cruentus, and A. hypochondriacus), the mean value of HT was 0.094, HS was 0.003, and GST was 0.977 at the species level. The corresponding values in their putative wild progenitors (A. hybridus, A. powellii, and A. quitensis) were 0.135, 0.004, and 0.963, respectively. More than 600 RAPD fragments were generated with 27 arbitrary 10-base primers. On average, 39.9% of the RAPD fragments were polymorphic among accessions within each crop species; a similar level of polymorphism (42.8%) was present in the putative progenitors, but much higher levels of polymorphism were found in vegetable (51%) and other wild species (69.5%). The evolutionary relationships between grain amaranths and their putative ancestors were investigated, and both the RAPD and isozyme data sets supported a monophyletic origin of grain amaranths, with A. hybridus as the common ancestor. A complementary approach using information from both isozymes and RAPDs was shown to generate more accurate estimates of genetic diversity, and of relationships within and among crop species and their wild relatives, than either data set alone.
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    Physical mapping of four RAPDs in the B chromosome of maize (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 534-538 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Zea mays ; B chromosome ; RAPD ; B-A translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Four DNA fragments were amplified specifically from the B chromosome by PCR using random 10-base oligonucleotides as primers. The location of the fragments in the B chromosome was determined based on whether or not they were amplified from the hypo- ploid DNA generated by four B-A translocations, three of which break in the proximal euchromatic region and the fourth in the distal one-third of the heterochromatic region on the B long arm. Since the hypoploid DNA carries the portion of the B chromosome distal to the breakpoint of a translocation, the presence of a fragment in the hypoploid DNA, but not in the control (which is devoid of any B chromatin), indicates that the fragments is located in the B region distal to the breakpoint in the B long arm. Two fragments were mapped to the euchromatic region and two others to either the distal portion of the euchromatic region or the proximal two-thirds of the heterochromatic region. These fragments in turn mapped three B-A translocations whose breakpoints were located in the euchromatic region.
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    Insight on segregation distortions in two intraspecific crosses between annual species of Medicago (Leguminosae) (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 682-691 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Medicago truncatula ; Medicago tornata ; RAPD ; Segregation distortion ; DNA content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  About 40% (α=0.05) of the PCR-derived markers scored in a Medicago truncatula and M. tornata intraspecific cross departed from Mendelian expectations at α=0.05. This proportion is among the highest ever documented in the literature, notably for intraspecific crosses. Estimations of DNA amount were also implemented for the parental genotypes or parental lines, and significant variations were observed. Our results suggest that the parental genotypes have diverged for quite a while, and we propose that the level of distortion we documented is correlated with the genome size difference we measured.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050466
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    Mitochondrial and total DNA RAPD patterns can distinguish restorers of CMS lines in sorghum (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 791-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Sorghum ; RAPD ; CMS ; Fertility restoration ; MtDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Seven sorghum restorer lines that differentially restore (or maintain) the A1 and A2 cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) cytoplasms were studied by RFLP analyses of their mtDNAs and RAPD analyses of their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and total DNA to understand nuclear mitochondrial combinations that are present in these lines. RFLP data from 11 mitochondrial gene probes were inadequate to classify these seven lines. However, the analysis of RAPD profiles of total DNA could distinguish these lines on the basis of their ability to restore completely or partially the fertility in the A1/A2 CMS cytoplasms. Interestingly, RAPD profiles of mtDNAs of these lines also followed the same pattern as that of the total DNA. These results indicate that the different restorer lines possess specific nuclear-cytoplasm combinations. Further, the results also show that the RAPD technique can be used to identify markers for different cytoplasms used in CMS.
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    RAPDs as molecular markers for the detection of Aegilops markgrafii chromatin in addition and euploid introgression lines of hexaploid wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 934-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops markgrafii ; Triticum aestivum ; RAPD ; Addition lines ; Leaf rust ; Powdery mildew
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Aegilops markgrafii contains resistance genes to powdery mildew, leaf rust and stripe rust, and also has high crude protein and lysine contents, which can be useful for wheat improvement. These important traits are localized on different chromosomes. Disomic Triticum aestivum-Ae. markgrafii addition lines and euploid introgression lines showing leaf-rust and powdery mildew resistance were screened with RAPDs to detect chromosome-specific markers which can accelerate the breeding process. RAPD markers for all six available disomic addition lines were obtained. The additional chromosomes B, C, D, E, F and G were identified by three, three, three, two, one and seven primers, respectively. All three chromosome-B-specific RAPD markers demonstrated the presence of alien chromatin in the leaf-rust-resistant 42-chromosome introgression lines as well as in the segregating progeny. The three chromosome-C-identifying primers also demonstrated the presence of that chromosome in powdery mildew-resistant euploid introgression lines. The substitution lines (5A)5C and (5D)5C with different genetic backgrounds for both parents, in comparison to the lines mentioned above, showed the chromosome C-specific band with only two of the three primers. The chromosome F-specific primer and a primer evident on all the Ae. markgrafii chromosomes analysed did not generate the expected fragments on the chromosome Fdel addition line, indicating that the markers are located on the deleted part of chromosome F.
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    Linkage mapping and genome length in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 1031-1037 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genome mapping ; Map length ; Pines ; RAPD ; Microsatellite DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Haploid linkage analysis of eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L., was carried out using mainly RAPD markers and microsatellite, or simple-sequence-repeat, markers. Ninety one loci mapped to 12 linkage groups of three or more markers. The resulting framework genome map, the first for a soft pine species, contained 69 markers. The map covered 58% of the estimated genome length of 2071 cM(K), with a 95% confidence interval of 1828–2242 cM(K). A systematic comparison of linkage data from eastern white pine, longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) and maritime pine (P. pinaster Ait.), gave genome-length estimates for all three species very close to either 2000 cM(K) or 2600 cM(H), depending on whether the Kosambi(K) or Haldane(H) map functions, respectively, were employed. Differences among previous pine genome-length estimates were attributed to the divergent criteria used in the methods of estimation, and indicate the need for the adoption of uniform criteria when performing genome-length estimates. Current data suggest that members of the two pine subgenera, which diverged during the late Mesozoic era, have highly conserved rates of recombination.
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    Evaluation of the extent of genetic variability among Theobroma cacao accessions using RAPD and RFLP markers (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 10-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Theobroma cacao ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to evaluate genetic relationships within the Theobroma cacao species and to assess the organization of its genetic diversity. Genetic variability was estimated with 18 primers and 43 RFLP probes on 155 cocoa trees belonging to different morphological groups and coming from various geographic origins. The majority of the RFLP probes issued from low-copy DNA sequences. On the basis of on the genetic distance matrices, the two molecular methods gave related estimates of the genetic relationship between genotypes. Although an influence of cocoa morphological groups and geographical origins of trees was observed, a lack of gene differentiation characterized the T. cacao accessions studied. The continuous RFLP variability observed within the species may reflect the hybridization and introgressions between trees of different origins. Nevertheless, the Nacional type was detected to be genetically specific and different from well-known types such as Forastero, Criollo and Trinitario. Some of those genotypes were characterized by a low heterozygosity rate and may constitute the original Nacional pool. These results also provide information for the constitution of a cocoa tree core collection.
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    Regeneration and analysis of interspecific asymmetric potato –Solanum ssp hybrid plants selected by micromanipulation or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Protoplasts ; Solanum tuberosum ; Solanum ssp. donor ; RAPD ; Chromosome elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Recipient protoplasts from three Solanum tuberosum genotypes, cv ‘Folva’ (2n=4x=48), cv ‘Matilda’ (4n) and ‘161 : 14’ (2n), were electrofused with X-ray-irradiated donor protoplasts from two wild species S. spegazzinii (2n) or S. microdontum×S. vernei (2n). Prior to fusion, protoplasts were fluorescence-labelled with either fluorescein diacetate or scopoletin. Fusion products were identified by dual fluorescence and selected by micromanipulation or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). All putative hybrid plants were analysed by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Our analysis demonstrates that each asymmetric hybrid plant has an individual and stable profile of donor-specific RAPD bands. The irradiation of donor protoplasts hampered the growth of selected heterofusion products in a dose-dependent way. Irradiation resulted in donor chromosome elimination, but not in a dose dependent way, in the tested interval. In asymmetric hybrids with the S. spegazzinii donor 33–68% of the donor-specific RAPD bands were missing, indicating a similar level of chromosome elimination. In asymmetric hybrid plants with the S. microdontum×S. vernei donor 74–95% of the donor RAPD bands were missing. Chromosome countings revealed that these hybrids had chromosome numbers equal to or below the chromosome numbers found in the tetraploid recipients. This is the first time that highly asymmetric hybrid plants between two tetraploid potato recipients and the donor S. microdontum×S. vernei have been obtained.
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    Characterisation of the radish introgression carrying the Rfo restorer gene for the Ogu-INRA cytoplasmic male sterility in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Brassica napus ; Raphanus sativus ; Restorer gene ; Introgression ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Bulked segregant analysis and comparative mapping were applied to identify molecular markers linked to the Rfo restorer gene used for the Ogu-INRA cytoplasmic male-sterility system in rapeseed. These markers were then used to localise the radish introgression on the B. napus genetic map constructed from the cross ‘Darmor.bzh’ x ’Yudal’. The introgression mapped on the DY15 linkage group. From the comparison of this latter group to the linkage group constructed on a F2 progeny segregating for the radish introgression, it was concluded that the introgression had occurred through homoeologous recombination, that it was not distal and that it had replaced a B. napus region of around 50 cM. A QTL involved in aliphatic seed glucosinolate content was located on the DY15 linkage group at a position corresponding to one end of the introgression. The DNA markers identified in this study are being used in map-based cloning of the Rfo gene and in marker-assisted selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050876
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    Molecular mapping of the py-1 gene for resistance to corky root rot (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici) in tomato (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 784-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words CAP ; py-1 ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We report the molecular mapping of the py-1 gene for resistance to corky root rot [Pyrenochaeta lycopersici (Schneider and Gerlach)] in tomato using RAPD and RFLP marker analysis. DNA from near-isogenic lines (NILs) of tomato differing in corky root rot resistance was screened with 575 random oligonucleotide primers to detect polymorphic DNAs linked to py-1. Three primers (OPW-04, OPC-02, OPG-19) revealed polymorphisms between the NILs. Twelve resistant and eight susceptible DNA pools derived from segregating F3 families were used to confirm that the RAPD markers were linked to the py-1 gene. Two of the linked amplified fragments, corresponding to OPW-04 and OPC-02, were subsequently cloned and mapped on the tomato molecular linkage map as RFLPs. These clones were located between TG40 and CT31 on the short arm of chromosome 3. Further analysis with selected RFLP markers showed that 7% (8.8 cM) of chromosome 3 of the resistant line ‘Moboglan’ was introgressed from the L. peruvianum donor parent. Three RFLP markers (TG40, TG324, and TG479) from the introgressed part of chromosome 3 were converted to cleaved amplified polymorphism (CAP) markers for use in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. These PCR markers will allow rapid large-scale screening of tomato populations for corky root rot resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050956
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    Genetic mapping in pea. 2. Identification of RAPD and SCAR markers linked to genes affecting plant architecture (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 916-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Apical dominance ; Bulk segregant analysis ; Map ; Pea ; RAPD ; SCAR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to two morphological markers ( fa and det), three ramosus genes (rms2, rms3 and rms4) and two genes conferring flowering response to photoperiod in pea (sn, dne) were selected by bulk segregant analysis on F2 populations. Two RAPD fragments were cloned and sequenced to generate the two SCAR markers V20 and S2 which are linked to rms3 and dne, respectively. All these genes, except rms2, were previously located on the pea classical linkage map. Rms2 mapped to linkage group IB which contains the afila gene. Precise genetic maps of the regions containing the genes were obtained and compared to the RAPD map generated from the recombinant inbred-lines population of the cross Térèse×K586. This cross was chosen because several mutants were obtained from cultivars Térèse and Torsdag (K586 was derived from Torsdag). This collection of isogenic lines was used for the construction of F2 mapping populations in which polymorphic RAPD markers were already known and mapped. Moreover, the well-known problem in pea of variability in the linkage associations between crosses was avoided. This work contributes to the precise integration between the classical map and the molecular maps existing in pea.
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    Genetic homogeneity among isolates of Fusarium solani that cause soybean sudden death syndrome (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 474-478 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Ribosomal DNA ; RAPD ; Fusarium solani ; Genetic variation ; Fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli is the etiological agent of soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS). This form species includes both members that cause SDS and those that do not. Despite the extensive use of SDS isolates in soybean plant breeding studies, no information regarding genetic relatedness of isolates is available. Sequencing of the D2 region of the large-subunit (28S) ribosomal DNA of 19 isolates of F. solani f. sp. phaseoli, both SDS and non-SDS isolates, resulted in identical sequences and thus indicated a very low level of genetic variation within the form species. Sequencing of the ITS region resulted in low-level intra-individual as well as intra-specific variation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used for a genome-wide estimate of genetic variation and was able to resolve only two amplitypes of the SDS isolates. Thus, SDS isolates from throughout the U.S. comprise an almost clonal population with an extremely low level of genetic variation among individuals.
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    Identification of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the v locus in barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 637-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Molecular marker ; v locus (kernel row type) ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; RAPD ; Recombinant backcross line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Recombinant backcross lines of barley were produced from a cross between Kanto Nakate Gold (KNG; two-rowed) and Azumamugi (AZ; six-rowed) after backcrosses of F1 plants with AZ as the recurrent parent. Each of these lines had an introgressed segment from chromosome 2 of KNG. Two recombinant backcross lines, L1 and M3-13, were used for an initial screening of polymorphism. After screening a total of 888 oligonucleotides as arbitrary primers, we identified eight random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) between backcross lines and AZ. Among the RAPD fragments, CMNA-38700 was linked to the v locus with a recombination frequency of zero, while OPJ-09850 and OPP-02700 were linked to the v locus at a map distance of 1.4 cM. Thus, the three RAPD markers were clustered around the v locus since the lengths of introgressed chromosomal segments in the L1 and M3-13 lines were no less than 38 cM. The other five RAPD fragments that we identified were not linked to the v locus.
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    Identification of RAPD markers linked to a locus involved in quantitative resistance to TYLCV in tomato by bulked segregant analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 671-677 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Bulked Segregant Analysis ; Marker-assisted selection ; QTL ; RAPD ; Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  In tomato, Bulked Segregant Analysis was used to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to a quantitative trait locus (QTL) involved in the resistance to the Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus. F4 lines were distributed into two pools, each consisting of the most resistant and of the most susceptible individuals, respectively. Both pools were screened using 600 random primers. Four RAPD markers were found to be linked to a QTL responsible for up to 27.7% of the resistance. These markers, localized in the same linkage group within a distance of 17.3 cM, were mapped to chromosome 6 on the tomato RFLP map.
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    Direct comparison of levels of genetic variation among barley accessions detected by RFLPs, AFLPs, SSRs and RAPDs (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 714-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Barley ; Genetic relationships ; Molecular analysis ; RFLP ; AFLP ; RAPD ; SSR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  RFLPs, AFLPs, RAPDs and SSRs were used to determine the genetic relationships among 18 cultivated barley accessions and the results compared to pedigree relationships where these were available. All of the approaches were able to uniquely fingerprint each of the accessions. The four assays differed in the amount of polymorphism detected. For example, all 13 SSR primers were polymorphic, with an average of 5.7 alleles per primer set, while nearly 54% of the fragments generated using AFLPs were monomorphic. The highest diversity index was observed for AFLPs (0.937) and the lowest for RFLP (0.322). Principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) clearly separated the spring types from the winter types using RFLP and AFLP data with the two-row winter types forming an intermediate group. Only a small group of spring types clustered together using SSR data with the two-row and six-row winter varieties more widely dispersed. Direct comparisons between genetic similarity (GS) estimates revealed by each of the assays were measured by a number of approaches. Spearman rank correlation ranked over 70% of the pairwise comparisons between AFLPs and RFLPs in the same order. SSRs had the lowest values when compared to the other three assays. These results are discussed in terms of the choice of appropriate technology for different aspects of germplasm evaluation.
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    Species boundaries and interrelationships of two closely related sympatric diploid wild potato species, Solanum astleyi and S. boliviense, based on RAPDs (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 764-771 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Bootstrap ; UPGMA ; RAPD ; Section Petota ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The more than 200 wild and cultivated species relatives of potato (Solanum sect. Petota) present a valuable germplasm base for cultivar improvement. However, species boundaries and interrelationships within sect. Petota are controversial, inhibiting the efficient organization of the many germplasm collections of these species. One controversy involves questions of species boundaries and interrelationships of S. astleyi and S. boliviense. Solanum boliviense is narrowly endemic to two Departments in southern Bolivia, and S. astleyi is known only from one site entirely within the range of this species, where they co-occur. Both species are diploid and morphologically very similar. Artificial hybrids between them are fully fertile, and the species putatively hybridize naturally. These data have been interpreted to designate them as separate species or as S. astleyi an ecotype of S. boliviense. Putative progenitors of S. astleyi are S. boliviense, S. megistacrolobum subsp. megistacrolobum, and S. megistacrolobum subsp. toralapanum. We evaluated interrelationships among these species with random amplified polymorphic DNA’s (RAPDs) generated for 2 accessions of S. astleyi and 14 accessions of S. boliviense. These represent the entire geographic range of the former species and nearly the entire range of the latter. We also analyzed 1 accession each of S. acaule subsp. acaule, S. acaule subsp. aemulans, S. albicans, S. berthaultii, S. megistacrolobum subsp. megistacrolobum, S. megistacrolobum subsp. toralapanum, S. raphanifolium, S. sogarandinum, and S. sparsipilum. Phenetic analyses of the RAPD data show S. astleyi and S. boliviense to form two distinct groups and to be more similar to each other than to any of the other species investigated, suggesting that S. astleyi and S. boliviense are sister taxa. The divergence of S. astleyi and S. boliviense relative to other species examined suggests that they are worthy of taxonomic recognition at the subspecies, rather than species level, and we propose the new combination S. boliviense subsp. astleyi.
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    A genetic map of melon (Cucumis melo L.) based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 791-798 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Melon ; Cucumis melo L. ; Genetic mapping ; AFLP ; RAPD ; Microsatellite ; DNA markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic maps facilitate the study of genome structure and evolution, and the identification of monogenic traits or Mendelian components of quantitative traits. We evaluated 228 RAPD, microsatellite and AFLP markers for linkage analysis in melon (Cucumis melo L.) varieties MR-1 (resistant to Fusarium wilt, powdery and downy mildews) and Ananas Yokneum (AY; susceptible to these diseases) and constructed a detailed genetic map. The mapping population consisted of 66 backcross progenies derived from AY×(MR-1×AY). Despite a relatively low level of polymorphism in the species, AFLP markers were found to be more efficient in mapping the melon genome than RAPD or microsatellite markers. The map contains 197 AFLPs, six RAPDs and one microsatellite marker assigned to 14 major and six minor linkage groups, and covers 1942 cM with the average distance between adjacent markers of approximately 10 cM. The maximum distance allowed between markers is 27.5 cM. About 11% of the intervals (20 out of 173) are over 20 cM (but less than 27.5 cM). The map has immediate utility for identifying markers linked to disease resistance genes that are suitable for marker-assisted breeding. The use of microsatellite markers for integration with other maps is also discussed.
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    Estimation of outcrossing rate in a breeding population of Eucalyptus urophylla with dominant RAPD and AFLP markers (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 842-849 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Mating system ; AFLP ; RAPD ; Eucalyptus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Eucalyptus breeding is typically conducted by selection in open-pollinated progenies. As mating is controlled only on the female side of the cross, knowledge of outcrossing versus selfing rates is essential for maintaining adequate levels of genetic variability for continuous gains. Outcrossing rate in an open-pollinated breeding population of Eucalyptus urophylla was estimated by two PCR-based dominant marker technologies, RAPD and AFLP, using 11 open-pollinated progeny arrays of 24 individuals. Estimated outcrossing rates indicate predominant outcrossing and suggest maintenance of adequate genetic variability within families. The multilcous outcrossing rate (tm) estimated from RAPD markers (0.93±0.027), although in the same range, was higher (α〉0.01) than the estimate based on AFLP (0.89±0.033). Both estimates were of similar magnitude to those estimated for natural populations using isozymes. The estimated Wright’s fixation index was lower than expected based on tm possibly resulting from selection against selfed seedlings when sampling plants for the study. An empirical analysis suggests that 18 is the minimum number of dominant marker loci necessary to achieve robust estimates of tm. This study demonstrates the usefulness of dominant markers, both RAPD and AFLP, for estimating the outcrossing rate in breeding and natural populations of forest trees. We anticipate an increasing use of such PCR-based technologies in mating-system studies, in view of their high throughput and universality of the reagents, particularly for species where isozyme systems have not yet been optimized.
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    Genetic linkage map of ISSR and RAPD markers in Einkorn wheat in relation to that of RFLP markers (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 37-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Microsatellite ; RAPD ; PCR ; Linkage map ; Wheats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The potential of PCR-based markers for construction of a genetic linkage map in Einkorn wheat was investigated. From a comparison of polymorphisms between two Einkorn wheats, Triticum monococcum (Mn) and T. boeoticum (Bt), we obtained 49 polymorphic bands produced by 33 primers for inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 36 polymorphic bands shown by 25 combinations of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers for mapping in 66 individuals in the F2 population. Although 44 ISSR fragments and 29 RAPD fragments statistically showed a 3 : 1 segregation ratio in the F2 population, only 9 markers each of the ISSR and RAPD bands were able to be mapped on the RFLP linkage map of Einkorn wheat. ISSR markers were distributed throughout the chromosomes. The mapped positions of the ISSR markers seemed to be similar to those obtained by the RFLP markers. On the other hand, 4 of the 9 RAPD markers could map the RFLP marker-poor region on the short arm of 3Am, suggesting a potential to map novel regions containing repetitive sequences. Comparisons of the genetic linkage map of Einkorn wheat to the linkage map and cytological map of common wheat revealed that the marker orders between the two maps of Einkorn wheat and common wheat coincided except for 4A, which harbors chromosome rearrangements specific for polyploid wheats, indicating a conservatism between the two genomes. Recombinations in Einkorn wheat chromosomes took place more frequently around the centromere and less at the distal part of chromosomes in comparison to those in common wheat. Nevertheless, recombinations even in Einkorn wheat chromosomes were strongly suppressed around the centromere. In fact, the markers located within 1 cM of the centromere were located almost in the central part of the chromosome arm.
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    Comparison of the genetic maps of Brassica napus and Brassica oleracea (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 569-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Brassica napus ; Brassica oleracea ; Genetic maps ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The genus Brassica consists of several hundreds of diploid and amphidiploid species. Most of the diploid species have eight, nine or ten pairs of chromosomes, known respectively as the B, C, and A genomes. Genetic maps were constructed for both B. napus and B. oleracea using mostly RFLP and RAPD markers. For the B. napus linkage map, 274 RFLPs, 66 RAPDs, and two STS loci were arranged in 19 major linkage groups and ten smaller unassigned segments, covering a genetic distance of 2125 cM. A genetic map of B. oleracea was constructed using the same set of RFLP probes and RAPD primers. The B. oleracea map consisted of 270 RFLPs, 31 RAPDs, one STS, three SCARs, one phenotypic and four isozyme marker loci, arranged into nine major linkage groups and four smaller unassigned segments, covering a genetic distance of 1606 cM. Comparison of the B. napus and B. oleracea linkage maps showed that eight out of nine B. oleracea linkage groups were conserved in the B. napus map. There were also regions in the B. oleracea map showing homoeologies with more than one linkage group in the B. napus map. These results provided molecular evidence for B. oleracea, or a closely related 2n=18 Brassica species, as the C-genome progenitor, and also reflected on the homoeology between the A and C genomes in B. napus.
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    Applicability of inter-simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in wheat for use as DNA markers in comparison to RFLP and RAPD markers (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 597-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Microsatellite DNA ; RAPD ; PCR ; Markers ; Wheats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Inter-simple sequence repeat polymorphic DNA (ISSR) was evaluated for its applicability as a genetic marker system in wheat. PCR was carried out with primers that annealed to simple sequence repeats. The resultant products were subjected to agarose-gel electrophoresis, and the banding patterns were compared among six wheat accessions containing diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid members. Out of 100 examined, 33 primers produced distinguishable as well as polymorphic bands in each of the six accessions. Although most of the primers that gave distinct bands (30 primers out of 33) contained dinucleotide repeats, each of the primers with tri-, tetra-, and penta-nucleotide motifs also yielded discrete bands. Primers based on (AC)n repeats gave the most polymorphic bands. In total, 224 polymorphic bands were found in the comparison between Einkorn wheats whereas, on the average, 120 polymorphic bands were detected between common wheats. ISSR primers produced several times more information than RAPD markers. The extent of band polymorphism was similar to that of RFLP markers, and greater than that of RAPDs. The genetic relationships of wheat accessions estimated by the polymorphism of ISSR markers were identical with those inferred by RFLP and RAPD markers, indicating the reliability of ISSR markers for estimation of genotypes. These polymorphic bands are potential candidates as novel markers for use in linkage-map construction in wheat. The characteristic features of ISSR markers, i.e. polymorphism, generation of information and ease of handling, suggest their applicability to the analysis of genotypes as well as to the construction of PCR-based genome maps of wheats.
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    Identification of a codominant scar marker linked to the seedlessness character in grapevine (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 950-959 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Vitis vinifera. L ; Seedlessness ; RAPD ; SCAR ; BSA ; Marker-assisted selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The variety Vitis vinifera cv Sultanine presents a type of seedlessness in which fertilization occurs but seeds subsequently fail to develop. It has been suggested that this trait might be controlled by three complementary recessive genes regulated by a dominant gene named I. Bulk segregant analysis was used to search for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the I gene in progeny obtained by crossing two partially seedless genotypes. One hundred and forty decamer primers were screened using bulks obtained by pooling the DNA of extreme individuals from the phenotypic distribution. We identified two RAPD markers which appeared tightly linked to I (at 0.7 and 3.5 cM respectively). The closest marker was used to develop a codominant SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region), named SCC8. This latter marker appeared of great value either to exclude from the progeny potentially seeded individuals or to select for seedless individuals. Indeed, all the seeded individuals of the progeny were found to be homozygous scc8 -/scc8 -, and all the individuals homozygous SCC8 +/SCC8 + were seedless. Moreover, this marker was successfully applied to other natural seedless varieties where codominance persisted. SCC8 was also used to dissect more precisely the genetics of seedlessness. ANOVA analysis indicated that this SCAR marker accounted for at least 64.9% of the phenotypic variation of the seed’s fresh weight and for at least 78.7% of the phenotypic variation of the seed’s dry matter. These results confirmed the presence of a major gene, and also the existence of other complementary recessive genes, controlling the expression of seedlessness.
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    Generation and characterisation of monosomic chromosome addition lines of Brassica campestris - B. oxyrrhina (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 976-981 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Chromosome addition line ; Synteny group ; Brassica campestris ; Brassica oxyrrhina ; Monosomic ; Alloplasmic ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Monosomic chromosome addition lines of Brassica oxyrrhina in the background of alloplasmic B. campestris carrying B. oxyrrhina cytoplasm were generated and characterised through morphology, cytology and molecular (RAPD) analysis. Four successive backcrosses of the synthetic alloploid B. oxycamp with B. campestris yielded 24 monosomic addition plants that were grouped into seven different synteny groups based on morphological similarity and RAPD patterns. Each synteny group exhibited morphological features diagnostic for the presence of individual B. oxyrrhina chromosomes including some novel phenotypes. Meiotic studies of the addition lines revealed the homoeology of four B. oxyrrhina chromosomes (synteny groups 1, 3, 5 and 6 ) with B. campestris chromosomes as indicated by trivalent associations, with the highest homoeology (44.23%) in synteny group 1 and the lowest (6.1%) in synteny group 3. Seed fertility of the addition lines ranged from 94.85% (synteny group 1) to 56.98% (synteny group 5). All of the addition lines were male-sterile except synteny group 6 which had 12–16% stainable pollen. Ovule transmission of the B. oxyrrhina chromosomes added to the progenies of addition lines ranged from 23.52% (synteny group 6) to 14% (synteny group 7). RAPD analysis confirmed the validity of synteny grouping based on morphological observations. Approximately 45% of the primers studied were informative, giving B. oxyrrhina-specific RAPD bands unique for each synteny group, except group 6.
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    Interval mapping of quantitative trait loci affecting NESTUR, a stem growth efficiency index of radiata pine seedlings (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1062-1068 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words NESTUR ; Stem growth efficiency ; RAPD ; QTL ; Haploid megagametophyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  NESTUR (needle-to-stem unit rate) is a stem growth index of conifer seedlings that measures the efficiency of stemwood production per unit of needle growth, and is related to other seedling traits such as height, stem diameter, stem volume and needle volume. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting the expression of stem growth efficiency in radiata pine seedlings were investigated using a RAPD linkage map constructed from markers scored on haploid, megagametophytic DNA. Four putative QTLs were detected which accounted for 8.5–36.4% of the population variance. A search for evidence of epistasis, using both complete pairwise and conditional interactions, did not yield any statistically significant result. Over a 3-year period, seedlings with high-NESTUR marker alleles showed a superior growth performance of 17–40% for height, diameter and volume over those with low-NESTUR marker alleles.
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    A genetic linkage map of Quercus robur L. (pedunculate oak) based on RAPD, SCAR, microsatellite, minisatellite, isozyme and 5S rDNA markers (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1090-1103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Quercus robur L ; Linkage map ; RAPD ; SCAR ; Microsatellite ; Minisatellite ; 5S rDNA ; Isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A genetic map of Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) was constructed based on one 5S rDNA, 271 RAPD, ten SCAR, 18 microsatellite, one minisatellite, and six isozyme markers. A total of 94 individuals from a full-sib family was genotyped. Two maps, including 307 markers, were constructed according to the “two-way pseudo-testcross” mapping strategy. Testcross markers segregating in the 1 : 1 ratio were first used to establish separate maternal (893.2 cM, 12 linkage groups) and paternal (921.7 cM, 12 linkage groups) maps. Both maps provided 85–90% genome coverage. Homologies between the male and female linkage groups were then identified based on 74 intercross markers segregating in the 3 : 1, 1 : 2 : 1 and 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 ratios (RAPDs, SCARs, SSRs, 5S rDNA and isozymes) in the hybrid progeny. In each map, approximately 18% of the studied markers showed segregation distortion. More than 60% of the skewed markers were due to an excess of heterozygote genotypes. This map will be used for: (1) studying the molecular organisation of genomic regions involved in inter- and intraspecific differentiation in oaks and (2) identification of QTLs for adaptive traits.
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    Genetic linkage map of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] using morphological and molecular markers (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 888-895 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Prunus persica ; Linkage map ; RFLP ; RAPD ; AFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A genetic linkage map of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batch] was constructed in order to identify molecular markers linked to economically important agronomic traits that would be particularly useful for long-lived perennial species. An intraspecific F2 population was generated from self-pollinating a single F1 plant from a cross between a flat non-acid peach, ‘Ferjalou Jalousia®’ and an acid round nectarine ‘Fantasia’. Mendelian segregations were observed for 270 markers including four agronomic characters (peach/nectarine, flat/round fruit, acid/non-acid fruit, and pollen sterility) and 1 isoenzyme, 50 RFLP, 92 RAPD, 8 inter-microsatellite amplification (IMA), and 115 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Two hundred and forty-nine markers were mapped to 11 linkage groups covering 712 centiMorgans (cM). The average density between pairs of markers is 4.5 cM. For the four agronomic characters studied, molecular markers were identified. This map will be used for the detection of QTL controlling fruit quality in peach and, particularly, the acid and sugar content.
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    Specifying the introgressed regions from H. argophyllus in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to mark Phomopsis resistance genes (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 131-138 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key worsArgophyllus  ;  Helianthus  ;  Sunflower  ;  Introgression  ;  Phomopsis  ;  Diaporthe helianthi  ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method based upon targetting of intro-gressed markers in a Phomopsis-resistant line (R) of cultivated sunflower, issuing from a H. argophyllus cross was used to mark the Phomopsis resistance regions. Our study was based upon 203 families derived from a cross between an inbred line susceptible to Phomopsis (S1) and the introgressed resistant line (R). Families were checked for Phomopsis resistance level in a design with replicated plots and natural infection was re-inforced by pieces of contaminated stems. Thirty four primers were employed for RAPD analysis. Out of 102 polymorphic fragments between (S1) and H. argophyllus, seven were still present in (R) suggesting that they marked introgressions of H. argophyllus into (R). The plants were scored for the presence or absence of 19 fragments obtained from five primers, and the relationships between the presence/absence of fragments in plants and Phomopsis resistance/susceptiblity in the progenies was determined by using an analysis of variance. We found that at least two introgressed regions, as well as favourable factors from sunflower, contributed to the level of Phomopsis resistance in cultivated sunflower.
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    Somatic embryogenesis and somaclonal variation in Norway spruce: morphogenetic, cytogenetic and molecular approaches (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 159-169 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Somaclonal variation ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Conifers ; RAPD ; Trisomy ; Chimerism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four embryogenic clones of Norway spruce have been subcultivated and observed over several years to determine the evolution of production of mature embryos and to assess the quality of the embryos produced. A wide range of intraclonal quantitative and qualitative variability has been observed within this production. Certain morphologic deviations appeared at the immature stage and after maturation, such as immature embryos with a diffuse organization, complete or part albino mature embryos or acclimated somatic seedlings comparable to dwarf mutants. All of these phenotypic variations could be the result of a modification of the genome itself or of only the expression of the genome. Two approaches, chromosome counting and RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA), were chosen for their capacity to detect genotypic variations: respectively, genomic and chromosomic or genic mutations. The cytogenetic approach revealed, for the first time in this species, three cases of mutated acclimated somatic plants: one totally trisomic and two chimeras with trisomic buds and diploid roots. Other cases of 5-year-old trisomic, double trisomic, tetraploid or mixoploid embryogenic masses were also detected. The molecular approach (RAPD) revealed no somaclonal variation despite the large sample of DNA and primers used and the important interclonal variation observed.
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    Hybrid origin of some ornamentals of Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum verified with GISH and RAPD (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1229-1238 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Allium ; Ornamental cultivars ; Hybrids ; GISH ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) methods have been used to verify the hybridogenic origin and to identify the parental species of some ornamental cultivars in the subgenus Melanocrommyum of the genus Allium. The cultivars had been selected from seed obtained after uncontrolled pollination in breeders’ fields. The combination of GISH analysis with RAPD markers is very suitable for testing the hybridogenic origin of plants and to ascertain the parental species of the hybrids in such cases. As suspected, A. macleanii and A. cristophii are the parental species of ‘Globemaster’. The parental species of cultivar ‘Globus’ are A. karataviense and A. stipitatum, and not A. cristophii and A. giganteum as has been assumed on morphological grounds. Cultivars ‘Lucy Ball’ and ‘Gladiator’ are of hybrid origin, though only one of the parental species, A. hollandicum, could be confirmed. The cultivars ‘Purple Sensation’, ‘Mount Everest’, ‘White Giant’, ‘Michael H. Hoog’ and ‘Mars’ are not hybrids since neither GISH nor RAPD suggest the presence of a second genome. ‘Purple Sensation’ belongs to A. hollandicum, ‘Mount Everest’, ‘White Giant’ and ‘Mars’ to A. stipitatum,‘Michael H. Hoog’ to A. rosenorum.
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    Identification of RAPD markers for 11 Hessian fly resistance genes in wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 419-423 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Wheat ; RAPD ; Marker-assisted selection ; Hessian fly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The pyramiding of genes that confer race- or biotype-specific resistance has become increasingly attractive as a breeding strategy now that DNA-based marker-assisted selection is feasible. Our objective here was to identify DNA markers closely linked to genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that condition resistance to Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)]. We used a set of near-isogenic wheat lines, each carrying a resistance gene at 1 of 11 loci (H3, H5, H6, H9, H10, H11, H12, H13, H14, H16 or H17) and developed by backcrossing to the Hessian fly-susceptible wheat cultivar ‘Newton’. Using genomic DNA of these 11 lines and ‘Newton’, we have identified 18 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the 11 resistance genes. Seven of these markers were identified by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and the others by agarose gel electrophoresis. We confirmed linkage to the Hessian fly resistance loci by cosegregation analysis in F2 populations of 50–120 plants for each different gene. Several of the DNA markers were used to determine the presence/absence of specific Hessian fly resistance genes in resistant wheat lines that have 1 or possibly multiple genes for resistance. The use of RAPD markers presents a valuable strategy for selection of single and combined Hessian fly resistance genes in wheat improvement.
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    Genetic variability of the wild diploid wheat Triticum urartu revealed by RFLP and RAPD markers (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 424-430 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Triticum urartu ; Wheat ; A genome ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Genetic variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic variability among 49 accessions of Triticum urartu was estimated by RFLP and RAPD marker analyses, and the two data sets were compared. One T. timopheevii accession and two accessions of T. durum and T. aestivum, respectively, were included to identify T. urartu accessions closely related to these polyploid wheats. Twenty eight RFLP clones and 29 RAPD primers generated 451 and 155 polymorphic bands, respectively. The three accessions from Armenia clustered together and were well separated from all other accessions, which showed less pronounced geographical patterns. Genetic similarity and co-phenetic values calculated with RAPD markers were very similar to those calculated with RFLP markers for the intraspecific comparisons, but not for the interspecific comparisons. The identification of individual T. urartu accessions which are more related to polyploid wheats than others was not possible.
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    Genetic diversity and relationships of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in southern Mexico (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 621-627 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Cacao ; Theobroma cacao ; Genetic diversity ; Crop evolution ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Neotropical tree crops are affected by a combination of biological and human factors that complicate the study of genetic diversity and crop evolution. Genetic diversity and relationships among southern Mexican populations and horticultural collections of Theobroma cacao (chocolate, cocoa, cacao) are examined in light of the agricultural practices of the Maya. Collections of cacao were obtained from the extremes of its geographic range including archeological sites in southern Mexico where cacao was first domesticated. Genetic diversity was assayed by 57 informative random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker loci. A unique sample of the total diversity found in this study exists in the southern Mexican populations. These populations are significantly different from all other cacao with regards to their profile of RAPD bands, including the ‘criollo’ variety, their morphological and geographical group. A population of cacao found in a sinkhole (cenote) in northern Yucatan with genetic affinities to populations in Chiapas suggests the Maya maintained plants far away from their native habitat. This finding concurs with known agroforestry practices of the Maya. Modern efforts to increase germplasm of tropical tree crops such as cacao should carefully examine archeological sites where genetic diversity, either deliberately or by chance, was collected and maintained by ancient cultures.
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    Characterization of embryogenic mango cultures selected for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides culture filtrate and phytotoxin (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 823-831 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Mangifera indica L. ; Anthracnose ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Dual culture ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Embryogenic nucellar cultures of two polyembryonic mango cultivars, ‘Hindi’ and ‘Carabao’, were selected for resistance to the culture filtrate and phytotoxin of a virulent strain of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. that was isolated from mango leaves. The cultures were recurrently selected either with progressively increasing concentrations of culture filtrate or by continuous challenge with the same concentration of either culture filtrate phytotoxin. Mycelium growth was inhibited when the pathogen was cocultured with the selected, resistant embryogenic cultures. Conditioned plant growth medium containing macerated resistant embryogenic cultures did not inhibit mycelium growth, confirming that extracellular antifungal compounds were involved in the defense response. Enhanced secretion of chitinase and glucanase was observed in the plant growth medium in which resistant embryogenic cultures and regenerated somatic embryos were grown in comparison with the controls.
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    Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Citrus (Rutaceae) and related genera as revealed by RFLP and RAPD analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 812-822 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Citrus ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Phylogeny ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Relationships among 88 accessions representing 45 Citrus species, three man-made hybrids, and six related genera were examined for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Thirty-two Citrus and three Microcitrus accessions were also examined by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. A measure of relative heterozygosity was estimated based on the mean of the number of fragments per individual per probe-enzyme combination (PEC) divided by total number of fragments per PEC for all non-hybrid Citrus individuals. The presence in a Citrus species of a rare band found also in a related genus was taken as an indication of possible introgression, while the presence of several fragments unique to 1 species was used to indicate non-involvement of that species in hybridization events. Most species that have been described in the literature as hybrids had high heterozygosity indices and no unique fragments. Distance matrices and dendrograms were generated using simple matching coefficient and neighbor-joining cluster analysis. RFLP and RAPD data gave approximately the same results. These data showed C. maxima was affiliated with the papedas C. hongheensis and C. latipes. C. medica clustered with C. indica when only non-hybrid taxa were examined, or among limes, lemons, and relatives when all species were considered. Mandarins did not show strongly supported groupings among themselves, nor with other species. These data showed that several accessions were probably assigned to the wrong species.
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    Genetic structure of wild bean populations in their South-Andean centre of origin (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 844-851 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Common bean ; Anthracnose resistance ; RAPD ; Genetic structure ; Centre of origin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The genetic structure of wild common bean populations was studied in the South-Andean centre of origin of the species. Plants were collected from 21 populations in Argentina and genetic variability was assessed for molecular and resistance markers. Polymorphism was weak for phaseolin, the major seed-storage protein, and for RAPD markers, while a high level of polymorphism was observed for resistance to anthracnose, one of the most important diseases of common bean. For the three traits, within-population variability was important and represented between 43.6% and 67.5% of the total variation. Although among-population differentiation was significant for all the traits, no correlation was found between the population distances calculated from RAPDs and resistance. These results indicate that pathogen selection pressure may be an important factor influencing the distribution of variability within and among host plant populations.
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    Development of RAPD and SCAR markers linked to the Russian wheat aphid resistance gene Dn2 in wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 1162-1169 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Wheat ; Russian wheat aphid ; Dn2 resistance gene ; RAPD ; SCAR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis was used to identify molecular markers linked to the Dn2 gene conferring resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko). A set of near-isogenic lines (NILs) was screened with 300 RAPD primers for polymorphisms linked to the Dn2 gene. A total of 2700 RAPD loci were screened for linkage to the resistance locus. Four polymorphic RAPD fragments, two in coupling phase and two in repulsion phase, were identified as putative RAPD markers for the Dn2 gene. Segregation analysis of these markers in an F2 population segregating for the resistance gene revealed that all four markers were closely linked to the Dn2 locus. Linkage distances ranged from 3.3 cM to 4.4 cM. Southern analysis of the RAPD products using the cloned RAPD markers as probes confirmed the homology of the RAPD amplification products. The coupling-phase marker OPB10880c and the repulsion-phase marker OPN1400r were converted to sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. SCAR analysis of the F2 population and other resistant and susceptible South African wheat cultivars corroborated the observed linkage of the RAPD markers to the Dn2 resistance locus. These markers will be useful for marker-assisted selection of the Dn2 gene for resistance breeding and gene pyramiding.
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    A genetic linkage map of lentil (Lens sp.) based on RAPD and AFLP markers using recombinant inbred lines (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 83-89 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Lens culinaris subsp. orientalis ; Recombinant inbred lines ; AFLP ; RAPD ; Genetic map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A genetic linkage map of Lens sp. was constructed with 177 markers (89 RAPD, 79 AFLP, six RFLP and three morphological markers) using 86 recombinant inbred lines (F6:8) obtained from a partially interspecific cross. The map covered 1073 cM of the lentil genome with an average distance of 6.0 cM between adjacent markers. Previously mapped RFLP markers were used as anchor probes. The morphological markers, pod indehiscence, seed-coat pattern and flower-color loci were mapped. Out of the total linked loci, 8.4% showed segregation distortion. More than one-fourth of the distorted loci were clustered in one linkage group. AFLP markers showed more segregation distortion than the RAPD markers. The AFLP and RAPD markers were intermingled and clustering of AFLPs was seldom observed. This is the most extensive genetic linkage map of lentil to-date. The marker density of this map could be used for the identification of markers linked to quantitative trait loci in this population.
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    Genetics and molecular mapping of a male fertility restoration locus (Rfg1) in rye (Secale cereale L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 99-102 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic mapping ; CMS ; Fertility restoration ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Rye ; Secale cereale L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A gene determining the restoration of cytoplasmic genic male sterility (CMS) caused by the Gülzow (G)-type cytoplasm was mapped by analyzing an F2 and F3 population comprising 140 and 133 individual plants, respectively. The target gene, designated Rfg1, was mapped on chromosome 4RL distally to three RFLP (Xpsr119, Xpsr167, Xpsr899) and four RAPD (XP01, XAP05, XR11, XS10) loci. Xpsr167 and Xpsr899 are known to be located on the segment of chromosome 4RL which was ancestrally translocated and is homoeologous to the distal end of other Triticeae 6S chromosomes. It is suggested that Rfg1 may be allelic to the gene determining the restoration of rye CMS caused by the Pampa (P) cytoplasm (chromosome 4RL) and to Rfc4 that on rye addition lines of chromosome 4RL restores male fertility of hexaploid wheat with T. timopheevi cytoplasm. Homoeoallelism to two loci for cytoplasmic-male-sterility restoration on chromosomes 6AS and 6BS in hexaploid wheat is also suggested.
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    Targeted mapping approaches to identify DNA markers linked to the Rfp1 restorer gene for the ‘Polima’ CMS of canola (Brassica napus L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 431-438 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Targeted mapping ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Brassica napus ; Polima CMS ; Nearly isogenic line ; Bulked segregant analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have used two targeting approaches [pairs of nearly isogenic lines (NILs) and bulked segregant analysis] to identify DNA markers linked to the Rfp1 restorer gene for the pol CMS of canola (Brassica napus L.). We were able to target the Rfp1 locus as efficiently by comparing NILs as by bulked segregant analysis, and it was demonstrated in this instance that double-screening strategies could significantly improve the overall targeting efficiency. The chance occurrence of shared homozygosity at specific unlinked chromosomal regions in the bulks was found to limit the efficiency of bulked segregant analysis, while the efficiency of NIL comparison was limited by residual DNA from the donor cultivar at scattered sites throughout the genome of the NILs.
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    Evidence for several genomes in Helianthus (1998)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 422-430 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Sunflower ; Helianthus ; Polyploidy ; Genomes ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Forty taxa belonging to 36 species and four unclassified accessions of Helianthus were studied using RAPD technology. Single ten-mer primers were screened for those amplifying fragments common to several species. We found that when several species shared a common fragment, they belong to the same section of the genus. Moreover, we also found that some fragments are common to all species of the Helianthus. Most of the fragments were found to be of the same size in these species and to share the homology indicated by molecular hybridization. Out of 118 retained fragments, 33 were common to all Helianthus species, 56 were unique to perennial species of sects. Atrorubentes and Ciliares, 24 were unique to sect. Atrorubentes, 29 were unique to sect. Helianthus, whereas 0 were unique to sect. Ciliares. Each set of common or specific fragments was assumed to belong to a genome: (1) the C genome carrying the fragments common to all species of the three sections, (2) the H genome unique to sect. Helianthus, (3) the P genome common to perennial species (sects. Atrorubentes and Ciliares), and (4) the A genome unique to sect. Atrorubentes. The genomic structure was therefore HC for sect. Helianthus, CPA for sect. Atrorubentes, and CP? for sect. Ciliares. Molecular hybridizations with amplification products revealed homologies between Helianthus genomes and several other genera in the Helianthinae sub-tribe. The simple method used to characterize these fragments led to powerful tools for recognizing genomes which reconcile the section organization of the genus and the degree of difficulty in crossing perennial and annual forms.
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    Development of sex-linked PCR markers for gender identification in Actinidia (1998)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 439-445 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Actinidia ; RAPD ; SCAR ; Sex-linked markers ; Marker-assisted selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Two sex-linked random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers identified from Actinidia chinensis were converted into sequence-characterised amplified regions (SCARs) for the large-scale screening of Actinidia breeding populations. Initial SCAR primers converted one RAPD (SmX) into a dominant marker, but the other (SmY), which was potentially more useful because of its linkage to the male determining ‘Y’ locus, failed to retain polymorphism. This difficulty was overcome by cloning and sequencing the alternate ‘allele’ from female plants, and then designing ‘allele’-specific primers that utilised nucleotide differences between the sexes. Using a quick squash-blot method of DNA extraction, the SCAR primers were tested in 120 A. chinensis plants to determine their gender. The system is now in use for large-scale screening of seedling populations in the Actinidia breeding programme. The sex-linked SCAR primers also functioned with plants from some other geographically separate accessions of A. chinensis and with plants in the closely related polyploid species A. deliciosa, but did not amplify a sex-linked band in more distantly related species of Actinidia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050914
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    Characterization of two morphological groups of isolates ofPythium ultimum var.ultimum in a vegetable field (1998)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: intraspecific group ; isozymes ; morphology ; Pythium ultimum var.ultimum ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparisons were made between two morphological groups ofPythium ultimum var.ultimum strains isolated in a vegetable field in Japan. The groups were distinguished as having smaller or larger sexual organs by the sizes of their antheridia and oogonia. Morphological study indicated that the two groups comprised a single taxon,P. ultimum var.ultimum, by the current taxonomical keys. The smaller group grew faster in the lower temperature range of 4–15°C, whereas the larger group grew faster in the higher temperature range of 25–37°C. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and isozyme analyses revealed genetic dissimilarity between the two groups. Cluster analysis of the isozyme banding patterns with four otherPythium spp. demonstrated that the genetic dissimilarity between the two groups was equivalent to species level. In the field survey, the smaller group was frequently detected in February, May and September but not in July, while the larger group was detected mainly in July and September. The two groups were not distinguishable by their pathogenicity to spinach seedlings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464051
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    Discrimination of species and strains of basidiomycete genusCoprinus by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 361-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Coprinus ; RAPD ; strain identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract All five examined strains ofCoprinus cinereus could be clearly discriminated from the strains of five otherCoprinus species by RAPD patterns with 12 of 13 primers. Also one specimen of unknownCoprinus strain was identified to beC. cinereus by this method. The RAPD patterns were similar among the strains in the same species; many common DNA fragments were recognized as well as some strain-specific DNA fragments. Thus all seven strains ofC. cinereus and all four strains ofC. angulatus examined could be distinguished individually. Diakryotic strains showed the combined RAPD patterns of the two monokaryotic strains constituting the dikaryon. The combined RAPD markers observed in the dikaryons were segregated in their basidiospore progeny. All 18 randomly picked progeny showed different combinations of RAPD markers from the parental strains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460896
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    Allotetraploid origin ofAllium altyncolicum (Alliaceae, Allium sect.Schoenoprasum) as investigated by karyological and molecular markers (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 206 (1997), S. 317-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Alliaceae ; Allium altyncolicum ; A. ledebourianum ; A. schoenoprasum ; Allopolyploidy ; C-banding ; GISH ; ITS sequencing ; PCR-RFLP of cpDNA ; RFLP mapping of rDNA ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tetraploidAllium altyncolicum (2n = 4x = 32) is considered to be of hybrid origin, because most of its morphological characters are intermediate between those of its putative parents,A. schoenoprasum andA. ledebourianum. In the present work an attempt has been made to ascertain its parentage by several methods: Giemsa C-banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), PCR-RFLP of cpDNA, restriction enzyme mapping of the rDNA, and RAPDs. C-banding and GISH indicates clearly thatA. altyncolicum is a segmental allopolyploid.Allium schoenoprasum andA. ledebourianum are the most likely the parental species and the larger part of the genome ofA. altyncolicum (26 chromosomes) is derived fromA. schoenoprasum. The low genetic divergence between these three species was confirmed by the lack of sequence variation in the ITS sequences of nuclear rRNA genes and of the plastid rbcL-atpB intergenic spacer. Both parental species andA. altyncolicum could be distinguished by RFLP of the rDNA repeats. The geographic origin of the putative parental species was investigated using RAPDs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987955
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    Phenetic investigation of non-nodulating African species ofAcacia (Leguminosae) using morphological and molecular markers (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 205 (1997), S. 27-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Mimosoideae ; Acacia ; Aculeiferum ; Monacanthea ; African acacias ; classification ; molecular markers ; RAPD ; morphology ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological and RAPD markers were used to assess the relationships among nodulating and non-nodulating species of AfricanAcacia. Non-nodulating species of AfricanAcacia are only found within subg.Aculeiferum sect.Monacanthea. African species of sect.Monacanthea examined were found to form a group distinct from the other African species examined on a morphological and molecular basis. All lack the ability to nodulate, suggesting that non-nodulation may be used as a taxonomic tool. The species of sect.Aculeiferum were separated by RAPD and morphological analysis into two groups depending on whether they were armed with prickles in pairs and/or prickles in threes, or solitary. A third group of species was identified within sect.Acacia: further subdivision of this group was achieved into subsectt.Pluriseriae andUniseriae. The position ofA. albida relative to other AfricanAcacia species was found to be distinct but not totally independent of the genus. The partitioning and distribution of the genetic variability within the genus is further elucidated by the RAPD analysis of populations ofAcacia species. A population analysis ofA. polyacantha demonstrated geographical and site-specific variation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982796
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    Distribution of parental DNA markers inEncelia virginensis (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), a diploid species of putative hybrid origin (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 205 (1997), S. 205-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Encelia virginensis ; E. actoni ; E. frutescens ; Diploid hybrid speciation ; RAPD ; chloroplast DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological, geographical and ecological evidence suggests thatEncelia virginensis is a true-breeding diploid species derived from hybrids ofE. actoni andE. frutescens. To test this hypothesis, we examined the chloroplast and nuclear DNA of severalEncelia species. PCR amplification targeted three separate regions of chloroplast DNA:trnK-2621/trnK-11,rbcL/ORF106, andpsbA3/TrnI-51, which amplify 2600bp, 3300bp and 3200bp fragments respectively. Restriction fragment analysis of chloroplast DNA revealed no variation that could be used to discriminate between the parent species. A RAPD analysis using 109 dekamer primers was used to analyze the nuclear genome.Encelia actoni andE. frutescens were distinguished by several high-frequency RAPD markers. In populations ofE. virginensis, these markers were detected in varying proportions, and no unique markers were found. Evidence from the nuclear genome supports the hypothesis thatE. virginensis is of hybrid origin. ThatE. virginensis may have arisen by normal divergent speciation followed by later introgression remains a possibility, however, and is not formally ruled out here. Diploid hybrid speciation inEncelia differs from other documented cases in that there are no discernible chromosome differences between the species, and all interspecific hybrids are fully fertile. In addition, apparent ecological selection against backcross progeny provides an external barrier to reproduction between F1 progeny and the parental species. These characteristics suggest that hybrid speciation inEncelia may represent an alternative model for homoploid hybrid speciation involving external reproductive barriers. In particular, this may be the case for other proposed diploid hybrid taxa that also exhibit little chromosomal differentiation and have fertile F1s.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01464406
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    Genetic analysis of aMicroseris douglasii (Asteraceae) population polymorphic for an alien chloroplast type (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 206 (1997), S. 273-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Microseris ; Chloroplast introgression ; reticulate evolution ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent evidence suggests chloroplast introgression fromMicroseris bigelovii intoM. douglasii. We have examined 23 plants from a population ofM. douglasii polymorphic forM. douglasii andM. bigelovii chloroplast types. All 23 plants were completely homozygous for morphological and RAPD markers, and inbred lines derived by selfing have been used for DNA analysis. Chloroplast RFLP analysis identified 16 plants withM. bigelovii chloroplasts and seven withM. douglasii chloroplasts. The nuclear genomes of the 16 plants withM. bigelovii chloroplasts were examined with 22 primers for RAPD amplification products shared exclusively withM. bigelovii. Five of 268 markers appeared to be shared betweenM. bigelovii and one or more of these 16 plants on the basis of their position in gels. Detailed examination of these five amplification products showed that none of them are nuclear DNA fromM. bigelovii. Very little, if any, nuclear DNA fromM. bigelovii can be present inM. douglasii plants with chloroplasts typical ofM. bigelovii. The study demonstrates the usefulness of the RAPD technique for screening large numbers of markers to select a few potentially informative ones for rigorous examination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987952
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    Molecular analysis of the genome of transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants produced via particle bombardment or intact cell electroporation (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 99-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: transgenic rice ; particle bombardment ; cell electroporation ; RAPD ; AFLP ; AFRP ; RAMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the present work we utilised some of the most discriminative molecular tools, such as RAPD, AFLP, AFRP and RAMP, to analyse the genome of independently derived transgenic plants from three elite Italian cultivars (cv. Lido, Carnaroli and Thaibonnet) and found that two methods for direct gene transfer, namely particle bombardment and intact cell electroporation (the latter being a procedure set up in this work), result in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants that exhibit negligible genomic changes. This is in contrast with recently published results showing relevant changes in the DNA of transgenic rice plants generated through protoplasts electroporation and of transgenic poplar plants engineered through Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of selecting appropriate gene transfer methodologies to produce transgenic plants expressing genes of interest while retaining their genomic integrity and, thus, their superior agronomic and/or industrial traits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009627409668
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    Marker-assisted selection for two rust resistance genes in sunflower (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Helianthus annuus ; PCR ; Puccinia helianthi ; RAPD ; rust resistance ; sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this study we report on the identification of molecular markers, OX20600 and OO04950, linked to the geneR Adv in the proprietary inbred line P2. This gene confers resistance to most of the pathotypes of Puccinia helianthi identified in Australia. Analysis indicates these RAPD markers are linked to the resistance locus at 0.0 cM and 11 cM respectively. SCAR markers SCX20600 and SCO04950 derived from these two RAPD markers, and SCT06950 derived from a previously reported RAPD marker linked at 4.5 cM from the R 1 rust resistance gene were developed. SCX20600 and SCO04950 were linked at similar distances from their resistance locus as the RAPD markers. SCTO6950 co-segregated completely with rust resistance. The robustness of the R 1 SCAR marker was demonstrated through the amplification of the marker in a diverse range of sunflower germplasm considered to possess the R 1 gene. The SCAR markers forR Adv were not amplified in the sunflower rust differential set thereby supporting the contention that this is a novel resistance gene. They did amplify in a number of proprietary lines closely related to the line P2. This locus is under further investigation as it will be useful in our attempts to use molecular-assisted breeding to produce durable resistance in sunflower to P. helianthi.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009667112088
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    A first linkage map of Cichorium intybus L. using a one-way pseudo-testcross and PCR-derived markers (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 415-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLP ; SAMPL ; RAPD ; interspecific hybrid ; molecular map ; chicory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have used a one-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy in combination with different types of PCR-based markers (RAPD, AFLP, SAMPL) to construct a first linkage map for variegated chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. silvestre Biskoff, n=9), a self-incompatible vegetable species. The success of such a strategy depends on the presence of sufficiently high levels of heterozygosity in the individual plant which is being mapped and on the informativeness of the marker system that is used. A total of 371 markers, comprising 16 RAPDs, 72 SAMPLs and 283 AFLPs, were scored in 46 F1 individuals obtained from an interspecific cross between a C. intybus outbred individual and a C. endivia inbred line. Grouping of the markers at a LOD score of 4.0 resulted in 13 linkage groups covering 1330 cM. A framework map covering 1201.4 cM was assembled by using all markers that could be ordered with a LOD greater than 2.0. We estimate the total genome size of chicory to be ca. 1405 cM, thus considerably smaller than that estimated for lettuce (1950 cM). The usefulness of the different marker systems that were applied is analysed in terms of level of heterozygosity and marker index, i.e. number of different genetic loci that may be simultaneously analysed per experiment. Out of the 371 markers, 50 of them showed segregation distortion which is discussed in terms of the hybrid origin of the variegated chicory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009616801404
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    Distribution of photo-induced and non-photo-induced sporulator physiotypes ofBipolaris oryzae in Japan (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Bipolaris oryzae ; mycochrome ; photo-control of conidiation ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of three sporulator physiotypes ofBipolaris oryzae, namely, photo-induced, and non-photo-induced (I) and (II), was investigated. Of 407 isolates, 99% belonged to the photo-induced type, in which conidial development was under photo-control of the antagonistic action of blue/UV-A and near-UV radiation mediated through the ‘mycochrome’ system at conidiophore induction and conidiophore maturation stages. Of the remainder, 1 isolate belonged to the non-photo-induced (I) type, and 4 isolates belonged to the non-photo-induced (II) type. Conidial development in the former of these was photo-controlled by the ‘mycochrome’ system at conidiophore maturation stage alone, while in the latter it was not affected by light conditions. No difference was found between the three physiotypes in restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of rDNA. However, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) revealed polymorphisms between photo-induced and non-photo-induced isolates and showed that non-photo-induced (I) and (II) strains were clustered in the same group, suggesting that they are genetically close. Photo-induced sporulators ofB. oryzae were confirmed to be widely distributed in paddy fields in Japan.
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    Gelling agents for tissue culture of the seaweed Hizikia fusiformis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 9 (1997), S. 489-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gelling agent ; Hizikia ; RAPD ; seaweed ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Callus and blade formation of the seaweed Hizikia fusiformis depended on the gelling agents used under axenic culture conditions. Excised cylindrical pieces (5 mm) of the hold fast were cultured on seven different gelling agents in seawater with added Provasoli's enrichment (PESI), at 40 µmol m−2 s−1 light intensity, 18 −C for 1 month. The highest percent of callus formation (47%), from holdfast pieces, was produced on solid medium composed of 2.0% high gel strength agar. No callus was formed in liquid medium. Blades, from holdfast pieces, were formed in PESI liquid medium at the rate of 45%, while the high level of axenic blade formation (30%) on solid support was observed on 0.5% high gel strength agar. Callus and blade were identified with the original strain, at the DNA level, using random amplified polymorphic DNAs.
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    Development of coupling-repulsion-phase SCAR markers diagnostic for the sugar beet Rr1 allele conferring resistance to rhizomania (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: BNYVV ; BSA ; RAPD ; rhizomania resistance ; SCAR ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In sugar beet genotypes with the ‘Holly’ type of resistance to rhizomania, a disease due to infection of the beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), the major gene rrl is responsible for resistance. Twelve RAPD markers linked to rrl were selected by BSA and mapped on linkage group IV using a segregating population previously analysed by the same group. Markers F61050 and N9600 were tightly linked, respectively in coupling and repulsion, to the Rrl allele (recombination values of 1.4 cM for both markers). After sequencing the products amplified by F61050 and N9600, new PCR primers were used to generate the two SCAR markers F6 and N9. The simultaneous use of these markers in a PCR reaction allows the correct fingerprinting of rrl rrl, Rrl rrl and Rrl Rrl sugar beet plants in populations segregating for the ‘Holly’ resistance. In a group of sugar beet elite lines containing the ‘Holly’ type of rhizomania resistance, SCAR F6 is always present whereas the SCAR N9 fragment is absent. Thus, in marker-assisted selection with coupling-repulsion-phase markers, SCAR F6 can be used in combination with N9, or together with any other RAPD marker linked in repulsion to the Rrl allele.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009626214058
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    Marker-assisted transfer of acylsugar-mediated pest resistance from the wild tomato, Lycopersicon pennellii, to the cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 307-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: insect resistance ; marker-assisted selection ; PCR ; quantitative trait loci ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Acylsugars exuded from type IV trichomes mediate the multiple pest resistance found in the wild tomato species, Lycopersicon pennellii. A marker-assisted selection breeding program was used to attempt the transfer of the ability to accumulate acylsugars to cultivated tomato. RFLP and PCR-based markers were used through three backcross generations to select plants containing 5 target regions associated by QTL analysis with acylsugar accumulation. The BC1F1 plant selected possessed all 5 target regions and accumulated acylsugars at a moderate level similar to that of the interspecific F1 control. The BC2F1 and BC3F1 selections contained complementary subsets of the 5 target regions and did not accumulate acylsugars. BC3F1 plants with complementary subsets of the 5 target regions were intermated to produce populations segregating for the 5 target regions. From 1000 BC3F1-intermated plants, three plants were found which accumulated acylsugars at low levels and contained 3 to 5 of the target regions. The recovery of acylsugar accumulation in progeny of the intermated BC3F1 plants supports the involvement of at least some of the 5 target regions in acylsugar biosynthesis. However, since the levels of acylsugars accumulated by these plants were lower than that of the interspecific F1, it is likely that another, as of yet unidentified, region is necessary for accumulation of higher levels of acylsugars.
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    Reproducibility testing of RAPD, AFLP and SSR markers in plants by a network of European laboratories (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 381-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: DNA markers ; RAPD ; AFLP ; SSR ; microsatellite ; network ; reproducibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A number of PCR-based techniques can be used to detect polymorphisms in plants. For their wide-scale usage in germplasm characterisation and breeding it is important that these marker technologies can be exchanged between laboratories, which in turn requires that they can be standardised to yield reproducible results, so that direct collation and comparison of the data are possible. This article describes a network experiment involving several European laboratories, in which the reproducibility of three popular molecular marker techniques was examined: random-amplified fragment length polymorphism (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and sequence-tagged microsatellites (SSR). For each technique, an optimal system was chosen, which had been standardised and routinely used by one laboratory. This system (genetic screening package) was distributed to different participating laboratories in the network and the results obtained compared with those of the original sender. Different experiences were gained in this exchange experiment with the different techniques. RAPDs proved difficult to reproduce. For AFLPs, a single-band difference was observed in one track, whilst SSR alleles were amplified by all laboratories, but small differences in their sizing were obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009612517139
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    Comparison of PCR-based marker systems for the analysis of genetic relationships in cultivated potato (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 127-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLP ; genetic relationships ; potato ; RAPD ; SSR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The application of AFLPs, RAPDs and SSRs to examine genetic relationships in the primary northwestern European cultivated potato gene pool was investigated. Sixteen potato cultivars were genotyped using five AFLP primer combinations, 14 RAPD primers, and 17 database-derived SSR primer pairs. All three approaches successfully discriminated between the 16 cultivars using a minimum of one assay. Similarity matrices produced for each marker type on the basis of Nei and Li coefficients showed low correlations when compared with different statistical tests. Dendrograms were produced from these data for each marker system. The usefulness of each system was examined in terms of number of loci revealed (effective multiplex ratio, or EMR) and the amount of polymorphism detected (diversity index, or DI). AFLPs had the highest EMR, and SSRs the highest DI. A single parameter, marker index (MI), which is the product of DI and EMR, was used to evaluate the overall utility of each marker system. The use of these PCR-based marker systems in potato improvement and statutory applications is discussed. Abbreviations: PCR, polymerase chain reaction; AFLP, amplified fragment length polymorphism; RAPD, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; EMR, effective multiplex ratio; DI, diversity index; MI, marker index; RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism.
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    A molecular marker associated with the H21 Hessian fly resistance gene in wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 177-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: bulked segregant analysis ; H21 ; near-isogenic lines (NILs) ; RAPD ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Near-isogenic lines in conjunction with bulked segregant analysis were used to identify a DNA marker in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) associated with the H21 gene conferring resistance to biotype L of Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] larvae. Near-isogenic lines were developed by backcross introgression BC3F3:4 (‘Coker 797’ * 4 / ‘Hamlet’) and differed by the presence or absence of H21 (on 2RL) derived from ‘Chaupon’ rye (Secale cereale L.). Bulked DNA samples were prepared from near-isogenic lines and BC3F2 population individuals segregating for reaction to Hessian fly biotype L and screened for random amplified polymorphic DNA markers using 46 10mer primers. Random-amplified polymorphic DNA markers from resistant and susceptible individuals and parental lines were scored and these data were used to identify a 3 kb DNA fragment that was related to the occurrence of H21. This fragment was amplified from DNA isolated from Hamlet, a near-isogenic line carrying 2RL, and bulked DNA from resistant BC3F2 individuals, but not from the recurrent parent Coker 797 or DNA bulks from susceptible BC3F2 plants. Analysis of 111 BC3F2 segregating individuals and BC3F2:3 segregants confirmed the co-segregation of the 3 kb DNA marker with the H21 resistance gene to Hessian fly. Use of this marker could facilitate more rapid screening of plant populations for Hessian fly resistance and monitoring the introgression of H21.
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    Mapping and QTL analysis of horticultural traits in a narrow cross in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) using random-amplified polymorphic DNA markers (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 257-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: determinate ; genetic markers ; multiple lateral branching ; plant architecture ; quantitative trait loci ; sex expression ; cucumber ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An 80-point genetic map [77 random-amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPD), F (female sex expression), de (determinate), and ll (little leaf)] was constructed from a narrow cross in cucumber using the determinate, gynoecious, standard-sized leaf line G421 and the indeterminate, monoecious, little leaf line H-19. The map defined nine linkage groups and spanned ca. 600 cM with an average distance between markers of 8.4 ± 9.4 cM. The RAPD loci BC-551 and BC-592 were found to flank ll at 3.4 and 12.2 cM, respectively. The locus OP-L18-2 was linked (16 cM) to de, and the F locus was flanked by markers at 44 and 31 cM. One-hundred F3 families were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for sex expression, main stem length, number of lateral branches, days to anthesis, fruit number and weight, fruit length and diameter, and fruit length: diameter ratio in two replicated test locations (Wisconsin and Georgia). QTL on linkage group B explained major portions (R2 = ca. 2 to 74%) of the variation observed for sex expression, main stem length, lateral branch number, and fruit diameter (LOD = 2.1 to 29.8). Although ca. 62 to 74% of the variation for sex expression was associated with a putative QTL spanning the F locus (OP-AJ-2 to F and F to de), other regions (three) of the genome were important for the determination of sex in the F3 families examined depending upon environment. The number of genomic regions affecting main stem length (five) and number of lateral branches (three) coincided with expectations as determined by calculations of minimum number of genes in previous studies. Evaluation of QTL associated with several fruit number determinants of early, first-harvest yield demonstrating additive genetic variance (i.e., sex expression, main stem length, and number of laterals) suggests that marker-assisted selection may have utility for the development of determinate, multiple lateral branching germplasm suited for once-over mechanical harvesting in this population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009689002015
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    Molecular records of micro-evolution within the Algerian population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis during its spread to new oases (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 485-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: bayoud disease ; date palm ; population genetics ; RAPD ; RFLP ; VCG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic diversity of the date palm wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis in Algeria was assessed using vegetative compatibility, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Ninety-eight isolates were collected from the main infested regions, Touat, Gourara and Mzab, and 6 isolates from Morocco were added for comparison. All isolates were vegetatively compatible and belonged to VCG 0170. No variation was detected in the mtDNA of a subset of 73 isolates and the RAPD analysis indicated that they were genetically very closely related. However, some geographic substructuring was apparent, suggesting that local diversification of the pathogen might have occurred. These results provide evidence that the Algerian isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis belong to a same clonal lineage and support the hypothesis that they were probably founded by a single virulent clone that originated from the Moroccan oases where the date palm wilt (Bayoud disease) was first detected. Based on similarity of RAPD patterns occurring in different oases, and on historical records of the Bayoud disease in Algeria, spread of the pathogen in the different regions is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008644515046
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  • 86
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    Subdivision and genetic structure of four populations of Venturia inaequalis in Switzerland (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 565-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: apple scab ; PCR-RFLP ; population genetics ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of four populations of Venturia inaequalis in Switzerland were performed to obtain information about migration and to predict the probable speed of the spread of new pathotypes able to overcome resistance, e.g. Vf-resistance, of new cultivars. Genetic and haplotype diversity was calculated based on allele frequencies of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-region of ribosomal DNA, which are regarded to be neutral, and the β-tubulin locus which may be under selection pressure. Within-population diversity was found to be quite similar over all four populations. Normalised haplotype diversity based on RAPD and ITS data was very high with a mean of 0.95. Diversity among populations (GST) was consistent over all neutral loci with a low mean of 0.04, but reached the high value of 0.26 for the selected β-tubulin locus. Low GST based on neutral loci may suggest a high level of gene flow. Considering these results, new pathotypes would be expected soon outside their place of identification. But actual gene flow is easily overestimated because of effects of gene flow in the past. However, naturally occurring gene flow could be increased by human activity. Therefore, it is very difficult to predict durability of the Vf-resitance in Switzerland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008636913211
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  • 87
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    Extraction of DNA from anostracan cysts (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) for use in RAPD-PCR analyses (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 359 (1997), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Crustacea ; Anostraca ; cysts ; egg bank ; RAPD ; PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Like many diapausing crustaceans, anostracans (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) produce encysted embryos capable of surviving the long periods of desiccation typical of their environments. These cysts are far more abundant and are easier to collect than adults and for some applications they are superior to adults as subjects for genetic analysis. Due to the lack of minimal tissue size requirements, PCR-based analysis is the best alternative for genetic study of cysts. We describe a method for the fast extraction of DNA from cysts, yielding template for RAPD-PCR analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003154618381
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  • 88
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    Morphological and molecular characterization of Colletotrichum spp. from citrus orchards affected by postbloom fruit drop in Brazil (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 323-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Colletotrichum acutatum ; citrus postbloom fruit drop disease ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Brazilian isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from citrus orchards affected by postbloom fruit drop were examined for colony colour, mycelial growth, benomyl-resistance, pathogenicity, and genetic variability by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. All isolates were obtained from flowers and persistent calyxes from different citrus hosts from Sao Paulo, Brazil. DNA polymorphisms detected after amplification with random 10-mer primers were used to classify the isolates into two groups. Group I isolates grew rapidly on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and were sensitive to benomyl, and group II isolates grew slowly on PDA and were benomyl-resistant. Colletotrichum acutatum was analyzed by RAPD and had high genetic similarity with group II isolates of Colletotrichum from citrus. Probably, the group I is C. gloeosporioides and group II is C. acutatum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008627302706
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  • 89
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    Molecular marker analysis of European Setosphaeria turcica populations (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 611-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Exserohilum turcicum ; Johnson grass ; maize ; northern corn leaf blight ; population genetic structure ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Setosphaeria turcica is the causal agent of northern corn leaf blight, a foliar maize disease of worldwide economic importance. In Europe, its severity increases. To investigate the pathogen's population-genetic structure in central Europe, a total of 80 isolates was sampled in Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, and Hungary and investigated with 52 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The mating type of the isolates was determined in testcrosses. Among the 73 isolates from maize there were 26 different RAPD haplotypes. All isolates with identical haplotype are considered clonemates. The haplotype shared by most members was represented by 22 isolates from Germany, Switzerland, and France, indicating high fitness and substantial migration. Only a single clone had members in both southeastern Austria and southwestern Switzerland, suggesting that the Alps constitute a major barrier for this pathogen. Several haplotypes differed by only one or two RAPD bands from the predominant haplotype and may have arisen by mutation. Few other clonal lineages were detected. The evolution of some haplotypes could not be explained by mutation alone. Sexual recombination may rarely occur. In population samples from Germany, Switzerland, and France, mating type MAT2 was predominating, while most isolates from Austria and Hungary had MAT1. Seven isolates from Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), an alternative host of S. turcica, were clonemates and very different in RAPD haplotypes from all isolates collected from maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008641920356
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  • 90
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    A second spontaneous hybrid in the genusLeucaena (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 212 (1998), S. 53-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Leucaena leucocephala ; L. diversifolia ; L. ×spontanea ; Hybridization ; hybrid detection ; spontaneous hybrid ; RAPD ; RFLP ; chloroplast DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The detection of hybridity inLeucaena is discussed in relation to: (i) traditional criteria, (ii) molecular criteria and (iii) models to predict hybrid leaf morphology. Morphological, geographical and molecular evidence for the occurrence of interspecific hybrids betweenL. leucocephala andL. diversifolia in south-central Mexico, northern Guatemala, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea is presented. Predicted mean hybrid leaf trait values calculated from parent material are compared with data from putative hybrids and shown to be similar. The origin of these hybrids is discussed and shown to be the result of artificial sympatry resulting from indigenous, and recent exotic, domestication of the parent species. The hybrid is described asL. ×spontanea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985221
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  • 91
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    Comparison of chloroplast and nuclear phylogeny in the autogamous annualMicroseris douglasii (Asteraceae: Lactuceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 204 (1997), S. 49-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Microseris ; Chloroplast phylogeny ; cpRFLP ; cytoplasmic introgression ; RAPD ; selfing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphology suggests that the Californian annualMicroseris douglasii is a monophyletic sister group to the other three diploid annuals ofMicroseris. Phylogenetic analysis of 44 inbred strains ofM. douglasii derived from 23 populations with 72 RAPD markers in the nuclear DNA strongly supports this phylogeny. However, 13 chloroplast RFLPs divideM. douglasii into four distinct groups. Two of these each share one or more cpRFLPs withM. bigelovii andM. pygmaea. Several hypotheses can explain the incongruence between nuclear and chloroplast phylogeny: (1) random sorting out of chloroplasts during phylogeny from a polymorphic pool, (2) cytoplasmic introgression from the related annualM. bigelovii intoM. douglasii after hybridization followed by elimination of theM. bigelovii nuclear genome. We suggest cytoplasmic introgression as the most likely origin. Possible remnants of nuclear introgression have been found in two populations ofM. douglasii that are polymorphic for chloroplast types. In these populationsM. bigelovii type chloroplast DNA seems to be accompanied by nuclear genes for flower color and leaf shape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982531
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  • 92
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    Hybridization and evolution inCardamine (Brassicaceae) at Urnerboden, Central Switzerland: Biosystematic and molecular evidence (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 204 (1997), S. 233-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Brassicaceae ; Cardamine amara ; C. ×insueta ; C. rivularis ; C. schulzii ; Hybridization ; evolution ; amphiploidy ; introgression ; cpDNA ; isozymes ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hybridization between two diploid (2n = 2x = 16) species ofBrassicaceae, Cardamine rivularis andC. amara, at Urnerboden, Central Switzerland, resulted in the rather unusual triploid hybridC. insueta (2n = 3x = 24), and later on in the amphiploidC. schulzii (2n = 6x = 48). The hybrid and the neopolyploid species colonized successfully some man-made biotopes. Plants ofC. insueta are mostly functional females with non-dehiscent anthers, but true hermaphrodite individuals with partly sterile pollen grains also occur within the population. Analyses of cpDNA and nuclear DNA permitted to establish the parentage of the hybrid: the maternal parent which contributed unreduced egg cells proved to beC. rivularis whereas the normally reduced pollen originated fromC. amara. The pronounced genetic variability inC. insueta revealed by isozyme and RAPD analyses, at variance with the polarized segregation, heterogamy and strong vegetative reproduction of the hybrid, is possibly influenced by recurrent formation ofC. insueta which party results from backcrosses betweenC. insueta andC. rivularis but may also proceed by other pathways. The amphiploidCardamine schulzii has normally developed anthers but its pollen is sometimes highly sterile. The surprisingly uniform genetic make-up of the new amphiploid species might be related to its possible monotopic origin and/or young phylogenetic age but should be further assessed. Site management seems to be very important to a further development of hybridogenous populations and their parent species. In conclusion, the evolution at Urnerboden is discussed in the context of the traditional concept of multiple plant origins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989208
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    Genetic analysis among and within populations forming ecotypes and cultivars of lucerne,Medicago sativa (Leguminosae), using RAPD fragments (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 208 (1997), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Medicago sativa ; Alfalfa ; cultivar discrimination ; DNA ; RAPD ; population genetics ; Mahalanobis distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We conducted this study to determine whether the analysis of the population frequency of individual RAPD fragments amplified from DNA of single seedlings could be used to discriminate cultivars of lucerne and compare the relatedness of cultivars of differing geographic and genetic origin. Canonical discriminant analysis of RAPD banding data obtained from amplification of DNA from 40 seedlings of each of ten cultivars (six Iranian ecotypic cultivars, two cultivars from New Zealand and two from the USA) with one selected primer enabled discrimination of most cultivars (78% of pairwise comparisons at P 〈 0.01 among the ten cultivars examined in this study). Comparison of the Mahalanobis generalized distances among the cultivars produced results for genetic relatedness which were generally consistent with geographical origin and breeding relationships. Cultivar uniformity was assessed by determining the percentage of seedlings correctly classified into the named cultivar; this was variable among cultivars and the Iranian ecotypic cultivars had a particularly wide range of variability. Analysis of population genetics in lucerne using RAPD banding data may be useful for plant improvement, in descriptions of new cultivars and also when assessing cultivar purity in seed certification programmes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986085
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    Genetic variation of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivated in Chile determined by RAPDs (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: sweet potato ; Ipomoea batatas ; RAPD ; genetic variation ; Chile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) technology was applied to analyze the genetic variability of sweet potato germplasm existing in Chile and elsewhere. Analysis of 28 cultivars from all over the world showed polymorphic bands with all 18 primers tested. A total of 124 RAPD bands were scored with an average of 6.9 polymorphic bands per primer. These results confirm that sweet potato exhibits high genetic variation. Two groups were distinguished: one containing Peruvian cultivars, and another containing cultivars from the rest of the world. Analysis of 14 accessions from Central Chile and one from Northern Chile showed polymorphic bands with 24 of 26 primers tested, but almost all of the 140 polymorphic bands merely showed the distinctness of the Northern accession. The almost complete uniformity of the other 14 accessions shows that sweet potato germplasm collected in Central Chile has very little genetic variability and may be derived from a single cultivar. Based on these results and on historical records, some hypotheses are proposed to explain the origin of sweet potatoes cultivated in Chile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018301009296
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  • 95
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    Molecular characterization and genetic relatedness among walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes based on RAPD markers (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cultivar identification ; fingerprinting ; genetic similarity ; Juglans regia ; RAPD ; walnut
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potential use of the Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique for characterization and assessment of genetic relationships was investigated in nineteen walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes used as parents or released as cultivars from the breeding program of the University of California at Davis. Most of the 72 decamer primers used yielded scorable amplification patterns based on discernable bands. The results obtained produced a unique fingerprint for each of the walnut genotypes studied. Cluster analysis separated the 19 walnut genotypes into two main groups whose differences were related to their pedigree. Genotypes sharing common parents tend to group together and with at least one of the parents. Thus, RAPD markers can detect enough polymorphism to differentiate among walnut genotypes, even among closely related genotypes, and the genetic similarity based on RAPDs appears to reflect the known pedigree information. RAPD technology can be useful in current walnut breeding programs, allowing the identification of new cultivars as well as the assessment of the genetic similarity among genotypes which will help in selecting the best parents to obtain new genetic combinations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018390120142
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  • 96
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    Genetic relationships of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) using RAPD markers (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: avocado ; classification ; ecological races ; Persea americana ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis was carried out on 16 accessions representing the three ecological races of avocado (Persea americana Mill.), and one accession of P. schiedeana Nees. Twenty two preselected primers produced 133 polymorphic DNA fragments in the RAPD assay of the avocado accessions. One primer was identified which could differentiate each of the avocado accessions. Potentially race-specific markers for each of the Mexican, Guatemalan, and West Indian races, have been detected. A Jaccard's similarity coefficient matrix was generated and a dendrogram constructed using UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic averages) cluster analysis. Percentage similarity between avocado accessions ranged from 46% to 85%. The lowest similarity (between 22% and 29%) was revealed between P. schiedeana and any P. americana accession. Average similarity within races of avocado was 75% for the Mexican race, 71% for the West Indian race and 73% for the Guatemalan race. Average similarity between races ranged from 53% to 58%. The dendrogram identified three groups, representing the races of avocado. These results are in concordance with the present classification of avocado into three subspecies (varieties) of P. americana, namely drymifolia, americana, and guatemalensis, corresponding to the Mexican, West Indian and Guatemalan races, respectively, and confirm the separate species status of P. schiedeana. We conclude that RAPD markers may be useful for the classification of avocado and for the assessment of genetic diversity of avocado germplasm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018321928400
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  • 97
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    Efficacy of bulked DNA samples for RAPD DNA fingerprinting of genetically complex Brassica napus cultivars (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 102 (1998), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; RAPD ; bulked DNA ; DNA fingerprinting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since DNA-based markers are unaffected by environmental or physiological factors, they have potential utility in the description of plant cultivars required for award of proprietary rights (i.e. Plant Breeders' Rights). The high discriminating power of this class of markers, however, can also make demonstration of uniformity and stability of such a marker within a cultivar difficult, especially for genetically-complex cultivars. This report examines the usefulness of bulking equal quantities of DNA from 14 to 20 individuals of a cultivar to identification of RAPD DNA markers that distinguish between Brassica napus cultivars of varying genetic complexity. For the four cultivars assessed (Quantum, OAC Springfield, Innovator and AC Excel), it is shown that consistent presence/absence scores are obtained from bulked DNA samples for three different RAPD markers despite a significant degree of variation among samples from individuals. Use of bulked DNA samples thus may enable identification of a distinguishing profile of RAPD markers whose presence/absence is uniform and stable even in complex cultivars. Nevertheless, RAPD markers remain limited in that they are not strictly quantitative in nature. This limitation is discussed with respect to cultivar description for plant breeders' rights applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018378304701
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    Genetic diversity within spelta and macha wheats based on RAPD analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 104 (1998), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Genetic diversity ; macha wheat ; spelta wheat ; RAPD ; accession duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic diversity in a crop species is basic to improvement of the species and can be estimated at the molecular level. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic diversity within and between spelta and macha wheats. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was conducted on 69 spelta and 32 macha wheat accessions. The classification of spelta and macha accessions, based on Jaccard genetic similarity coefficients for RAPD markers, was consistent with their geographic origin. The results indicated that the germplasm of macha wheat was more diverse than that of spelta wheat. In the dendrogram of macha wheat, four spelta-like accessions grouped together, separate from the remaining macha accessions, suggesting that these accessions were misclassified. In addition, accessions with identical RAPD patterns were found, indicating that these accessions were probably duplicated. Thus RAPD analysis can be used to estimate genetic diversity and identify duplicate accessions in wheat germplasm collections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018628102650
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    Diversity analysis and species identification in Lens using PCR generated markers (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: RAPD ; PCR ; genetic diversity ; 5S rRNA ; Lens ; lentil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis we assessed the genetic relationships between 16 accessions and cultivars of lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris) in the Australian lentil breeding program. All lines exhibited polymorphism with a maximum dissimilarity value of 0.36. This indicated a limited degree of genetic variation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers based on the flanking regions of the 5S rRNA gene from Pisum sativum amplified the non-translated spacer (NTS) region from within the 5S rRNA gene of Lens. Three distinct amplification banding patterns differentiated between restricted genomic DNA of Lens spp. L. culinaris ssp. culinaris and L. culinaris ssp. orientalis shared similar markers of two distinctly different NTS sizes. L. nigricans and L. odemensis shared the same amplification pattern of a single sized NTS region. However, L. ervoides contained two separate sizes of NTS, distinct from other Lens species. In an effort to widen the genetic base of cultivated lentil, these species-specific molecular markers may be used to follow potential introgression between species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003097600701
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  • 100
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    Variation in Capsicum annuum revealed by RAPD and AFLP markers (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: AFLP ; Capsicum annuum ; genetic distances ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic relationships were examined among thirty-four pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars of different types. Two types of PCR-based markers were used, RAPD and AFLP, and their relative effectiveness was compared. A dendrogram based on RAPD markers separated the large-fruited sweet cultivars from the small-fruited pungent peppers, and the former group showed less divergence than the latter. The percentage of polymorphic markers was lower for AFLP than for RAPD markers (13 and 22% respectively). However, AFLP primers amplified on average six times more products than RAPD markers. The average numbers of polymorphic products per primer were 1.6 and 6.5 for RAPD and AFLP primers, respectively, i.e., AFLP primers were four times more efficient than RAPD primers in their ability to detect polymorphism in pepper. While four blocky type cultivars were indistinguishable by RAPD, two AFLP primer pairs were sufficient to distinguish the four cultivars from each other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018301215945
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