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  • Rat
  • Triticum aestivum
  • Springer  (53)
  • 3
  • Conseil de l'Europe
  • Wiley
  • 1995-1999  (53)
  • 1995  (53)
Collection
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  • 1995-1999  (53)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate with soil N during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 185-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: 15N-labelled fertilizer ; Added N interaction Fertilizer N uptake ; Soil N uptake ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336556
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incubating superphosphate in ‘dry’soil can reduce its effectiveness (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Incubation of phosphorus in soil ; relative effectiveness ; superphosphate ; ×Triticosecale ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Single superphosphate was incubated for six months at 25°C in soil which had been subject to one of three moisture treatments. These were: dried in a glasshouse, dried at a constant temperature of 25°C, or moist soil. Phosphorus (P) effectiveness was then compared with effectiveness of P from freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (×Triticosecale) tops in pot experiments. Incubation in soil which had been dried at 25°C did not decrease the effectiveness of the P. Incubation in moist soil decreased it to about 20% of the effectiveness of freshly-applied P in one case and to about 50% in the other case. Incubation in soil which had been dried in a glasshouse also decreased its effectiveness. The decrease varied with conditions, but in two cases the P was 70% as effective as freshly-applied P, and in one case only 45% as effective. Presumably sufficient moisture was present in the soil dried in the glasshouse to enable water-soluble P present in the fertilizer to react with the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750927
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and culture of endothelial cells from the mesenteric vascular bed (1995)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 17 (1995), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Endothelial cells ; Isolation ; Culture ; Mesentery ; Rat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methods are described for the enzymatic isolation of endothelial cells from rat and rabbit mesenteric arteries and veins. The mesenteric vascular bed is incubated with an enzyme solution containing collagenase, deoxyribonuclease, papain, dithiothreitol and bovine serum albumin for 45 min at 37 °C in a shaking waterbath. After the 45 min digestion, cells are centrifuged and plated. This method yields an endothelial cell population with a high plating efficiency which is relatively free of smooth muscle contamination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986231
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low dose phenytoin is an osteogenic agent in the rat (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 42-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Phenytoin ; Bone formation ; Osteocalcin ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Osteogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Long-term use of phenytoin for the treatment of epilepsy has been associated with increased thickness of craniofacial bones. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility that low doses of phenytoin are osteogenic in vivo by measuring the effects of phenytoin administration on serum and bone histomorphometric parameters of bone formation in two rat experiments. In the first experiment, four groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received daily I.P. injections of 0, 5, 50, or 150 mg/kg/day of phenytoin, respectively, for 47 days. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin were increased by 5 and 50 mg/kg/day phenytoin. The increases in osteocalcin and ALP occurred by day 7 and day 21, respectively. The tibial diaphyseal mineral apposition rate (MAR) at sacrifice (day 48) was significantly increased in rats receiving 5 mg/kg/day phenytoin. At a dose of 150 mg/kg/day, the increase in serum ALP, osteocalcin and MAR was reversed. No significant differences in serum calcium, phosphorus, or 1,25(OH)2D3 levels were seen. In a second experiment, three groups of rats received daily I.P. injection of lower doses of phenytoin (i.e., 0, 1, or 5 mg/kg/day, respectively) for 42 days. Phenytoin also did not affect the growth rate or serum calcium, phosphorus, and 25(OH)D3 levels. Daily injection of 5 mg/kg/day phenytoin significantly increased several measures of bone formation, i.e., serum ALP and osteocalcin, bone ALP, periosteal MAR, and trabecular bone volume. However, rats receiving lower doses of phenytoin (i.e., 1 mg/kg/day) did not show significant increases in the serum bone formation parameters. In contrast, metaphyseal osteoblast surface, osteoblast number, osteoid thickness, surface, and volume were all significantly increased in rats treated in 1 mg/kg/day but not with 5 mg/kg/day phenytoin, suggesting that the tibial diaphysis and metaphysis bone formation parameters might have different dose-dependent responses to phenytoin treatment. Administration of the test doses of phenytoin did not significantly affect the histomorphometric bone resorption parameters. In conclusion, these findings represent the first in vivo evidence that phenytoin at low doses (i.e., between 1 and 5 mg/kg/day) is an osteogenic agent in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298743
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new rapid and reproducible homologous immunoradiometric assay for amino-terminal parathyroid hormone in the rat (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Immunoradiometric assay ; Parathyroid hormone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurement of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the rat is most often performed with competitive ligand radioimmunoassays (RIA) utilizing heterologous antibodies. We report here the validation of a newly developed homologous immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for rat PTH. Two different goat antibodies to the amino-terminal sequence of rat PTH are utilized; one is immobilized onto plastic beads to capture the PTH molecules and the other is radiolabeled for detection. To test this new IRMA, 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three treatment groups to receive by intraperitoneal injection: (1) saline 1 ml/kg (control); (2) calcium chloride 40 mg/kg (hypercalcemic); and (3) EDTA 300 mg/kg (hypocalcemic). Blood samples were taken at 0, 30, 60, 180, and 300 minutes after administration of the assigned treatment for measurement of ionized calcium (Ca2+) and serum PTH. Most of the variance in PTH levels was found to be due to changes in Ca2+ (r2=0.780, P〈0.0001). There was also a close temporal relationship between the two, with the highest levels of PTH occurring at the same measured time points as the lowest Ca2+, and vice versa. The measured detection limit of the IRMA was 3 pg/ml with intra-and interassay coefficients of variation of 1.74% and 3.07%, respectively. Serial dilutions with pooled rat serum, synthetic rat PTH-(1–34), and synthetic human PTH-(1–34) showed good parallelism with increased specificity for the pooled and synthetic PTH, despite a degree of crossreactivity with hPTH. The assay is able to quantitate rapid changes in PTH, providing all the advantages of IRMA methodology including technical simplicity and speed of performance, and is likely to become a useful tool in investigations of bone, mineral, and renal homeostasis using the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298749
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of stopping fluoride administration on the distribution profiles of fluoride in three different kinds of rat bones (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 292-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Bone ; Defluoridation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to explore the reduction of fluoride concentrations in the skeleton after stopping experimental fluoride administration. Fluoride was administered to the rats at varying doses (0, 50, 100 ppm in drinking water) and for different lengths of time (4, 13, 25 weeks). A series of fluoride concentrations across the full thickness of humerus, parietal bone, and vertebra arch in rats were measured by means of an abrasive micro-sampling technique. The distribution profiles of fluoride from periosteal to endosteal surfaces, which were apparently related to the histological structure of these bones, were U shaped in the humerus, V shaped in the parietal bone, and W shaped in the vertebra arch. The average fluoride concentrations in the bones increased significantly with each increasing dose and length of fluoride administration. The relative increments were similar between the different regions or the different bones. After stopping fluoride administration, on the other hand, the relative reduction of the average fluoride concentrations in the bones were 30–100%. They were greatly related to the length after stopping fluoride administration and the dose and length of fluoride administration, but also dependent upon the type of bone and the region examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318049
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel approach to the analysis of the initiation of embryo development in gramineae (1995)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Alloplasmic lines ; Apomixis ; Parthenogenesis ; Protein patterns ; 2-D gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An in vivo model system to study the initiation of embryo development is presented. From the so-called Salmon system of wheat (alloplasmic lines with a 1BL-1RS chromosome translocation), three completely isogenic and homozygous lines were produced by selection for uniformity in about 20 selfing/backcross generations as well as between sublines of doubled haploids. The line (aestivum)-Salmon is male fertile and sexual. The lines (caudata)-Salmon and (kotschyi)-Salmon are male sterile and have a parthenogenetic capacity of about 90%. The expression of nuclear-cytoplasmic male sterility is different for the two parthenogenetic lines. The initiation of autonomous embryo development at defined developmental stages of the ovaries and the maximum degree of parthenogenesis are identical in both parthenogenetic lines as proved by the auxin test and progeny analyses. The protein patterns from ovary extracts of the three isogenic lines were identical for more than 200 spots of 2-D polyacrylamide gels, confirming their homogeneity. However, one protein (P 115.1) was found 3 days before and during anthesis only in ovaries of the parthenogenetic lines. It seems to be involved in the initiation of parthenogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229382
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ozone effects on dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence during plant development of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1461-1466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; growth ; senescence ; biomass partitioning ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In closed-chamber fumigation experiments dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence of wheat were studied, analysing the effects of ozone during different stages of plant development. Ozone causes enhanced leaf senescence, leading to a loss of green leaf area and, consequently to a decreased supply of assimilates, affecting (in increasing order of severeness) stem, ear and grain productivity because of reduced storage pools for translocation. Leaves of plants before shooting stage were most sensitive but the lack of green leaf area after ear emergence had the most pronounced effects on grain yield. Measurements of photochemical capacity showed that evidence for negative ozone effects could be found in changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaf sections not yet showing visible ozone injury. Negative effects on photosynthesis were more distinct with increasing accumulated ozone dose, with increasing age of leaf tissue and with increasing ozone sensitivity of the cultivar. The changes in chlorophyll fluorescence are most likely to be explained by a decreased pool size of plastoquinones caused by ozone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477187
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An extrachromosomal fragment of telomeric DNA in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 435-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: buoyant separation ; cloning ; extrachromosomal DNA ; germination ; telomere ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A procedure developed orginally for selective extraction of viral (extrachromosomal) DNA from virus-infected mammalian cells was applied to cell nuclei isolated from uninfected wheat embryos. The resulting nuclear extrachromosomal DNA (exDNA) was enriched for telomere-type sequences by isopycnic centrifugation and inserted into the Sma I site of pUC119. A cloned DNA fragment (241 bp) was found to consist primarily of tandemly repeated heptamere units of the same sequence (5′-CCCTAAA-3′) that is known to predominate in telomeric DNA of Arabidopsis thaliana. Hybridization experiments indicate that extrachromosomal telomeric repeats are abundant in resting embryos and disappear rapidly during germination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020198
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental, circadian and light regulation of wheat ferredoxin gene expression (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 293-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ferredoxin ; PetF gene ; circadian rhythm ; light regulation ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genomic clone encoding the precursor of wheat leaf ferredoxin has been isolated and characterised. The uninterrupted PetF gene encodes a polypeptide of 143 amino acid residues, consisting of an N-terminal presequence of 46 amino acid residues and a mature polypeptide of 97 amino acid residues. Southern blot analysis suggests that six copies of the PetF gene are present in the wheat haploid genome. Northern blot analysis has shown that the genes are both developmentally and light regulated in wheat seedlings and provides evidence that a circadian rhythm regulates the steady-state levels of ferredoxin transcripts. The intact wheat gene and several chimeric constructs, containing portions of the 5′-upstream region fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene, have been introduced into tobacco plants, but levels of β-glucuronidase activity above background were not detected, suggesting that the 5′-upstream region is unable to function as a promoter in tobacco plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020184
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural evolution of wheat chromosomes 4A, 5A, and 7B and its impact on recombination (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 282-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Crossing-over ; Genetic map ; Inversion ; Linkage ; Recombination ; T. aestivum ; T. monococcum ; Translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The construction of comparative genetic maps of chromosomes 4Am and 5Am of Triticum monococcum and chromosomes of homoeologous groups 4, 5 and 7 of T. aestivum has provided insight into the evolution of these chromosomes. The structures of chromosomes 4A, 5A and 7B of modern-day hexaploid bread wheat can be explained by a 4AL/5AL translocation that occurred at the diploid level and is present both in T. monococcum and T. aestivum. Three further rearrangements, a 4AL/7BS translocation, a pericentric inversion and a paracentric inversion, have taken place in the tetraploid progenitor of hexaploid wheat. These structural rearrangements and the evolution of chromosomes 4A, 5A and 7B of bread wheat are discussed. The presence of the 4AL/5AL translocation in several Triticeae genomes raises two questions — which state is the more primitive, and is the translocation of mono- or poly-phylogenetic origin? The rearrangements that have occurred in chromosome 4A resulted in segments of both arms having different positions relative to the telomere, compared to 4Am and to 4B and 4D. Comparisons of map length in these regions indicate that genetic length is a function of distance from the telomere, with the distal regions showing the highest recombination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220890
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of wheat physical maps with barley linkage maps for group 7 chromosomes (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 618-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Comparative maps ; Deletion lines ; Molecular-tagged chromosome regions (MTCRs) ; Triticum aestivum ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparative genetic maps among the Triticeae or Gramineae provide the possibility for combining the genetics, mapping information and molecular-marker resources between different species. Dense genetic linkage maps of wheat and barley, which have a common array of molecular markers, along with deletion-based chromosome maps of Triticum aestivum L. will facilitate the construction of an integrated molecular marker-based map for the Triticeae. A set of 21 cDNA and genomic DNA clones, which had previously been used to map barley chromosome 1 (7H), were used to physically map wheat chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D. A comparative map was constructed to estimate the degree of linkage conservation and synteny of chromosome segments between the group 7 chromosomes of the two species. The results reveal extensive homoeologies between these chromosomes, and the first evidence for an interstitial inversion on the short arm of a barley chromosome compared to the wheat homoeologue has been obtained. In a cytogenetically-based physical map of group 7 chromosomes that contain restriction-fragment-length polymorphic DNA (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, the marker density in the most distal third of the chromosome arms was two-times higher than in the proximal region. The recombination rate in the distal third of each arm appears to be 8–15 times greater than in the proximal third of each arm where recombination of wheat chromosomes is suppressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223288
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomal location of genes for stem rust resistance derived from ‘Waldron’ wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1158-1163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia graminis ; Aneuploid ; Cytogenetics ; Monosomics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosomal locations of genes for resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.: Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar ‘Waldron’ (WDR) were determined by monosomic analyses. Wheat lines WDR-B1, -C2, -E4, and -F1,which have single genes for resistance to stem rust derived previously from WDR sel. ‘Little Club’, were crossed onto a complete set of 21 ‘Chinese Spring’ monosomics. The F2 and backcross-F1 (BC1F1) seedlings from each of the 84 crosses were tested for reaction to culture 111-SS2 (CRL-LCBB) of stem rust, and a few selected segregants were analyzed cytologically for chromosome number. The F2 from 2 crosses of WDR-C2, -E4 and -F1 and the BC1F1 from 2 crosses of WDR-F1 were tested also with culture Or11c (CRL-QBCN). Significant deviations from disomic ratios towards monosomic ratios in the F2 and BC1F1 were used to determine which chromosomes carried the genes for resistance. Cytological analyses of certain BC1F1 and susceptible F2 plants were used to help identify the location of the genes for rust resistance. WDR-B1 has a gene, herein designated Sr41, for resistance on chromosome 4D. WDR-C2 has a gene on chromosome 7 A that may be the same as one previously designated SrWld2. WDR-E4 has a gene on chromosome 2A, possibly SrWld1, which is effective against most or all North American stem rust cultures. WDR-F1 has a gene on chromosome 6B that is the same as or similar to Sr11.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222937
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Wheat lines monogenic for resistance to stem rust from the wheat cultivar ‘Waldron’ (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1164-1168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia graminis ; Allelism ; Inheritance ; Segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Triticum aestivum L. cultivar ‘Waldron’ has long lasting resistance to most North American stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. and E. Henn.) isolates. The objective of this research was to develop wheat lines monogenic for resistance to stem rust from ‘Waldron’ using allelism tests and tests for reaction to a series of ten stem rust cultures having a range of virulences. Twelve lines homozygous for single resistance genes were selected as parents of a diallel cross to test for allelism among genes for resistance. We identified 6 lines or groups of lines (WDR-A1, the WDR-B1 and WDR-B2 group, the WDR-C1 and WDR-C2 group, WDR-D1, the WDR-E1, WDR-E2, WDR-E3, and WDR-E4 group, and WDR-F1) that carried different single genes for resistance from ‘Waldron’. A seventh line (WDR-G1) probably has two genes for resistance, one in common with WDR-C1 and WDR-C2. The gene in the WDR-E group is probably the same as SrWld1, and the one in WDR-F1 the same as Sri11. ‘Waldron’ probably has two or more genes for resistance to stem rust that previous genetic studies did not detect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222938
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  • 15
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    Cytologically based physical maps of the group 3 chromosomes of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 780-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Physical mapping ; RFLP ; Cereals ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cytologically based physical maps for the group 3 chromosomes of wheat were constructed by mapping 25 Triticum aestivum deletion lines with 29 T. tauschii and T. aestivum RFLP probes. The deletion lines divide chromosomes 3A, 3B, and 3D into 31 discrete intervals, of which 18 were tagged by marker loci. The comparison of the consensus physical map with a consensus RFLP linkage map of the group 3 chromosomes of wheat revealed a fairly even distribution of marker loci on the long arm, and higher recombination in the distal region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220959
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  • 16
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    Standard karyotype of Triticum umbellulatum and the characterization of derived chromosome addition and translocation lines in common wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 150-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: C-banding ; Genomic in situ hybridization ; Triticum aestivum ; T. umbellulatum ; Chromosome addition and translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A standard karyotype and a generalized idiogram of Triticum umbellulatum (syn. Aegilops umbellulata, 2n = 2x = 14) was established based on C-banding analysis of ten accessions of different geographic origin and individual T. umbellulatum chromosomes in T. aestivum — T. umbellulatum chromosome addition lines. Monosomic (MA) and disomic (DA) T. aestivum — T. umbellulatum chromosome addition lines (DA1U = B, DA2U = D, MA4U = F, DA5U = C, DA6U = A, DA7U = E = G) and telosomic addition lines (DA1US, DA1UL, DA2US, DA2UL, DA4UL, MA5US, (+ iso 5US), DA5UL, DA7US, DA7UL) were analyzed. Line H was established as a disomic addition line for the translocated wheat — T. umbellulatum chromosome T2DS·4US. Radiation-induced wheat — T. umbellulatum translocation lines resistant to leaf rust (Lr9) were identified as T40 = T6BL·6BS-6UL, T41 = T4BL·4BS-6UL, T44 = T2DS·2DL-6UL, T47 = ‘Transfer’ = T6BS·6BL-6UL and T52 = T7BL·7BS-6UL. Breakpoints and sizes of the transferred T. umbellulatum segments in these translocations were determined by in situ hybridization analysis using total genomic T. umbellulatum DNA as a probe
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221010
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  • 17
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    Biochemical and molecular diagnostics of Thinopyrum bessarabicum chromosomes in Triticum aestivum germ plasm (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 952-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Thinopyrum bessarabicum ; Protein/isozyme markers ; In situ hybridization ; Alien disomic additions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n=2x=14, JJ) is a self-fertile salt-tolerant grass species, and its hybridization with Triticum aestivum to achieve the transfer of this attributes has been promoted. For the detection of alien introgression, development of diagnostic markers of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in the wheat background has emerged as an important aspect in our intergeneric hybridization program. Six proteins/isozymes-high-molecular-weight glutenins, superoxide dismutase, grain esterase, β-amylase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and α-amylase —were identified as positive markers for detecting the presence of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in the advanced backcross derivatives of T. aestivum/Th. bessarabicum//n* T. aestivum. Fluorescent in situ hybridization further enabled the detection of complete and translocated arms of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in the T. aestivum background. These diagnostic markers served for tentatively characterizing a distinct set of Th. bessarabicum disomic additions to wheat (2n=44) and have facilitated establishing the homoeology of these added chromosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Localization and coexistence of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in vertebrate adrenal chromaffin cells immunoreactive to TH, DBH and PNMT (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 267-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Adrenal organ ; Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Neuropeptide Y ; Catecholamine synthesizing enzymes ; Coexistence ; Rat ; Guinea pig ; Coturnix c. japonica (Aves ; Phasianiformes) ; Lacerta viridis (Lacertilia) ; Bufo marinus ; Caldula pulchra (Anura) ; Cyprinus carpio ; Cottus scorpius (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Antisera specific for mammalian atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were applied to examine, in immunofluorescence, the occurrence of cells immunoreactive to ANP and NPY in the adrenal organs of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and bony fish. Catecholamine-containing cells were identified using antisera against tyrosine-hydroxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase. In all vertebrates studied, immu- noreactivities to ANP and NPY occurred in adrenal chromaffin cells but were absent from the cortex or its homolog, the interrenal. The majority of immunoreactivities to ANP and NPY was confined to the adrenaline cells. In mammals, the number of ANP-immuno-reactive cells (60%–80% of the total cell population) exceeded that of the NPY-immunoreactive cells (35%–45%). In birds, reptiles, and Amphibia, the numbers of ANP-immunoreactive (35%–40%) and NPY-immunoreactive (30%–35%) cells were in a similar range. The bony fish showed a density of both ANP-immunoreactive (80%–90%) and NPY-immunoreactive (35%–40%) cells. In all species studied, immunoreactivities to ANP and NPY partially coexisted. Generally, 30%–55% of the ANP-immunoreactive cells also contained NPY-immunoreactivity. In rat, coexistence amounted to almost 100% and in quail to 95%. Except for the rat, three subpopulations of chromaffin cells seemed to occur: ANP-immunoreactive non-NPY-immunoreactive, ANP-immunoreactive+NPY-immunoreactive, and NPY-immunoreactive non-ANP-immunoreactive cells. Thus, adrenal ANP and NPY share a conservative history and coexist as early as at the level of bony fish. The endocrine actions of ANP and NPY derived from medullary cells on cortical cells as found in mammals might be based on an ancestoral paracrine system. In submammalians, ANP and NPY may not only act as endocrine hormones, but also influence steroid-producing interrenal cells in a paracrine manner, and act as modulators on chromaffin cells.
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  • 19
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    Pro-enkephalin opioid peptides are abundant in porcine and bovine splenic nerves, but absent from nerves of rat, mouse, hamster, and guinea-pig spleen (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Enkephalin ; Opioid peptides ; Spleen ; Innervation ; Neuro-immunology ; Species differences ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cow ; Pig ; Guinea-pig ; Mouse ; Rat ; Dsungarian hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The opioidergic innervation of the mammalian spleen and possible species differences were investigated. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed that splenic nerves of bovine and porcine spleen, but not of rat, mouse, hamster and guinea-pig spleen contained proenkephalin-derived opioidergic innervation. Immunoreactivity to both prodynorphin and pro-opiomelanocortin was absent from splenic nerves. In bovine and porcine spleen, fibers immunoreactive for met-enkephalin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, leu-enkephalin and peptide F formed perivascular plexus, traveled in trabecular connective tissue, and extended into the capsule. Spatial relationships with immune cells were apparent in the white and red pulp, excluding lymphoid follicles. Colocalization of enkephalin immunoreactivity with immunoreactivities for tyrosin hydroxylase, dopamin-β-hydroxylase, and neuropeptide Y, but not for substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide were found. Our results provide evidence that opioid expression in splenic innervation is strongly species-dependent and exclusively proenkephalin-derived. Colocalization with marker enzymes of noradrenergic neurons indicates a mainly postganglionic sympathetic origin of proenkephalinergic splenic innervation. Opioidergic perivascular nerves probably control the splenic blood flow. A close interrelationship of opioidergic fibers with immune cells provides the anatomical basis for direct effects of neurally released opioids on splenic immune functions.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization and coexistence of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in vertebrate adrenal chromaffin cells immunoreactive to TH, DBH and PNMT (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 267-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal organ ; Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Neuropeptide Y ; Catecholamine synthesizing enzymes ; Coexistence ; Rat ; Guinea pig ; Coturnix c. japonica (Aves, Phasianiformes) ; Lacerta viridis (Lacertilia) ; Bufo marinus, Caldula pulchra (Anura) ; Cyprinus carpio, Cottus scorpius (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antisera specific for mammalian atrial natriuretic peptied (ANP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were applied to examine, in immunofluorescence, the occurrence of cells immunoreactive to ANP and NPY in the adrenal organs of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and bony fish. Catecholamine-containing cells were identified using antisera against tyrosine-hydroxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase. In all vertebrates studied, immunoreactivities to ANP and NPY occurred in adrenal chromaffin cells but were absent from the cortex or its homolog, the interrenal. The majority of immunoreactivities to ANP and NPY was confined to the adrenaline cells. In mammals, the number of ANP-immuno-reactive cells (60%–80% of the total cell population) exceeded that of the NPY-immunoreactive cells (35%–45%). In birds, reptiles, and Amphibia, the numbers of ANP-immunoreactive (35%–40%) and NPY-immunoreactive (30%–35%) cells were in a similar range. The bony fish showed a density of both ANP-immunoreactive (80%–90%) and NPY-immunoreactive (35%–40%) cells. In all species studied, immunoreactivities to ANP and NPY partially coexisted. Generally, 30%–55% of the ANP-immunoreactive cells also contained NPY-immunoreactivity. In rat, coexistence amounted to almost 100% and in quail to 95%. Except for the rat, three subpopulations of chromaffin cells seemed to occur: ANP-immunoreactive non-NPY-immunoreactive, ANP-immunoreactive+NPY-immunoreactive and NPY-immunoreactive non-ANP-immunoreactive cells. Thus, adrenal ANP and NPY share a conservative history and coexist as early as at the level of bony fish. The endocrine actions of ANP and NPY derived from medullary cells on cortical cells as found in mammals might be based on an ancestoral paracrine system. In submammalians, ANP and NPY may not only act as endocrine hormones, but also influence steroid-producing interrenal cells in a paracrine manner, and act as modulators on chromaffin cells.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Pro-enkephalin opioid peptides are abundant in porcine and bovine splenic nerves, but absent from nerves of rat, mouse, hamster, and guinea-pig spleen (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalin ; Opioid peptides ; Spleen ; Innervation ; Neuro-immunology ; Species differences ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cow ; Pig ; Guinea-pig ; Mouse ; Rat ; Dsungarian hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The opioidergic innervation of the mammalian spleen and possible species differences were investigated. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed that splenic nerves of bovine and porcine spleen, but not of rat, mouse, hamster and guinea-pig spleen contained proenkephalin-derived opioidergic innervation. Immunoreactivity to both prodynorphin and pro-opiomelanocortin was absent from splenic nerves. In bovine and porcine spleen, fibers immunoreactive for met-enkephalin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, leu-enkephalin and peptide F formed perivascular plexus, traveled in trabecular connective tissue, and extended into the capsule. Spatial relationships with immune cells were apparent in the white and red pulp, excluding lymphoid follicles. Colocalization of enkephalin immunoreactivity with immunoreactivities for tyrosin hydroxylase, dopamin-β-hydroxylase, and neuropeptide Y, but not for substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide were found. Our results provide evidence that opioid expression in splenic innervation is strongly species-dependent and exclusively proenkephalin-derived. Colocalization with marker enzymes of noradrenergic neurons indicates a mainly postganglionic sympathetic origin of proenkephalinergic splenic innervation. Opioidergic perivascular nerves probably control the splenic blood flow. A close interrelationship of opioidergic fibers with immune cells provides the anatomical basis for direct effects of neurally released opioids on splenic immune functions.
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  • 22
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    Occurrence of fungal endophytes in cultivars ofTriticum aestivum in South Africa (1995)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 36 (1995), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: fungal endophytes ; South Africa ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fungal endophytes were isolated from leaves, roots and stems of four wheat cultivars and a breeding line at three different sampling dates during the 1993 growing season. Of the 55 different fungal taxa encountered, 19 were present at relative importance values of more than 5%. No cultivar-related differences in the assembleges of endophytes were observed.Phoma glomerata was not restricted to only one tissue type, whereasAlternaria alternata, basidiomycete sp. 1,Pleospora herbarum andEpicoccum nigrum occurred primarily in the leaves, andFusarium avenaceum was extremely frequent in roots. In general, colonization by endophytes increased with the age of the plants. Most endophytes were isolated from wheat leaves. Successional colonization of a given tissue type was quantitative rather than qualitative, with a given fungal taxon increasing or decreasing over the period sampled, rather than replacing the fungi initially encountered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268579
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  • 23
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    Studies on the origin, spread, and evolution of an important group ofPuccinia recondita f. sp.tritici pathotypes in Australasia (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 613-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: epidemiology ; isozyme ; Triticum aestivum ; virulence ; wheat brown rust ; wheat leaf rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat brown rust pathotype (pt) 104-2,3,(6),(7), 11 was first detected in Australasia in Victoria during 1984. Although it appeared similar to a pre-existing pathotype, 104-2,3,6,(7), detailed greenhouse test revealed nine pathogenic differences between the two rusts. Six differences involved contrasting virulence/avirulence for the resistance genes/specificitiesLr12, Lr27+Lr31 andLr16, and three uncharacterised genes, present in the wheat cultivars Gaza and Harrier, and in triticale cultivar Lasko. Differences in partial virulence between the pathotypes were found for the genesLr2a, Lr13 andLr26. A comparison of the phenotypes for 13 isozyme systems in the two pathotypes revealed two differences, including aPgm2 allele in pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 not found in other contemporary AustralasianPuccinia recondita f. sp.tritici pathotypes. On the basis of these differences, it was concluded that pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 was introduced into the Australasian region before or during 1984. Seven variants of pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11, that differed by single virulences, were detected during 1984–1992. Pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 and a derivative pathotype with virulence forLr20 underwent rapid increases in frequency, largely displacing pathotypes which predominated before 1984. Although first detected in eastern Australia, both pathotypes spread to New Zealand, and the derivative pathotype appeared in Western Australia. The rapid spread and increase of these pathotypes could not be explained by host selection. Pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 and derivatives may therefore be more aggressive than other contemporary Australasian pathotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874865
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  • 24
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    Growth, hormonal status and protein turnover in rats fed on a diet containing peas (Pisum sativum L.) as the source of protein (1995)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 47 (1995), S. 211-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Hormonal status ; Legume diet ; Pisum sativum L. ; Protein turnover ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The inclusion of peas (Pisum sativum L.) as the source of protein in the diet of growing rats brings about a reduction in growth rate as well as the impairment in the liver, muscle and spleen weights as compared with casein fed controls. Also, a fall in plasma glucose, triglycerides and protein was observed in the legume fed animals, while no changes in cholesterol levels were found. Furthermore, the rats fed on the diet containing peas showed lower levels of plasma insulin, corticosterone, IGF-I and T4 as compared with casein controls. Liver and muscle total protein (mg) and total DNA (mg) were markedly decreased in the legume fed animals, but DNA/g, protein/DNA and RNA/protein ratios were similar in both dietary groups. Likewise, liver and muscle fractional synthesis rates were similar in the casein and legume groups, while the whole body protein synthesis is assumed to be lower in the legume fed animals due to differences in body weights. It is concluded that animals fed on a diet containing peas (Pisum sativum L.) as the only source of protein showed less adverse effects than those found with other legumes such asVicia faba L. orPhaseolus vulgaris L., in which protein quality, antinutritional factors and nutrient availability could be involved.
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  • 25
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    Changes in radiocaesium uptake and distribution in wheat during plant development: a solution culture study (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth stage ; plant uptake ; radiocaesium ; solution culture ; Triticum aestivum ; cv. Tonic ; spring wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat plants were grown in a 137Cs labelled nutrient solution, either in the presence or absence of NH4 as a secondary N source. Between 11 and 64 days after sowing (DAS), plants were harvested on nine occasions. The plants supplied with NH4 and NO3 had lower root 137Cs Activity Concentrations (AC) than those supplied with NO3 only. Shoot AC were equal in both nutrition treatments. Shoot and root 137Cs AC (dry weight basis) showed the same trends with plant age in both nutrition treatments. Shoot AC almost doubled between 11 and 28 DAS after which they gradually decreased concomitant with a similar decrease in K concentrations. Root AC were always higher than shoot AC and increased to a maximum at 35 DAS after which they fluctuated. Expressed on a tissue water basis, the 137Cs AC varied less during plant age than did dry weight based AC. Furthermore, root and shoot AC expressed on a tissue water basis were almost equal. It is shown that the initial increase in 137Cs AC in both root and shoot can largely be explained by the initial dilution of absorbed 137Cs in the unlabelled seedling tissues. No correlation was found between K and 137Cs distribution among ears, leaves, stems and roots in 64 old wheat plants. NH4 as a secondary N source in a nitrate nutrient solution marginally affected 137Cs distribution.
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    Isolated wheat microspore culture (1995)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 42 (1995), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: haploids ; microspore culture ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The use of doubled haploid plants in a wheat breeding program requires an efficient haploid production system. While the techniques for producing doubled haploids from anther culture are well established, those for isolated microspores are complicated and inefficient. Four methods of isolating microspores from anthers (blending, stirring, macerating, and floating) were compared. Isolated microspores were washed and cultured in liquid medium. The effects of pre-isolation mannitol conditioning, cell density, culture dilution, and sucrose centrifugation on microspore viability were evaluated. Isolation by blending gave the highest initial microspore viability (75%). Mannitol conditioning and purification by sucrose centrifugation had a detrimental effect on initial viability. An initial microspore density of 2 × 105 microspores per ml was necessary for continued microspore viability. One hundred and nine haploid or spontancously doubled haploid plants were regenerated from microspores isolated without mannitol conditioning using the blending method. Based on this research, blender isolation with an initial density of 2 × 105 microspores per ml is recommended for isolated microspore culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034239
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  • 27
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    An improved medium for in vitro grain development from detached wheat spikelets (1995)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 42 (1995), S. 227-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: spikelet culture ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat spikelets detached from the spike at anthesis were cultured on solidified media and successfully produced mature grains. These grains resembled normal grains and contained well-developed, embryos. Lower concentrations of glutamine favored dry weight increase in developing grains. Such grains were indistinguishable from grains from greenhouse-grown plants in germination on moist blotting sheets. The technique of individual spikelet culture can be used to study physiology and development of wheat grains and kernels and to study host-pathogen interactions in wheat floret diseases such as Karnal bunt.
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    Genes conferring low seedling reaction to Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici, and adult-plant responses of recent wheat cultivars from the former USSR (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita tritici ; leaf rust ; rust resistance ; partial resistance ; slow rusting ; durable resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-five spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, mostly released between 1975 and 1991 in eight leaf rust-prone spring wheat growing regions of the former USSR, were tested in the seedling growth stage for reaction to 15 Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. In total, seven known and at least two unknown genes were identified, either singly or in combinations: Lr3 (7 cultivars), Lr10 (14), Lr13 (5), Lr14a (1), Lr16 (1), Lr23 (3); the unknown genes were identified in 14 cultivars. The first unknown gene could be either Lr9, Lr19, or Lr25; however, the second unknown gene in 9 cultivars was different from any named gene. Twelve of the 15 pathotypes are virulent for this gene, hence its use in breeding for resistance will be limited. The cultivars were also evaluated at two field locations in Mexico with two pathotypes in separate experiments. The area under the disease progress curve and the final disease rating of the cultivars indicated genetic diversity for genes conferring adult plant resistance. based on the symptoms of the leaf tip necrosis in adult plants, resistance gene Lr34 could be present in at least 20 cultivars. More than half of the cultivars carry high to moderate levels of adult plant resistance and were distributed in each region.
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    Inheritance and allelism of resistances to the Russian wheat aphid in seven wheat lines (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: allelism ; aphid resistance ; Diuraphis noxia ; inheritance ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted to determine the inheritance and allelic relationships of genes controlling resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), in seven wheat germplasm lines previously identified as resistant to RWA. The seven resistant lines were crossed to a susceptible wheat cultivar Carson, and three resistant wheats, CORWA1, PI294994 and PI243781, lines carrying the resistance genes Dn4, Dn5 and Dn6, respectively. Seedlings of the parents, F1 and F2 were screened for RWA resistance in the greenhouse by artificial infestation. Seedling reactions were evaluated 21 to 28 days after the infestation using a 1 to 9 scale. All the F1 hybrids had equal or near equal levels of resistance to the resistant parent indicating dominant gene control. Only two distinctive classes were present and no intermediate types were observed in the F2 segregation suggesting major gene actions. The resistance in PI225262 was controlled by two dominant genes. Resistance in all other lines was controlled by a single dominant gene. KS92WGRC24 appeared to have the same resistance gene as PI243781 and STARS-9302W-sib had a common allele with PI294994. The other lines had genes different from the three known genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025621
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    Cytogenetical studies in wheat XVI. Chromosome location of a new gene for resistance to leaf rust in a Japanese wheat-rye translocation line (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 82 (1995), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; alien translocation lines ; monosomic analysis ; C-banding ; genomic in situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A leaf rust resistant wheat-rye translocation stock, ST-1, introduced from Japan, comprised distinct morphological types. One type possessed a T1BL·1RS chromosome with genes Lr26, Yr9 and Sr31. A second type carried a new gene, Lr45, located in a large segment of rye chromosome translocated to wheat chromosome 2A. Its structure was identified as T2AS-2RS·2RL. Despite the homoeology of the 2A and 2R chromosomes and the high level of compensation provided by the translocation, Lr45 was not normally inherited and is probably associated with agronomic deficiencies that will prevent its exploitation in agriculture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027060
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    Analysis of Chinese Spring regenerants obtained from short- and long-term wheat somatic embryogenesis (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 82 (1995), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: somaclonal variation ; somatic embryogenesis ; tissue culture ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Somatic embryogenesis was initiated from ‘immature embryos’ on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium plus 2 mg.l-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2% sucrose and 0.6% agarose. Somatic embryos were isolated and regenerated into whole green plants on MS medium devoid of 2,4-D. These regenerants were previously demonstrated to differ in their mitochondrial DNA organization. In order to estimate their characteristics three progenies of short-term culture regenerants and three progenies of long-term culture regenerants were analyzed and compared to the parental line. These somaclones obtained from the wheat variety Chinese Spring were evaluated for variation of 13 agronomic and morphological quantitative characters in comparison to the parental line. Significant variation was observed for plant height, spike length, main tiller diameter, between the somaclones regenerated from long-term culture and their parent. Differences were observed to increase with the duration of culture, leading to a significant modification of the structure of the plants. Several changes occurred during the somatic tissue cultures, but to a lesser extent than has previously been described in the literature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029569
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    Spontaneous wheat/rye translocations from female meiotic products of hybrids between octoploid triticale and wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat/rye translocation ; in situ hybridization ; triticale x wheat hybrids ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Heptaploid hybrids between octoploid triticale and wheat were backcrossed as female parents with wheat to examine the rye chromosome distribution in the resultant progenies using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). One hundred and one backcross (BC) seeds were examined and whole rye chromosome additions and substitutions, wheat/rye centric and noncentric translocations and rye telocentric chromosomes were detected. Dicentric wheat/rye translocated chromosomes were also observed. Comparisons were made with previous results on the rye chromosome distribution from male gametes of the same cross and differences were found, where in the female derived population a deficit of plants with more than two rye chromosomes was apparent relative to the anther derived population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025616
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    The effect ofGlu-B1 high molecular weight glutenin subunits on biscuit-making quality of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 83 (1995), S. 193-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: biscuit-making quality ; Glu-B1 HMW-GS ; soft wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to assess the effect of specificGlu-B1 HMW-GS on biscuit-making quality. Three soft spring wheat cultivars with the sameGlu-A1 andGlu-D1 HMW-GS, but differentGlu-B1 HMW-GS were used in crosses. F2∶4 derived lines were developed from these crosses.Glu-B1 HMW-GS 6+8 and 17+18; and 7+9 and 17+18 were compared. Lines with HMW-GS 6+8 versus those with HMW-GS 17+18 had a higher flour protein- and alveograph P/L ratio, shorter mixograph mixing time, more vitreous kernels, and a lower alveograph distensibility and strength (all values significant at p=0.05). Lines with HMW-GS 7+9 compared to those with 17+18 showed significant differences for flour extraction and biscuit diameter. The presence of HMW-GS 17+18 was significantly correlated with several biscuit-making quality characteristics in the Dirkwin/Zaragosa F2∶4 lines but not in the Waverley/Zaragosa F2∶4 lines, therefore the effect of HMW-GS 17+18 was modified by the genetic background in which they were expressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01678129
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    Assessing genotypic softness in single wheat kernels using starch granule-associated friabilin as a biochemical marker (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 86 (1995), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: friabilin ; grain quality ; wheat ; wheat grain hardness ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The end-use quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is determined in large part by the texture of the grain (soft or hard). Endosperm texture is currently determined by several empirical methods. These methods are limited because the use bulk grain lots, as opposed to individual kernels; assess phenotypic, as opposed to genotypic hardness; require a quantity of grain greater than that generally available in the early generations of wheat breeding programs, and are destructive. Recent approaches that use single kernels address the problems associated with bulk grain lots, but suffer the other limitations of providing only the phenotype and being destructive. An objective method for determining the texture genotype of single kernels of wheat was developed using starch granule-associated friabilin, a family of closely related 15 kDa proteins, as a biochemical marker. The occurrence of friabilin on water-washed wheat starch granules is apparently unaffected by the environment and is perfectly correlated (no exceptions) with grain softness. The technique presented here can detect friabilin on as little as 0.2 mg of starch and provides a 250-fold improvement in friabilin detection compared to previous methods. The method is capable of correctly assessing the genotype of F1 heterozygotes from hard x soft and soft x hard crosses. Further, the method uses only a portion of the endosperm from the kernel and therefore accommodates embryo propagation and high molecular weight glutenin subunit characterization. This single kernel method also facilitates the genetic characterization of mixed, bulk grain lots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035940
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    The crossability percentages of 96 bread wheat landraces and cultivars from Japan with rye (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1995), S. 301-306 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; crossability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crossability of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Japan with rye (Secale cereale L.) was investigated by controlled pollination. No normal seeds were produced, but numbers of shrivelled and small seeds with embryos were used to estimate crossability amongst the 96 accessions, viz: 0–10% (29), 10–30% (23), 30–50% (11), 50–90% (33). The investigation for the pedigrees of varieties with more than 50% crossability percentages showed that the kr alleles of some accessions derived from common ancestors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037112
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    Leaf development and phenology of Triticum aestivum and T. durum under different moisture regimes (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 170 (1995), S. 377-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anthesis ; flag leaf area ; number of leaves ; phyllochron ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum turgidum var. durum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat grain yield production in the rain-fed areas is limited by water deficits during crop growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted during spring 1992 at ICARDA, Tel Hadya, Syria, with eight genotypes representing two Triticum species (Triticum turgidum var. durum and Triticum aestivum L.) under four soil-moisture regimes (95%, 75%, 55%, and 35% field capacity) to study the effect of water deficit on leaf development. The phyllochron was similar in the two species across the watering regimes. The range in variation in phyllochron among the genotypes was similar in the two species. Phyllochron response to water stress among genotypes was distinct in the driest regime in both species. Cham 6 (T. aestivum) and Gallareta (T. turgidum var. durum) had similar phyllochron across all moisture regimes whereas in other genotypes phyllochron was higher in the dries regime. Leaf area decreased with increasing moisture stress. Triticum turgidum var. durum genotypes were later in flowering as they had, on average, one leaf more than Triticum aestivum genotypes with similar leaf appearance rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010492
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    Comparison of plant uptake and plant toxicity of various ions in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 172 (1995), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; boron ; copper ; gallium ; iron ; lanthanum ; manganese ; nutrient concentrations ; scandium ; Triticum aestivum ; toxicity ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of varying solution concentrations of manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga) and lanthanum (La) on plant chemical concentrations, plant uptake and plant toxicity were determined in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a low ionic strength (2.7×10−3 M solution culture). Increasing the solution concentration of Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Fe, Ga and La increased plant concentrations of that ion. Asymptotic maximum plant concentrations were reached for Zn (10 mg kg DM−1 in the roots), Ga (2 mg kg DM−1 in the tops and 18 mg kg DM−1 in the roots) and La (0.4 mg kg DM−1 in the tops and 4 mg kg DM−1 in the roots). Plant ion concentrations were, on average, 3 times higher in the roots than the tops for Mn and Zn, 7 times for Cu, 9 times for Fe, 12 times for Ga and 15 times for La. In contrast, B concentrations were higher in the tops than the roots by, on average, 2 times. The estimated toxicity threshold (plant concentration at which a rapid decrease in yield occurred) in the tops was 0.4 mg g DM−1 for B, 2 for Zn, 0.075 for Cu and 0.09 for La and in the roots 0.2 mg g DM−1 for B, 5 for Zn, 0.3 for Cu and 3 for La. Plant uptake rates of the ions (as estimated by the slope of the relationship between solution ion concentrations and plant ion concentrations) was in the order B〈Fe〈Mn〈La〈Zn〈Ga〈Cu for the tops and B〈Mn〈Fe〈Zn〈La〈Cu〈Ga for the roots. In the roots, the uptake rates of La, Cu and Ga was exceptionally high (〉 250 mg kg DM−1 μM −1). Plant toxicity was estimated as the reciprocal of the plant concentration that reduced yield by 50% (change in relative yield per mg ion kg DM−1). The plant toxicity of the ions tested was in the order Mn〈Zn〈B〈Fe=Ga〈La〈Cu in the tops and Mn〈Ga〈Zn〈Fe=La〈Cu〈B in the roots. Copper was unusual in that plant uptake and plant toxicity was high for a plant trace nutrient.
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    Dual inoculation with Aspergillus fumigatus and Glomus mosseae enhances biomass production and nutrient uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) supplied with organic phosphorus as Na-phytate (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 97-102 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus ; Glomus mosseae ; organic phosphorus utilisation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a pot experiment, wheat was grown for 50 days in two heat-sterilized low-phosphorus (P) soils supplied with organic P as Na-phytate. Seed inoculation with the phosphatase-producing fungus (PPF) Aspergillus fumigatus or soil inoculation with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus mosseae increased shoot and root dry weight and root length, phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and shoot concentrations of P and to a lesser extent of K and Mg. As a rule, the greatest effects on those parameters were most in the combined inoculation treatment (PPF + VAM). Shoot concentrations of Cu and Zn were only enhanced by VAM, not by PPF. At harvest, depletion of organic P in the rhizosphere soil increased in the order of: sterilized soil 〈 PPF 〈 VAM 〈 PPF + VAM which corresponded with the enhanced P concentrations in the plants. The results demonstrate that organic P in form of Na-Phytate is efficiently used by VAM and that use of organic P can be increased by simultaneous inoculation with phosphatase-producing fungi.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155522
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    Fate and effects on yield components of extra applications of nitrogen on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in solution culture (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 179-188 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grain protein concentration ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown with daily additions of nitrate-N. The relative addition rate of nitrate-N was decreased stepwise, and after 125 days of growth, 58 mg N plant-1 had been introduced. The fate and effect of an extra addition of nitrate (20 mg N plant-1) at six different times during the ontogeny (37, 54, 66, 79, 94 and 108 days from sowing) on grain yield and grain protein concentration was investigated. The plants absorbed all or most of the extra nitrate at all stages of development evaluated. Dry matter production of both aerial vegetative parts and grains, but not roots, generally increased as a result of the extra nitrate addition. The increase in grain dry matter was mainly an effect of an increased number of grains per plant. Extra nitrate applications had large effects on grain nitrogen content at all stages, but the effect on main shoot and tiller ears varied depending on the time of application. Early applications, i.e. before anthesis, mainly led to increased yield with unchanged protein concentration whereas late applications also led to increased grain protein concentration. The largest effect on grain nitrogen concentration (25–30% increase) was obtained when the extra nitrate was applied late after sowing, i.e. less than four weeks before final harvest. As the extra dose of nitrate was labelled with 15N, it was possible to follow the movement of the extra nitrogen addition within the plant. Samples were taken at one and five days after 15N-addition and at final harvest. There were differences in the movement of 15N depending on when it was introduced. Generally, net movement of the 15N-labelled N into the grain increased with age at application until 94 days after sowing when a maximum of 90% of the added 15N ended up in the grain.
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    Transfer of the ability to flower in winter wheat via callus tissue regenerated from immature inflorescences (1995)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 41 (1995), S. 285-288 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: callus ; generative development ; immature inflorescences ; regeneration ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using two wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L., winter ‘Grana’ and spring ‘Jara’) the ability of callus from immature inflorescences to differentiate into new plants was studied. In the case of the winter wheat the requirement for vernalization of the newly developed plants to attain the ability for heading was investigated. Callus was developed from 1–2 mm fragments of immature inflorescences, 5–10 mm in length, on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 1 mg l-1 2,4-d, 3% sucrose and 0.6% agar, at 25° C and in continuous light of about 6.4 W m-2 PAR energy. After 6 weeks of culture green centres of differentiation were observed. During the following 4 weeks culture on MS medium free of 2,4-d, leaf-like structures as well as a small number of roots were obtained. The regenerants were rooted on a half-strength MS medium, then transferred to pots of soil and placed in a glasshouse with 16 h photoperiod at a temperature day/night 23/17° C. After about 6 weeks of culture in the glasshouse, almost all regenerants (98%) headed and were fertile, producing normal seeds, including the winter variety. The heading of winter plants under conditions excluding vernalization indicates that the callus tissue derived from a generative organ transmits the state of generative induction onto the developing new plants.
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    Effect of infra-red low-power laser irradiation on regeneration of myelinated axons (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 273-277 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Ga-As laser ; Myelinated fibre regression ; Rat ; Sciatic nerve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the regeneration of myelinated axons under the effect of laser irradiation at various wavelengths and energy densities. Laser irradiation at 890 nm with an energy dose of 0.33 J cm−2 as well as He-Ne laser irradiation failed to change the number of regenerating myelinated axons in distal nerve stumps on the 30th day after cutting the nerve. An increase of dose delivered to the skin to 9.33 J cm−2 resulted in a 49% decrease in the number of myelinated axons. A 24% suppression of nerve regeneration was also registered using 1220 nm wavelength laser (dose 0.98 J cm−2). This phenomenon is likely to be attributed to the stimulating effect of laser irradiation of the near-infra-red range on proliferation of fibroblasts and scar formation. 1220 nm of 7.2 J cm−2 dose effected neither the growth nor the myelinization of axons in distal nerve stumps on the 20th day following nerve damage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133620
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    Genetic control of acquired high temperature tolerance in winter wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 83 (1995), S. 153-157 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: acquired high temperature tolerance ; diallel analysis ; inheritance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The development of high temperature-tolerant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm is necessary to improve plant productivity under high-temperature stress environments. The quantification of high temperature tolerance and the characterization of its genetic control are necessary for germplasm enhancement efforts. This study was conducted to determine the genetic control of acquired high temperature tolerance in common bread wheat cultivars. Reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) by heat-stressed seedling leaves was used as a quantitative measure to characterize acquired high temperature tolerance. Eleven-day-old seedlings of 20 F1 progeny produced through a complete 5×5 (‘Payne’, ‘Siouxland’, ‘Sturdy’, ‘TAM W-101’, and ‘TAM 108’) diallel mating design were acclimated at 37° C for 24 hours, followed by a 2-hour incubation at 50° C. Under these test conditions, acquired high temperature tolerance ranged from a high of 75.7% for the genotype TAM W-101 × TAM 108, to a low of 37.3% for the genotype Payne × Siouxland. Partitioning of genotypic variance revealed that only the general combining ability component effect was statistically highly significant, accounting for 67% of the total genotypic variation. These results suggest that enhancing the level of high temperature tolerance in wheat germplasm is feasible utilizing existing levels of genetic variability and exploiting additive genetic effects associated with high temperature tolerance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01678043
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    Non-homoeologous wheat-rye chromosomal translocations conferring resistance to greenbug (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 84 (1995), S. 121-125 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat-rye chromosomal translocations ; C-banding ; in situ hybridization ; greenbug resistance ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale ; Schizaphis graminum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary C-banding andin situ hybridization were used to determine the chromosomal constitution of the greenbug-resistant germplasm GRS 1204. The results showed that this line had the radiation-induced non-homoeologous wheat-rye translocation chromosomes T2AS-1RS·1RL and T2AL·2AS-1RS. C-banding analysis further revealed the presence of a wheat-Agropyron elongatum translocation chromosome T1BL·1BS-3Ae#1L in line GRS 1204, that was derived from ‘Teewon’. The greenbug resistance of line GRS 1204 is similar to that of line GRS 1201 that was earlier shown to have the greenbug resistance geneGb6 located on the 1RS arm of the wheat-rye translocation chromosome T1AL·1RS. BecauseGb6 in line GRS 1204 is present on one of the non-homoeologous translocation chromosomes, agronomically line GRS 1201 should be the better adapted source ofGb6 resistance and be used in cultivar improvement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01677949
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    Identification and breeding behaviour of a major deletion of chromosome 5D ofTriticum aestivum (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 84 (1995), S. 189-195 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread-wheat ; chromosome deletion ; restriction fragment length polymorphism ; RFLP ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was undertaken to evaluate the breeding behaviour and to identify a spontaneously produced putative chromosomal deletion in the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) cv Norstar. Male and female transmission studies of plants heterozygous for the deletion chromosome indicated 9.5% and 48.8% transmission through the pollen and the egg, respectively. Meiotic analyses of progeny from deletion heterozygotes indicated that the deletion chromosome was eliminated from half of the plants, which agreed with the male and female transmission frequencies. Testcrosses of the deletion chromosome with telocentrics and nullisomic-tetrasomic combinations suggested that the deletion involved the long arm of chromosome 5D. This was confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Also, monosomic plants obtained in progeny of deletion heterozygotes were shown to be monosomic for 5D. Studies of plants homozygous for the deletion showed relatively normal pairing between the deletion chromosomes, and with the short arm (5DS), but not the long arm (5DL). Deletion homozygotes were self-sterile, and morphologically similar to plants nullisomic for 5D, but plants that also contained 5DL, or a homoeologous chromosome were self-fertile and had normal morphology. Studies of chromosome morphology indicated that the deletion chromosome was metacentric, and the length of the long arm was reduced by approximately 60%. RFLP studies showed that, in terms of genetic distance, 90% of the arm was missing.
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    Stem and head reaction of winter wheat cultivars to artificial inoculation by Microdochium nivale under controlled environment and field conditions (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1995), S. 359-366 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Microdochium nivale ; resistance ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experiments to assess variation in the resistance of winter wheat to infection by Microdochium nivale were conducted over two consecutive years. Resistance was evaluated using an agar disk technique to reproduce stem lesions and by spraying a conidial suspension to reproduce head blight symptoms. Significant variation for stem reaction measured as stem lesion area (SLA), and head reaction measured as disease severity (DS) was found in the 33 winter wheat genotypes tested. Data obtained over two years in controlled environment conditions were significantly correlated (r=0.713 for SLA and r=0.738 for DS), whereas field data showed a significant genotype x year interaction for disease severity. Quantitative variation for susceptibility to stem and head infection by M. nivale was found among the 33 genotypes tested. The majority of genotypes expressed moderate susceptibility, with cultivar Goupil being very susceptible to both stem and head infection, and the remainder, Renan, Arminda, Munstertaler and Saint-Johann were the most resistant. Resistance to stem and head to M. nivale were not correlated (r=0.358).
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    Genetic analysis of resistance to Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica, Mitra) in bread wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Tilletia indica ; Karnal bunt ; resistance ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Karnal bunt caused by Tilletia indica in wheat seriously affects the quality of the grains. It is important to generate information on the genetics of resistance to this pathogen so as to aid resistance breeding. For this purpose, four Karnal bunt-resistant lines from China, Brazil and CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) and a susceptible Indian cultivar, WL711, were used. The parents, F1 and F3 progenies of five parental diallel crosses revealed that independently segregating loci with three partial dominant resistance alleles were involved in the resistance of Karnal bunt. Lines RC7201/2*BR2 and Roek//Maya/NAC carried one locus for resistance while Shanghai#7 and Aldan/IAS58 have two and three loci, respectively. One common locus was present in all four resistant parents, which imparted a high level of resistance.
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    The inheritance of stem rust and leaf rust resistance in some Ethiopian wheat collections (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 291-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf rust resistance ; Puccinia graminis tritici ; Puccinia recondita ; stem rust resistance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Common and durum wheat populations obtained from Sweden and originally collected in Ethiopia were screened for resistance to steum rust and leaf rust. Resistant selections of common wheat were crossed and backcrossed with either stem rust susceptible RL6071, or leaf rust susceptible Thatcher. Genetic studies, based largely on tests of backcross F2 families, showed that four of the selections had in common a recessive gene SrA. Plants with this gene were resistant (1+ infection type) to all stem rust races tested. This gene was neither Sr26 nor Sr29. The resistance of other selections, based on tests with an array of rust isolates, was due to various combinations of Sr6, 8a, 9a, 9d, 9c, 11, 13, 30, and 36. One of the selections had linked genes, Lr19/Sr25. Another selection had a dominant gene for resistance (;1 infection type) to all the races of leaf rust. With the possible exception of this gene for leaf rust resistance and SrA, no obviously new resistance was found.
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    The effect of colchicine treatment on microspore division and microspore-derived embryo differentiation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) anther culture (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 83 (1995), S. 209-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: anther culture ; colchicine ; microspore division ; microspore-derived embryos ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationship between division symmetry andin vitro microspore embryo genesis was studied using two winter wheat varieties of high embryogenic capacity. Anther cultures were treated with colchicine added to the induction media at concentrations of 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.04%. As a result of the colchicine treatment, the rate of symmetrical divisions increased significantly which was followed by a significant increase in the microspore-derived embryo frequency. The effect of colchicine was not dependent on the concentrations used. On the basis of this it can be supposed that there is a clear relationship between symmetric divisions and microspore-derived embryo differentiation.
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    Intrinsic earliness and basic development rate assessed for their response to temperature in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 83 (1995), S. 175-183 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: basic development rate ; earliness ; intrinsic earliness ; flowering ; phenology ; temperature ; thermal time ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The related concepts of basic vegetative period, intrinsic earliness and basic development rate in wheat are examined. These concepts have the common assumption that, if plants are vernalised fully and then grown at long daylength in order to remove any responses to vernalisation and photoperiod, the calendar or thermal time then taken to anthesis will be a characteristic of a genotype that will be heritable. Thus, regardless of temperature, early genotypes will always be earlier than late genotypes (providing there are no vernalisation and photoperiod responses). Using four genotypes, exposed to 50 days of vernalisation, and then grown at 18 h photoperiod under six temperature regimes ranging between 10 and 25°C, it is shown that; (1) no genotype had an absolute basic period as, depending on temperature, durations to anthesis for any one genotype varied by more than 50 days; (2) no genotype had an absolute value for intrinsic earliness (to anthesis), ranging for any genotype by more than 300°Cd depending on temperature; (3) basic development rate was not a single value for a genotype but varied with stage of development; (4) some genotypes changed their ranking for earliness depending on the temperature regime; and (5) genotypes were differentially sensitive to temperature for the subphases prior to anthesis. We conclude that the earliness descriptors should not be considered as static genotypic characteristics but as the result of the interaction between the genotype and temperature. Thus, the apparent earliness trait is likely to be related to temperature sensitivity.
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    Effectiveness of SC2053 as a chemical hybridizing agent for winter wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 16 (1995), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: application stage ; gametocide ; hybrid wheat ; male sterility ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The use of chemical hybridizing agents (CHA) allows production of hybrid wheat seeds. We evaluated the effectiveness of a new CHA (SC2053) to induce male sterility on winter wheat in controlled growth conditions. CHA effectiveness was measured with the application of 4 doses (0–400–700–1000 g.ha−1) at 7 stages. These stages were defined by the length of the main stem spike (1–4–7–11–15–20–40 mm). At heading, individual ears were isolated with a greaseproof paper bag. The seeds formed were counted on treated and control ears. The spikes' sterility was calculated three weeks after flowering. The sterility of the main stem's spike reached 95% to 100% for application of 700 g.ha−1 and 1000 g.ha−1 for main stem spike length of 7 mm to 20 mm. The effects of ear tillering (5 tillers per plant) on CHA effectiveness were also investigated. We observed a significant delay of ear development between the main stem and tillers so that complete sterilities were not reached for each dose. Since tillering in field conditions rarely exceeds 3 ears per plant, CHA effectiveness was studied on plants bearing 3 ears. The mean sterility of the first 3 ears was close to 100% for applications with 700 g.ha−1 and 1000 g.ha−1 at stages from 11 mm to 20 mm of main stem spike length.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024780
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  • 51
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    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flag leaf to grain yield in response to plant growth regulators (1995)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 16 (1995), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: chlormequat chloride ; flag leaf ; grain filling ; imazaquin ; photosynthesis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In West-Europe, intensive cereal management uses plant growth regulators (PGRs) especially for wheat. A green-house experiment compared the effects of two PGRs on flag leaf characteristics and yield of winter wheat. Chlormequat chloride + choline chloride (CCC) and chlormequat chloride + choline chloride + imazaquin (CCC+I) were applied to winter wheat at growth stage 5 (Feekes Large scale). CCC and CCC+I significantly increased flag leaf surface area at anthesis. Both treatments also enhanced chlorophyll content of the main stem flag leaf. The grain filling period was extended with PGR application by 2 days. CCC and CCC+I significantly increased net CO2 assimilation rates during the flag leaf life. No effects of PGR spraying were observed on the pattern of 14C labelled assimilate distribution. Increased grain yield was due to the increase in average grain weight. The results indicate that PGR treatments increased flag leaf contribution to grain filling. The addition of imazaquin (I) to chlormequat (CCC) improved the effects of CCC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024789
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Tissue Distribution and Elimination of Amphotericin B Colloidal Dispersion (Amphocil®) and Fungizone® After Repeated Dosing in Rats (1995)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 12 (1995), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: Amphotericin B ; Amphocil® ; Fungizone® ; Colloidal Dispersion ; Tissue Distribution ; Pharmacokinetics ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetic profiles of amphotericin B (AmB) after administration of Amphocil®, an AmB/cholesteryl sulfate colloidal dispersion (ABCD) and the micellar AmB/deoxycholate (Fungizone®) were compared after repeated dosing in rats. After administration of ABCD and Fungizone at an equal AmB dose (1 mg/kg), AmB concentrations in plasma and most tissues were lower for the ABCD dose, especially in the kidneys where reduced drug concentration correlated with reduced nephrotoxicity. In contrast, AmB concentrations in the liver were substantially higher when ABCD was administered; however, without an accompanying increase in hepato-toxicity. Daily administration of ABCD for 14 days did not lead to AmB accumulation in plasma; while a slight accumulation was observed after multiple administration of Fungizone. AmB was eliminated more slowly from the plasma and various tissues and urinary and fecal recoveries of AmB were reduced after ABCD administration. These results suggest that ABCD may be stored in tissues in a form that is less toxic and is eliminated from the systemic circulation by a different mechanism than the free and protein-bound AmB in plasma. AmB accumulation in the spleen was observed when higher doses of ABCD (5 mg/kg) were administered, which could be due to saturation of hepatic uptake of AmB. Comparison of spleen concentrations of AmB between ABCD and Fungizone® at 5 mg/kg AmB doses was not possible because of Fungizone's toxicity in rats. In all other organs, AmB concentrations reached or approached a steady state within two weeks of dosing with ABCD. Urinary and fecal clearances of AmB were not different between ABCD and Fungizone administration. In summary, the distribution and elimination characteristics of AmB in rats were substantially altered when it was administered as ABCD in comparison to Fungizone. Nephrotoxicity of AmB in rats was reduced after administration of ABCD apparently because of the altered tissue distribution pattern. Thus, ABCD (Amphocil®) may be a clinically beneficial formulation of AmB in patients with systemic fungal infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016243313027
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Seed transmission ofPyrenophora tritici-repentis, causal fungus of tan spot of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 81-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Drechslera tritici-repentis ; seedborne pathogen ; seedborne disease ; soil temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed transmission ofPyrenophora tritici-repentis, a common foliar pathogen of wheat, was investigated in soft white winter wheat cv. Frankenmuth and found to be non-systemic; the emerging coleoptile was infected externally by hyphal growth from the infected pericarp. Hyphae from the infected coleoptile then infected the first and second seedling leaves as they emerged. Coleoptile symptoms ranged from tiny brown streaks or spots to large, brown necrotic areas accompanied by cracking and distortion of the coleoptile. Small brown spots sometimes occurred on the first and rarely on the second seedling leaves, often accompanied by leaf distortion. Pseudothecial initials of the fungus were present within or on the seed remnants. Seed transmission efficiency was as high as 92%in vitro and 60% in potting soil outdoors. Seed infection did not affect germinationin vitro, but slightly reduced emergence in potting soil. Seedling weight and height were reduced significantly. In potting soil, seed infection also resulted in delayed plant growth and increased tan spot severity at later stages of plant development. Under controlled conditions, seed transmission efficiency and incidence of pseudothecia on seed were negatively correlated with seed germination temperature in the range of 9 to 21 °C, whereas frequency of recovery of the fungus from symptomatic coleoptiles and leaves was positively correlated with seed germination temperature. These results suggest that infected seed may serve as a source of inoculum for tan spot epidemics and for dispersal of strains of the fungus to new areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876096
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