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  • Lepidoptera  (75)
  • phosphorus  (61)
  • Coleoptera  (44)
  • Springer  (178)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (178)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
  • 1993  (178)
Collection
Keywords
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (178)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mode of action ofBacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 145-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Diptera ; crystal proteins ; Cyt proteins ; pathogenesis ; cytotoxicity ; solubility ; receptor binding ; pore formation ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380641
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of artificial diets and two species of natural prey as laboratory food forChilocorus spp. (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Artificial diets ; Coccinellidae ; rearing ; biological control ; Chilocorus spp. ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Promising diets were screened and the most successful modified with additives used in artificial diets for other entomophagous insects. Two suitable diets were obtained, one for adults and one for larvae ofChilocorus nigritus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). They were still inferior to natural prey and not adequate as the sole food source for rearing consecutive generations. They are valuable as substitute food in the insectary during shortages of natural prey. Oleander scaleAspidiotus nerii Bouché andAsterolecanium miliaris (Boisduval) were evaluated as natural prey forC. nigritus and two other potential biocontrol agents in southern Africa,C. bipustulatus (Linnaeus) andC. infernalis Mulsant.A. nerii andA. miliaris were suitable for all life stages ofC. nigritus and adults ofC. bipustulatus andC. infernalis. A. miliaris was inadequate for larvae ofC. bipustulatus andC. infernalis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380669
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential selection of host plants by twoPieris species: the role of oviposition stimulants and deterrents (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 59-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition ; Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Cruciferae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; stimulant ; deterrent ; insect-plant interaction ; host range
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition responses ofPieris rapae L. andP. napi oleracea Harris to nine crucifers, one Capparidaceae and one Tropaeolaceae were directly compared under controlled conditions. Chemical fractions from these plants were also tested on both insects for the presence of oviposition stimulants or deterrents. The results showed that plant chemistry is a key factor in differential selection of potential hosts by thesePieris species. Some plant species were equally acceptable to bothPieris species. However,P. rapae preferred cabbage over most test plants whereasP. napi oleracea strongly preferred plant species that were avoided byP. rapae. The observed preferences were explained in most cases by the presence of stimulants and deterrents in extracts of the plants. The twoPieris species have apparently evolved differential sensitivities to the chemical stimuli that trigger or deter oviposition. The balance of positively and negatively interpreted sensory signals evoked by plant chemicals obviously plays an important role in acceptance or rejection of a plant by both species. The role of specific glucosinolates and differing structure-activity relationships is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380582
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating disruption for control of damage by codling moth in Virginia apple orchards (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cydia pomonella ; codling moth ; mating disruption ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; pheromones ; apple ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polyethylene dispensers (Shin Etsu) containing 172 ml of the sex pheromone, (E, E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (63%), dodecenol (31%) and tetradecenol (6%), of codling moth (CM),Cydia pomonella (L.), were placed in apple orchards in Virginia. Two blocks of about 2 ha each were treated in 1989, and three in 1990. Dispensers were placed in trees at a density of 1000/ha shortly after apple bloom. Male orientation to pheromone traps was almost totally disrupted (a few males were captured at high population densities). In 1989, the Daleville pheromone-treated block had 0.9% and 0.8% CM-injured fruit in the center and edge, respectively; 0% and 39.5% injured fruit were found in the conventional control and abandoned blocks, respectively. The Criglersville orchard (‘organically’ managed, with high CM density) CM harvest injury was 16.0%, 16.5%, 34.5%, and 26.5% in the pheromone-treated center and edge, organic control and abandoned blocks, respectively. In 1990, the Daleville CM harvest injury was 4.7%, 7.3%, 1.1%, 0.3% and 58%, in the pheromone-treated center and edge, control center and edge, and abandoned blocks, respectively (possible reasons for the high injury in this block are discussed). Harvest injury in the Fincastle pheromone-treated and control blocks were 0.7% and 0%, respectively. The Criglersville orchard yielded 17%, 19% and 20% CM-injured fruit at harvest in the pheromone-treated, organic control and abandoned blocks, respectively. Pheromone release rate was calculated as 37 mg/ha/h in 1989.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382717
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The behaviour of 9 stored product beetles at pitfall trap arenas and their capture in millet (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: avoidance behaviour ; capture efficiency ; Coleoptera ; time-lapse video ; visual recording
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pitfall trap capture forSitophilus oryzae (L.),S. zeamais (Motschulsky),S. granarius (L.),Tribolium confusum (Duval),T. castaneum (Herbst);Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.),Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr),Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabr.), andProstephanus truncatus (Horn) in millet was assessed by visual and time-lapse video recordings. The behaviour of different beetle species in arenas containing millet was monitored over 24 h and the frequency of encounters with the trap rim resulting in capture recorded. The capture efficiency of four types of pitfall traps (i.e. polystyrene, polythene, glass and tin-plated steel can) with rims exposed or submerged below the millet surface level were compared. Capture was related to beetle size, locomotory rate, and beetle behaviour at the trap rim as well as trap design and placement. The lighter and smaller species were least captured. Glass jars were more effective than plastic and metal containers. Traps placed with their rims submerged below the grain surface level were more efficient than those with rims exposed. Capture rate was unrelated to trap size. The frequency of encounters with trap rims was not correlated with capture rate. Three types of avoidance behaviours at the trap rims i.e. probing, skirting and spontaneous retreat, were related to capture rate, spontaneous retreat being the most effective escape mechanism and probing least.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382285
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating disruption to control damage by leafrollers in virginia apple orchards (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Platynota flavedana ; variegated leafroller ; Platynota ideausalis ; tufted apple bud moth ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; redbanded leafroller ; mating disruption ; pheromones ; apple ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mating disruption for control of variegated leafroller (VLR),Platynota flavedana (Clemens), tufted apple bud moth (TBM),P. ideausalis Walker, and redbanded leafroller (RBL),Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), was studied in Virginia apple orchards in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, each dispenser (1000/ha) contained 190 mg of 67.2%E11–14:Ac, 28.8%Z11–14:Ac, 1.4%E11–14:OH, 0.6%Z11–14:OH, and 2%Z9–12:Ac (a putative generic leafroller disruption blend). Trap captures of VLR, TBM and RBL were reduced by 97%, 51% and 55%, respectively. Average leafroller injury in the interior and edge of the pheromone block was 3.8% and 2.7%, respectively. The conventional control and abandoned blocks had 0.05 and 27.5% injury, respectively. Dispensers containingE11–14:OH (70%) andZ11–14:OH (30%) (close to the natural blend of VLR), more effectively disrupted orientation to pheromone traps by bothPlatynota spp. than did the generic blend. In 1990, dispensers containing 150 mg ofE11–14:OH (70%) andZ11–14:OH (1000/ha) were placed in two 2-ha blocks and one 4-ha block. One pheromonetreated block was sprayed in August with phosmet for codling moth, not timed for leafrollers. Trap captures of VLR and TBM were reduced by almost 100% and 69%, respectively. RBL captures were not reduced by VLR pheromone permeation. Injury fromPlatynota spp. in pheromone block middles and edges ranged from 0.3–1.7% and 0.3–2.3%, respectively. Injury in conventional blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. RBL injury in pheromone block middles ranged from 0–6.1%, and in edges, 1.7–4.8%. Injury in control blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. Combined leafroller injury in an abandoned block was 18% (s.e. 0.3). Release rates averaged 30 and 32 mg/ha/h for the VLR and generic pheromone dispensers, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382716
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of host plant leaf damage on cabbage looper moth attraction and oviposition (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insecta ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host-finding ; behavior ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mated femaleTrichoplusia ni (Hubner) moths, when presented a choice of either undamaged cotton plants,Gossypium hirsutum L., or damaged plants (cut leaves or feedingT. ni larvae) in a flight tunnel, were most often attracted first to the damaged plants. However, these same moths oviposited primarily on the undamaged plants. In a similar test with cabbage plants,Brassica oleracea L., the presence of conspecific larvae decreased both attraction and oviposition. Cuts to cabbage leaves had no significant effect on attraction or oviposition. When presented one plant at a time, percentages of cabbage looper moths attracted were not affected by the presence of larvae on either cabbage or cotton plants, or by cuts to cabbage plant leaves. Percentages of moths attracted were, however, higher using cotton plants with cut leaves. The results suggest an important role for damage induced plant volatiles in host location as well as host acceptance byT. ni.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382720
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of a host plant,Brassica juncea, on calling behaviour and egg maturation in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect-plant interaction ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; crucifer ; sexual maturation ; reproductive diapause ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the presence of seedlings of a host plant, Oriental mustard,Brassica juncea (L.) Coss., on the calling behaviour and egg maturation in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.), was investigated. In the presence of plants, females began calling at a younger age, began calling earlier in the night, and spent more time calling. Females which were kept with plants until after their first night of calling and then were isolated from plants, subsequently called less, at a level not significantly different from females which had never been exposed to plants. Of all females, both with and without plants, which were dissected at the end of the first night of calling (n=150), 93% contained mature eggs. Heavier females were significantly more likely to have mature eggs at adult emergence, to begin calling at a younger age and to spend more time calling on their first night of calling. The number of developed eggs in calling females was not significantly different in the presence or absence of host plants on the first night of calling. However, by the second night, females in the presence of plants contained significantly more eggs, indicating that the presence of plants accelerated egg maturation, both before and after the onset of calling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380530
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Distribution of overwintering Colorado potato beetle in and near Massachusetts potato fields (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; distribution ; diapause ; overwintering ; mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382289
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of caterpillar-feeding damage on the foraging behavior of the paper waspMischocyttarus flavitarsis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 771-781 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: foraging behavior ; caterpillar-feeding damage ; paper wasps ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed to determine the effect of caterpillar feeding damage on wasp foraging behavior and to determine the relative importance of visual and olfactory plant cues for foraging wasps. In an experiment using caterpillar-damaged leaves, wasps took significantly more larvae from the previously damaged plants compared to the controls in the experiments with tobacco plants, but wasps did not distinguish between damaged and control plants in the experiments with tomato plants. Another experiment indicated that wasps use a combination of visual and olfactory cues of plant damage in their search for prey rather than just visual or olfactory cues alone. Furthermore, these results suggest that leaf shape may affect wasp detection of caterpillar feeding damage and thus detection of prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201676
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Age-dependent physiological responses of last instarHelicoverpa zea larvae to oral and topical application of precocene II (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; precocene II ; growth inhibition ; excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Newly-ecdysed last instar larvae ofH. zea grouped into 100-, 200-, 300-, or 400-mg categories were fed diet containing precocene II or given precocene II topically on the abdomen. The time for larvae to reach a maximal weight, time to pupation, growth rate, and the amount of precocene II excreted were calculated. Younger larvae of lower weights, which were fed or topically treated with precocene II required more time to reach their maximal weight, had a lower maximal weight, a lower growth rate, and required more time to pupate than control larvae. Older larvae represented by the largest weight category were less sensitive to precocene II, had a shorter delay in reaching maximal weight, and a shorter delay in the time to pupation than control larvae; larvae in the largest weight category that were fed precocene II also had smaller decreases in the growth rate. Growth rate declines for larvae given topical doses of precocene II, however, were largest for the oldest larvae. All larvae given a single topical dose excreted precocene II for several days and were most efficient at eliminating smaller doses; larger, older larvae excreted more precocene II than smaller, younger larvae. Age-dependent responses to precocene II indicate that growth and metabolic processes, as well as xenobiotic metabolism, change in last instar larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383428
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Behavioural responses of three stored product Coleoptera species to extract of carob (Locust bean),Ceratonia siliqua (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: bioassay ; behavioural response ; Coleoptera ; carob extract ; stored product
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural responses ofCryptolestes pusillus Oryzaephilus surinamensis andProstephanus truncatus to different doses of carob extract were assessed in a two-choice pitfall bioassay and in plastic grain probe traps. The extract evoked a quick directional response and induced high beetle attraction to treated pitfall arenas compared with the controls. Overall, the extract improved probe trap efficiency by about 50% compared to unbaited probes. Beetle response was dose-dependent with the medium dose of 10 μl probably eliciting optimum response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380576
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Cantharidin production in a blister beetle (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Meloidae ; Epicauta funebris ; chemical defense ; biosynthesis ; terpenoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cantharidin, a potent defensive chemical, is present in all ten life stages of the blister beetleEpicauta funebris. The first five larval stages accumulate cantharidin as they feed and grow in size. When disturbed, they exude cantharidin in a milky oral fluid, not in hemolymph which adult beetles reflexively discharge from leg joints. Two subsequent larval stages and the pupa do not feed, grow, regurgitate, or change in their defensive reserves (110 μg cantharidin/insect, regardless of sex). Adult beetles kept in isolation for 60–90 d exhibit a pronounced sexual dimorphism in cantharidin production: the male biosynthesizes about 17 mg of the toxin, representing 10% of his live weight, whereas the female actually loses most of her defensive reserves. But in the wild a female beetle repeatedly acquires cantharidin as copulatory gifts from her mates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01989424
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  • 14
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    Avoidance of competition by spruce bark beetles,Ips typographus andPityogenes chalcographus (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 272-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Semiochemical ; pheromone ; host selection ; competition ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bark beetles,Ips typographus andPityogenes chalcographus, attracted by synthetic or natural pheromone to Norway spruce logs,Picea abies, preferred to colonize uninfested logs rather than logs occupied by these beetles, probably as a means of avoiding intra-and interspecific competition. The aggregation pheromone components ofP. chalcographus, chalcogran and methyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate, inhibited the attraction response ofI. typographus to its pheromone components (methyl butenol andcis-verbenol), while the converse was not true. However, verbenone released from colonized bark inhibited pheromonal response ofP. chalcographus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923539
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  • 15
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    Hormonal control of pheromone responsiveness in the male black cutwormAgrotis ipsilon (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 721-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis ipsilon ; black cutworm ; juvenile hormone ; allatectomy ; pheromone reception ; sexual behaviour ; tenoxycarb ; KK-42
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In Lepidoptera, reproduction is linked to chemical communication between conspecific partners. When exposed to the female sex pheromone, males respond by exhibiting typical sexual behaviour which leads to mating. Here we show that presence of the juvenile hormone producing gland (corpora allata) of the male black cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon, is necessary for pheromone responsiveness. Allatectomized males do not show any sexual behaviour, although their antennal olfactory system is functional. Allatectomized males implanted with active corpora allata recover full pheromone receptivity. It is suggested that reproductive processes are synchronized in males and females through endocrine control; timing of the mating activity could serve as an adaptive strategy linked to the migratory behaviour of this species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923960
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  • 16
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    Tangential medulla neurons in the mothManduca sexta. Structure and responses to optomotor stimuli (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 173 (1993), S. 783-799 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insect vision ; Lepidoptera ; Medulla neurons ; Optomotor stimulation ; Direction selectivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract InManduca sexta, large tangential cells connect the medulla via the lobula valley (LoV) tract to the midbrain and the contralateral medulla. Tract neurons have been stained and recorded to determine their responses to optomotor stimulation. Neurons in the LoV-tract comprise a physiologically and anatomically heterogeneous population: 1. Motion insensitive medulla tangential (Mt) neurons arise from cell bodies in the ventral rind. Heterolateral cells arborize massively in both medullae and one or both halves of the midbrain. Mt-neurons respond to changes in light intensity. Physiological and anatomical evidence argues for their monocularity and transmission from the medulla on the side of the soma to the central brain and the contralateral medulla. 2. Motion sensitive neurons with cell bodies behind the protocerebral bridge connect the midbrain to the ipsior contralateral medulla. Direction-selective responses are characterized by excitation to motion in the preferred and inhibition in the opposite direction with maxima either in a horizontal or vertical direction. Peak values appear at contrast frequencies of appr. 3/s. The results suggest that these neurons are binocular and relay information from the midbrain to the medulla. They have been labelled as centrifugal medulla tangential (cMt) neurons. The possible roles for tract neurons in visually guided behaviour are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02451909
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  • 17
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    Hydrology of the Peel-Harvey estuary catchment (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: hydrology ; water balance ; phosphorus ; Streamflow ; Peel-Harvey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the land types, hydrologic characteristics and processes, and the major modification of these, in relation to mechanisms and magnitude of phosphorus losses to drains and riverine systems which discharge to the Peel-Harvey estuary. About 75% of the coastal plain part of the catchment is cleared of native vegetation and used for dryland, dairy and beef grazing. There are small areas devoted to irrigated pasture and commercial horticulture. Seventy-five percent of the soils of the catchment are sandy surfaced with a poor capacity to retain phosphorus. Though the area is flat, catchment water yields are high because of a large winter rainfall excess and low soil storage capacity. Drainage schemes have been constructed in much of the catchment to remove excess water quickly. This was required initially to allow agricultural expansion and is now important for protecting a growing infrastructure which serves the most populous region of Western Australia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747583
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  • 18
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    Fertilization of millet cv. Souna III in Senegal: dry matter production and nutrient uptake (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 35 (1993), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ; dry matter distribution ; fertilizer ; harvest index ; magnesium ; manure ; millet ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Senegal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a fertilizer and manure experiment, millet was grown under four treatments (no fertilizer or manure, farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer, and both). Grain yield and total aboveground biomass production of the unfertilized plot were relatively high. The observed differences in total dry matter production must be attributed to differences in nutrient availability, as amount of rainfall and its distribution were favourable. Results show only small differences in distribution of dry matter among the various plant organs between the best and the non-fertilized treatments. Nutrient supply from natural sources, defined as crop content of N, P, and K at maturity without fertilizer application, amounted to 104, 16 and 103 kg ha−1, respectively, which are very high values. Total uptake of calcium and magnesium is related to that of potassium, as the combined content of these three elements is linearly related to total aboveground biomass production. Minimum removal of nitrogen and phosphorus per ton grain dry matter amounts to 29 and 4kg, respectively, and 9 kg potassium per ton total aboveground dry matter. A possible double function of phosphorus as element of structural biomass and for maintenance of electro-neutrality is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750640
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  • 19
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    Fertilizers and eutrophication in southwestern Australia: Setting the scene (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: eutrophication ; phosphorus ; fertilizer ; Peel-Harvey estuary ; algal blooms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An excess of plant nutrients has caused serious eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems of southwestern Australia manifested by excessive growth and accumulation of green and bluegreen algae. Phosphorus is generally the limiting nutrient for algal growth and phosphatic fertilizers applied to nutrient-deficient, leaching, sandy soils are the main source of P, supplemented by rural industry point sources. Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient in marine embayments with little drainage from the land. Measures to reduce the load of P delivered to drainage include basing fertilizer application rates on soil testing for P and the use of less soluble P fertilizers. Catchment management plans are being implemented with community involvement to reduce P loads and maintain agricultural production. This introductory paper reviews the history of eutrophication in southwestern Australia and of studies into its causes, principally in the large Peel-Harvey estuary. It briefly summarises other papers in this special issue concerned with different aspects of the problem: how to fertilize the land without causing eutrophication.
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    Phosphorus retention and release from sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; retention ; release ; sandy soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to manage phosphorus (P) losses from soils to waterbodies, knowledge of the mechanisms through which P is retained or released from the soil is essential. Sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment (Western Australia) were subjected to a range of environmental and management factors in the laboratory and field in order to gain an understanding of the mechanisms that affect the magnitude of P losses. Sandy soils accumulated P, despite having little sorption capacity, and this accumulation could be monitored by measuring an acid-extractable fraction. The potential, short-term P loss could be estimated by determination of water-soluble soil solution P prior to winter rains. An annual cycle of the change in arbitrarily defined soil-P pools is discussed in relation to environmental and management factors. Laboratory experiments indicated that P rundown and potential annual P loss in the absence of P fertilizers could be estimated using bicarbonate extractable P. Phosphorus losses were decreased by the application of fertilizers with a low content of water-soluble P. The low ability of sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey coastal catchment to retain P, when compared to other Western Australian soils, is because of low contents of clay minerals and iron and aluminium hydrous oxides.
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    Is the alkaloid in 2spot ladybirds (Adalia bipunctata) a defence against ant predation? (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 29-32 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; alkaloids ; predation ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Adalia bipunctata ; Coccinella septempunctata ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Lasius niger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Garden black ants,Lasius niger L., in a laboratory colony, attacked three species of live ladybirds found near their nest, killing the smaller two species. A second colony was offered artificial diets containing crushed ladybirds of two species, and the ants' choice of feeding site noted. Both the diets were aversive compared to control, but that containing 7spot,Coccinella septempunctata L., was more aversive than the diet containing 2spot,Adalia bipunctata L. The implications of this lesser protection for 2spots in terms of the chemical defence of the species are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245893
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    Host-plant green-leaf volatiles synergize the synthetic sex pheromones of the corn earworm and codling moth (Lepidoptera) (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 145-152 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: pheromone synergists ; host-plant volatiles ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Helicoverpa zea ; corn earworm ; Olethreutidae ; Cydia pomonella ; codling moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The capture of adult male moths in female sex pheromone traps of two key agricultural pests, the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) and the codling moth (Cydia pomonella), is enhanced or synergized by a certain group of host-plant volatiles, the “green-leaf volatiles” (GLVs). Since female adults of both species call and release their sex pheromones while perched upon the leaves of their host-plants, the volatile constituents from the leaves of a number of host-plants were compared. Sex pheromone traps containing one of the prominent leaf volatiles of certainH. zea hosts, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, not only significantly increased the capture ofH. zea males but were preferred over traps baited only with sex pheromone. Similarly, traps baited with synthetic sex pheromome ofC. pomonella plus a blend of GLVs captured significantly more males than traps baited only with sex pheromone. Since male moths are not captured in traps baited only with these GLVs, it appears that these GLVs act as pheromone synergists which increase or enhance the attraction or arrestment of male moths in pheromone traps.
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    What controls levels of dissolved phosphate and ammonium in surface waters? (1993)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 132-142 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; uptake ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nutrient pools are small relative to particulate pools, and dissolved pools turnover rapidly. It has been observed that pools change little from day to day on the sampling scales usually employed. A simple model is presented where uptake and regeneration rates balance to cause a local steady state concentration for dissolved inorganic nutrients. Enrichment and dilution perturbation experiments with lake water support the idea of steady state nutrient concentrations. Although inorganic nutrient concentrations are often controlled by biota, the absolute concentrations present tell little about the activity of that biota.
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    Leaf variation in iridoid glycoside content ofPlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) and oviposition of the buckeye,Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 72-78 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: insect-plant interactions ; intraplant variation ; chemical variation ; oviposition ; iridoid glycoside ; catalpol ; aucubin ; Lepidoptera ; Junonia coenia ; Plantaginaceae ; Plantago lanceolata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chemical analysis of each individual leaf of fivePlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) plants showed that iridoid glycoside content increased from undetectable in the oldest photosynthetic leaves to over 9% dry weight in the youngest leaves. The relative proportion of the two iridoid glycosides inP. lanceolata also changed with leaf age: older leaves had significantly more aucubin, whereas the youngest leaves had primarily or solely catalpol. Oviposition tests with femaleJunonia coenia (Nymphalidae) butterflies, showed that they laid most of their eggs on new leaves.
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    Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 63-71 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defense ; predator-prey interaction ; synergism ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Oxytelinae ; Bledius ; Carabidae ; Dyschirius ; Pogonus ; Dichirotrichus ; Formicinae ; Cataglyphis ; Dermaptera ; Labidura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in eitherγ-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.
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    Green leaf volatiles enhance sex attractant pheromone of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens (Lep.: Noctuidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 175-177 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: green leaf volatiles ; cotton ; synergist ; behaviour ; sex attractant ; pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis virescens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Components of the green leaf volatile complex (Z-3-hexenyl acetate andE-2-hexenyl acetate) were shown to enhance responses of tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens, males to the sex attractant pheromone of conspecific females in the field. The results are discussed with regard to green leaf volatiles which enhance the attractant pheromone of a cohabiting species, and serve as attractants of a parasitoid of conspecific larvae.
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    Insecticidal and growth-reducing activity of foliar extracts from Meliaceae (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 165-173 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: growth inhibition ; phytochemical prospecting ; Meliaceae ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Peridroma saucia ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; Melanoplus sanguinipes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thirty-one species in twenty genera of the plant family Meliaceae were assayed for the production of growth-inhibiting phytochemicals, using the generalist herbivorePeridroma saucia. Most species were inhibitory when methanolic extracts were incorporated into artificial diets at concentrations at or below those occurring naturally. In general members of the subfamily Melioideae were more inhibitory than members of the Swietenioideae. Extracts of deciduous species with short leaf lifetimes were significantly more inhibitory than those of evergreen species with longer leaf lifetimes. In a smaller sample of species, evergreen species showed a trend towards having tougher leaves than deciduous species. These results support the resource availability hypothesis of Coleyet al. (1985), and suggest that life history attributes may be of some value in selecting plants for phytochemical prospecting.
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    Inter-specific avoidance of egg-associated semiochemicals in four tortricids (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 998-1001 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; synomone ; pheromone ; behavior ; oviposition ; Lobesia botrana ; Cydia pomonella ; Cydia molesta ; Eupoecilia ambiguella ; fatty acids ; esters of fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition of four tortricid pests of vineyards (the European grapevine moth and the grape berry moth) and fruit orchards (the codling moth and the oriental fruit moth) is deterred by a blend of straight chain fatty acids and esters of fatty acids that have been identified in the eggs of one of them: the European grapevine moth (EGVM)Lobesia botrana. This is the first evidence of inter-specific recognition of an egg-like signal in moths. We demonstrate that oviposition site selection is influenced by population density, avoidance of deterrent being most important when females are isolated. Inter-specific egg recognition might be an important phenomenon, especially in species competing for a common food resource. We propose the term ‘oviposition regulating synomone’ for molecules and blends that affect the inter-specific spacing of eggs.
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    Apparent transgenerational effects of host plant in the leaf beetle Ophraella notulata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 96 (1993), S. 365-372 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Herbivory ; Host selection ; Maternal effect ; Paternal effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The natural host of Ophraella notulata is Iva frutescens (Asteraceae); its close relative feeds on a related plant, Ambrosia artemisiifolia. We reared beetles on both plants, obtained progeny from the four possible crosses (two sexes X two parental hosts), and reared the progeny on both plant species. Survival to the imaginal stage of progeny reared on Iva varied with both maternal and paternal host. Hatchling feeding response to both plants showed a maternal host X paternal host interaction. Consumption of Ambrosia by adult beetles was, counter to expectation, higher for progeny of Iva-reared males than Ambrosia-reared males. Oviposition response, although based on too few data to be definitive, was peculiar: parental host did not affect oviposition on Ambrosia; on Iva daughters of Iva-reared males laid significantly more eggs than did daughters of Ambrosia-reared males, but only if they had been reared on Iva; those reared on Ambrosia displayed the reverse pattern. We discuss the possibility that nongenetic paternal transmission of host plant effects may explain these results, but offer a somewhat uncomfortable hypothesis of selection as a preferable explanation. An important outcome of the experiment is that it provided no evidence of maternal effects of host plant on offspring feeding or oviposition.
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    Determinants of predation on phytophagous insects: the importance of diet breadth (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 96 (1993), S. 575-582 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Diet specialization ; Host plant chemistry ; Lepidoptera ; Paraponera clavata ; Predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the role of predation in the evolution of diet specialization and to determine the effectiveness of various larval defenses, we offered lepidopteran larvae to colonies of the tropical ant Paraponera clavata. We recorded behavioral and physical characteristics of prey items and used log-linear models to analyze their importance as deterrents to predation by P. clavata. The most important determinant of probability of prey rejection by P. clavata was a prey's diet breadth; specialists were rejected by the ants significantly more than generalists. Other less important, but significant, predictors of prey rejection included ontogeny, morphology and chemistry. Late instar caterpillars were rejected more frequently than early instars, hairy caterpillars were rejected more frequently than caterpillars with other morphologies, and one caterpillar species with an unpalatable extract was rejected more frequently than two species with palatable extracts.
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    Propheromones derived from codlemone (1993)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect pheromones ; C. pomonella ; C. nigricana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; propheromone ; codlemone ; conjugated dienes ; pheromone protection ; pheromone release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tricarbonyl [(8,9,10,11-η-8,10-dodecadien-l-ol] iron and the corresponding acetate prepared from 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol or its acetate, comprise the protected double-bond system of the molecule. After coming in contact with ambient oxygen, the iron complexes in question slowly release the corresponding pheromones of, for example, the codling moth,Cydia pomonella, and the pea moth,Cydia nigricana in highE,E purity and amounts that are sufficient for pest monitoring. A simple dispenser for propheromone application is proposed. Results of release rates in laboratory conditions and field trials are given.
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    Effect of rearing temperature on pheromone component ratio in potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella, (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 71-81 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; pheromone components ratio ; (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrienyl acetate ; (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate ; rearing temperature ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; potato tuberworm moth ; Phthorimaea operculella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ratio of two components in the sex pheromone of the potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella, was influenced by the rearing temperature. The percentage of the (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrienyl acetate dropped as the rearing temperature was raised. The total amount of the pheromone did not change parallel with the change of ratio. The critical period sensitive to temperature seemed to be the pupal stage. Temperature in the larval stage may also influence the ratio slightly. The biological significance of the phenomenon was also discussed.
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    Relative importance of infochemicals from first and second trophic level in long-range host location by the larval parasitoidCotesia glomerata (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 47-59 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Cruciferae ; tritrophic interactions ; foraging behavior ; host-habitat location ; herbivoreinduced synomones ; flight chamber ; infochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recently parasitoids were hypothesized to encounter a reliability-detectability problem relating to chemical stimuli from the first and second trophic level, when searching for hosts. The relative role of infochemicals originating from the host,Pieris brassicae (second trophic level), and its food plant, cabbage (first trophic level), have been investigated with respect to long-range host location by the larval parasitoidCotesia glomerata. Flight-chamber dual choice tests showed that uninfested cabbage plants are least attractive to female wasps. Host larvae and their feces were more attractive than clean plants but far less attractive than artificially damaged and herbivore-damaged plants. The plant-host complex, with host larvae actively feeding on the plant, was the most attractive odor source for the parasitoids. The data indicate that one of the solutionsC. glomerata uses to solve the reliability-detectability problem is to respond to infochemicals that are emitted from herbivore-damaged plants. Whether these infochemicals are herbivore-induced synomones that are produced by the plant remains to be demonstrated. Infochemicals emitted by the herbivore or its by-products are of little importance in the foraging behavior ofC. glomerata.
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    Impact of acidic deposition onEncelia farinosa gray (Compositae: Asteraceae) and feeding preferences ofTrirhabda geminata horn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Encelia farinosa ; Asteraceae ; Trirhabda geminata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; feeding preferences ; acidic deposition ; plant stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Container grownEncelia farinosa were exposed to three 3-hr episodes of acidic fog (pH 2.5) typical of events in southern California. Adults and larvae of the specialist leaf-feeding herbivore,Trirhabda geminata, preferred to feed on the acidic-treated foliage compared to control fogged (pH 6.3–6.5) foliage. Previous feeding damage on the plants did not affect feeding preference. The acidic-fogged foliage was significantly higher in total nitrogen and soluble protein but not different from control-treated tissue in water content. Stress on native populations of this drought-deciduous shrub caused by atmospheric pollutants may also result in altered feeding ecology of the beetle.
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    Physiological sources of variation in chemical defense ofOreina gloriosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 395-410 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oreina gloriosa ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; chemical defense ; cardenolides ; quantitative variation ; aging ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretion of the alpine chrysomelidOreina gloriosa is a complex mixture of mainly cardenolides and tyrosine betaine. Individually sampled secretions of adult laboratory-reared and field-collected beetles were analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC; 16 secretion components were quantified. Quantities and concentrations of different components were significantly affected by the age, sex, and reproductive status of individual beetles. Aging was correlated with marked increases (up to 4.4-fold) and decreases (up to 2.7-fold) of quantities and concentrations of several components. Differences between the sexes were smaller, but quantities of all components and concentrations of several components were larger in laboratory-reared females than in males. There was less of one component of the secretion in mated than unmated females, but the concentrations of four secretion components were higher (up to 1.6-fold) in mated females.
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    Toxicity of allyl isothiocyanate-amended soil toLimonius californicus (Mann.) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) wireworms (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1033-1046 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rapeseed ; Brassica spp. ; allyl isothiocyanate ; glucosinolates ; allelochemicals ; Limonius californicus (Mann.) ; Coleoptera ; Elateridae ; toxicity ; sublethal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acute toxicity of soil amended with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) to three size classes ofLimonius californicus (Mann.) wireworms was determined in the laboratory. Wireworms were exposed to AITC at initial concentrations of 120–300 nmol/g soil for one day. During this time, extractable AITC concentrations decreased by 66 to 93 %. Probit analysis estimated LC50 values of 238 and 226 nmol/g soil at one day posttreatment for medium and large wireworms, respectively. For small wireworms, LC50 values decreased from 211 to 157 nmol/g soil during 1–137 days posttreatment. Sublethal concentrations of AITC significantly reduced feeding activity of treated wireworms at three posttreatment times and over the entire 137 days. Wireworm weight was not significantly affected by AITC. The potential exists to use glucosinolate-containing plant tissue as an isothiocyanate (ITC) source to reduce crop damage caused byL. californicus wireworms.
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    Diterpene resin acids: Major active principles in tall oil against Variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1075-1084 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tall oil ; resin acids ; abietic acid ; dehydroabietic acid ; isopimaric acid ; Peridroma saucia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; variegated cutworm ; bioactivity ; natural insecticide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tall oil, a by-product of the kraft process for pulping softwood, has been shown to have insecticidal properties. In the present study, the active principles in tall oil against the variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia Hübner, were investigated. GC-MS analysis showed that abietic, dehydroabietic, and isopimaric acids were major resin acid components of crude tall oil and depitched tall oil. When crude tall oil samples of differing resin acid composition were incorporated into artificial diet at a concentration of 2.0% fresh weight, they suppressed larval growth by 45–60% compared to controls. This suppression was significantly (P≤0.05) correlated with the equivalent contents of abietic, dehydroabietic, isopimaric, and total resin acids. These results were also evident from a diet choice test, showing that the second-instar larvae obviously selected diets with low levels of resin acids when different diets were randomly arranged in a Petri dish. Bioassays with pure resin acids (abietic, dehydroabietic, and isopimaric acids) demonstrated that all individual chemicals have similar bioactivity against this insect. Comparison of the bioactivities of depitched tall oil and an equivalent mixture of pure resin acids in thePeridroma chronic growth bioassay indicated that pure resin acids and depitched tall oil share a common mode of action to this insect. This study confirms that resin acids are major active principles in tall oil against the variegated cutworm, but other chemicals likely also contribute to the bioactivity of tall oil.
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    Host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes: Behavioral response to contact with host feces (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1219-1231 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host recognition behavior ; entomopathogenic nematodes ; feces ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Popillia japonica ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Blattella germanica ; Blatteria ; BlattellidaeAcheata domesticus ; Orthoptera ; Gryllidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may occur through contact with insects' excretory products, cuticle, or gut contents. We analyzed the behavioral responses of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes during contact with feces of natural or experimental hosts. Host recognition by nematodes was manifested in alterations in the frequency and/or duration of one or more search parameters including forward crawling, headwaving, body-waving, stopping, backward crawling, head-rubbing, and headthrusting.Heterorhabditis bacteriophora andSteinernema glaseri showed behavioral responses to contact with feces of their natural hosts,Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera) andPopillia japonica (Coleoptera), and to the experimental hosts,Acheata domesticus (Orthoptera) andBlatella germanica (Blatteria).Steinernema carpocapsae responded only toB. germanica feces, whereas5. scapterisci did not significantly respond to any of the insect species. During contact with cockroach feces, all nematodes, exceptS. scapterisci, showed avoidance behavior. We suggest that ammonia present in cockroach feces is inhibitory to nematodes. Specific host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may be an important mechanism to maintain host affinities.
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    Effects of nitrogen and Douglas-fir allelochemicals on development of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1245-1263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Artificial diet ; herbivory ; nitrogen ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; monoterpenes ; nutritional ecology ; phenolics ; Pseudotsuga menziesii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of foliar nitrogen, terpenes, and phenolics of Douglas-fir on the development of gypsy moth larvae. In the first experiment, foliar concentrations of nitrogen and allelochemicals were manipulated by fertilizing 3-year-old potted seedlings with 0 or 200 ppm nitrogen. Concentrations of foliar nitrogen (0.33–2.38%) were negatively correlated with the phenolics (15.8–24.4 mg/g). Sixth-instar larvae previously reared on current-year Douglas-fir needles were allowed to feed on these seedlings. Pupal weights (312.8–995.6 mg) were positively correlated with levels of foliar nitrogen, negatively correlated with amounts of foliar phenolics, and uncorrelated with terpene concentrations. In the second experiment, terpene and phenolic extracts from Douglas-fir foliage were incorporated at natural levels into artificial diets with high and low levels of protein nitrogen. Neonate larvae grew faster and were larger on the high nitrogen control diet (4.1–4.5%), however, fourth instars performed better on the control diet with low nitrogen levels (2.5–2.7%). Foliar terpenes incorporated into diet had little effect on neonate fitness, but may induce subtle physiological changes in later instar larvae. Phenolics, alone or in combination with terpenes, excessively suppressed growth and survival, with no individuals living through the fourth instar, regardless of the nitrogen level. Incorporating foliar phenolic extracts into artificial diet caused unnatural levels of toxicity and failed to clarify the effects of Douglas-fir phenolics on gypsy moth fitness. Foliar nitrogen is a key factor influencing gypsy moth development on Douglas fir, but may be mitigated to some degree by phenolics.
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    Cardenolides fromErysimum cheiranthoides: Feeding deterrents toPieris rapae larvae (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1355-1369 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Erysimum cheiranthoides ; feeding deterrents ; cardenolides ; digitoxigenin 3-O-β-D-glucoside ; glucodigigulomethyloside ; glucodigifucoside ; erychroside ; cheirotoxin ; strophanthidin glycosides ; digitoxigenin glycosides ; Lepidoptera ; Pyridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae, refuse to feed on the wild mustard,Erysimum cheiranthoides, due to the presence of alcoholextractable deterrents. The active components were extracted inton-BuOH, and this extract was separated into four fractions (I–IV) by reverse-phase HPLC. Fractions III and IV retained the feeding deterrent activity. The activity of fraction III was found to be due to the cardenolide diglycosides 1 and 2, which were previously reported as oviposition deterrents for gravidP. rapae butterflies. Three active compounds were isolated from fraction IV by column chromatography on silica gel followed by reverse-phase HPLC. These compounds were identified as a monoglycoside, digitoxigenin 3-O-β-D-glucoside (4), and two diglycosides, glucodigigulomethyloside (5) and glucodigifucoside (6). An additional cardenolide isolated from fraction II was identified as cheirotoxin (7). All compounds were identified by UV, NMR (1H and13C), and mass spectrometry, as well as hydrolysis experiments. The feeding deterrent activity of these compounds was compared with that of related commercially available chemicals and other compounds isolated fromE. cheiranthoides.
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    Unusual periodicity of sex pheromone production in the large black chaferHolotrichia parallela (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1381-1391 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Holotrichia parallela ; large black chafer ; scarab beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; isoleucine methyl ester ; linalool ; sex pheromone ; circabidian periodicity ; pheromone titer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (R)-(−)-Linalool was identified as a minor component sex pheromone of the scarab beetleHolotrichia parallela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Field evaluations revealed that, although not attractive per se, (R)-(−)-linalool enhances the attractiveness of the major sex pheromone,L-isoleucine methyl ester (LIME). Analyses of the pheromone titers in the glands of field-collected females demonstrated the occurrence of peak levels of 48-hr (“circabidian”) periodicity. The levels of LIME in the glands of 45-day-old virgin females increased over three times from the scototo the photophase of a calling day, but the amounts of (R)-(−)-linalool did not significantly change. Virgin females had in average two times more LIME and 3.6 times more (R)-(−)-linalool than the average amount found in the field-captured beetles throughout the season.
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    Field evaluation ofAnomala schonfeldti ohaus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) synthetic sex pheromone (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1453-1459 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anomala schonfeldti ; Popillia japonica ; scarab beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; 2-(E)-nonenol ; sex pheromone ; mark-and-recapture ; field test ; mass trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic 2-(E)-nonenol, previously identified as the sex pheromone ofAnomala schonfeldti (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is demonstrated to be very attractive to males in the field. Nevertheless, no significant differences were found between treatments with 1, 5, 10, and 20 mg dosages. Males ofA. schonfeldti were more significantly attracted to traps at 30 cm high than at 90 cm. Although the observed behavior seemed to indicate a trend of more attraction to buried traps than those placed at 30 cm, there was no statistical difference between the two treatments. Pheromone-baited traps caught significantly more beetles than traps containing three virgin females. Over 70% of released beetles were recaptured in six traps surrounding the point of release and separated from each other by 50 m, suggesting a possible use of the pheromone (in combination with floral compounds) in mass trapping.
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    2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (N-O-Me-DIMBOA), a possible toxic factor in corn to the southwestern corn borer (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 531-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Corn ; Zea mays (L.) ; southwestern bora borer ; Diatraea grandiosella ; Dyar ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; feeding resistance ; 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one ; N-O-Me-DIMBOA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The southwestern corn borer (SWCB),Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, is a major pest of corn,Zea mays L., in the southern United States. The damage to corn is caused primarily by larval feeding on leaf, ear, and stem tissues. In this study, 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (N-O-Me-DIMBOA) was identified by MS and NMR as present in corn whorl surface waxes. This compound has evidently not been isolated previously, but its glucoside has been reported in corn, wheat, andCoix lachryma. It is present in the waxes in a higher concentration than DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) and 6-MBOA (6-methoxybenzoxazolinone). It was toxic to the SWCB in a stress diet, but it was less toxic to this insect than 6-MBOA when incorporated in the standard rearing diet. Nevertheless, it may have some role in the resistance of corn to the SWCB because the total surface wax content is higher in resistant lines than in susceptible lines.
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    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the arctiid mothHyalurga syma (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 669-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; alkaloid sequestration ; alkaloid transformation ; Boraginaceae ; Heliotropium transalpinum, Heliotropium peruvianum ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; Pericopinae ; Hyalurga syma ; chemical defense ; Araneidae ; Nephila clavipes ; orb-weaving spider
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The arctiid mothHyalurga syma (subfamily Pericopinae) sequesters pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from its larval food plantHeliotropium transalpinum (Boraginaceae). Colorimetric quantification of total PAs in the larvae, pupae, and adults ofHyalurga revealed mean values of about 286–445μg per individual (1.4–2.6% of dry weight). The PA mixtures found in the moth and its larval food plant were evaluated by GC-MS. Food-piant leaves were found to contain the diastereoisomeric retronecine esters indicine (IIIa), intermedine (IIIb), and lycopsamine (IIIc), and the heliotridine ester rinderine (IIId) only as minor constituents, whereas 3′-acetylrinderine (IVc) (68% of total PAs) and the respective 3′-acetyl esters of indicine (IVa) and intermedine (IVb) (both 17%) were the major alkaloids. Supinine (IIa) is detectable in traces only. The PA mixtures in eggs, larvae, pupae, and imagines ofHyalurga were identical: indicine, intermedine, and lycopsamine accompanied by considerable amounts of supinine and amabiline or coromandalinine (IIb/IIc) were the major components. Only larvae were found to store small quantities of a 3′-acetyl derivative. Rinderine and its 3′-acetyl ester were never found in the insects. Low concentrations of the arctiidspecific PA callimorphine (I) were present in larvae, pupae, and imagines. The differences in the PA patterns of the insects and their larval food plant suggest thatHyalurga is capable of modifying plant-derived PAs by inversion of the 7-OH configuration (conversion of the necine base heliotridine into retronecine), and perhaps the inversion of the 3′-OH [conversion of (+)-trachelanthic acid into (−)-viridifloric acid], although the possibility of a selective sequestration of the respective retronecine esters cannot be excluded. Some trials with the orb-weaving spiderNephila clavipes, a common neotropical predator, showed that both freshly emerged and field-caught adults ofHyalurga syma are liberated unharmed by the spider. The liberation could be related to the presence of PAs in the moths.
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    Structure-activity correlations among analogs of the currant clearwing moth pheromone (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 735-750 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone analogs ; (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate ; EAG ; gas chromatography ; vapor pressure ; currant clearwing moth ; Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerk ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven analogs of (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate1, a main pheromone component of the currant clearwing moth,Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerk (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) were synthesized and tested for their biological activities by electroantennography (EAG). To correct the EAG data for differences in volatility of the analogs, their vapor pressures were estimated by a gas chromatographic method. All structural changes in the parent molecule were found to reduce the biological activity to various degrees. The most active analog tested was the carbamate12, whose activity was almost comparable to that of the pheromone component1. Structure-activity correlations showed that hydrophobic, steric, and electronic effects of chain terminal groups might be responsible for variations in biological activity of the conformationally unchanged (E,Z)-2,13-analogs
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    Dabbing and shooting of benzo- and naphthoquinone secretions: Defensive strategies of bark-inhabiting aleocharine (col.: Staphylinidae) and tenebrionid (col.: Tenebrionidae) beetle larvae (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1337-1354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Tenebrionidae ; larvae ; defensive glands ; quinone ; naphthoquinone ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The abdominal glands of three bark-inhabiting larvae of generaBolitochara, Leptusa (Staphylinidae), andHypophloeus (Tenebrionidae) were studied chemically and morphologically. Behavior of the larvae indicated that secretion is emitted only after severe disturbance of the larvae. These mechanical contacts may also occur incidentally with coinhabiting nonpredatory arthropods when the beetle larvae move within small interstices under bark. Depending on the species, the secretions contained 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives and three 6-alkyl-naphthoquinones dissolved within various alkanes, alkenes, ethyl-, isopropyl-, and isoamylesters. More erratically distributed gland constituents also detected were acetophenone, benzyl propionate, and methyl hydroxybenzoate. In the laboratory, synthetic quinone-containing solutions simulating those found inLeptusa andBolitochara larvae acted as strong topical irritants and caused further damage to last-stageCalliphora vomitoria larvae if hydrocarbons or esters were used as solvents. The natural secretions ofHypophloeus versipellis elicited considerable mortality in two subcortical sciarid larvae cooccurring with tenebrionid larvae. Bioassay and secretion chemistry of the Staphylinidae/Tenebrionidae larval secretions indicated that they are typical defensive secretions that act topically. Morphological data characterized Bolitocharini larvae as possessing protuberant abdominal tergites supplied with an interiorly situated gland reservoir. After mechanical contact, the defensive secretion is topically applied to other arthropods by dabbing this tergal protuberance on targets. The defensive gland ofHypophloeus versipellis is unusual in possessing a movable reservoir opening situated at the anterior border of tergite IX. By this peculiar gland morphologyHypophloeus larvae are capable of shooting secretion droplets frontally from their slightly depressed dorsal abdominal surface without bending their abdominal tips dorsally. This seems an adaptation to the interstitial habitat of the larvae. The types of defensive glands and their phylogenetic value in Aleocharinae/Tenebrionidae larvae are discussed.
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    Response on the ground of bark beetle and weevil species colonizing conifer stumps and roots to terpenes and ethanol (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1393-1403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hylastes cunicularius ; Hylastes brunneus ; Hylastes opacus ; Dryocoetes autographus ; Hylobius abietis ; Hylobius pinastri ; α-pinene ; terpenes ; turpentine ; ethanol ; ground traps ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Responses of threeHylastes species,Dryocoetes autographus, and twoHylobius species to terpenes and ethanol were studied in field experiments on clear-cut forest sites in Sweden using baited ground traps.α-Pinene alone did not attract any of the six species. A terpene blend (spruce turpentine consisting mainly ofα-pinene,β-pinene, and 3-carene) attractedHylastes cunicularius, H. brunneus, andHylobius abietis in some experiments, but not in others. The attractiveness of ethanol also varied; the only species consistently attracted wasH. abietis. Baits containing both terpenes and ethanol, particularly the combination of spruce turpentine and ethanol, were attractive to all species exceptHylobius pinastri. InH. abietis, the terpene plus ethanol/ ethanol catch ratios increased during early summer. Seasonal differences in catch levels were observed inH. cunicularius andH. abietis. The addition ofα-pinene reduced the attractiveness of the combination of spruce turpentine and ethanol toH. cunicularius, H. opacus, andD. autographus. The differences in response to the volatiles between species are probably related to differences in reproductive behavior and host preferences.
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    Trail and arena marking by caterpillars ofArchips cerasivoranus (lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1479-1489 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Archips cerasivoranus ; Yponomeuta cagnagella ; trail following ; silk ; trail pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The activity ofArchips cerasivoranus caterpillars is largely limited to their colonial silk web and trails. Silk pulled directly from the spinnerets of caterpillars and wound onto paper strips to form artificial trails elicited locomotion from the larvae. Trails made from extracts of silk and silk glands also elicited locomotion. These and other observations reported here indicate that the caterpillars are responsive to a water-soluble pheromone that is a component of the silk strand. Marker pheromones appear not to be secreted from other regions of the body, as has been reported for some other trail-following caterpillars.
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    Sowing date and phosphorus utilization by wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 297-300 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efficiency ; phosphorus ; sowing time ; vernalization ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The uptake and utilization of phosphorus (P) by cereal crops is influenced by the growing period of the crop. In this article the effect of sowing date on the utilization of P by wheat crops grown in southern NSW is reviewed. Crops sown early in the accepted sowing period require smaller inputs of P fertilizer to reach the maximum yield but produce grain with a higher concentration of P than crops sown late in the sowing season. For later sowings a higher rate of applied P is required to achieve the yield potential but this is not associated with a high grain P concentration or a high rate of removal of P from the soil. If grain with a high P concentration is required as seed for subsequent crops, then sowing early, even with little or no applied P fertilizer, is preferable, although crops sown early in the season are likely to remove more P from the soil than the amount applied in fertilizer.
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    Mycorrhizal responses of barley cultivars differing in P efficiency (1993)
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    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 97-105 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley cultivars ; efficiency ; Glomus etunicatum ; Hordeum vulgare ; low temperature ; phosphorus ; response ; VA mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate how barley cultivars which are different in dry matter yield at low phosphorus (P) supply (i.e. they differ in agronomic P efficiency) respond to mycorrhizal infection. In a preliminary experiment, six mycorrhizal fungi were tested for their ability to colonize barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots at a soil temperature of 15°C. Glomus etunicatum was the most effective species and was used in the main experiment. The main experiment was conducted under glasshouse conditions in which soil temperature was maintained at 15°C. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of 8 barley cultivars, 2 mycorrhiza (inoculated and non-inoculated), and 3 rates of P (0, 10 and 20 mg kg-1). P utilization efficiency (dry matter yield per unit of P taken up) and agronomic P efficiency among the barley cultivars was significantly negatively correlated with mycorrhizal responses. However, the response to mycorrhizal infection was positively correlated with response to P application. Poor correlation was observed between P concentration when neither mycorrhiza nor P were supplied and the percentage of root length infected. The extent of mycorrhizal infection among the barley cultivars in soil without P amendment varied from 8.6 to 28.6%. Significant interactions between cultivar and P addition, and between mycorrhiza and P addition were observed for shoot dry weight but not root dry weight.
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    Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the location and function of plant nutrients in vivo (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 45-55 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: compartmentation ; cytoplasm ; 39K NMR ; maize ; nitrogen ; 14N NMR ; 15N NMR ; pea ; phosphorus ; potassium ; 31P NMR ; vacuole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The cytoplasmic and vacuolar pools of ammonium, inorganic phosphate and potassium can be studied non-invasively in plant tissues using high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The techniques that allow these pools to be discriminated in vivo are described and their application to plants is reviewed with reference to the phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium nutrition of root tissues.
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    Preparation of iron oxide-impregnated filter paper for use in the Pi test for soil phosphorus (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 143-146 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: iron oxide-impregnated filter paper ; phosphorus ; Pi soil test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficiency of recovery of P by iron oxide-impregnated filter paper, as used in the new Pi test for soil phosphorus, was found to depend on the method used for impregnating the paper with iron oxide and could range from as little as 28% to more than 98%. The greatest efficiency of recovery was obtained with filter papers which had been washed with deionised water following iron oxide-impregnation. These filter papers were also found to give the most reproducible results. ei]{gnB E}{fnClothier}
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    The effect of phytase on the availability of P from myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) for maize roots (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 189-196 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bioavailability ; maize ; myo-inositol ; phosphorus ; phytase ; phytin ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of adding phytase to the root medium of maize plants on the P-availability of added myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytin) has been studied in pot experiments. When 40 mM phytin-P in nutrient solution was incubated in quartz-sand for 15 days in the absence of plants, 80% of it could be recovered from the solution as soluble organic P. Maize plants growing on this mixture assimilated P from phytin at rates comparable to those from inorganic phosphate (Pi). At a lower addition rate (2 mM phytin-P) only 10% was recovered in the soil solution, and plant growth was severely limited by P. At this low phytin level, the addition of phytase (10 enzyme units per kg sand) increased the plants' dry weight yield by 32%. The relative increases of the Pi concentration in the solution and of the amount of P in the plants were even higher, indicating that the observed growth stimulation was due to an increased rate of phytin hydrolysis. The enzyme-induced growth stimulation was also observed with plants growing in pots filled with soil low in P, when phytin was added. However, on three different soils the addition rates of phytin and phytase necessary for obtaining a significant phytase effect were both about 10 times higher than those required in quartzsand. It is concluded that the P-availability from organic sources can be limited by the rate of their hydrolytic cleavage.
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    Mineral nutrient disorders of root crops of the Pacific: Preliminary observations on sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 263-267 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: critical concentration ; magnesium ; manganese ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; solution culture ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Solution culture was used to characterise deficiencies or toxicities of several essential elements in Ipomoea batatas cv. Wanmun, and to define the critical concentrations of these elements in young mature leaves during vegetative growth. Tentative critical concentrations for deficiency, expressed on the basis of dry weight of leaf blade, were: nitrogen 3.8%, phosphorus 0.17%, potassium 2.4%, magnesium 0.12%, manganese 20μg/g and zinc 10μg/g. For manganese and zinc toxicities it was possible only to designate the range within which the critical concentration occurred. Visible symptoms are briefly described.
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    Phosphorus allocation in P-efficient and inefficient barley cultivars as affected by mycorrhizal infection (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 277-280 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: allocation ; barley ; efficiency ; Glomus etunicatum ; phosphorus ; VA mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A glasshouse experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal infection on the allocation of phosphorus (P) in agronomically P-efficient (i.e. high yields at low P supply) and inefficient barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. Four barley cultivars differing in agronomic P-efficiency were inoculated or not inoculated with Glomus etunicatum. Cultivars did not differ in percentage of root length infected. The concentration of P in roots of the inefficient cultivars was higher than that of the efficient cultivars. However, because of changes in root to shoot dry weight ratio and below-ground productivity, mycorrhizal infection significantly reduced the percentage of total plant P in roots of the inefficient cultivars. The distribution of P between root and shoot of P-efficient cultivars was not affected by mycorrhizal infection. Root to shoot dry weight ratio of the P-efficient cultivars was lower than that of the inefficient cultivars, and the decrease in the ratio following infection was significant in inefficient but not in P-efficient cultivars. This study indicates that mycorrhizal infection alters the allocation of P in inefficient cultivars and effectively improves the efficiency of P utilization with respect to shoot growth.
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    Root characteristics of native plant species in relation to the benefit of mycorrhizal colonization for phosphorus uptake (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 281-284 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: benefit ; mycorrhizas ; phosphorus ; revegetation ; root characteristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We aimed to relate the root characteristics of native plants, with their benefit from mycorrhizal colonization, to assist in developing criteria for predicting plant response to mycorrhizal fungi in revegetated soils. The response of four plant species to VA mycorrhizal fungi was measured at increasing applications of phosphorus (P). The benefit of colonization for all species was large at low rates of P, but declined rapidly for some species at moderate P deficiency. Only then were length and fineness of roots and characteristics of root hairs useful in predicting relative benefit.
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    Phosphorus requirement and sources of nitrogen in three soybean (Glycine max) genotypes, Bragg, nts 382 and Chippewa (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mutant ; 15N isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen (N) use efficiency ; nodules ; phosphorus ; phosphorus (P) use efficiency ; roots ; supernodulator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of different levels of soil phosphorus on nodulation, N2 fixation and growth of supernodulating soybean mutant, nts 382, its parent, Bragg, and soybean cultivar, Chippewa, were compared in a greenhouse study. The P rates were, 0, 30, 60 and 90 mg kg−1 soil (P0, P1, P2 and P3, respectively). The reduced shoot growth of nts 382 (25% at P0 and 17% at P3) could not be attributed to P deficiency, as nts 382 achieved near maximum yield at a lower P rate (P1) than Bragg (P2). The P response of Chippewa that produced the lowest shoot yield, was similar to that of Bragg. Root growth of nts 382 was more retarded than shoot growth (on average 50% that of Bragg), and yet absorbed a similar amount of total P as Bragg. Also, Chippewa that had the lowest root dry matter accumulated the highest P in the shoots. The data indicate that plant growth was influenced by differences in P use efficiency rather than differences in total P. In contrast to plant growth, nts 382 accumulated 26% more N than Bragg, and Chippewa accumulated a similar amount of N as Bragg. Thus again, Bragg used N most efficiently for growth. Soil N uptake was not governed by root biomass, and Chippewa absorbed more N from soil than both Bragg and nts 382 which absorbed similar amounts of soil N. Nodulation in nts 382 was significantly enhanced, being 528 and 892% greater than Bragg at P0 and P3, respectively, and nts 382 was the only cultivar whose nodulation was consistently enhanced by P addition. The percentage of N derived from fixation (% Ndfa) was not affected by supernodulation, but because of a greater accumulation of total N in nts 382, amount of N fixed (Ndfa) was on average 30% higher in nts 382 than Bragg. Also, while % Ndfa in either nts 382 or Bragg was not influenced by P addition, total N and consequently, Ndfa increased. However, for Chippewa which fixed the lowest N, both % Ndfa and Ndfa were increased by P addition. We conclude that although supernodulation had an adverse effect on shoot and root growth, these reductions could not be attributed to a reduced uptake of the two major plant nutrients, N and P, neither was there evidence that the mutation had caused a greater demand for these nutrients, other than for the greater requirement of P for nodulation. ei]{gnR O D}{fnDixon}
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    The ability of 16 ectomycorrhizal fungi to increase growth and phosphorus uptake of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and E. diversicolor F. Muell. (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 155-164 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ectomycorrhizal fungi ; eucalypts ; growth response ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of 16 fungal isolates in forming ectomycorrhizas and increasing the growth and phosphorus uptake of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and E. diversicolor F. Muell. seedlings was examined in the glasshouse. Seedlings were grown in yellow sand at 2 phosphorus levels (4 and 12 mg P kg-1 sand). At the time of harvest (100 days), the non-inoculated seedlings and seedlings inoculated with Paxillus muelleri (Berk.) Sacc. and Cortinarius globuliformis Bougher had a low level of contamination from an unknown mycorrhizal fungi. Seedlings inoculated with Thaxterogaster sp. nov. and Hysterangium inflatum Rodway had developed mycorrhizas of the superficial type whereas Hydnangium carneum Wallr. in Dietr., Hymenogaster viscidus Massee & Rodway, Hymenogaster zeylanicus Petch, Setchelliogaster sp. nov., Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex. Fr.) Berk., Scleroderma verrucosum (Vaillant) Pers., Amanita xanthocephala (Berk.) Reid & Hilton, Descolea maculata Bougher and Malajczuk and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch formed typical pyramidal ectomycorrhizas. The dry weight of non-inoculated and inoculated E. globulus seedlings at 12 mg P kg-1 sand did not differ, whereas several isolates caused growth depression of E. diversicolor. By contrast, at 4 mg P kg-1 sand growth increases ranged from 0–13 times above that of non-inoculated seedlings. P. tinctorius produced the largest growth increase on both eucalypt species. In general, isolates which developed more extensive mycorrhizas on roots produced the largest growth responses to inoculation. Isolates which increased plant growth also increased phosphorus uptake by the plant. Seedlings inoculated with L. laccata and S. verrucosum retained more phosphorus in their roots than plants inoculated with the other fungal isolates.
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    Mycorrhizal responses of barley cultivars differing in P efficiency (1993)
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    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 97-105 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley cultivars ; efficiency ; Glomus etunicatum ; Hordeum vulgare ; low temperature ; phosphorus ; response ; VA mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate how barley cultivars which are different in dry matter yield at low phosphorus (P) supply (i.e. they differ in agronomic P efficiency) respond to mycorrhizal infection. In a preliminary experiment, six mycorrhizal fungi were tested for their ability to colonize barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots at a soil temperature of 15°C.Glomus etunicatum was the most effective species and was used in the main experiment. The main experiment was conducted under glasshouse conditions in which soil temperature was maintained at 15°C. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of 8 barley cultivars, 2 mycorrhiza (inoculated and non-inoculated), and 3 rates of P (0, 10 and 20 mg kg-1). P utilization efficiency (dry matter yield per unit of P taken up) and agronomic P efficiency among the barley cultivars was significantly negatively correlated with mycorrhizal responses. However, the response to mycorrhizal infection was positively correlated with response to P application. Poor correlation was observed between P concentration when neither mycorrhiza nor P were supplied and the percentage of root length infected. The extent of mycorrhizal infection among the barley cultivars in soil without P amendment varied from 8.6 to 28.6%. Significant interactions between cultivar and P addition, and between mycorrhiza and P addition were observed for shoot dry weight but not root dry weight.
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    Genotypic differences in phosphorus efficiency of wheat (1993)
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    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 293-296 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efficiency ; genotypic differences ; phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to evaluate whether breeding and selection for high yielding capacity did change the P requirements of modern wheat cultivars, the response of two wheat cultivars to different levels of P supply was investigated. A traditional cultivar ("Peragis") and a modern cultivar ("Cosir") were cultivated in a C-loess low in available P and high in CaCO3 in 120 cm high PVC pots. Shoot and root growth at different developmental stages was compared. The grain yield of the modern cultivar Cosir was higher at limiting and non-limiting P supply and, therefore, this cultivar can be considered as more P-efficient than the traditional cultivar. From the results it can be concluded that the main factors contributing to the higher P efficiency of the modern cultivar are (i) efficient use of assimilates for root growth characteristics which enhance P acquisition: smaller root diameter, and longer root hairs, (ii) efficient remobilization of P from vegetative plant organs to the grains, and (iii) lower P requirement for grain yield formation because of lower ear number per plant but higher grain number per ear.
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    Effect of phosphorus fertilization on water stress in Douglas fir seedlings during soil drying (1993)
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    Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 33-39 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: droguth tolerance ; phosphorus ; photosynthesis ; plant nutrition ; plant water relations ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; stomatal conductance ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine if P fertilization to enhance the P nutrition of otherwise N and P deficient Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] seedlings reduces water stress in the seedlings during drought periods. Seedlings were grown in pasteurized mineral soil under well-watered conditions and fertilized periodically with a small amount of nutrient solution containing P at either of three levels: 0, 20, or 50 mg P L-1. By age 6 mo, leaf nutrient analysis indicated that N and P were deficient in control (0 mg P L-1) seedlings. The highest level of P fertilization, which doubled leaf P concentration, did not affect plant biomass, suggesting that N deficiency was limiting growth. When these seedlings were subjected to drought, there was no effect of P fertilization on leaf water potential or osmotic potential. Furthermore, P fertilized seedlings had lower stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis rate. These results indicate that enhanced P nutrition, in the presence of N deficiency, does not reduce water stress in Douglas fir seedlings during drought periods.
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    Accumulation of cadmium and selected elements in flax seed grown on a calcareous soil (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 61-68 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calciaquoll ; FeEDDHA ; iron ; Linum usitatissimum L. ; manganese ; phloem mobility ; phosphorus ; post-flowering N stress ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) grown on calcareous and neutral soils sometimes accumulates relatively high concentrations of Cd. The influence of a post-flowering application of NH4NO3 (115 mg N kg-1), CdSO4 (1 mg Cd kg-1), FeEDDHA (2 mg Fe kg-1), NaH2PO4 (120 mg P kg-1) and ZnSO4 (8 mg Zn kg-1) on seed accumulation of Cd, Fe, N, Mn, P and Zn by flax grown on a Calciaquoll was studied in two experiments under greenhouse conditions. Seed yields were increased by the N and Zn treatments, and the N×Zn interaction was positive. Zinc deficiency delayed flowering and boll formation by up to 20 days and reduced seed size. In the absence of added Cd, seed accumulated up to 0.33 mg Cd kg-1. This Cd accumulation was reduced by approximately 50 and 17% by added Zn and Fe, respectively, but was little affected by P fertilizer and post-flowering N stress. In the presence of added Cd, seed Cd exceeded 3.3 mg Cd kg-1, and the antagonistic effects of Fe and Zn on seed Cd were absent. Seed N, P, Fe and Zn concentrations were increased on average by 10, 45, 31 and 97% by the N, P, Fe and Zn fertilizer treatments, respectively. FeEDDHA reduced seed Mn concentration by approximately 58%. However, seed Mn concentration was much less than that found in vegetative tissue at flowering. Soil-applied Zn may reduce seed Cd concentration in flax under field conditions, and may increase marketability of flax for food use.
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    Minimizing the effect of mineral nitrogen on biological nitrogen fixation in common bean by increasing nutrient levels (1993)
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    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 131-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bean ; 15N isotope ; nitrogen fixation ; N fertilizer ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Rhizobium tropici ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has good potential for N2 fixation, some additional N provided through fertilizer usually is required for a maximum yield. In this study the suppressive effect of N on nodulation and N2 fixation was evaluated in an unfertile soil under greenhouse conditions with different levels of soil fertility (low=no P, K and S additions; medium = 50, 63 and 10 mg kg−1 soil and high = 200, 256 and 40 mg kg−1 soil, respectively) and combined with 5, 15, 60 and 120 mg N kg−1 soil of 15N-labelled urea. The overall average nodule number and weight increased under high fertility levels. At low N applications, nitrogen had a synergistic effect on N2 fixation, by stimulating nodule formation, nitrogenase activity and plant growth. At high fertility and at the highest N rate (120 mg kg−1 soil), the stimulatory effect of N fertilizer on N2 fixation was still observed, increasing the amounts of N2 fixed from 88 up to 375 mg N plant−1. These results indicate that a suitable balance of soil nutrients is essential to obtain high N2 fixation rates and yield in common beans.
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    Phosphorus fractions in soil solution: Influence of soil acidity and fertiliser additions (1993)
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    Plant and soil 148 (1993), S. 175-183 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; fertiliser ; fractionation ; pH ; phosphorus ; soil ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of soil acidity and phosphorus fertilization on phosphorus fractions and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solution was quantified experimentally in an iron humus podzol. Soil solution was isolated by centrifugation from top- and sub-soil samples. Total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and DOC increased as soil pH and P status increased. DOP was the fraction present at the highest concentration (0.080–0.464 mg P L−1) for the majority of samples. DOC and DOP concentrations which remained relatively constant down the soil profile were also highly correlated. Soluble organic P compounds may make a significant contribution to plant available soil P particularly for soils with low fertility levels. The relatively high DOP concentrations (ca 0.227 mg P L−1) found throughout the soil profile have important consequences with regards to P leaching and plant nutrition.
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    The relative importance of biological and chemical processes in the release of phosphorus from a highly organic sediment (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 141-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment ; phosphorus ; release ; anaerobiosis ; bacteria ; pH ; dystrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les bactéries peuvent jouer un rôle considérable dans le relargage anaérobiques du phosphore, soit en catalysant la réduction des hydroxydes de fer, soit comme source directe d'orthophosphates. On a étudié leur importance dans la libération de phosphore à partir des sédiments d'un lac du bouclier canadien, très riches en matière organique. Le relargage de phosphore et de fer a été mesuré en condition aérobique et anaérobique, avec ou sans stérilisation, et à différents pH. On a également mesuré l'évolution du nombre et de l'activité des bactéries dans les sédiments. Le relargage de P après stérilisation peut être expliqué par la lyse cellulaire. Comparativement à la stérilisation, les changements dans la concentration en oxygène ou l'acidification ont peu ou pas d'effet sur le relargage du P. Les mouvements du fer et du phosphore se produisent indépendament à partir de ces sédiments. La plus grande partie du fer total dissous semble lié aux acides humiques, ce qui n'est pas le cas du phosphore.
    Notes: Abstract Bacteria can play an important role in the process of anaerobic phosphorus release: they can act as a direct source of orthophosphates, or as a catalyst of iron hydroxyde reduction. We studied their influence on phosphorus release from highly organic sediments of a Canadian shield lake. Phosphorus and iron release were measured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with or without sterilization, and at different pH. We measured also the abundance and activity of bacteria in sediments. The increased P release after sterilization can be explained by cell lysis. Compared to sterilization, changing oxygen concentrations or acidification had little or no effect on P release. In these sediments, phosphorus and iron movements were independent. Most of the total dissolved iron seemed to be linked to humic acids, but not phosphorus.
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    Iron content of sediment and phosphate adsorption properties (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 311-317 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; sediment ; iron ; aluminum ; adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus can occur in sediments in different forms and accordingly its availability varies. The distinction between the phosphorus fractions is made with two chemical extraction methods; an ammonium oxalate-oxalic acid extraction and an extraction according to Hieltjes & Lijklema (1980). The iron and aluminum liberated with the ammonium oxalate-oxalic acid extraction method is linearly correlated (r 2 = 0.73) with the phosphorus liberated in the first two steps of the Hieltjes and Lijklema extraction by: P = 0.035 (Fe + Al) + 0.001 (P, Fe and Al in mmol g−1). The iron and aluminum (hydr)oxides are very important fractions in the sediment adsorption capacity for phosphorus. The phosphorus sorption capacity (PSC) is 0.080 mol P (mol (Fe + Al))−1 and the adsorption constant (k) is 11.9 µmol P l−1. Here it is assumed that iron and aluminum (hydr)oxide have the same affinity for phosphorus.
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    A comparison of sedimentary and diatom-inferred phosphorus profiles: implications for defining pre-disturbance nutrient conditions (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 357-366 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: weighted averaging ; calibration ; phosphorus ; diatoms ; palaeolimnology ; Northern Ireland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Interpreting sedimentary phosphorus profiles in terms of changes in the historical P load is difficult due to variable retention and post-depositional diagenesis. An alternative approach is to use diatom assemblages in surface sediments and derive a transfer function for epilimnetic SRP and total P concentrations using weighted average regression and calibration. The obtained relationship can then be applied to down-core changes in sedimentary diatom assemblages and diatom-inferred P (DI-P) used to assess historical changes in epilimnetic P-concentrations. A diatom-phosphorus calibration data set for 43 eutrophic lakes in Northern Ireland has been constructed and applied to two small eutrophic lakes (Lough Mann, White Lough). DI-total P (i.e. predicted) is highly correlated with observed TP (r 2 = 0.75) for the surface-sediment training data-set. The resultant changes in DI-P derived from application of the transfer function to down-core changes in diatom assemblages are compared to sedimentary P concentrations. The latter are highly variable, presumably due to redox-derived effects, while DI-P profiles are more readily interpretable, and agree with other stratigraphic records of lake eutrophication. The method offers a good possibility of defining pre-disturbance (i.e. natural) phosphorus concentrations in lakes with associated implications for lake-restoration programmes.
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    Detritus and nutrient dynamics in the shore zone of lakes: a review (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 49-58 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lake littoral ; detritus ; macrophytes ; decomposition ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The importance of detritus varies greatly among shore zones of lakes, but in a large majority of these regions detrital pathways prevail. Aside from a great spatial and seasonal variability, macrophytes and bottom sediments appear to be dominant stores of nutrients in these habitats. Macrophytes hold a central position in nutrient cycling in the shore-littoral lake zones. They are the main source of autochthonous detritus as they prevail in the total biomass of littoral organisms, and they are only rarely available as direct food of consumers. Various processes and interactions determine the role of macrophytes in nutrients dynamics. These are: the intensity of nutrient uptake and translocation, release of nutrients by healthy plants and from decomposing plants, exchange of elements between macrophytes and their periphyton, as well as interception of seston by macrophyte stands. Particular plant species differ in their time of dying and susceptibility to decomposition. The changes in decomposing material (size structure of particles and nutrient content) mean that detritus in various stages of decomposition differs in its role in trophic dynamics of shore-littoral lake zones. Several types of shore regions as regards detritus sources and retention level are discussed.
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    Frost formation in the ecotonal zone and its role for release of nutrients (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 65-72 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Frozen littoral ; frost heave ; nutrient release ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In winter, the littoral substrate of ecotonal zones along north Swedish rivers and lakes freezes. Even if the littoral is flooded at freeze-up, the ice freezes solid to the shore substrate due to low temperature combined with a gradual decrease in water level during winter. Frost conditions were studied during an 8-year period along eight littoral transects in the River Vindelälven and adjacent riverside lagoons. Heavy frost heave with formation of needle ice was observed in several places. Nutrient release was suggested to take place due to the frost process. Sediment was taken to a laboratory experiment where samples with sediment and water were kept under unfrozen and frozen conditions during six months. N (total-N) and Ca were significantly released to the water, while P (total-P) did not show any clear movement from the frozen sediment. The results indicate that frost processes in ecotonal zones are involved in the movement of nutrients between sediment and water.
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    Extracellular phosphatase activity in sediments of the Breitenbach, a Central European mountain stream (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 207-216 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: stream ; sandy sediment ; phosphorus ; extracellular enzymes ; phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Activity of extracellular phosphatases (phosphomonoesterases) was measured in sandy streambed sediments of the Breitenbach, a small unpolluted upland stream in Central Germany. Fluorigenic 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate served as a model substrate. Experiments were conducted using sediment cores in a laboratory simulation of diffuse groundwater discharge through the stream bed, a natural process occurring in the Breitenbach as well as many other streams. Streambed sediments contained high levels of particulate phosphorus, but concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in the interstitial water were 3 to 4 orders of magnitude lower. These interstitial concentrations were similar to those in the stream and groundwater. Extracellular phosphatase activity was high in the streambed sediments. These enzymes probably contribute significantly to the flux of phosphorus in sediment by hydrolyzing phosphomonoesters, making free phosphate available to the sediment microorganisms. Factors influencing the kinetic parameters V max (maximum activity) and apparent K m (enzyme affinity) of phosphatase were discharge rates of water through the sediment, water quality (ground- or stream water), and substrate (phosphomonoesters) as well as dissolved ortho-phosphate concentrations. Enzymes are supposed to be effective at limiting substrate concentrations, where, in this study, changes in discharge rates had little influence on rates of hydrolysis. Higher V max and lower K m values were found during percolation of groundwater through the sediment cores, compared with stream water. This indicates that rates of hydrolysis were higher with groundwater, both at substrate limitation and at substrate saturation. This was probably a consequence of the lower levels of dissolved ortho-phosphate in the groundwater.
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    The effect of deposition of organic matter on phosphorus dynamics in experimental marine sediment systems (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 83-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: organic matter ; phosphorus ; sandy marine sediment ; macrofauna ; boxcosms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of deposition of organic matter on phosphorus dynamics in sandy marine sediments was evaluated using an experimental system (boxcosms) and three different strategies: (1) no supply (2) one single addition (3) weekly additions of a suspension of algal cells (Phaeocystis spec.). Macrofauna (3 species, 6 individuals of each) were added to half of the boxes. Both in the case of the single and weekly additions a clear effect of increased organic matter loading on phosphorus dynamics was found. Following the organic matter addition, porewater phosphate concentrations in the upper sediment layer increased, phosphate release rates from the sediment increased by a factor 3–5 and in the boxes to which a single addition was applied NaOH-extractable phosphorus increased substantially. The increase in phosphate release rates from the sediment was attributed to mineralization of the added material and to direct release from the algal cells. No clear effect of the presence of macrofauna on sediment-water exchange of phosphate could be discovered. The macrofauna were very effective at reworking the sediment, however, as illustrated by the organic carbon profiles. It is hypothesized that the sediment-water exchange rates of phosphate were regulated by the layer of algal material which was present on the sediment surface in the fed boxes. In the boxes to which the single addition was applied porewater phosphate concentrations were lower and NaOH-extractable phosphorus was higher in the presence of macrofauna, suggesting that macrofauna can stimulate phosphate binding in the sediment.
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    The role of microorganisms in mobilization and fixation of phosphorus in sediments (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 103-121 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bacteria ; phosphorus ; phosphorus cycling in lakes ; sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cycling of phosphorus (P) at the sediment/water interface is generally considered to be an abiotic process. Sediment bacteria are assumed to play only an indirect role by accelerating the transfer of electron from electron donors to electron acceptors, thus providing the necessary conditions for redox-and pH-dependent, abiotic sorption/desorption or precipitation/dissolution reactions. Results summarized in this review suggest that (1) in eutrophic lakes, sediment bacteria contain as much P as settles with organic detritus during one year (2) in oligotrophic lakes, P incorporated in benthic bacterial biomass may exceed the yearly deposition of bioavailable P several times (3) storage and release of P by sediment bacteria are redox-dependent processes (4) an appreciable amount of P buried in the sediment is associated with the organic fraction (5) sediment bacteria not only regenerate PO4, they also contribute to the production of refractory, organic P compounds, and (6) in oligotrophic lakes, a larger fraction of the P settled with organic detritus is converted to refractory organic compounds by benthic microorganisms than in eutrophic lakes. From this we conclude that benthic bacteria do more than just mineralize organic P compounds. Especially in oligotrophic lakes, they also may regulate the flux of P across the sediment/water interface and contribute to its terminal burial by the production of refractory organic P compounds.
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    Sedimentation of phosphorus in limnetic and estuarine environments in the River Öre system, northern Sweden (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 233-248 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; iron ; organic carbon ; sedimentation ; estuary ; lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sedimentation of phosphorus was studied during the spring flood in April and May 1991 in Lake Örträsket and the Öre Estuary, northern Sweden. Lake Örträsket has an area of 7.3 km2 and a mean depth of 22 m and is located 100 km from the coast halfways along the course of the River Öre. The river ends in a semi-closed low salinity estuary with an area of ca. 50 km2 and a mean depth of 16 m. Sedimentation of phosphorus, iron and organic carbon were measured with sediment traps in Lake Örträsket and in the Öre Estuary. Characterization of particulate phosphorus in river water, sediment trap material and sediments were performed by the sequential extraction procedure proposed by Hieltjes & Lijklema (1980). Apart from being an efficient trap for suspended particles including particulate phosphorus, Lake Örträsket was shown to serve as a source for particulate material during spring 1991. The Öre Estuary, on the other hand, constitutes an efficient trap for the total supply of river-borne phosphorus during the spring flood period. Phosphorus was shown to be closely related to iron in particulate material in both the lake and the estuary. Adsorption of phosphorus on settling inorganic particles seems to be an important process, which is particularly pronounced in the estuary.
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    Sulfate control of phosphorus availability in lakes (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 275-280 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; iron ; sulfate ; lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During summer stratification large amounts of phosphorus (P) accumulate in anoxic bottom waters of many lakes due to release of P from underlying sediments. The availability to phytoplankton of this P is inversely related to the Fe:P ratio in bottom waters. Using data from 51 lakes, we tested the hypothesis that sulfate concentration in lake water may be critical in controlling the Fe:P ratio in anoxic bottom waters. Results showed that Fe:P ratios in bottom waters of lakes were significantly (p〈0.001) related to surface water sulfate concentrations. The higher Fe:P ratios in low sulfate systems is due not only to higher iron concentrations in anoxic bottom waters but also to lower P concentrations in anoxic waters. Thus, our results suggest that anthropogenically induced increases in sulfate concentrations of waters (e.g. from fossil fuel burning) may have a double effect on P cycling in lakes. Higher sulfate concentrations can both increase the magnitude of P release from sediments as well as increase the availability of P released from sediments into anoxic bottom waters.
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    Eight years of internal phosphorus loading and changes in the sediment phosphorus profile of Lake Søbygaard, Denmark (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 345-356 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; retention ; sediment ; release ; fractionation ; iron:phosphorus ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During each of the first 8 years following an 80–90% reduction in external phosphorus loading of shallow, hypertrophic Lake Søbygaard, Denmark in 1982, phosphorus retention was found to be negative. Phosphorus release mainly occurred from April to October, net retention being close to zero during winter. Net internal phosphorus loading was 8 g P m−2 y−1 in 1983 and slowly decreased to 2 g P m−2 y−1 in 1990, mainly because of decreasing sediment phosphorus release during late summer and autumn. The high net release of phosphorus from Lake Søbygaard sediment is attributable to a very high phosphorus concentration and to a high transport rate in the sediment caused by bioturbation and gas ebullition. Sediment phosphorus concentration mainly decreased at a depth of 5 to 20 cm, involving sediment layers down to 23 cm. Maximum sediment phosphorus concentration, which was 11.3 mg P g−1 dw at a depth of 14–16 cm in 1985, decreased to 8.6 mg P g−1 dw at a depth of 16–18 cm in 1991. Phosphorus fractionation revealed that phosphorus release was accompanied by a decrease in NH4Cl-P + NaOH-P and organic phosphorus fractions. HCl-P increased at all sediment depths. The Fe:P ratio in the superficial layer stabilized at approximately 10. Net phosphorus release can be expected to continue for another decade at the present release rate, before an Fe:P ratio of 10 will be reached in the sediment layers from which phosphorus is now being released.
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    Release rates and biological availability of phosphorus released from sediments receiving aquaculture wastes (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 367-372 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: algae ; aquaculture ; phosphorus ; sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aquaculture is an increasingly significant user of freshwater resources in Scotland. In 1989, the total fish biomass produced in Scottish freshwater amounted to 7000 t. 50% of this total was reared in floating cage systems situated in lochs (lakes). Both solid (mainly in the form of uneaten feeds and faecal matter) and dissolved byproducts of the production cycle enter the limnetic environment untreated. Much solid waste material accumulates directly on the sediments beneath the cage systems. This leads to a localised enrichment in nutrient elements of the sedimentary environment. The experiments served to quantify rates of total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) release from undercage and control sites, and to relate such releases to the biological availability of the released P. Results indicate significantly higher levels of NH4Cl-extractable P in sediments affected by waste deposition from fish cages. TP and DRP release, and greater growth of Chla are obtained from undercage cores compared with control sites. No link between extractable-P content of sediments, or release rate and Chla production was established.
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    Transport and retention of matter in riparian ecotones (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 95-101 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Land/stream ecotones ; bank runoff ; aerial drift ; retention ; carbon ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ‘stream’ ecosystem is described as a three-layered system, vertically as well as horizontally. The land/stream ecotone is defined as the area where lotic and edaphic characters overlap at the time of observation. The study site — ‘Oberer Seebach’, near the Biological Station Lunz — and the methods employed are described. Only a surprisingly small fraction (less than 10 %) of total imports is transported across the surface ecotones. The driving variables determining bank runoff and aerial drift are described and discussed. The importance of channel areas which are periodically flooded is stressed.
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    The trophic history of Enäjärvi, SW Finland, with special reference to its restoration problems (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 268 (1993), S. 147-162 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; sediments ; palaeolimnology ; phosphorus ; diatoms ; chironomids ; lake restoration ; Finland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The eutrophicated Enäjärvi was studied by paleolimnological analyses and sediment mapping. The sedimentary record indicates that the lake nutrient balance had deteriorated due to lowering of the lake water level in the year 1928. From that event onwards Chironomus plumosus and Cyclotella astraea characterize the chironomid and diatom communities. The concentrations of sedimentary total and mobile phosphorus show that since then the internal load of phosphorus has controlled the nutrient cycle of the lake. The areal distribution of mobile phosphorus can be explained by dominant wind directions and wind resuspension of the sediment is the key factor in the nutrient cycle. Restoration of Enäjärvi must be based on actions which stabilize the surface sediment and improve its natural phosphorus-binding capacity. They include the regulation of lake water to as high a level as possible and the removal of the majority of roach.
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    Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on amount and nutrient content of litterfall in a regrowth eucalypt forest (1993)
    Springer
    New forests 7 (1993), S. 33-47 
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    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: eucalypt ; regrowth forest ; litter ; litterfall ; fertilizer ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of fertilizer treatment on nutrient transfers to the forest floor were examined in regrowth Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell. forest. Dry weight and nutrient content of leaf litterfall and total litterfall were measured for 3 years in a stand to which two levels of N (0, 200 kg ha-1 year-1) were applied each year at each of three levels of a single initial application of P (0, 30, 200 kg ha-1). Annual accessions of litter to the forest floor were significantly increased by additions of both N (by 17%, 18% and 21% in the 3 years) and 200 kg P ha-1 (by 8%, 8% and 4% in the 3 years) but there was no interaction between effects of N and P treatments. Fertilizer application also had a significant effect on the nutrient content of leaf litterfall and total litterfall. Concentration of N in leaf litterfall was 9% to 23% greater on plots treated with N fertilizer compared to untreated plots. The amounts of N in litterfall were about 30% greater on N-treated compared to untreated plots. On plots treated with 200 kg P ha-1, P concentrations in leaf litter were 50% to 100% greater than in litter from plots receiving no P. Application of 200 kg P ha-1 increased the amounts of P in annual litterfall by 32% to 87%. The greatest increase in P accessions occurred soon after fertilizer treatment. The amounts of Ca, K, and Na in litterfall were also significantly increased by fertilizer application. For Ca and K this was due partly to increases in element concentrations in litterfall following application of treatments. The effect of fertilizers on internal recycling of plant nutrients and on litter accumulation and nutrient dynamics in forest floor litter is discussed.
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    Transport of groundwater-borne phosphorus to Lake Bysjön, South Sweden (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 211-216 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; ecotone ; groundwater ; lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lake Bysjön is a hypertrophic seepage lake, with groundwater as a main external source of phosphorus. Twelve groundwater samples from the vicinity of the lake were high in phosphate (0.4 to 11 mg l−1, mean value 2.57 mg l−1 PO4-P), both within the riparian zone and in two shallow wells located upstreams the lake in the nearby village. Phosphorus sorption capacity of four sand samples measured with the Langmuir isotherm method was low (7.3 to 121,1 mg kg−1 PO4-P), with the lowest values found within the riparian zone. It is suggested that the phosphorus originates from garden fertilizers and other human sources, and that the low absorption capacity of the soils is caused by the leaching of calcium from the watershed, a process which started some 3000 years ago. Riparian zone itself has almost no retention capacity, and processes within it (e.g., redox-related) have only secondary importance for the transport of phosphorus to the lake.
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    The effect of herbivorous crustacean zooplankton on epilimnetic carbon and phosphorus cycling (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 254 (1993), S. 21-34 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: biomanipulation ; microcosms ; carbon cycle ; phosphorus ; primary production ; sedimentation ; plankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plastic limnocorrals (LCs; volume 70 m3) in oligo-mesotrophic Lake Lucerne, Switzerland were used to manipulate planktonic communities by (1) removing large zooplankton at the start of the experiment, and (2) adding phosphate during experiments of two weeks duration. Primary production (14C-assimilation), chlorophyll, standing crops and sedimentation of particulate organic carbon (POC) and of particulate phosphorus, as well as plankton composition were assessed simultaneously in two to four differently treated LCs. Carbon and phosphorus mass balances were calculated from assimilation, temporal change in standing crop of particulate matter, and sedimentation. A quick elimination of crustaceans by screening hardly increased primary production, but decreased sedimentation and mineralisation of particulate organic carbon, and thus significantly enhanced the standing crop of POC, but decreased POC turnover. The exclusion of crustaceans increased the mean residence time of total phosphorus by a reduced P loss by sedimentation. Increased grazing pressure during the experiment showed little grazing induced effect on plankton composition and primary production except at the very end. We conclude that in an oligo-mesotrophic lake, buffering mechanisms attenuate the impact of changing grazing pressures on primary production.
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    Retention of nitrogen and phosphorus in a Danish lowland river system: implications for the export from the watershed (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 123-135 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: retention ; core-sampling ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; resuspension ; export
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a Danish lowland river system intensive measurements were made, in four 80 m reaches, of the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stored in the stream sediment. The results were used for calculation of the total retention in the river system during two summers (June to August). In addition, the mobilization of nutrients from the stream bottom in autumn 1987 was compared with the export from the watershed. During the study period (June 1987 to September 1988) the amounts of N and P stored in stream reaches were determined fortnightly using a core-sample technique. In reaches dominated by submersed macrophytes, 25–40 g N m−2 and 20–30 g P m−2 were stored during two summers, against only 10–15g N and P m−2 for sandy and gravely reaches. In riparian zones with emergent macrophytes the retention was even higher than in the submersed macrophytes. Gross retention exceeded net retention by a factor of two to three. Net retention of P in the river system during the summer of 1987 was equal to the summer export from the watershed. On an annual basis, retention in the summer constituted 20% of the P export. In contrast, retention in the summer of 1988 amounted to 60% of the total P export during the same period (38% reduction) and 22% in comparison with the annual export. The corresponding figures for N were lower, showing reductions of 16% and 12% of the export of total N in the two summer periods, and about 1% of the annual exports. In September 1987 6.4% of the total N export and 65% of the total P export from the watershed consisted of resuspended material. In 1987 the N and P retained during the summer was almost completely resuspended during storm events during September to November.
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    Supply of phosphorus to the water column of a productive hardwater lake: controlling mechanisms and management considerations (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 61-72 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: calcium ; lake management ; phosphorus ; sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Onondaga Lake is a hypereutrophic, industrially polluted lake located in Syracuse, NY. High hypolimnetic concentrations of H2S that develop after anoxia restrict the accumulation of total Fe2+ due to the formation of FeS, and may limit Fe-PO4 interactions. High water column concentrations of Ca2+ and high rates of CaCO3 deposition occur due to inputs of Ca2+ from an adjacent soda ash manufacturing facility. Patterns of P concentration and other water chemistry parameters in the lower waters, and results from chemical equilibrium calculations, suggest that Ca-PO4 minerals may regulate the supply of P from sediments to the water column in Onondaga Lake. These findings have important management implications for Onondaga Lake. First, declines in water column Ca2+ concentrations due to reductions in industrial CaCl2 input may result in conditions of undersaturation with respect to Ca-PO4 mineral solubility and increases in the release of P from sediments to the water column. Second, introduction of O2 from hypolimnetic oxygenation, as a lake remediation initiative, may enhance P supply from sediments, because of increased solubility of Ca-PO4 minerals at lower pH.
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    Sorption of phosphate by sediments as a result of enhanced external loading (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 249-261 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; sediments ; adsorption ; dispersion ; solid-phase diffusion ; Al-hydroxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In artificial test ditches, originally poor in nutrients, the effects of enhanced external loading with phosphorus were studied. An important term in the mass balance of phosphorus is retention by sediment. Parameters concerning the uptake of phosphorus by the sandy sediment of a ditch have been measured or were obtained from curve-fitting and were used in a mathematical model to describe diffusion into the sediment and subsequent sorption by soil particles. On a time scale of hours uptake of phosphorus from the overlying water by intact sediment cores could be simulated well with a simple diffusion-adsorption model. Mixing of the overlying water resulted in an enhanced uptake rate caused by an increased effective diffusion coefficient in the top layer of the sediment. Laboratory experiments revealed that after a fast initial adsorption, a slow uptake process followed that continued for a period of at least several months. This slow sorption can immobilize a substantial part of the phosphorus added. It may physically be described as an intraparticular diffusion process, in which the adsorbed phosphate penetrates into metaloxides, probably present as sand grain coating, and thereby reaches sorption sites not immediately accessible otherwise. The total sorption capacity of the soil particles is ca. 3.3 times the maximum instantaneous surficial adsorption capacity.
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    Transpiration by an emergent macrophyte: source of water and implications for nutrient supply (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 271 (1993), S. 97-108 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Myriophyllum aquaticum ; parrotfeather ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; mass flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of sediment interstitial water and the water column to the transpiration stream of Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vellozo) Verdcourt was determined to estimate the significance of mass flow in supply of sediment nutrients for plant growth. Sediment interstitial water accounted for about 2% of the water transpired over a 37 day period. Because of the small volume of water that originated in the sediment we concluded that mass flow did not significantly enhance nutrient supply to the roots of M. aquaticum. Relative growth rate (RGR) of adventitious, water roots was greater than whole plant RGR, and RGR of sediment roots was not significantly different from zero, indicating a shift in the biomass allocation after emergence of the apical meristem into the air. Water use, measured by the transpiration coefficient, averaged 260 ml H2O mg DW-1, which is similar to C-4 terrestrial plants. M. aquaticum has leaf characteristics commonly associated with xerophytic habitats. These characteristics may be necessary if a high transpiration rate and a mechanical requirement for high cell turgor pressure, required by a reliance upon hydrostatic pressure for support of the aerial stems, are mutually exclusive because of morphological constraints on hydraulic conductivity.
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    The role of Gloeotrichia echinulata in the transfer of phosphorus from sediments to water in Lake Erken (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 123-129 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; cyanobacteria ; Gloeotrichia echinulata ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The abundance of Gloeotrichia echinulata colonies in the sediments of Lake Erken and their phosphorus content were investigated to determine the contribution of Gloeotrichia colonies to total sediment phosphorus. Moreover, the potential size of the algal inoculum and the migration to the water during summer were estimated. The surplus phosphorus content of the resting colonies in the sediment was about 45% of total phosphorus, which maximized at 8.5 µg P (mg dw)−1 or 81 ng P colony−1. The C:P ratio (by weight) in the early colonies appearing in the lake water was 50:1, while the ratio stabilized at 150 during the major migration period. The internal supply of surplus phosphorus was used during the pelagic growth of the colonies. The internal phosphorus loading to the epilimnion of Lake Erken due to Gloeotrichia migration could, from the measurements of the increase in particulate epilimnetic phosphorus, be estimated at 40 mg P m −2 or 2.5 mg P m−2 d−1 in late July and early August. Determination of the number of colonies in the sediment before and during the migration verified this value to be a conservative estimate of the internal phosphorus loading due to Gloeotrichia migration to the epilimnion in Lake Erken. The sediment P content calculated from the P concentration in early epilimnion colonies resulted in a value of 35 µg P (g dw)−1 as a maximum. This corresponds to only 3% of the total phosphorus content in Lake Erken sediment.
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    Pore water phosphorus and iron concentrations in a shallow, eutrophic lake — indications of bacterial regulation (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 165-177 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: pore water ; phosphorus ; iron ; bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Peak pore water SRP and iron(II) concentrations were found during summer in surface sediments in the shallow and eutrophic L. Finjasjön, Sweden, and the concentrations generally increased with water depth. The SRP variation in surface sediments (0–2 cm) was correlated with temperature (R2 = 0.82–0.95) and iron(II) showed a correlation with sedimentary carbon on all sites (R2 = 0.42–0.96). In addition, sedimentary Chla, bacterial abundances and production rates in surface sediments (0–2 cm) varied seasonally, with peaks during spring and fall sedimentation. Bacterial production rates were correlated with phosphorus and carbon in the sediment (R2 = 0.90–0.95 and R2 = 0.31–0.95, respectively), indicating a coupling with algal sedimentation. A general increase in sediment Chla and bacterial abundances towards sediments at greater water depth was found. Further, data from 1988–90 reveal that TP and TFe concentrations in the lake were significantly correlated during summer (R2 = 0.81 and 0.76, in the hypolimnion and epilimnion, respectively). The results indicate that the increase in pore water SRP and Fe(II) in surface sediments during summer is regulated by bacterial activity and the input of organic matter. In addition, spatial and temporal variations in pore water composition are mainly influenced by temperature and water depth and the significant correlation between TP and TFe in the water suggests a coupled release from the sediment. These findings support the theory of anoxic microlayer formation at the sediment-water interface.
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    Considerations in modeling the sediment-water exchange of phosphorus (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 219-231 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment ; water ; phosphorus ; models ; temporal scales ; spatial scales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The potential to release accumulated phosphorus from sediments has been the major motive to study and to model the fate of this nutrient in sediments. For the dynamics of the sediment-water interaction the sizes of the pools involved and the rates of conversion/transport from one pool to another are of primary interest. As the sediment pools for phosphate are generally much larger than the pools in the water column, a rather slow adjustment of the sediment to management measures will occur. For the analysis of management measures it is obvious that the gradual change in sediment composition must be taken into account. Only for rather short periods the sediment composition can be assumed to be constant; this may be appropriate for studies of e.g. the annual cycle. The sediment-water interaction is a complex resultant of physical, chemical and biological processes, including: physical processes: advection due to seepage or consolidation, pore-water diffusion, transport and mixing of solids by resuspension, sedimentation and bioturbation. chemical processes: adsorption and desorption, dissolution and (co)precipitation, inclusion. biological processes: mineralization of a wide range of organic compounds by various (micro)organisms, each with their own nutrient requirements and electron acceptors. Aspects which are discussed and need to be considered in application of a model in research or management are the level of aggregation and detail that is required and may still be practical, the spatial and temporal scales which are applicable for the processes mentioned and their influence upon the numerical dispersion and model stability, the availability of data for calibration/validation and the resolution of the analytical techniques. These aspects are not independent however. Frequently models are not functional because they contain details which are either unnecessary or suggest a feigned accuracy which is not justified by analytical and experimental resolution of system characteristics.
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    The third international workshop on phosphorus in sediments (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. xi 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; sediments ; chemistry ; microbiology ; modelling ; lake restoration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00050717
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    Importance of flood zones for nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in the Danube Delta (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 143-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Danube Delta ; flood zones ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The change of concentration of total reactive phosphorus (TRP) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was studied in the lower Danube river and in selected lakes situated in the wetland area of the Danube Delta. The differences Danube Delta in nutrient concentration in the river waters entering the delta and the delta in different sites (especially lakes) of the wetland area are considered to reflect retention in the system. The highest retention was found in periods of moderate and low water level when the surface-to-volume ratio of the lakes was high. In these periods the in-lake concentration of TRP and DIN could be as low as 11 and 23% of the values found in the inflowing river.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007174
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    Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of turnip moth males,Agrotis segetum to fluorinated pheromone analogs (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 143-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; fluorinated analogs ; behavioral activity ; electrophysiological activity ; flight tunnel ; single sensillum recording ; field test ; lipophobicity ; lipid solubility ; structure-activity analysis ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The electrophysiological and behavioral responses of maleAgrotis segetum to fluorinated analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate (Z5-10∶OAc) were investigated. The single sensillum recordings showed that 4,4-difluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (4,4-F2), 7,7-difluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (7,7-F2), 10,10,10-trifluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (10,10,10-F3) and 7,7,8,8-tetrafluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (7,7,8,8-F4) were each 100-fold less active than the natural Z5-10 ∶ OAc, whereas the 7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (F9) analog was essentially inactive. A mixture of Z5-10 ∶ OAc, Z7-12 ∶ OAc, and Z9-14 ∶ OAc on a filter paper dispenser was as attractive as female gland extracts when tested in a flight tunnel. With Z5-10∶OAc omitted, the two-component mixture elicited a significantly lower male response. Four analogs, 7,7-F2, 10,10,10-F3, 7,7,8,8-F4, and F9, were added separately to the two-component mixture to replace Z5-10∶OAc. The responses elicited by the mixtures containing the 7,7-F2, 10,10,10-F3, and 7,7,8,8-F4 analogs did not differ significantly from that of the natural three-component mixture and the two-component mixture, whereas the mixture containing F9 elicited a significantly lower male response, as low as the response to the two-component mixture. In a field test the mixtures containing 10,10,10-F3 and 7,7,8,8-F4 were significantly more active than the two-component mixture, but still less active than the natural three-component mixture. It appears that field tests provided greater discrimination among pheromone analogs in assessing their behavioral activity than the flight-tunnel test did. Structure-activity analyses demonstrate the importance of the lipophilic interaction between the terminal alkyl chain and the receptor site for the activity of the stimulus. The lipophobicity of the fluorinated analogs impedes a productive receptor interaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987479
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    Geometrical and optical isomerism of pheromones in two sympatricDryocoetes species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mediates species specificity and response level (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2169-2182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; pheromones ; Dryocoetes confusus ; Dryocoetes affaber ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; enantiomers ; diastereoisomers ; exo-brevicomin ; endo-brevicomin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a field-trapping experiment, western balsam bark beetles,Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, were highly attracted to a 5∶1 mixture of (±)-exo-and (±)-endo-brevicomin. Beetles in the sympatric speciesD. affaber (Mann.), were best attracted to a 1∶1 blend of these semiochemicals [either (±)∶(±) or (±)∶(±)], suggesting that both geometrical isomers are pheromone components in these species. In laboratory bioassays and further field experiments, attraction ofD. confusus was greatest when the (+) enantiomers of both geometrical isomers of brevicomin were presented in a 9∶1 ratio. Responses by maleD. confusus to attractive mixtures were reduced in the presence of (−)-exo-brevicomin. Exploitation of the complete range of variability in pheromone structure (both geometrical and optical isomerism) would allow for optimization and regulation of response levels within a species and also could maintain reproductive isolation among sympatric congeneric species primarily through production and response to species-specific blends.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979655
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  • 93
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    Stereospecific antennal response by red turpentine beetle,Dendroctonus valens to chiral monoterpenes from ponderosa pine resin (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2193-2202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus valens ; EAG ; electroantennogram ; enantiomer ; kairomone ; host attraction ; bark beetle ; α-pinene ; β-pinene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antennal response ofDendroctonus valens to host monoterpenes from the resin of ponderosa pine was studied using the electroantennogram (EAG) technique. Male and female beetles were given a single dose of each of 11 different monoterpenes. Response amplitude to the different compounds did not vary between sexes and was generally well correlated with results from field attraction studies. Response to (S)-(−)-β-pinene was greatest. The relative amplitude of the responses to the (R)-(+) and (S)-(−) enantiomers of a-pinene, however, were reversed from their relative attractiveness in the field. A dose-response study was conducted for the (R)-(+) and (S) -(−) enantiomers of a-pinene, plus a reciprocal differential saturation test with successive doses of first one enantiomer ofα-pinene and then the other. Comparison of EAG traces suggests different receptors for the two stereoisomers ofα-pinene. Differential saturation curves suggest that while one set of receptors may respond to both enantiomers, some receptors respond only to the (S)-(−) enantiomer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979657
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    Aggregation pheromone ofCarpophilus antiquus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and kairomonal use ofC. lugubris pheromone byC. antiquus (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2203-2216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carpophilus antiquus ; C. lugubris ; C. freemani ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; pheromone ; kairomone ; hydrocarbon ; tetraene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males ofCarpophilus antiquus Melsheimer (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) emit an aggregation pheromone that was found to be a novel hydrocarbon, (3E,5E,7E,9E)-6,8-diethyl-4-methyl-3,5,7,9-dodecatetraene. A synthetic scheme and spectra (mass and proton NMR) are given for the compound. Beetles produced the pheromone when feeding on a variety of media, including the brewer's yeast-based artificial diet, fermenting whole-wheat bread dough, corn, and prunes; live baker's yeast was generally added to the food media. Males held individually produced, on average, 25 × more pheromone per beetle than males held in groups of 10 or more. Pheromone was not produced until males were at least 5 days old but was still detected from the oldest beetles tested (47 days). In field tests, the pheromone was attractive to both sexes ofC. antiquus, and it was synergized by food volatiles: A combination of pheromone and fermenting whole wheat dough attracted 2.5× more beetles than pheromone alone, but dough by itself was not significantly more attractive than the control. Semiochemical interactions were studied amongC. antiquus and two other sympatric species for which pheromones are known,C. lugubris Murray andC. freemani Dobson.C. antiquus responded readily to the pheromone ofC. lugubris, but all other interspecific responses to the pheromones were weak. In a sample of naturally infested corn ears, the presence ofC. antiquus was strongly associated with the presence ofC. lugubris, as would be expected if the pheromone ofC. lugubris serves as a kairomone forC. antiquus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979658
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    Constituents of wing gland and abdominal hair pencil secretions of male African sugarcane borer,Eldana saccharina walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2255-2277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Eldana saccharina ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; exocrine secretions ; sex pheromone ; aggregation pheromone ; electroantennograms ; electroantennographic detection ; NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition totrans-3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-4-olide (eldanolide), vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, identified by French workers in the wing gland and abdominal hair pencil secretions of the male African sugarcane borer,Eldana saccharina, we have, in an earlier note, reported the presence of several other terpenoid, aromatic, and unbranched-chain compounds such as, (Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienoic acid, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanol, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol, 1-octadecane thiol, 16-hexadecanolide, and 18-octadecanolide in these secretions. In the present paper experimental details and spectral evidence supporting the identification of these compounds, as well as the identification of (Z)-9-hexadecenal and cw-3,7-di-methyl-6-octen-4-olide (cis-eldanolide), are reported. Using electroantennography it was found that male and female antennae reacted approximately equally strongly to both secretions. This result was confirmed in analyses of the secretions using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography and it was found that male as well as female antennae responded to eldanolide. Vanillin, substituted phenols related to vanillin, and some oxygenated monoterpenes elicited weak responses in male and female antennae. In some analyses 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanol, present in the secretions of the insect, gave a strong antennal response. The results obtained in dynamic and static headspace determinations showed that several of the organic compounds present in the glandular secretions are released in detectable quantities and are present in widely varying quantitative ratios in the effluvia of individual calling male moths.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979662
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    Diel rhythms of calling behavior and pheromone production of oriental tobacco budworm moth,Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2953-2963 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Helicoverpa assulta ; sex pheromone ; calling ; diel periodicity ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-9-hexadecenal ; hexadecanal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Both calling behavior and titer of (Z)-9-hexadecenal (Z9-16: Al), the major sex pheromone component ofHelicoverpa assulta, in pheromone glands showed distinct diel periodicity, and these two were synchronous. Calling was most actively performed and the pheromone titer reached a maximum from 2 to 6 h after lights-off. During photophase, no calling was shown and only a relatively small amount of Z9-16:A1 was detected. However, there was a time lag of a few days between peak calling activity and maximum pheromone titer. The pheromone titer was maximal from age 1 day to age 5 days and thereafter decreased while calling was most actively performed after age 3 days. Titers of three minor components, hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate, showed similar daily fluctuation patterns to that of Z9-16:Al, but relative to the titer of Z9-16:Al, the titer of the two aldehyde components remained relatively constant whereas that ofZ9-16:Ac increased in the late scotophase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980595
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    Behavioral and electrophysiological responses of the banana weevilCosmopolites sordidus to host plant volatiles (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 267-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Cosmopolites sordidus ; banana ; weevil ; Musa sp. ; pseudostem ; rhizome ; EAG ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male and femaleCosmopolites sordidus were attracted to freshly cut banana rhizome and pseudostem in a still-air olfactometer. Females responded similarly to odors from a comparatively resistant and from a susceptible cultivar of banana, when presented as either freshly cut tissue or as Porapak-trapped volatiles. Females were also attracted to rotting banana pseudostem and to volatiles collected from it. Males and females gave similar responses to host tissue in both the behavioral bioassay and to collected volatiles in EAG recordings. Weevils did not respond, either behaviorally or electrophysiologically, to a synthetic mixture of mono- and sesqiterpenes, which made up over 9% of the volatiles collected from pseudostem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993694
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    Olfactory receptor cell responses ofIps grandicollis (eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to intra- and interspecific behavioral chemicals (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 699-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips ; Dendroctonus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; interspecific attraction ; behavioral chemicals ; single olfactory cells ; electrophysiology ; pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophysiological recordings from antennal olfactory receptor cells were obtained fromIps grandicollis. Recordings were made from olfactory receptor cells from nine regions of the antennae in response to stimulation with the semiochemicalsα-pinene, frontalin,endo-brevicomin, verbenone,trans-verbenol,cis-verbenol, ipsdienol, and ipsenol. In many cases, up to two cells were recorded concurrently from the same location. When compared to males, females had a greater percentage of cells responsive to the primary pheromones ofDendroctonus frontalis, frontalin andtrans-verbenol, and ofIps spp., ipsdienol and ipsenol. Among females, more cells responded totrans-verbenol and theIps-produced volatiles than to host or otherD. frontalis-produced compounds. Olfactory cells of males responded mostly tocis-verbenol, followed byα-pinene, verbenone,trans-verbenol, andendo-brevicomin. Of those cells responsive primarily to one compound, the greatest percentage were responsive totrans-verbenol in females and to verbenone in males. The response of the antennal olfactory receptor cells to semiochemicals used by male and femaleI. grandicollis is consistent with the presence of these compounds during the host colonization period for each sex. Our results, which show a lack of specificity in most pheromone and host odor receptor cells, is in contrast with previously published accounts of olfactory receptor cell specificity in otherIps species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985002
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    Sex pheromone catabolism in the redbanded leafroller moth (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 751-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; tritiated pheromone ; 11-tetradecenyl acetate ; sensory biochemistry ; catabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tritium-labeled components of the red-banded leaf-roller female sex pheromone, (Z)- and (E)-[11,12-3H2]-11-tetradecenyl acetate (57 Ci/mmol), applied to antennae of males and females were degraded causing formation of tritiated 11-tetradecenol, 11-tetradecenoic acid, and water. Results indicate that the catabolic pathway involves acetate hydrolysis, oxidation of alcohol to fatty acid, and degradation of the acid viaβ-oxidation. Both geometric isomers were degraded equally well by males but degradation proceeded comparatively less rapidly with female antennae. It is surmised that under natural conditions of olfactory sensing, sex pheromone impinging upon the moth's antennae is probably subject to a similar catabolic fate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985006
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    Evidence for allelochemical attraction of the coffee berry borer,Hypothenemus hampei, by coffee berries (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 763-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Hypothenemus hampei ; host selection ; kairomones ; olfaction ; Coffea sp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Petri dish choice tests conducted on the coffee berry borer (CBB),Hypothenemus hampei, showed that females were able to discriminate between coffee berries at different ripening stages. A Y-shaped glass olfactometer was used to demonstrate that coffee berries emitted volatile chemicals that elicited upwind movement by female CBB. Olfactometer tests with three different solvent extracts of berries showed that at least some of the attractive chemical(s) released by the coffee berries could be extracted with acetone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985007
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