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  • Lepidoptera  (97)
  • Coleoptera  (39)
  • Springer  (135)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (135)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
  • 1990  (135)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (135)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pteridine compounds in adults of the pink-spotted bollowrm, Pectinophora scutigera (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Age ; pteridine ; Pectinophora ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En chromatographie liqudde à haute performance (HPLC) à détection par fluorescence, 4 composés ptéridiniques: la xanthoptérine, l'isoxanthoptérine, la 6-bioptérine et la ptérine ont été décelés dans les têtes de P. scutigera Holdaway (Lep. Gelechiidae) adultes. Un autre composé, dénommé ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’, a été décelé aussi dans les têtes de papillons; de même l'isoxanthoptérine a été décelée dans les thorax et abdomens. Les concentrations de ces ptérines ont été dosées dans les têtes des papillons de 2 à 50 jours au laboratoire à 25°C. Les concentrations d'isoxatthoptérine ont été dosées dans les thorax et les abdomens de 2 à 40 jours. La xanthoptérine de la ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ diminuent nettement avec l'âge, tandis que la ptérine diminue plus lentement et que la 6-bioptérine se maintient pratiquement sans changements. L'isoxanthoptérine diminue dans les têtes de mâles de 38,3 ng/tête à 2 j à 22,7 ng/tête à 50 j, mais chez les femelles les concentrations augmentent nettement de 41,2 ng/tête à 2 j à 150,4 ng/tête à 50 j. Des modifications de même type ont été observées dans les thorax et les abdomens des mâles et des femelles. Les modifications de concentration de la ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ des têtes de papillons peuvent être utilisées pour évaluer l'âge physiologique de mâles et des femelles de P. scutigera. La confiance dans ces estimations peut être améliorée en se référant aux concentrations d'isoxanthoptérine dans les thorax des mâles et au rapport isoxanthoptérine/‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ dans les têtes de femelles.
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of four pteridine compounds, xanthopterin, isoxanthopterin, 6-biopterin and pterin and a further unidentified substance, termed ‘modified xanthopterin’, were determined in the heads of adult Pectinophora scutigera (Holdaway) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), aged between 2 and 50 days and reared in the laboratory at 25°C. The level of isoxanthopterin was also determined in the thoraces and abdomens of moths aged between 2 and 40 days. The levels of xanthopterin, and ‘modified xanthopterin’ decreased markedly in the heads of males and females with increasing moth age, while those of pterin decreased more slowly and 6-biopterin remained largely unchanged. Isoxanthopterin decreased in male heads from 38.3 ng/head at 2 days to 22.7 ng/head at 50 days, but in females levels increased from 41.2 ng/head at 2 days to 150.4 ng/head at 50 days. Similar changes in the amounts of isoxanthopterin with increasing moth age were observed in male and female thoraces and abdomens. The results are discussed in relation to using pteridine compounds for estimating the physiological age of P. scutigera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349597
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral responses of maleHeliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths in a flight tunnel to combinations of components identified from female sex pheromone glands (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: cotton bollworm ; Heliothis armigera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; flight tunnel ; male behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six compounds were identified from gland extracts of the cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera(Hubner): (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (Z)-9-hexa-decenal (Z9-16:Ald), hexadecanal, (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH), (Z)-7-hexadecenal (Z7-16:Ald), and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14:Ald). Each of the compounds that were identified was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. Males flew upwind to Z11-16:Ald alone, but greater levels of copulatory responses were evoked with the addition of 2.5% Z9-16:Ald to the Z11-16:Ald. Addition of hexadecanal to the binary mixture had no effect in raising the behavioral response of the males in the flight tunnel. The effect of Z7-16:Ald on male flight depended on the loading. The addition of 1% of this component to 2 mg of the binary mixture reduced levels of copulatory response, but the same addition (1 %) to 10 μg of the binary mixture increased copulatory response. The addition of 79-14:Ald or Z11-16:OH to the binary mixture reduced behavioral responses of males. High loadings of the binary mixture (200–2000 μg) were better than a low loading (10 μg) in eliciting response of males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049196
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of male green June beetlesCotinis nitida (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to female volatiles in a flight tunnel (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Cotinis nitida (L.) ; beetle flight ; pheromone bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417918
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suitability of eight Yponomeuta-species as hosts of Diadegma armillata (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Encapsulation ; evolutionary relationships ; host suitability ; parasitization ; parasitoid complexes ; Diadegma armillata ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la valeur de 8 représentants européens du genre Yponomeuta (Lep., Yponomeutidae) comme hôtes pour Diadegma armillata (Hym., Ichneumonidae). La présence, l'état du parasitoïde, le nombre de chenilles contenant un hyménoptère et la mortalité des chenilles on été examinés par dissection et par élevage des chenilles attaquées en conditions contrôlées. Pour examiner si la mortalité des chenilles saines et parasitées diffèrent, des chenilles non contaminées par l'ichneumonide ont été utilisées comme témoins. De plus, des chenilles provenant de différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne ont été disséquées pour connaître leur taux de parasitisme par D. armillata. La valeur des diverses espèces diffère considérablement. Les dissections montrent que cela provient de différentes aptitudes à l'encapsulation des œufs du parasite. La comparaison des taux observés par la dissection des chenilles des différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne montre une surprenante uniformité pour les populations d'origines géographiques différentes. Les observations sur l'encapsulation par les différentes espèces d'yponomeutes correspondent assez bien aux différences observées parmi les divers complexes parasitaires dans lesquels D. armillata intervient. Certains éléments montrent cependant que le taux d'attaques victorieuses (sans tenir compte d'une éventuelle encapsulation ultérieure) contribue aussi aux différences observées entre les complexes parasitaires. Le classement des espèces d'yponomeutes en 3 catégories, d'après leur valeur comme hôte, montre un remarquable parallélisme avec les relations phylogéniques mises en évidence par analyse des allozymes: les espèces présentant une forte proportion d'encapsulation sont celles qui ont divergé précocement au cours de l'évolution du genre, tandis que les espèces ayant divergé le plus récemment présentent un pourcentage intermédiaire ou sont incapables d'encapsuler les œufs de D. armillata.
    Notes: Abstract The suitability as a host of Diadegma armillata (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) was determined for eight West-European representatives of the genus Yponomeuta Latreille (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) by dissecting and rearing parasitized larvae under controlled conditions. The suitability of the various species differed considerably, and dissection showed that this was mainly due to the ability of the host species to encapsulate the parasitoid eggs. Encapsulation by Yponomeuta-species corresponded fairly well to the differences between the parasitoid complexes concerning D. armillata. Classifying the Yponomeuta-species into three categories according to their suitability, showed a remarkable parallelism with the phylogenetic relationships as determined by allozyme comparison: species showing high encapsulation rates are those that have diverged early in the evolution of the genus, whereas the more recently evolved species showed an intermediate percentage or were not able to encapsulate eggs of D. armillata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343526
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of corn planting date on the life stage development and phenology of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; corn ; life-stage occurrence ; planting date
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans les conditions de l'est du Sud Dakota (USA), 3 dates de semailles de maïs et 3 dates de contamination avec des œufs de D. virgifera virgifera LeConte ont servi à imposer ou à empêcher la synchronisation des éclosions des œufs et par conséquent des développements ultérieurs. Les dates médianes d'apparition de chacun des 3 stades larvaires et des imagos ont été déterminées en relation avec les unités de température et le nombre de jours depuis la contamination. Aucune différence significative entre les dates médianes d'apparition n'a été mise en évidence par utilisation des unités de température; par contre, ces différences deviennent significatives lorsque l'on utilise le nombre de jours depuis la contamination. Des paramètres fiables sont nécessaires pour prédire la présence des différentes stades de cet insecte. En dépit des différentes conditions imposées pour cette étude, la méthode la moins capricieuse pour prédire l'apparition d'un stade larvaire et l'émergence des adultes est la somme de températures avec une base de 11°C.
    Notes: Abstract Under field conditions in eastern South Dakota, USA three different planting dates of corn and three times of egg infestation were used to imposed synchronous and asynchronous timing of corn growth and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte egg hatch and subsequent development. Median occurrence of each of the three larval stages and of the adult stage for each of the infestation-planting treatments was determined by relating occurrence to thermal units and to days after infestation. No significant differences were found among the treatments for median occurrence of each life stage when the thermal unit approach was used. However, significant differences were found among treatments for median occurrence when the day after infestation approach was used. Consistent parameters are needed for prediction of the occurrence of life stages of this insect. Despite the various imposed conditions, this study indicates that the least variable method of predicting life stage occurrence and adult emergence of D. v. virgifera was the use of thermal unit accumulations (base 11°C).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186790
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosynthesis of 1-alkenes in the defensive secretions ofTribolium confusum (Tenebrionidae); stereochemical implications (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 700-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; Tribolium confusum ; defesive secretion ; biosynthesis of 1-alkenes ; oxidative decarboxylation ; anti-elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The terminally unsaturated hydrocarbons of the defensive secretion ofTribolium confusum are biosynthesized from fatty acids by oxidative decarboxylation. The process involves an enantiospecific cleavage of the C−H bond of thepro-(S) C(3)−H atom and simultaneous decarboxylation of the acid into an 1-alkene and carbon dioxide via ananti-periplanar transition state geometry (anti-elimination). The stereochemistry of this biotranformation is identical in all respects with the same reaction in higher plants. The mechanism seems to be of general importance for the biosynthesis of many vinylic substructures of natural products from oxygen-containing precursors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01939939
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of adult diet on the reproductive biology and survival of the western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; corn rootworms ; age-specific survival ; age-specific fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D. virgifera virgifera LeConte a été placé sur des régimes nutritifs mimant l'évolution des tissus du maïs disponsibles dans le champ lorsque les insectes éclosent est aux stades suivants du maïs: 1) après émergence de l'épi mâle, mais avant l'apparition des barbes et l'émission du pollen; 2) lors de la présence de barbes et de l'émission de pollen; 3) après la pollinisation et quand les barbes ont bruni. Un quatrième régime a été fourni pendant toute l'expérience comprenant des barbes vertes, du pollen et des feuilles. Les pontes moyennes des femelles pendant les 12 semaines de l'étude on été 125, 235, 179 et 441 pour les régimes 1, 2, 3 et 4. Les dates de mort de la moitié des adultes a été 7,2, 7,2, 6,7 et 8,8 semaines pour respectivement les mêmes régimes. Les femelles du régime 1 pondent à un âge plus avancé que les femelles des régimes 2 et 3. L'influence des changements de la qualité alimentaire du maïs au fur et à mesure du vieillissement des plantes et deDiabrotica, a été déterminée par la survie au bout de 48 heures d'insectes éclos depuis peu et d'autres maintenus en cage sur des lots de maïs à différents stades poussant en serre depuis des temps plus ou moins longs. Plus les plantes sont âgées, plus la survie des 2 groupes deDiabrotica diminue, mais plus vite chez les lots d'insectes âgés.
    Notes: Abstract Adult corn rootworm beetles,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, were maintained on three dietary regimes which mimicked the progression of corn tissues that would be available in the field for beetles eclosing when corn was in the following growth stages: (A) after tassels had emerged but prior to silking and pollen shed; (B) while plants were silking and shedding pollen; and (C) after pollination was complete and silks had turned brown. A fourth regime (D) was established in which green corn silks, pollen, and leaves were provided throughout the study. The mean number of eggs laid per female over the 12-week duration of the study was 125, 235, 179, and 441 for regimes A, B, C, and D, respectively. Median length of life was 7.2, 7.2, 6.7, and 8.8 weeks for regimes A, B, C, and D respectively. Beetles in regime A laid a greater proportion of their eggs at an older age than did beetles from regimes B and C. To further investigate the influences on survival of changes in food quality of corn as plants and beetles aged, newly-eclosed beetles and beetles that had been maintained in caged plots of corn growing in a greenhouse for various lengths of time were caged on corn at different stages of growth, and the proportion of beetles surviving for 48 h was determined. Survival decreased as plants aged for both groups of beetles, but decreased at a faster rate for old than for young beetles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579611
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calling behaviour ofMamestra brassicae: effect of age and photoperiod (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; sex pheromone ; calling behaviour ; calling posture ; diel periodicity of calling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La périodicité quotidienne de l'appel et les effets de l'âge et de la photopériode ont été examinés sur des femelles vierges deMamestra brassicae (Lépido., Noctuidae). Aucun appel n'a été observé pendant la première scotophase; la plupart des femelles appelaient pour la première fois pendant les 2e et 3e scotophases après l'émergence, quelle que fût la photopériode. Les papillons conservés à 16 J/8 N ont commencé à appeler beaucoup plus tard que ceux dont la photopériode était 18 J/6 N. En vieillissant, les papillons appelaient significativement de plus en plus tôt. Avec 16 J/8 N, la moyenne du moment du début de l'appel a diminué de la scotophase 2 à la scotophase 3, après laquelle il s'est stabilisé autour de 260 min après le début de la scotophase. Avec 18 J/6 N, le moment du début de l'appel a diminué jusqu'à la scotophase 4, et s'est stabilisé ensuite autour de 130 min après le début de l'obscurité.
    Notes: Abstract Die periodicity of calling and the effect of age and photoperiod on calling behaviour were studied in virgin females of the cabbage moth,mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). No calling activity was observed during the first scotophase. Most females called for the first time during the 2nd or 3rd scotophase after emergence, regardless of the photoperiod. Moths maintained under 16L: 8D started calling significantly later in the scotophase than those maintained under 18L: 6D. With increasing age, moths initiated calling significantly earlier. Under the 16L: 8D photoregime, the mean onset calling time decreased from scotophases 2 to 3, after which it stabilized around ca. 260 min after the start of the scotophase. With 18L: 6D, the onset of calling decreased until scotophase 4, and subsequently stabilized around ca. 130 min after lights off.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579612
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical defence in chewing and sucking insect herbivores: Plant-derived cardenolides in the monarch butterfly and oleander aphid (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 12-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; comparative sequestration ; feeding guilds ; insect herbivory ; natural enemies ; cardenolides ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus (L.) ; Homoptera ; Aphidae ; Aphis nerii B. de F. ; Asclepiadaceae ; Asclepias curassavica L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cardenolide sequestration by a hemimetabolous aphid and a holometabolous butterfly from the neotropical milkweed,Asclepias curassavica L., is compared. The oleander aphid,Aphis nerii B. de F., sequestered a similarly narrow range of cardenolide concentrations to the monarch butterfly,Danaus plexippus (L.), from the wide range of concentrations available in leaves of A.curassavica. However, A.nerii sequestered significantly less cardenolide (269 µg/0.1 g) thanD. plexippus (528 µg/0.1 g). The honeydew excreted by A.nerii was comprised of 46% cardenolide. The complete polarity range of 25 cardenolides detected by thin layer chromatography in A.curassavica was represented in the 17 whole aphid cardenolides and the 20 aphid honeydew cardenolides detected. D.plexippus sequestered a narrower polarity range of 11 cardenolides, having eliminated low polarity cardenolide genins and glycosides. It is suggested that these chemical differences may be related to interactions among the broad feeding tactics of sucking or chewing milkweed leaves, life history constraints of holometabolyversus hemimetaboly, the distribution of milkweed food resources in space and time, and the dynamics of natural enemies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240581
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Ithomiinae: A comparative study between species feeding on Apocynaceae and Solanaceae (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 22-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: variation of secondary substances ; pharmacophagy ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Lepidoptera ; Ithomiinae ; Aeria olena ; Tithorea harmonia ; Mechanitis polymnia ; Apocynaceae-Echitoideae ; Solanaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The primitive, Apocynaceae-feeding Ithomiine,Tithorea harmonia, incorporates dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from its larval foodplant (Prestonia acutifolia), rarely visiting PA sources pharmacophagously in the adult; females show higher concentrations of PAs than males, with similar variance. The close relativeAeria olena (feeding onP. coalita, without PAs) shows similar PA concentrations in both sexes and greater variation in males, like more advanced Solanaceae-feeding Ithomiine such asMechanitis polymnia, which likeA. olena obtain PAs by pharmacophagy in the adult (mainly males). This difference is due to the dynamics of PA incorporation in these species. Little variation in PA content was found among allopatric populations of the same species, but variation in available PA sources in different months was correlated with different average storage levels in the butterflies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240582
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systemic retention of ingested cantharidin by frogs (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: toxin sequestration ; predation ; human dietary hazard ; cantharidin ; Coleoptera ; Meloidae ; Epicauta vittata ; Rana ; Hirudo ; Nerodia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Frogs(Rana pipiens) fed on blister beetles (Meloidae) or cantharidin, retain cantharidin systemically. After cessation of feeding, they void the compound relatively quickly. Systemic cantharidin does not protect frogs against ectoparasitic feeding by leeches(Hirudo medicinalis) or predation by snakes(Nerodia sipedon). As suggested by our data, and from reports in the early literature, ingestion of cantharidin-containing frogs can pose a health threat to humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01325229
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary strategies of chemical defense in aposematic butterflies: Cyanogenesis in Asteraceae-feeding American Acraeinae (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 52-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defense ; mimicry ; evolutionary strategies ; hostplants ; cyanogenesis ; linamarin ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Lepidoptera ; Acraeinae ; Asteraceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary American Acraeinae butterflies often ingest large amounts of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from their Asteraceae hostplants in both larval and adult stages, but do not normally store these compounds for defence, instead biosynthesizing large amounts of the cyanogenic glucoside linamarin in all stages. This defence syndrome (rejection of plant toxins andde novo synthesis of protective chemicals) is considered to be the most evolved among aposematic (unpalatable mimicry-model) butterflies, as are the Acraeinae and Heliconiini which also synthesize cyanogens. Storage or minimal processing of larval hostplant-derived defensive chemicals is widespread and characterizes the most primitive model groups; an intermediate series (Danainae/Ithomiinae) also obtains the principal defensive chemicals (PAs) from plants, but mostly in the adult stage. These syndromes are discussed and contrasted with the pattern seen in Chrysomelidae beetles, wherede novo synthesis is widespread and considered primitive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01325228
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity of nonhost phototoxins to parsnip webworms(Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: phototoxicity ; harmane ; harmine ; harmalol ; alpha-terthienyl ; skimmianine ; Lepidoptera ; Oecophoridae ; Depressaria pastinacella ; parsnip webworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The parsnip webworm,Depressaria pastinacella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), feeds exclusively on apiaceous hostplants containing furanocoumarins, compounds capable of oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independend photosensitization. Despite high titers of antioxidant enzymes relative to other herbivorous insects, webworms cannot tolerate nonhost photosensitizers such as alpha-terthienyl or beta-carboline alkaloids at dietary concentrations of 0.01% or less. Tolerance of skimmianine, a furano-quinoline alkaloid, may be due to its structural resemblance to furanocoumarins, which are metabolized by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01241647
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: green leaf volatile ; semiochemical ; synomone ; volatile attractant ; tritrophic ; host location ; parasitoid behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis ; Ichneumonidae ; Netelia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01325231
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    Responses of three mouse species to deterrent chemicals in the monarch butterfly. I. Taste and toxicity tests using artificial diets laced with digitoxin or monocrotaline (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 114-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: taste aversion ; toxicology ; chemical defense ; cardiac glycoside ; cardenolides ; digitoxin ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; monocrotaline ; Mammalia ; Muridae ; Peromyscus ; Reithrodontomys ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Of three common mouse species at the Mexican overwintering sites of the monarch butterfly, onlyPeromyscus melanotis eats monarchs. We hypothesized thatP. aztecus andReithrodontomys sumichrasti reject monarchs because they are more sensitive to the bitter taste and/or toxic effects of the cardiac glycosides (CGs) and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in the butterflies. Two-choice preference tests revealed no difference in taste avoidance thresholds to free base and N-oxide forms of the PA, monocrotaline, but very different avoidance thresholds to the CG, digitoxin. Avoidance thresholds forR. sumichrasti andP. aztecus were, in respective order, 1020 and 34 times less than that forP. melanotis. We also tested the toxic sensitivity of juvenile mice by chronically feeding diets containing digitoxin or monocrotaline at concentrations similar to those used in the preference tests. No species developed CG toxicity, but bothP. melanotis andP. aztecus developed moderate PA toxicity (R. sumichrasti was not tested for PA toxicity).P. aztecus grew more slowly and manyP. melanotis had hepatic metabolic lesions. Thus, the three mouse species responded very differently to the taste and toxic properties of CGs and PAs at ecologically relevant concentrations: 1) CGs were taste rejected by all species exceptP. melanotis, while PAs were not; and 2) PAs were toxic, while CGs were not.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01241652
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  • 16
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    Aggregation pheromone ofCarpophilus freemani (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae): A blend of conjugated triene and tetraene hydrocarbons (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: pheromone ; attractant ; triene ; tetraene ; hydrocarbon ; Insecta ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; Carpophilus freemani
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Males ofCarpophilus freemani Dobson (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) produce an aggregation pheromone to which both sexes fly in a wind-tunnel bioassay. The major pheromone component (ca. 30 ng per male per day in volatile collections) was identified as (2E,4E,6E)-5-ethyl-3-methyl-2,4,6-nonatriene. A minor component, (2E,4E,6E,8E)-7-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene, was 3–10% as abundant as the major triene and was 5–20% as active when compared at relative doses ranging from natural proportions to 1:1. These compounds act synergistically: a mixture of major and minor components in natural proportions attracted more than twice as many beetles as the major component alone, and the mixture fully accounted for the activity of male-derived volatile collections. Six other male-derived conjugated hydrocarbons, ranging from 2% down to 0.04% as abundant as the major component, were also identified. These are (in order of decreasing bioassay activity when compared on an equal-weight basis): (3E,5E,7E)-6-ethyl-4-methyl-3,5,7-decatriene, (2E,4E,6E)-5-ethyl-3-me-thyl-2,4,6-octatriene, (3E,5E,7E,9E)-8-ethyl-4,6-dimethyl-3, 5,7,9-dodecatetraene, (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6, 8-undecatetraene, (3E,5E,7E)-5-ethyl-7-methyl-3,5,7-undecatriene, and (2E,4E,6E)-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-nonatriene. All structure identifications were confirmed by synthesis. In the wind tunnel, the pheromone acted synergistically with “host”-type volatiles such as propyl acetate, valeric acid, and ethanol. This concept was verified by fields tests in California, in which there was dramatic synergism between the pheromone and fermenting host materials. Pheromone biosynthesis is discussed.
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  • 17
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    Responses of three mouse species to deterrent chemicals in the monarch butterfly. II. Taste tests using intact monarchs (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 124-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: taste aversion ; chemical defense ; predatory attack patterns ; insectivory ; cardiac glycosides ; cardenolides ; Mammalia ; Muridae ; Peromyscus ; Reithrodontomys ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Peromyscus melanotis is the only one of three mouse species that eats monarch butterflies at their overwintering sites in Mexico. I tested two hypotheses: 1)P. aztecus avoids monarchs because of a bitter taste aversion to cardiac glycosides (CGs) and an inability to reject CG-rich body parts; 2)Reithrodontomys sumichrasti avoids monarchs principally because of a bitter taste aversion to the CGs. None of the species are sensitive to the toxic effects of ingested CGs. Feeding responses of laboratory-reared mice of each species to monarchs with low, medium and high CG concentrations were compared. BothP. aztecus andR. sumichrasti ate significantly fewer of all three types of monarchs thanP. melanotis. ForP. aztecus andR. sumichrasti, the number of monarchs eaten decreased with increasing CG concentration, whereas forP. melanotis, the number remained constant.Peromyscus melanotis andR. sumichrasti developed a feeding technique for rejecting the CG-laden cuticular material, which reduced the bitterness of ingested monarch material. However,R. sumichrasti displayed the technique significantly less often thanP. melanotis; andP. aztecus never developed it. I conclude that high taste sensitivity to CGs and less versatile food handling preventP. aztecus andR. sumichrasti from overcoming the monarch's chemical defenses.
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  • 18
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    Secretion-grooming in aquatic beetles (Hydradephaga): A chemical protection against contamination of the hydrofuge respiratory region (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: secretion-grooming ; pygidial glands ; chemical defence against microorganisms ; respiration ; aquatic beetles ; Coleoptera ; Hydradephaga ; Gyrinidae ; Haliplidae ; Noteridae ; Hygrobiidae ; Dytiscidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary All Hydradephaga investigated so far crawl onto land when exposed to an increase in water temperature and light intensity and spread the secretion from their pygidial glands over the body surface (“secretion-grooming”). The secretions have antimicrobial properties and are mainly applied to hydrofuge body regions important for aquatic respiration. Experimental prevention of secretion-grooming leads to the loss of the respiratory air bubble and a significant increase in mortality. These findings support the view that the secretion-grooming of adephagous aquatic beetles, like in some aquatic Heteroptera, inhibits the growth of microor-ganisms, thus preventing the contamination and wetting of the cuticular respiratory structures. Thus it keeps functional the air-retaining hydrophobous body regions essential for aquatic respiration. A model is presented on how secretion-grooming may have evolved in the Hydradephaga. Other possible functions of the pygidial gland secretions are discussed.
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  • 19
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    E-myrcenol inIps duplicatus: An aggregation pheromone component new for bark beetles (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1209-1211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Pheromone ; E-myrcenol ; ipsdienol ; Ips duplicatus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Males of the Eurasian bark beetleIps duplicatus, when feeding in host Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), produced and released ipsdienol andE-myrcenol, which we show to be aggregation pheromone components. Bioassays using walking beetles indicated thatE-myrcenol in synergistic combination with ipsdienol is essential for attraction. Synergism ofE-myrcenol and ipsdienol released at natural rates in the forest was also demonstrated with a new technique using mechanical slow-rotation of sticky traps.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01936939
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  • 20
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    Biosynthesis of a monoene and a conjugated diene sex pheromone component of the lightbrown apple moth by Δ11 desaturation (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; biosynthesis ; Lepidoptera ; Epiphyas postvittana ; deuterium-labelling ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fatty acyl moieties present in the female sex pheromone gland of the lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana, include the analogues of the two sex pheromone components, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate. Application of deuterium-labelled fatty acids followed by analysis by gas chromatographymass spectrometry showed that biosynthesis of the two pheromone components involved initial Δ11-desaturation of myristic and palmitic acids respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951762
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    Olfactory interneurons in the brain of the larval sphinx moth Manduca sexta (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 167 (1990), S. 309-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Chemosensory integration ; Olfaction ; Brain ; Larva ; Caterpillar ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The physiology and morphology of olfactory interneurons in the brain of larval Manduca sexta were studied using intracellular recording and staining techniques. Antennal olfactory receptors were stimulated with volatile substances from plants and with pure odorants. Neurons responding to the stimuli were investigated further to reveal their response specificities, dose-response characteristics, and morphology. 2. We found no evidence of specific ‘labeled-lines’ among the odor-responsive interneurons, as none responded exclusively to one plant odor or pure odorant; most olfactory interneurons were broadly tuned in their response spectra. This finding is consistent with an ‘across-fiber’ pattern of odor coding. 3. Mechanosensory and olfactory information are integrated at early stages of central processing, appearing in the responses of some local interneurons restricted to the primary olfactory nucleus in the brain, the larval antennal center (LAC). 4. The responses of LAC projection neurons and higher-order protocerebral interneurons to a given odor were more consistent than the responses of LAC local interneurons. 5. The LAC appears to be functionally subdivided, as both local and projection neurons had arborizations in specific parts of the LAC, but none had dendrites throughout the LAC. 6. The mushroom bodies and the lateral protocerebrum contain neurons that respond to olfactory stimulation.
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    Attraction of pinyon pine bark beetle,Ips hoppingi, to conspecific andI. confusus pheromones (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2791-2798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; pinyon pine ; bark beetle ; cross-attraction ; Ips hoppingi ; Ips confusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Pinus discolor ; Pinus edulis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of a pinyon pine bark beetle,Ips hoppingi Lanier, were less attracted by the aggregation pheromone produced by conspecific males than by the pheromone produced by the neighboring sibling species,I. confusus (LeConte). Cross-attraction was elicited by males infesting the regional pinyon pine hosts (P. discolor andP. edulis) of eitherIps species in south-eastern Arizona. Pheromonal specificity has not accompanied speciation in this species pair.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979473
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    Gut redox conditions in herbivorous lepidopteran larvae (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3277-3290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant-insect interactions ; redox ; reduction potential ; digestion ; Lepidoptera ; Danaus plexippus ; Lymantria dispar ; Manduca sexta ; Papilio glaucus ; Polia latex ; Danaidae ; Lymantriidae ; Sphingidae ; Papilionidae ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Large interspecific differences in redox potential exist among herbivorous lepidopteran larvae. Reducing conditions occur in the midguts ofManduca sexta (Sphingidae) andPolia latex (Noctuidae), whereas oxidizing conditions prevail in the midguts ofLymantria dispar (Lymantriidae),Danaus plexippus (Danaidae), andPapilio glaucus (Papilionidae). The epithelium of the posterior midgut ofM. sexta fed a diet containing bismuth subnitrate accumulates bismuth sulfide, suggesting that sulfide might be one of the reducing agents responsible for the maintenance of reducing conditions in this species. We propose that the effects of plant allelochemicals in insect herbivores will be strongly affected by gut redox conditions and that the regulation of gut redox conditions is an important adaptation of insect herbivores to the chemical defenses of plants. The redox state of the gut is yet another insect trait that must be included in the analysis of plant-insect interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982098
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    (+)-Juniperol and (+)-pimaral: Attractants for the cerambycid beetle,Monochamus alternatus Hope (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3383-3392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Monochamus alternatus Hope ; Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; female ; Pinus densiflora ; Pinus thunbergii ; attractants ; (+)-juniperol ; (+)-pimaral ; sesquiterpenes ; diterpenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sesquiterpene and a diterpene were isolated from sound pines and identified as (+)-juniperol and (+)-pimaral, respectively. The combination of these compounds in a certain ratio induced a significant laboratory flight response by the female cerambycid beetle,Monochamus alternatus Hope. Individual compounds elicited a limited response only.
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    Rapid, quantitative HPLC analysis ofAsclepias fruticosa L. andDanaus plexippus L. cardenolides (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3373-3382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Asclepias fruticosa ; milkweed ; Danaus plexippus ; monarch butterfly ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; cardenolides ; HPLC ; gomphoside ; afroside ; digitoxin ; calactin ; calotropin ; cardenolide fingerprint ; cardiac glycosides ; internal standard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cardenolide extracts from latex and aerial parts ofAsclepias fruticosa and ofDanaus plexippus reared onA. fruticosa orA. curassavica were purified by adsorption chromatography on silica gel. HPLC analysis on a C18 reverse-phase column with an acetonitrile-water gradient as mobile phase, separated 28 compounds with a UV spectrum typical forcardenolides. Afroside and gomphoside (major components), as well as calotropagenin, calotoxin, calotropin, calactin, uscharidin, uscharin, and voruscharin, occurred as single peaks in the profiles of latex and aerial plant parts ofA. fruticosa. Calactin and calotropin were the major cardenolides inDanaus plexippus reared onA. fruticosa orA. curassavica. Quantitative data obtained with digitoxin as internal standard showed that 1.3–1.5% of the leaf cardenolides were sequestered byDanaus plexippus in which levels of 70–80μg cardenolide per butterfly were measured. The calotropin from the leaves was almost completely sequestered, and 10–13% of the calactin was stored by the butterfly, assuming that no conversion occurred in larval tissues.
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    Male pheromone of swift moth,Hepialus hecta L. (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3511-3521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hepialus ; Lepidoptera ; Hepialidae ; swift moth ; pheromone ; dihydropyrone ; 2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1] nonane ; behavior ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (R)-6-Ethyl-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one, (1R,3S,5R)-3-ethyl-1,8-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3. 1]non-7-ene, and (1R,3S,5R)-3-ethyl-1,8-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-en-6-one represent the main components in the male pheromone of the swift moth,Hepialus hecta. The amounts of the three components were 40, 5, and 5 μg per male, respectively. Structure elucidation of the compounds was based on spectroscopic data as compared to synthetic reference samples. The absolute configurations were determined by gas chromatography on chiral stationary phases; optically active samples served as reference compounds. Electrophysiological and behavioral experiments with natural material and synthetic samples clearly showed the three heterocyclic compounds to act as pheromones. (E, E)-α-Farnesene represents the main component of the scent secretion of maleHepialus humuli.
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  • 27
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    Apple ermine moth,Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller Two components of female sex pheromone gland highly effective in field trapping tests (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; Yponomeuta malinellus ; sex pheromone ; apple ermine moth ; (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When electroantennographic responses of maleYponomeuta malinellus Zeller to model compounds were determined at dosages of 0.3–30 ng, the strongest responses were obtained from (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate (Z9–12∶Ac). Also, strong responses were obtained from (Z)-11-tetradecenal (Z11–14∶A1) and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (Zl1–14∶OH). At a dosage of 0.3 ng,Z11–14∶A1 produced a stronger response thanZ11–14∶OH, while at a dosage of 30 ng,Z11–14∶OH andZ11–14∶A1 produced equal responses. Gas chromatographic and mass spectral analysis of extracts of female sex pheromone glands showed the presence ofZ9–12∶Ac, tetradecan-1-ol (14∶OH), (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11–14∶OH),Z11–14∶OH, hexadecan-1-ol, and hexadecan-1-ol acetate in a ratio of 0.6∶200∶37∶100∶140∶35. In field tests,Z9–12∶Ac andZ11–14∶OH together were required for trap catch, and addition ofZ11–14∶A1,E11–14∶OH, 14∶OH, or (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate did not increase catch. Ratios in rubber septa of 0.5∶99.5 to 1.5∶98.5 (Z9–12∶ Ac/Z11–14∶OH) captured the most males and captures were statistically equivalent for dosages of 10–1000 μg/rubber septum. Traps baited with the synthetic lure produced better catches than those baited with females.
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    Interpopulational variation in emitted pheromone blend of cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 509-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; 11-dodecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni, from laboratory colonies initiated from three locations across the United States emitted similar quantities and blend ratios of the six known pheromone components. In contrast, females from a long-established laboratory colony emitted a greater proportion of four of the five minor components relative to the major component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate; only the relative proportion of 11-dodecenyl acetate was similar in all of the populations sampled. Females from this population emitted (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate at a rate similar to that from females from field-collected colonies. Within each population there were highly significant correlations among the quantities of pheromone components of similar molecular weights. Correlations between components of different molecular weights were not as great, but often were significant. Similarities of blend ratios among field populations may indicate that the chemical signal in this species is conservative. The difference of the blend ratios in our laboratory population from the other populations may indicate a decrease in the intensity of selection pressure that usually would maintain these values.
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    Chemical marker from silk ofYponomeuta cagnagellus (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2203-2216 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Yponomeuta cagnagellus ; caterpillars ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; trail following ; chemical marker ; trail pheromone ; stability ; pheromone secretory site
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trail following in lepidopterous larvae is often attributed to chemical markers, but only a few clear-cut examples are found in the literature. In this paper evidence is presented for a chemical basis of the trail following behaviour ofYponomeuta cagnagellus. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) The marker is shown to be very persistent under laboratory conditions and is water soluble. Several possible secretory sites were investigated, and it is concluded that the marker is probably secreted together with the silk from the labial gland. Problems associated with the demonstration of trail markers in caterpillars are discussed.
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    Synthesis and field testing of enantiomers of 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxydienes as sex attractants for geometrid moths (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2317-2339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; behavioral antagonist ; enantiomer ; (6Z,9Z,3S,4R)-epoxy-heptadecadiene ; (6Z,9Z,3R,4S)-epoxy-heptadecadiene ; (3Z,9Z,6S,7R)-epoxyheptadecadiene ; (6Z,9Z,3S,4R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; (6Z,9Z,3R,4S)-epoxy-nonadecadiene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Stereoselective syntheses of chiral C17 to C21 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxydienes were developed. Field tests of the enantiomerically enriched epoxides as components of synthetic sex attractant lures were carried out, and those with C17 and C19 chain lengths, particularly, were attractive to male moths of several species. Moths were usually specifically attracted by one of a pair of enantiomers, and the opposite enantiomer could actually be a behavioral antagonist. Males belonging to nine species of Geometridae were captured.Probole amicaria (Herrich-Schäffer) males were taken in traps baited with the mixture (6Z,9Z,3S,4R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene (6Z,9Z,3S,4R-epoxy-19∶H) + 3Z,9Z,6R,7S-epoxy-19∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H(9∶1∶8). Other species responding to the C19 compounds included (attractant components follow in parentheses);Sicya macularia (Harris) (6Z,9Z,3S,4R-epoxy-19∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H),Anavitrinella pampinaria (Guenée) (6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-19∶H + 3Z,9Z,6S,7R-epoxy-19∶H), andLycia ursaria (Walker) (6Z,9Z-3S, 4R-epoxy-19∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H). Males of the following species were captured byC 17 epoxides:Itame occiduaria (Packard) (6Z,9Z,3R,4S-epoxy-17∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H),Itame brunneata (Thunberg) (6Z,9Z,3S,4R-epoxy-17∶H),Epelis truncataria (Walker) (both enantiomers of 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-17∶H),Semiothisa ulsterata (Pearsall) (3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-17∶H), andS. signaria dispuncta (Walker) (3Z,9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-17∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H). The interactions among enantiomers and regioisomers are discussed as a mechanism by which cross attraction between sympatric species is limited.
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    Structure of a novel phytoecdysteroid, vitexirone, and efficient isolation of phytoecdysteroids fromVitex fisherii (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2581-2588 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Vitex fisherii ; Verbenaceae ; phytoecdysteroid ; vitexirone ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; ajugasterone C ; turkesterone ; pink bollworm ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A novel phytoecdysteroid, vitexirone, has been isolated from a MeOH extract of the root bark of the East African medicinal plantVitex fisherii by recycling high-performance liquid chromatography on a semipreparative scale. In addition, three known phytoecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, ajugasterone C, and turkesterone, also were isolated. The structure of vitexirone has been established spectroscopically. The position and stereochemistry of the 11-α-hydroxy group of ajugasterone C and vitexirone were confirmed by the1H-1H homonuclear COSY NMR data. These phytoecdysteroids disrupt the molting process of the pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiella.
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    Biochemical activity of centipedegrass against fall armyworm larvae (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2677-2690 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Resistance ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; antibiosis ; bioactivity ; plant biochemicals ; chlorogenic acid ; maysin ; luteolin ; fall armyworm ; centipedegrass ; Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Centipedegrass,Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack, severely inhibits growth of the fall armyworm larva,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Fresh centipedegrass extracts and extract fractions were deposited on Celufil, incorporated into meridic-based diets and bioassayed against neonate larvae of the fall armyworm in the laboratory. The methanol extract (F1) caused the greatest reduction in larval weight. When F1, was partitioned between méthylene chloride and water, the activity was transferred to the water-soluble fraction (F5), which, when further fractionated using preparative C-18 reverse-phase chromatography, yielded active F7 and F8 fractions. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed F7 to be 95% caffeoylquinic acids with chlorogenic acid as the major constituent. HPLC analysis of F8 revealed maysin [2″-O- α-L-rhamnosyl-6-C-(6-deoxy-Xylo-hexos-4-ulosyl)luteolin] and other luteolin derivatives. Chlorogenic acid and other caffeoylquinic acids, maysin, and other luteolin derivatives are the major factors responsible for the antibiotic resistance of centipedegrass to larvae of the fall armyworm.
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    Defense chemicals from abdominal glands of 13 rove beetle species of subtribe staphylinina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2691-2711 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Staphylinina ; chemical defense ; abdominal glands ; iridoids ; iridodial ; ketones ; cyclic compounds ; spiroacetals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-one volatile constituents have been characterized from the abdominal defensive glands of 13 Staphylinina rove beetle species (Staphylinidae). The major secretion component, a rapidly polymerizing iridoid dialdehyde (in most cases iridodial), is mainly accompanied by variable amounts of some iridoid lactones, traces of actinidine, some possible monoterpene precursors, short-chain ketones, cyclic compounds, and spiroacetals. The secretion mixtures even of single Staphylinina genera are very heterogenously composed of a variety of active substances with different structures. This situation may be a typical feature of iridoid defense systems based upon a primary fixative major compound and clearly differs from other chemical defense systems (for example the quinone system) which have a toxic main component.
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    Glucosinolate levels in cotyledons of mustard,Brassica juncea L. and rape,B. napus L. do not determine feeding rates of flea beetle,Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2735-2746 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Glucosinolate ; sinigrin ; glucobrassicin ; sulfur ; crucifer ; Brassica juncea ; B. napus ; flea beetle ; Phyllotreta cruciferae ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; feeding ; cotyledon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sinigrin (allyl glucosinolate), the major glucosinolate in the cotyledons ofBrassica juncea cv. Cutlass, occurred in the highest concentration and amount at seedling emergence and declined during growth. Glucobrassicin (3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate), the major glucosinolate in the cotyledons ofB. napus cv. Westar, occurred in the lowest concentration and amount at seedling emergence. The amount of glucobrassicin per cotyledon pair increased about fourfold during 14 days of growth, but its concentration remained relatively unchanged because of “dilution” by increasing cotyledon biomass. These different glucosinolate profiles indicate a different metabolic control and different biological function for sinigrin and glucobrassicin. The flea beetle,Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze, does not discriminate between cotyledons having sinigrin or glucobrassicin since the two crucifers were fed upon equally in choice tests. Restricting the concentration of sulfur in the nutrient medium accelerated the decline of sinigrin inB. juncea cv. Cutlass but did not alter the feeding rate ofP. cruciferae compared to controls. Sulfur restriction reduced glucobrassicin inB. napus cv. Westar to undetectable levels and somewhat reduced the feeding rate of P.Cruciferae. Nevertheless,P. cruciferae still fed actively on cotyledons ofB. napus cv. Westar depleted of glucosinolates and severely damaged many of them. Since glucosinolate type and concentration had little effect on feeding response, reduction or elimination of foliar glucosinolates alone would not seem a useful strategy for protecting seedlings of these two crucifers from flea beetle damage.
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    Developmental and environmental sources of pheromone variation inColias eurytheme butterflies (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2771-2786 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colias ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; courtship pheromone ; pheromone variation ; pheromone production ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; n-heptacosane ; 13-methylheptacosane ; n-nonacosane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Body size, age, ambient temperature, wing wear, and flight activity were investigated as possible sources of variation in the quantities and relative proportions of the three chemical components [n-heptacosane (C27), 13-methylheptacosane (13MH), andn-nonacosane (C29)] of the male courtship pheromone ofColias eurytheme butterflies. Size of the male has very little influence on the amount of any of the pheromone components present on the wings. Most of the deposition of all three components onto the surface of the hindwing occurs between 3 and 9 hr after emergence from the pupa. 13MH is deposited more rapidly than C27 and C29, and C27 more rapidly than C29. After the first 12 hr posteclosion, the pheromone phenotype of an individual male remains relatively constant through at least 96 hr of age. Experiments showed that none of the three chemicals volatilize to any appreciable extent at temperatures likely to be experienced in the field. The pheromones of actively searching and courting males did not differ from those of less-active feeding and resting males, suggesting that volatilization induced by flight activity is not an important source of pheromone variation. Loss of scales with age does seem to affect pheromone phenotype, but not in a readily interpretable way. Although the quantity of 13MH was lower in worn males than in fresh, C27 was higher.
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    Inactivation of baculovirus by quinones formed in insect-damaged plant tissues (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1221-1236 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Baculovirus ; nuclear polyhedrosis virus ; plant phenolics ; polyphenol oxidase ; tritrophic interactions ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; host plant resistance ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The infectivity of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus, HzSNPV toHeliothis zea was significantly reduced when viral occlusion bodies were exposed to the plant phenolic chlorogenic acid in the presence of polyphenol oxidase. Chlorogenic acid is rapidly oxidized to the ortho-quinone, chlorogenoquinone, by foliar polyphenol oxidases of the tomato plant, Lycopersicon esculentum, when foliage is damaged during feeding by larvalH. zea. Our results indicate that chlorogenoquinone, a powerful oxidizing agent, covalently binds to the occlusion bodies of HzSNPV and significantly reduces their digestibility and solubility under alkaline conditions. This binding is proposed to interfere with the infection process by impairing the release of infective virions in the midgut.
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    Effect of trichome B exudate ofSolanum berthaultii Hawkes on consumption by the colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1547-1555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; S. berthaultii ; S. tuberosum ; trichome ; antifeedant ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The leaf extract fromS. berthaultii Hawkes (PI 473340) contains exudate from trichomes (type B). Consumption ofS. tuberosum var. Norchip foliage by the Colorado potato beetleLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was reduced when treated with the leaf extract. The leaf extract from a resistantS. berthaultii clone without type B trichome had no antifeedant activity. It suggests that more than one mechanism of resistance to the Colorado potato beetle exists inS. berthaultii.
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    Electrophysiological and chemical analysis of sex pheromone communication system of the mottled umber,Erannis defoliaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1887-1897 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Erannis defoliaria (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene ; (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; sex pheromone ; identification ; electroantennogram ; single sensillum ; peripheral inhibitor ; Agriopis marginaria ; Colotois pennaria ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene (Z3,Z6,Z9–19Hy) and (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-nonadecadiene (Z3,Z9-cis-6,7-epo-19Hy) were identified in pheromone gland extracts from femaleErannis defoliaria. The two components were found in a 1∶3 ratio, with the main component,Z3,Z9-cis-6,7-epo-19Hy present at an amount of about 1.5 ng per female. The components were identified by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-electroantennography and gas chromatography-single sensillum recordings. Single sensillum measurements on the male antenna showed two physiological types of sensilla. One type was characterized by a large spike amplitude cell responding toZ3,Z9-cis-6,7-epoxy-19Hy and a small spike amplitude cell responding toZ3,Z6,Z9–19Hy. A second type responded only with a large spike amplitude cell to the epoxide, and this cell was inhibited by the triene. Of the two pheromone components, the epoxide gave the higher response in the EAG tests. Preliminary field tests support the identification of the pheromone components. The epoxide was also found to be present in the extract of the pheromone gland ofColotois pennaria, and males ofC. pennaria andAgriopis marginaria were trapped by the mixture of the identified compounds.
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    Enantiomeric synthesis of dominicalure, aggregation pheromone of lesser grain borer,Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1921-1925 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lesser grain borer ; Rhyzopertha dominica (F) ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; aggregation pheromone ; chiral synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (S)-(+)-1-Methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate,1, and (S)-(+)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate2, the aggregation pheromone for lesser grain borerRhyzopertha dominica (F). were synthesized from crotylaldehyde in an overall yield of 30%. The chiral intermediate6 was prepared in 90% enantiomer excess, employing the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation.
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    Asarones fromAcorus calamus L. Oil (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1911-1920 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Peridroma saucia ; variegated cutworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; feeding behavior ; growth inhibitors ; conversion efficiency ; asarones ; Acorus calamus ; antifeedants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Asarones (2, 4, 5-trimethoxypropenylbenzenes) isolated from the essential oil ofAcorus calamus L. rhizomes, are potent growth inhibitors and antifeedants to the variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia Hubner.cis-Asarone added to artificial diet significantly inhibited growth and feeding by first-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae, whereas thetrans isomer produced an antifeedant effect alone. Gross dietary utilization (efficiency of conversion of ingested food, ECI) was decreased when the diet was supplemented withcis-asarone or when this compound was topically applied to fourth-instar larvae. Inhibition of growth occurred even at a moderate topical dose (5 μg/larva) primarily as a result of decreased efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), even though the approximate digestibility (AD) of the food was unchanged. Oral or topical treatment withtrans-asarone also significantly inhibited larval growth, but in this case the effect can be strictly attributed to decreased consumption, as dietary utilization (ECI) was not affected. Both isomers displayed a direct antifeedant effect based on leaf disk choice tests. Thecis isomer was 7.0 and 5.5 times more potent thant thetrans isomer against fourth- and fifth-instar larvae, respectively. Our data suggest that the two asarone isomers have different modes of action.cis-Asarone is toxic in addition to having strong antifeedant activity, whereas thetrans isomer acts only as an antifeedant with no appreciable toxicity.
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    Roles of amino acids, protein, and fiber in leaf-feeding resistance of corn to the fall armyworm (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1977-1995 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; corn ; Zea mays ; plant-insect interaction ; amino acids ; herbivory ; feeding resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The free amino acids have been shown by isolational work and choice bioassays to be more important than all other factors evaluated in defining leaf-feeding resistance of corn (Zea mays L.) to fall armyworm (FAW) [(Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith)] larvae. 6-MBOA (6-methoxybenzoxazolinone) and maysin, toxins present in corn, were shown not to be significant factors for leaf-feeding resistance to first-instar FAW larvae because of their low concentrations in the whorl. Amino acid analysis showed that while the ratios of the essential amino acids in susceptible (S) and resistant (R) lines were similar, there were differences in the nonessential amino acids, particularly aspartic acid, which was higher in R lines. Also, the ratio of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids was important, being too low in expressed whorl leaf juice (obtained from V8–V10 growth stage plants) to support larval growth, although juice was stimulatory in choice tests. The total protein content of whorls in S lines was about 15% higher than in R lines, but the significance of this difference is uncertain, because nutritional tests showed that larval growth increased with total protein only up to 12% protein. Sugars were only slightly stimulatory. Thus, the amino acids along with higher hemicellulose content of R lines, established by us earlier, appear to explain much of the basis of resistance in corn to larval leaf-feeding of the FAW.
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    An allelochemical elicits arrestment inApanteles kariyai in feces of nonhost larvaeAcantholeucania loreyi (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2009-2017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apanteles kariyai ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Acantholeucania loreyi ; Pseudaletia separata ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; 2,5-dialkyltet-rahydrofuran ; arrestant ; allelochemical ; antimone ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the larval parasitoidApanteles kariyai (Watanabe) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are arrested on fecal pellets ofAcantholeucania loreyi (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Upon subsequent antennal contact with anA. loreyi larva, females sting it with their ovipositor. However, such stinging did not result in any offspring. The allelochemical involved in feces has been identified and is identical to a kairomone of the hostPseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In contrast toA. loreyi, P. separata is a suitable host forA. kariyai, and oviposition inP. separata results in offspring production. The allelochemical mediating the interaction betweenA. loreyi andA. kariyai is discussed in the context of current allelochemical terminology.
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    (3Z,6Z,9Z)-Nonadecatriene and enantiomers of (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-Epoxy-nonadecadiene as sex attractants for two geometrid and one noctuid moth species (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2153-2166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attractant ; Geometridae ; Noctuidae ; Eufidonia convergaria ; Caripeta angustiorata ; Rivula propinqualis ; (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene ; (3Z,9Z)-(6R,7S)-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex attractants for the geometrid mothsEufidonia convergaria andCaripeta angustiorata, and the noctuid mothRivula propinqualis have been elucidated during field screening of a series of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-triene hydrocarbons (C17–22), and the racemic and enantiomerically enriched monoepoxydienes derived from those hydrocarbons. Biologically active compounds were identified by a combination of field testing of synthetic standards, electroantennography, and coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection.E. convergaria males were optimally attracted by a 1∶1 blend of (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene (3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-19∶H); other abbreviations follow the same system) with (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H). The 6R,7S enantiomer of the epoxide had no apparent biological activity, either as an attractant or as a behavioral antagonist. Male moths also were attracted to blends of the C18 and C20 homologs of the triene and the epoxide. 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and 3Z,6Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19∶H were identified inE. convergaria female pheromone gland extracts. Males of the geometrid moth speciesC. angustiorata were attracted by a 1∶1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and enantiomerically enriched 3Z,9Z-6R,7S-epoxy-19∶H. Males of the noctuid mothR. propinqualis were attracted by an approximately 10∶1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and enantiomerically enriched 3Z,9Z-6S, 7R-epoxy-19∶H. The components were synergistic, with neither being attractive alone. The blend ratio was quite specific, as the attractiveness of blends decreased sharply on either side of the optimum ratio.
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    Effect of steam distillate extracts of selected resistant cultivated and wild rices on behavior of leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2291-2296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rice leaffolder ; Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Oryza officinalis ; Oryza punctata ; Oryza sativa ; rice plant volatiles ; egg hatchability ; egg laying
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Rice plant volatiles extracted as steam distillates significantly affected the behavior of the rice leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée). Leaffolder moths laid significantly fewer eggs on TN1 rice plants treated with extracts of resistant wild species of rice,Oryza officinalis andOryza punctata, than on TN1 plants treated with extracts of resistant cultivated rices. Extracts ofO. officinalis andO. punctata adversely affected egg hatchability.O. officinalis andO. punctata extracts were more toxic to first-instar larvae than extracts of other resistant varieties. Leaf area consumed by the larvae was reduced on TN1 plants treated withO. officinalis andO. punctata extracts compared with that on plants treated with extracts of resistant cultivated rice varieties.
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    Semiochemicals for use with parasitoids: Status and future (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3067-3089 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; kairomones ; parasitoid behavior ; parasitoid manipulation ; foraging environment ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelochemicals are known to serve important roles at all steps in the host-searching sequence of parasitoids. We discuss the various roles of these allelochemics and the type of information needed to develop their use in pest control, which to date has been very limited. Rapid advancements are being made with respect to airborne chemicals and longer-range foraging behavior. Moreover, recent discoveries have shown that genetic diversity in parasitoid populations and phenotypic plasticity of individuals, together with their physiological state, often result in substantial variations in the response to chemical cues. Successful application of semiochemical-parasitoid systems will require management of these intrinsic parasitoid variables as well as management of the foraging environment. We illustrate emerging technology for such an application. For the immediate future, the development of this technology will allow us to: (1) define the genetic and phenotypic foraging profiles important to consistent and efficient parasitoid foraging, and (2) establish the proper propagation and release procedures and monitoring bioassays necessary to ensure appropriate behavioral and physiological qualities of released organisms. For the long term, we envision technology for comprehensively manipulating the pest/crop environment in ways that would provide foraging stimuli and other needs important to retention and efficiency of parasitoids.
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    Identification and field testing of female-produced sex pheromone components of the spring cankerworm,Paleacrita vernata Peck (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3393-3409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; attractant ; 6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecadiene ; 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecatriene ; 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-eicosatriene ; 6(Z),9(Z)-cis-3 ; 4-epoxynonadecadiene ; Paleacrita vernata ; spring cankerworm ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; trap height ; behavioral antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two sex pheromone components, 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-19 ∶ H), and 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-eicosatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-20∶ H), have been positively identified, and a third component, 6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecadiene (6(Z),9(Z)-19 ∶ H) has been tentatively identified from abdominal tip extracts of female spring cankerworm moths,Paleacrita vernata Peck (Lepidoptera∶ Geometridae). The pheromone components were identified by a combination of gas chromatography, electroantennography, mass spectrometry, chemical tests, comparison with standards, and field testing. Only 3Z,6Z,9Z-20 ∶ H exhibited significant attractant activity when tested alone, and it was potentiated by the other two components. The attractive blend was an 8∶2∶1 ratio of 3Z,6Z,9Z-20∶H/3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H/6Z,9Z-19∶H. However, the two-component blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-20 ∶ H and 6Z,9Z-19 ∶ H (8∶1 ratio) was as attractive as the three-component blend in further field tests. A series of related compounds, the diene monoepoxides available from epoxidation of C19 and C20 3Z,6Z,9Z-trienes, some of which have been found in the pheromone blends of other moth species, were tested as behavioral antagonists. The attraction of male moths to synthetic lures was suppressed by the addition of 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-nonadecadiene to the lures. Additional experiments were performed to determine the effects of lure dosage, trap height, and trap design on the numbers of male moths captured.
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    Courtship pheromone production and body size as correlates of larval diet in males of the arctiid moth,Utetheisa ornatrix (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 543-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Courtship pheromone ; Utetheisa ornatrix ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; sexual selection ; hydroxydanaidal ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; Crotalaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxydanaidal, the corematal courtship pheromone of maleUtetheisa ornatrix, shows pronounced quantitative variation in natural populations of the moth. Males that, as larvae, fed on seed-bearing rather than immature food plants (Crotalaria spectabilis orC. mucronata) produce higher levels of hydroxydanaidal. Such males also have higher systemic loads of pyrrolizidine alkaloid, the known metabolic precursor of hydroxydanaidal, whichUtetheisa sequester from their larval diet and which is concentrated in the seeds ofCrotalaria. Males raised on seed-bearing plants also achieve higher adult weight. In the context of sexual selection, therefore, femaleUtetheisa could, through assessment of male hydroxydanaidal levels, gauge both the alkaloid content and body weight of their suitors.
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    Variability in pheromone composition and periodicity of pheromone titer in potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 531-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; individual variation ; pheromone titer ; periodicity ; (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadien-1-yl acetate ; (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrien-1-yl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; potato tuberworm moth ; Phthorimaea operculella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ratios and quantities of the pheromone components, (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadien-1-yl acetate (diene) and (E,Z,Z)-4,7.10-tridecatrien-1-yl acetate (triene), in the glands of individual female potato tuberworm moths (Phthorimaea operculella) originating from the United States (California) and Japan (Nagoya) were analyzed by gas chromatography. Quantities of glandextracted pheromone components of Nagoya females fluctuated in a periodic fashion during the photoperiod. Maximal titers coincided with the onset of scotophase (and calling), then gradually declined to minimal levels soon after lights-on. The average daily pheromone quantities decreased significantly as females aged. Both populations exhibited considerable variation in the ratio of the two components. The proportions of triene in the blend ranged from 27% to 88% (triene −X = 56 ± 13% SD; CV = 23%) for California females and from 16% to 71% (42 ± 13%; CV = 31%) for Nagoya females. Nagoya females also stored significantly higher amounts of pheromone in their glands (8.6 ± 3.9 ng) than did California females (2.7 ± 1.4). The differences between the populations, while substantial, would probably not be sufficient to impart a barrier to panmixis, given the wide range of component ratios favored by the males.
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    Flight and landing behavior ofTrypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in response to different semiochemicals (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2589-2604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trypodendron lineatum ; ambrosia beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; semiochemicals ; flight behavior ; wind tunnel ; drainpipe trap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of the striped ambrosia beetle,Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), to modified drainpipe traps baited with the host attractant ethanol, the aggregation pheromone lineatin, both alone and in combination, were studied in a wind tunnel. Exposure of males to ethanol increased their frequency of steady, upwind flight; however, only lineatin was effective in inducing them to land on and enter the traps. In contrast, exposure of females to either ethanol or lineatin alone resulted in an increased frequency of trap landing and entry. Both compounds released simultaneously did not significantly increase the frequency of trap landing and entry for either sex. These responses are consistent with the life history strategies used by both sexes to seek and colonize suitable host material.
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    Identification of sex pheromone of bristly cutworm,Lacinipolia renigera (Stephens) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2615-2621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lacinipolia renigera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; bristly cutworm ; insect pheromones ; (itZ)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z, E)-9 ; 12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; bolas spider ; Mastophora hutchinsoni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the bristly cutworm moth,Lacinipolia renigera was identified as a blend of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (itZ9–14): Ac and (Z, E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZE-9,12–14: Ac). Extracts of female glands were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography on three columns of different polarities. In each analysis, peaks with retention times identical to Z9–14:Ac andZE–9, 12–14: Ac were observed. GC-MS analysis of gland extracts supported the identification of these two compounds. Volatiles emitted from female sex pheromone glands during 10-min collection periods contained 7.8 ±2.01 ng ofZ9- 14: Ac. On average the blend contained 3.8 ± 1.43%ZE-9,12–14: Ac. Blends ranging from 1% to 10%ZE- 9,12–14: Ac in Z9-14: Ac (1 mg) were effective in capturing males in the field. The number of males captured in traps baited with a 3 % blend ofZE- 9,12-14: Ac in Z9-14: Ac was not significantly different than the number caught in traps containing two virgin females.
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    Olfactory sensitivity of two sympatric species of rice leaf folders (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to plant volatiles (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2647-2666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ; electroantennogram ; green leaf volatiles ; host-plant resistance ; Lepidoptera ; Marasmia patnalis ; olfaction ; plant volatiles ; Pyralidae ; rice leaf folder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from male and female moths of two sympatric leaf folder species,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gue-née) andMarasmia patnalis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to 91 volatile chemicals of plant origin. Responses of both leaf folder species were similar to all compounds except to three monoterpenes-β-myrcene, menthone, and isomenthone- and two sesquiterpenes-cis-nerolidol and isophytol. Response ofM. patnalis, an oligophagous leaf folder, to these compounds was higher compared with that of polyphagousC. medinalis. EAG responses of males to saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes were significantly higher than those of conspecific females in both species. A higher response ofC. medinalis males also was observed for 1-nonanol, 3-nonen-2-one, andtrans, trans-2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene. In contrast, females of both species responded more to monoterpenes, borneol, isoborneol, and fenchyl alchohol. Response ofC. medinalis female was higher for terpinen-4-ol, carveol, dihydrocarveol, (−)-myrtenal, and perillaldehyde. In both species and sexes, high EAG responses were recorded for compounds of the green leaf odor complex. EAG responses to nonanal and hexanal were maximum among the aliphatic aldehydes while 1-hexanol elicited the highest response among the alcohols tested. EAG responses to terpene compounds-citronellal,α-terpineol, and (−)-myrtenal-were equal to the response to 1-hexanol. While all compounds tested elicited a negative potential, thymol and carvacrol elicited a positive EAG potential. The EAG data are discussed with regard
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    Pollination of New CaledonianWinteraceae: Opportunistic shifts or parallel radiation with their pollinators? (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 143-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Winteraceae ; Zygogynum ; Lepidoptera ; Micropterigidae ; Sabatinca ; Coleoptera ; Pollination biology ; coevolution ; floral volatiles ; parallel radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flower visitors on 12 species of New CaledonianWinteraceae were studied. The visitors were two species of ancestral moths (Sabatinca; Micropterigidae), three species of weevils (Palontus; Curculionidae), and a species of thrips. Behavior observations and pollen records suggest that the beetles and occasionally the moths serve as pollinators ofZygogynum and Exospermum, andBelliolum is pollinated primarily by thrips. The floral volatiles are simple in composition, usually dominated by short esters. Preliminary experiments showed that ethyl acetate elicited alighting, and a distinctive huddling behavior was elicited by artificially mixed fragrance. The host associations of otherSabatinca andPalontus spp. do not support the hypothesis that theWinteraceae have radiated in association with their pollinators. The available evidence supports the notion of opportunistic isolated host colonizations at some point in the radiation of the pollinator groups.
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    Genetic aspects of interpopulational differences in pheromone blend of cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2935-2946 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Genetics ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper moth ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of interpopulational differences in the pheromone blend emitted by the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), was examined by crossing individuals from a field-derived population (P1) with individuals from a long-maintained laboratory colony (P2). These colonies differed in the emission rate and relative proportions of four of the five known minor pheromone components, but not in the emission rate of the major component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12∶Ac). These differences in pheromone blend were quantitatively small but biologically significant, because in the field, males responded preferentially to traps baited with a pheromone blend that is similar to that emitted by P1 females relative to a blend similar to that emitted by P2 females. In initial crosses, variation in the quantity and quality of pheromone blends among families of P1, P2, and F1 hybrid females was examined. In F1 females the relative proportions (quantity relative to the major component) of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5-12∶Ac) and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14∶Ac) were intermediate to parental lines. In a second more extensive set of crosses, analyses included P1, P2, F1, F2, and selected backcrosses. The relative proportion of Z5-12∶Ac, Z7-14∶Ac, and Z9-14∶Ac emitted by F1 females were intermediate to parental lines. The frequency distributions of relative proportions of these components emitted by females were not consistent with those expected under a single autosomal or sex-linked gene hypothesis, suggesting that more than one gene is involved in the quantitative differences in the pheromone blend.
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    Identification of sex pheromones of two sibling species in dingy cutworm complex,Feltia jaculifera (GN.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2981-2992 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Feltia jaculifera ; Feltia ducens ; dingy cutworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; pheromone polymorphism ; pheromonal phenotypes ; sibling species ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone components of the two sibling species of the dingy cutworm that occur on the prairies of western Canada were identified in abdomen-tip extracts from calling female moths. Three monounsaturated acetates, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, are common to both species in ratios of 100∶13∶3 for species A and 0.3∶0.5∶100 for species B. The most effective synthetic blends for the attraction of male moths in the field consisted of these three components in ratios of 10∶1∶0 at 8.8Μg/lure for species A and 1∶1∶2000 at 500Μg/lure for species B. The addition of Z5-12∶Ac to either blend reduced the catches and the addition of Z7-12∶OH orZ11-16∶OH to the three-component blend reduced the catches of species B males. The species are morphologically indistinguishable, but the identity of the males attracted to the synthetic blends could be confirmed by their antennal responses to a test blend of the three components using a GC-EAD system. Both synthetic attractant blends are competitive with females and will be useful for studying the distribution, biology, and relative abundances of the two species.
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    A kairomone forTrichogramma nubilale (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) isolation, identification, and synthesis (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 521-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; hydrocarbons ; kairomone ; kinesis ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Trichogramma nubilale ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A kairomone that effects host-seeking behavior inTrichogramma nubilale Ertle and Davis, an egg parasitoid of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), was isolated from moth scales of the European corn borer. The kairomone was identified as a mixture of 11,15-, 13,17-, and 15,19-dimethylnonatriacontanes. The three dimethylnonatriacontanes were synthesized, and bioassays showed that the 13,17 isomer was the most active in terms of klinokinetic and retention effects. The 11,15 isomer and the 15,19 isomer had some effect on klinokinesis, but they failed to effect retention of the wasps. The 13,17-dimethylnonatriacontane is considered to be the most important component of the kairomone.
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    Host-marking pheromones in lepidoptera, with special reference to twoPieris spp (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3043-3052 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: oviposition-deterring pheromone ; Pieris brassicae ; Pieris rapae ; oviposition ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; dispersal behavior ; pheromone perception ; oviposition-deterring pheromone receptors ; electroantennogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adult females of several lepidopteran species avoid oviposition near conspecific eggs. Laboratory and field studies indicate that visual factors as well as chemical host markers may be involved in egg avoidance behavior. The oviposition-deterring pheromones (ODP) of two pierids,P. brassicae andP. rapae have been studied in considerable detail. The ODPs are probably produced in the female accessory glands and contain volatile and nonvolatile components. They are perceived by nonspecialized antennal or tarsal receptors, respectively. The ODP ofP. brassicae affects oviposition ofP. rapae females and vice versa. ODPs show promise for insect control programs, but more information on oviposition behavior in the presence of ODP under field conditions is required.
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    Response of parasitoidEucelatoria bryani to selected plant material in an olfactometer (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 499-508 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; biological control ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; parasitoid ; habitat selection ; semiochemical ; Heliothis spp ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the parasitoidEucelatoria bryani Sabrosky to fresh plant material and several plant extracts was examined in an olfactometer. The plants tested can serve as a food source for hosts (Heliothis spp.) of the parasitoid. Females responded positively to 13 of the 19 fresh plant tissues tested, and all of the extracts tested. Males responded to only two of the fresh plant tissues and to none of the extracts. The significance of plant variety, morphology, and phenology on the host habitat-selection behavior of this parasitoid is discussed.
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    Repellency of volatile fatty acids present in frass of larval yellow mealworms,Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), to larval conspecifics (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 585-593 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Repellency ; volatile fatty acids ; propionic acid ; butyric acid ; valeric acid ; yellow mealworm ; Tenebrio molitor ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Frass of late-instar larvae ofTenebrio molitor L. contained 0.0889 g of butyric acid, 0.0279 g of propionic acid, and 0.0175 g of valeric acid per 100 g. Grouped larvae were strongly repelled by butyric acid at the 10−1 M concentration. Lower concentrations of butyric acid were less repellent. Valeric acid was repellent at 10−1 M to 10−3 M concentrations, below which no tested concentration, including one identical to that occurring in prepared solutions of frass found to be attractive, displayed any effect. Propionic acid was repellent at the concentration in prepared solutions of frass, which were strongly attractive. Concentrations of 10−1 M, 10−3 M, and 10−4 M propionic acid were also found to be repellent. The implications of the repellency of these compounds to groups of mealworm larvae are discussed, with particular reference to the interaction between these frass components and others that have already been studied.
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    Structure-activity relationships for chain-shortened analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 667-684 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Structure-activity ; single-cell recordings ; receptor interaction ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; chain-shortened analogs ; volatility ; vapor pressure ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Structure-activity relationships for chain-shortened analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, have been studied by electrophysiological single-sensillum technique and interpreted in terms of a previously reported receptor-interaction model. The results indicate that the terminal methyl group, as well as the acetate group, interacts with highly complementary receptor sites. The terminal alkyl chain is suggested to interact with a hydrophobic “pocket” extending over the two methylene groups closest to the terminal methyl group. The amounts of stimulus actually released from the odor source have been studied. The results demonstrate the necessity to take differences of volatility into account in comparisons of electrophysiological data for compounds of different chain lengths. It is shown that relative vapor pressures may to a good approximation be employed to estimate correction factors.
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    A new sarpedobilin-containing butterflyPapilio graphium stresemani stresemani and its bioecological situation within the species (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 743-748 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sarpedobilin ; bile pigment ; butterfly ; Papilio graphium stresemani stresemani ; P. sarpedon ; P. weiskei ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; bioecological relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The doubly cyclized bile pigment sarpedobilin (3) represents a unique case in nature. In spite of being present in trace amounts in many butterfly and moth species containing pterobilin (1) or phorcabilin (2) as the main bilin, this substance occurs as the main pigment in a restricted number of species geographically limited to Southeast Asia. We have isolated and identified sarpedobilin3 (as the dimethyl ester) as the main bile pigment fromPapilio graphium stresemani stresemani (from Ceram island, Indonesia) in the amount of ca. 0.1 mg per individual, double that found inPapilio sar-pedon orP. weiskei. We conclude thatP. sarpedon (and subspecies)P. weis-kei, andP. stresemani represent, in terms of evolution (see article), a group of closely related species. By comparison of colored wing patterns and resistance of the chromoproteins to hydrolysis by MeOH-H2SO4,P. stresemani is nearP. weiskei. The bioecological relationships of the three sarpedobilin-containing species is discussed.
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    Possible roles of cotton bud sugars and terpenoids in oviposition by the boll weevil (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 757-772 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotton ; Gossypium spp ; boll weevil ; Anthonomus grandis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; oviposition ; plant-insect interaction ; terpenoids ; sugars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several cottonGossypium spp. race stocks have been identified that possess resistance to the boll weevilAnthonomus grandis Boh. because oviposition is decreased. In this work, a number of known cotton constituents that influence stimulation of feeding and attractancy for this insect were found to have little or no influence on oviposition. These include gossypol, β-bis-abolol, caryophyllene, some fatty acids and their methyl esters, some wax esters, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and chrysanthemin. Analysis of cotton bud surfaces showed that the content of volatile terpenoids was generally higher in resistant lines, but bioassays did not show decreased oviposition in the presence of the terpenoids. The sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) found in anthers, uniformly stimulated oviposition in the bioassay, and their content was higher in susceptible lines. These results suggest that a major basis of resistance to boll weevils as related to oviposition may be the decreased content of sugars in resistant lines. The analysis of free sugars in the anthers, and perhaps also the analysis of bud surface terpenoids, may provide a basis for selection or genetic production of cotton lines resistant to the boll weevil.
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    Isolation of pheromone synergists of bark beetle,Pityogenes chalcographus, from complex insect-plant odors by fractionation and subtractive-combination bioassay (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 861-876 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Pityogenes chalcographus ; methyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate ; chalcogran ; Picea abies ; synergist ; subtractive-combination bioassay ; two-dimensional fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Capillary gas chromatography with columns of different polarity and two-dimensional fractionation of effluents were used with novel subtrac-tive-combination bioassays to rigorously isolate host- and insect-produced pheromone synergists of the bark beetlePityogenes chalcographus (Coleop-tera: Scolytidae). Methyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (E,Z-MD) and the previously identified chalcogran were found to be synergistically attractive to both sexes.E,Z-MD was produced sex-specifically in males, and only when they had fed on host-plant tissue. A Norway spruce monoterpene fraction (including α-pinene, β-pinene, and camphene) increased the attractive response to the pheromone components. Dose-response curves forE,Z-MD and chalcogran in the laboratory bioassay indicated the two components are highly synergistic. The isolation methods are important for further progress in identifying certain semiochemical synergists found in trace amounts in complex chemical mixtures, such as when insects must feed in host plants in order to produce pheromone.
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    Compound interactions effects of plant antioxidants in combination with carbaryl on performance ofTrichoplusia ni (Cabbage Looper) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 887-899 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Antioxidant ; insecticide ; cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; antagonist ; Synergist ; chemical heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Plant chemicals naturally exist in complex mixtures, which can interact either additively, synergistically, or antagonistically. We investigated the potential interactions of three naturally occurring antioxidants— nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), safrole, and α-tocopherol—with the general insecticide carbarayl to affect the performance of cabbage looper larvae (Trichoplusia ni). The cabbage looper is known to produce a mixed-function oxidase enzyme system in response to the presence of carbaryl. We proposed that plant antioxidants would interfere with enzymatic oxidation, enhancing the susceptibility of this insect to carbaryl. Insects were fed artificial diets containing each antioxidant alone or in pairwise combinations with the insecticide carbaryl to test for their effects on the insect's nutritional measurement indices. The three antioxidants tested were not equally effective individually against insect survivorship and interacted differentially in combination with the insecticide. The nutritional indices were measured on insects fed diets containing the chemicals at nonlethal doses. Insects fed 0.001 % wet wt NDGA diets grew 1.62 times less, and had gross and net conversion efficiencies reduced 3.20 and 3.63 times, respectively, compared to the control larvae. Carbaryl (0.002% wet wt) in combination with NDGA acts as an antagonist to the effects mentioned above, while safrole (1 × 10−4 wet wt) had an additive effect when combined with the insecticide, reducing 1.76 times larval relative growth rate and efficiency of conversion of ingested food in respect to the control. The larvae fed significantly more (1.2 times) on both insecticide and safrole diets than on the controls or their combined diets. Larvae fed α-tocopherol alone or in combination with carbaryl had similar growth and conversion efficiencies as controls. We conclude that the effects of different combinations of compounds cannot be predicted a priori and must be determined experimentally.
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    Female-produced oviposition deterrents of the cigarette beetle,Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1237-1247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition deterrent ; serricorone ; cigarette beetle ; Lasioderma serricorne ; Coleoptera ; Anobiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition deterrents of the cigarette beetle,Lasioderma serricorne, were isolated from its adult body extract and found to be identical to (2S,3R,1'S)-2,3-dihydro-3,5-dimethyl-2-ethyl-6-(l′-methyl-2′-oxobutyl)-4H-pyran-4-one (α-serricorone) and its l′R-epimer (β-serricorone) by spectroscopic evidence. Serricorone was previously found as one of the minor sex pheromone components of the same insect, and hence indicating bi-functional nature. The presence of two isomers in the body was proved by careful treatment. Each of them exhibited the same level of oviposition deterring activity, which was less potent than the crude body extract at an increased concentration.
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    Identification of a minor component of the sex pheromone ofLeucoptera malifoliella (Lepidoptera, lyonetiidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1471-1483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Leucoptera malifoliella ; identification ; minor component ; synergism ; Lepidoptera ; Lyonetiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new minor component in the female volatile extract ofLeucoptera malifoliella (Costa) (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae) has been identified as 5,9-dimethyloctadecane (2). The amount detected of the minor compound2 ranged from 4 to 8% in comparison with the major component 5,9-dimethylheptadecane (1). Neither compound has been found in the male volatile extract. The identification has been based on its spectroscopic properties and Chromatographic behavior in comparison with an authentic synthetic sample. The synthesis has been carried out through a short route from 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanone (3). In field tests, compound2 appears to act as a Synergist of the major component1 when mixed with the latter in a 100∶0.1– 5 ratio.
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    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in an overwintering population of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in California (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1459-1470 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Monarch butterfly ; Danaus plexippus ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; sarracine ; 7-angelylplatynecine ; retronecine ; Senecio mikanioides ; overwintering ; defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract California overwintering monarch butterflies contain both pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and theirN-oxides. Analysis of 76 individual monarchs by TLC, HPLC, GLC, and GC-MS has shown the presence of three types of PAs, the saturated diester sarracine, the saturated monoester 7-angelylplatynecine, and the unsaturated dialcohol retronecine. Monarchs arriving at the overwintering site in Santa Cruz, California, showed a wide variation in both the type and amount of PA present. Those sampled after a PA-containing plant (Senecio mikanioides) had bloomed at the site showed an altered PA profile. While the plant was found to contain sarracine and 7-angelylplatynecine, which are nontoxic to mammals, the monarchs showed an increase in retronecine levels, a toxic PA, after the plant bloom. Apparently monarchs utilize PA-containing plants both en route to their overwintering site and at the site, and potentially alter those PAs to forms toxic to mammals.
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    Differences in oxidase and esterase activities involved in pheromone biosynthesis in two species ofChoristoneura (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1485-1493 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acetate ester ; acetate esterase ; alcohol ; oxidase ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Choristoneura orae ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; pheromone ; spruce budworm ; biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The released pheromone and the glandular lipids, labeled with [14C]acetate, were analyzed fromChoristoneura orae andChoristoneura fumiferana budworm moths by thin-layer chromatography and autoradiography. Radiolabeled lipids in the gland appeared to be identical in the two moths with both insects containing high amounts of 11-tetradecenyl acetates. In contrast, theC. orae moths released primarily labeled acetate ester and alcohol, and the spruce budworm moths (C. fumiferana) labeled aldehyde consistent with the known composition of their respective pheromones. The levels of the enzymes responsible for converting the acetate ester into aldehyde were found to be significantly lower in gland extracts fromC. orae moths than fromC. fumiferana moths. These results implicate an acetate esterase and an alcohol oxidase in controlling the composition of the pheromone blend released from closely related budworm species.
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    Iridoid glycoside metabolism and sequestration byPoladryas minuta (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) feeding onPenstemon virgatus (Scrophulariaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1495-1506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Poladryas minuta ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; checkerspot ; Penstemon virgatus ; Penstemon secundiflorus ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; catalpol ; sequestration ; metabolism ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A bivoltine checkerspot butterfly,Poladryas minuta, is aPenstemon specialist, not known to utilize any other plant genus for oviposition and larval feeding. At several intermontane plains sites of central Colorado, the butterfly utilizesPenstemon virgatus as its sole host plant. Analysis of the host plant showed it to contain three cinnamyl-type catalpol esters (scutellarioside-II, globularin, globularicisin) and catalpol. The host plant contained an average of 10% dry weight iridoids, but some variation among individual plants and leaves within plants was noted. Field-collected butterflies contained 2.1–8.7% dry weight catalpol, but no other iridoids. Adults from larvae fedP. virgatus in the lab contained 4.2–9.0% dry weight catalpol and excreted large amounts of catalpol in the meconium. No catalpol was found in the larval frass. Larvae did not consume three alternate iridoid-containing host-plant species, and most eventually died rather than feed on the alternate plants. Larvae did consume small amounts of artificial diets containing the alternate species andP. virgatus, but most went into diapause and some died. Survival was good on artificial diet containing 10% dry weight of the iridoid esters fromP. virgatus. Only catalpol was found in pupae and adults, but it was absent from the larval frass. The cinnamic-type acids expected from larval hydrolysis of the esters were not found in larval frass, pupae, or adults. These results are contrasted with those found for another checkerspot,Euphydryas anicia, which consumes a different host-plant species but was present at one of the same sites withPoladryas minuta.
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    Roles of minor components in pheromone-mediated behavior of western spruce budworm male moths (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1517-1530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura occidentalis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromones ; behavior ; flight tunnel ; minor components ; electroantennograms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of male western spruce budworm moths,Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, was observed in a flight tunnel in response to virgin females and synthetic sex pheromone components, alone and in blends. Pheromone blends were also compared in the field using sticky trap bioassays. Pheromones were incorporated into small rods of polyvinyl chloride. The blend of 92∶8 (E/Z)-11-tetradecenal-89∶11 (E/Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate-85∶15 (E/Z)-11-tetradecenol (Ald∶Ac∶OH) that approximated that released from a virgin female moth elicited levels of response similar to those elicited by the female. This blend induced a significantly greater percentage of moths to fly upwind and land at the lure than did the Ald lure. In contrast to the flight-tunnel bioassays, the numbers of moths caught in Ald-baited sticky traps in the field were not significantly increased by the addition of Ac and OH lures. The net upwind groundspeed of flight in response to the 0.05% Ald lure was lower than that in response to the virgin females and was significantly increased by the addition of Ac + OH lures in two of three bioassays. The flight-tunnel bioassays support the hypothesis that the natural blend of major (Ald) and minor (Ac + OH) components stimulates the precopulatory behavior of western spruce budworm male moths at long range (〉 1 m downwind) as well as at close range.
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    Effect of sex-pheromone concentration on behavior of three strains of western spruce budworm male moths (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1531-1546 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura occidentalis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone concentration ; behavior ; flight tunnel ; population differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of male western spruce budworm moths,Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, to a range of concentrations of the major sex pheromone, 92∶8 (E/Z)-11-tetradecenal (Ald), in polyvinyl chloride lures, were observed using the electroantennogram technique, a flight tunnel, and field-trapping bioassays. The responses to virgin female moths were also observed in the flight tunnel and field bioassays. The moths were from three strains: a nondiapausing laboratory colony; field-collected wild budworm; and laboratory-wild crosses. The mean peak amplitude of antennal response and the time required for the electroantennogram signal to return to the baseline after stimulation (lag) increased with Ald concentration in both laboratory and wild moths. However, at Ald concentrations of 0.005% and greater, the lag period of the wild male's antennae was significantly shorter than that of the laboratory male's. The mean number of moths caught in the field in delta sticky traps increased with Ald concentration, but the number of moths caught per trap was not significantly different between concentrations of 0.005 % and 0.5 %. The threshold concentration required to elicit upwind flight in the flight tunnel was between 0.0005 and 0.005% Ald; peak response occurred to 0.05 % Ald but was not significantly different from that to 0.005 % or 0.5% Ald. Moths from all three populations significantly reduced their net upwind groundspeed as they approached the pheromone lure. When pheromone concentration was increased, the net upwind groundspeed of laboratory and lab-wild moths, but not wild moths, was significantly reduced between 2 m and 1 m downwind from the pheromone lure. The three populations of moths differed significantly in the percentage of wing-fanning and copulatory attempts, and in the net upwind groundspeed of flight from 2 m to 1 m downwind from the lure.
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    Relation ofSpodoptera eridania choice to tannins and protein oflotus corniculatus (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1557-1564 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Condensed tannins ; protein ; Spodoptera eridania ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Lotus corniculatus ; plant-insect interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Plant secondary compounds such as tannins may influence herbivore choice. To determine if herbivory was influenced by tannin concentration,Spodoptera eridania larvae were given a choice ofLotus corniculatus plants whose chemical profiles were altered by fertilization. Herbivores chose plants that had been grown with symbiotic nitrogen fixation as their only nitrogen source more often than fertilized plants. Choice was related to protein concentration, but not to tannin concentration.
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    European corn borer sex pheromone (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1591-1604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; European corn borer ; (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; pheromone analogs ; insect behavior ; sex pheromone ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The male sexual behavior-stimulating and inhibiting properties of a series of analogs of the European corn borer sex pheromone were determined in a flight tunnel. The structural requirements for inhibition of pheromonal response were far less restrictive than those for elicitation of that response. Analogs that by themselves elicited upwind flight response from males at a low dose were generally less inhibitory to male response than many of the analogs that had no pheromonal activity. These findings suggest that many pheromone analogs bind to pheromone receptors without provoking behavioral response and possibly undergo slower degradation on the antenna than pheromonally active compounds. The disparity of response to analogs by two pheromonal types of the European corn borer indicates that the pheromone receptor and pheromone catabolic systems are biochemically very different in the two types.
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    Trichothecene mycotoxins produced byFusarium sporotrichioides daom 197255 and their effects on spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1605-1609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichothecenes ; sesquiterpines ; Fusarium sporotrichioides ; fungal toxins ; insecticidal activity ; fungal pathogen ; Paecilomyces farinosus ; spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trichothecene mycotoxins were produced byFusarium sporotrichioides DAOM 197255 isolated from a spruce budworm cadaver. An extract from the culture filtrate containing these metabolites was toxic to budworm when ingested at concentrations as low as 10 ppm in diet, and survivors were predisposed to infection with a fungal entomopathogen. The possible role of these metabolites in the balsam fir-spruce budworm habitat is discussed.
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    Pheromone variation among eastern European and a western Asian population of the turnip mothAgrotis segetum (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1611-1622 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; population variation ; olfactory receptors ; single sensillum response ; gas chromatography ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The female sex pheromone composition and the male electro-physiological response with respect to the three main sex pheromone components, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, were investigated in populations ofAgrotis segetum from Armenia and Bulgaria. The percentage composition of the female-produced pheromone was 1∶52∶47 and 1∶42∶57 for the respective populations. Corresponding male receptor frequencies were 9∶90∶1 and 6∶92∶2. EAG response profiles of the male antennae were similar for the two populations. The populations from Armenia and Bulgaria differed from the earlier investigated French and Swedish populations, which have larger amounts of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate in gland extracts and have a majority of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate-sensitive receptors. Investigation of receptor frequencies on antennae of male Hungarian moths showed that individuals could be classified as either Swedish or Armenian/Bulgarian type. Males of the Swedish type were preferentially attracted to the three-component pheromone blend, whereas blends of (Z)-7-dodecenyl and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-7-dodecenol [pure or in mixture with (Z)-5-decenol] attracted the Armenian/Bulgarian type. The nature of pheromone variation among European and Asian populations of the turnip moth and possible mechanisms maintaining the variation are discussed.
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    Does the imported cabbageworm,Pieris rapae, use an oviposition deterring pheromone? (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1649-1655 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; imported cabbageworm ; oviposition deterring pheromone ; egg dispersion ; chemoreception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eggs ofPieris rapae (L.) contain a water- and methanol-soluble oviposition-deterring pheromone (ODP) that is avoided by ovipositing females offered treated and untreated cabbage leaves in a choice situation. Water extracts of female accessory glands also deter oviposition. Egg washes and gland extracts stimulate a contact chemoreceptor in sensilla on the fore tarsi. Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings show that antennal receptors respond to volatiles from conspecific eggs, but not to volatiles from eggs ofMamestra brassicae. No differences were detected between North American and European insects with regard to production and perception of ODP. These results differ from conclusions in the literature based upon field observations. It is concluded that this discrepancy in due to methodological differences.
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    Effect of fungal metabolite peramine and analogs on feeding and development of argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1683-1695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Perennial ryegrass ; Lolium perenne ; Gramineae ; Argentine stem weevil ; Listronotus bonariensis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Acremonium lolii ; endophyte ; feeding deterrent ; peramine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Peramine, a pyrrolopyrazine alkaloid produced by the fungal endophyte of perennial ryegrassAcremonium lolii, deterred the feeding of both adults and larvae of the graminacious herbivore, the Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis), at 0.1 μg/g and 10 μg/g, respectively. In a no-choice test fewer stem weevil larvae fed and developed on diet containing as little as 2 μg/g peramine. The proportion of larvae which did not develop beyond the first instar was higher on diet containing peramine and appeared to be due to a higher proportion of larvae which did not feed. For larvae which fed on the peramine-containing diet, feeding scores and times to pupation were not significantly different from those of controls. A number of simple peramine analogues showed feeding-deterrent activity against adult weevils, indicating the importance of the pyrrolopyrazine ring system of peramine in determining feeding-deterrent activity.
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    Allelochemicals in foliage of unfavored tree hosts of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L. (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1731-1738 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ilex opaca ; Aquifoliaceae ; Lymantria dispar ; gypsy moth ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; saponins ; siaresinolic acid ; qualitative plant defenses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A greater variety of qualitative chemical defenses has been reported in eastern forest trees than might be expected from current interpretation of the plant apparency theory. For the gypsy moth there is an association between the occurrence of alkaloids and unfavorability of certain tree species, as well as the presence of saponins. The latter association, however, is not statistically significant. Species in the genusIlex have been reported to contain both alkaloids and saponins (Barbosa and Krischick, 1987). In this study, determinations were made of the occurrence of alkaloids and saponins inI. opaca and their changes in concentration over time. No alkaloids were detected. Saponins were isolated, and the aglycone siaresinolic acid was identified. Saponin concentration changes seasonally, being highest in early May and lowest in early June leaves.
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    Allelochemicals in foliage of unfavored tree hosts of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L. (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1719-1730 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Liriodendron tulipifera ; Acer rubrum ; Cornus florida ; gypsy moth ; alkaloids ; N-methyl-crotsparine ; 1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxy)propane ; bisphenylpropanoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Early theories on plant chemical defense against herbivory emphasized that apparent and unapparent plants were primarily defended by different types of compounds. More and more evidence suggests that both quantitative and qualitative defenses are found in apparent plants and that they can play a defensive role against herbivores. A survey of the literature on the gypsy moth suggests not only that there is a large variety of qualitative compounds, as well as the expected quantitative ones, but that unfavored hosts of the gypsy moth are associated with the presence of alkaloids. Foliage of three tree species,Liriodendron tulipifera L.,Acer rubrum L., andCornus florida L., was examined to confirm the presence of alkaloids and other major secondary metabolites. The known sesquiterpene lactone, lipiferolide, and the sugar derivative, liriodendritol, were components ofL. tulipifera leaves, along with a bisphenylpropanoid previously found only in nutmeg. Alkaloid content [i.e., (−)-N-methylcrotsparine content] was low and leaves tested positive for HCN. Leaves ofA. rubrum L. were examined for the presence of gramme, but none could be detected. No alkaloids were detected inCornus florida.
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    Origin of kairomones in the leek moth (Acrolepiopsis assectella, Lep.) frass (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1743-1750 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diadromus pulchellus ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Acrolepiopsis assectella ; Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiidae ; leek ; frass ; methyl disulfide ; propyl disulfide ; kairomones ; host plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Feeding leek moths on an artificial diet has shown that dimethyl and dipropyl disulfides and methyl-propyl disulfide found in frass arise from sulfur compounds specific toAllium. The addition of either propyl or methyl disulfide or their precursors to the diet leads to appearance of the three disulfides in the frass. This implies the transformation of theS-propyl moiety toS-methyl and vice versa by an as yet unknown mechanism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020491
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    Susceptibility ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae toNomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1751-1759 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Nomuraea rileyi ; Deuteromycotina ; fungi ; α-tomatine ; allelochemical ; third trophic level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To determine the impact of α-tomatine at the third trophic level, the following model was developed:Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson, the secondary consumer, acting onHeliothis zea (Boddie), the primary consumer, fed an artificial diet modified with α-tomatine. In vitro, the allelochemical inhibited colony formation and growth of the fungus. The in vivo test revealed that larval growth and developmental time were affected by α-tomatine andN. rileyi. Detrimental effects on pupal development were observed in larvae fed diet containing α-tomatine and also treated withN. rileyi (LC90). The fungus was detected in the hemolymph and tissue of larvae treated with two lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) ofN. rileyi, including those fed α-tomatine. At the LC50, α-tomatine protected larvae againstN. rileyi and increased survivorship; at the LC90, it inhibited the development ofN. rileyi, thereby reducing production of conidia. Thus, the allelochemical α-tomatine retains its antifungal qualities beyond the second trophic level, inhibiting the development ofN. rileyi inH. zea.
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    Ovipositional response of threeHeliothis species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to allelochemicals from cultivated and wild host plants (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1817-1827 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotton ; groundcherry ; tobacco ; Gossypium ; Desmodium ; Physalis ; plant-insect interaction ; host-plant resistance ; Heliothis spp. ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; oviposition stimulant ; oviposition deterrent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of plant allelochemicals on the oviposition behavior ofHeliothis virescens (F.),H. subflexa (Guenee), andH. zea (Boddie) was investigated in the laboratory using a “choice” bioassay system. Fresh young leaves of tobacco,Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) de Candolle, groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) squares (flower buds) were washed in methylene chloride or methanol, concentrated to 1 g equivalent of washed material, and applied to a cloth oviposition substrate. Each of the extracts—including groundcherry, a nonhost—stimulated oviposition byH. virescens. H. subflexa were stimulated to oviposit by groundcherry extract, its normal host, and extract from cotton squares, a nonhost. None of the extracts stimulated oviposition byH. zea, although all except groundcherry were from reported hosts. The sensitivity of the bioassay was confirmed by givingH. virescens andH. subflexa an opportunity to choose between extracts that showed stimulant qualities when tested independently versus only solvent-treated controls. In these tests, tobacco showed the highest level of stimulant activity forH. virescens; groundcherry exhibited the highest level of stimulation forH. subflexa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020496
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    Importance of quinolizidine alkaloids in the relationship between larvae ofUresiphita reversalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and a host plant,Genista monspessulana (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1853-1865 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Uresiphita reversalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Genista ; French broom ; quinolizidine alkaloids ; sequestration ; aposematism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae ofUresiphita reversalis feed almost exclusively on legumes in the tribe Genisteae, which characteristically contain a variety of quinolizidine alkaloids. The larvae are aposematic, and onGenista monspessulana, a major host in California, they feed on the youngest leaves, at the periphery of the plant. These leaves, which were preferred over older foliage in choice tests, contained four to five times the level of alkaloid found in older leaves. The major alkaloids detected in these plants were dehydroaphylline andN-methylcytisine, together accounting for 74% of the total. Preliminary analyses showed the alkaloid profile of exuviae from larvae feeding on these plants was very similar to that of the plants. Two alkaloids, sparteine and cytisine, which are known components of some hosts ofU. reversalis, were phagostimulants for fifth-instar larvae when added to sucrose-impregnated glass-fiber disks. In addition, when sparteine was added to foliage ofG. monspessulana, effectively doubling the percent dry weight of alkaloid, the growth rate of late-instar larvae was positively affected. Cytisine added to plants had no discernible effect on growth of larvae. Alkaloid levels in larvae and in their frass were proportional to levels in the plants on which they fed. Although the majority of alkaloid was excreted, that which was sequestered by the insect was found entirely in the integument, possibly confering some protection from predators.
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    Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals. IX. Differential response ofTrichogramma pretiosum, an egg parasitoid ofHeliothis zea, to various olfactory cues (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3531-3544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Heliothis zea ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; kairomone ; wind tunnel ; orientation behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavior ofTrichogramma pretiosum Nixon wasps when exposed to different olfactory cues was studied in a wind tunnel. Compared to clean air, the sex pheromone of its hostHeliothis zea (Boddie) increased wasp residence times, walking times, and path lengths on a platform and decreased walking velocity. If wasps were released on top of a glass rod above a platform, the odor caused the wasps to land shortly after takeoff. In addition, a clear dose effect with regard to total residence and walking times was found. These responses were not elicited by three dosages of the sex pheromone ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) or by a blend of saturated acetates. These results correspond with the observation thatH. zea is a common field host ofT. pretiosum, whereas eggs ofS. frugiperda are rarely attacked by this parasitoid.
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    Sex pheromone of hickory shuckwormCydia caryana Development of an effective field Lure (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; Cydia caryana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; (E)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; dodecanol acetate ; (E, E)-8 ; 10-dodecadien-1-ol acetate ; (E, Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of the sex pheromone glands of femaleCydia caryana were evaluated by electroantennography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These studies suggested the following compounds were potential sex pheromone components: (Z)-8- and/or (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (50 pg/female), dodecyl acetate (40 pg/female), and (E, E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate (25 pg/female). In field tests only the diene produced trap catch, and when the other components were added to the diene, trap catch was not increased. When the diene was formulated in red natural rubber septa, only transient and low catches were obtained, but when gray halobutyl isoprene elastomeric septa were used, high and consistent catches were obtained for eight weeks. Catches depended on the ratio of (E, E)-8,10 to (E, Z)-8,10 isomers. High catches were obtained for anEE toEZ ratio of 100 ∶ 0.6, and insignificant catches were obtained when the ratio was 100 ∶ 3. Equivalent catches were obtained for dosages of 50, 100, and 200 μg/septum.
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    Sampling range of male sweetpotato weevils (Cylas formicarius elegantulus) (Summers) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to pheromone traps: Influence of pheromone dosage and lure age (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2493-2502 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers) ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; sex pheromone ; sweetpotato weevil ; mark-release-recapture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the effects of sex pheromone dosage and lure age on movement of male sweetpotato weevils (SPW),Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers), using mark-release-recapture techniques. SPW trap counts from various downwind distances were compared for dosages ranging from 0.01 to 10.0 μg and lure ages ranging from fresh (0 days old) to 64 days old. The percentages of male SPW recaptured decreased with an increase in release distance and decreased with a decrease in dosage at each corresponding distance. Most SPW were caught within the first 16-hr period. Slopes of percent recapture vs. release distance for the two higher dosages (10 μg and 1.0 μg) differed from those of the two lower dosages (0.1 and 0.01 μg) but did not differ from each other. Intercepts were similar among the three higher dosages. Slopes did not differ among the five lure ages examined. Intercepts differed between fresh (0 days old) and 24-day-old septa at 16 hr and between fresh (0 days old) and 34-day-old septa at 40 hr. Previous exposure to pheromone (conditioning) did not increase percentages of SPW recaptured. Results indicate that male SPW are capable of traversing distances of at least 280 m in 16 hr. The pheromone tested in this study appears to be effective at dosages lower than any other coleopteran sex-pheromone system. Incorporation of this pheromone into a SPW management system may effectively reduce the use of insecticides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01017472
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    β-Phellandrene: kairomone for pine engraver,Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2519-2531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; β-phellandrene ; ipsdienol ; monoterpenes ; Ips pini ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; predators ; competition ; primary attraction ; dose response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses ofIps pini (Scolytidae) to multiple-funnel traps baited with the pheromone, ipsdienol, and various monoterpenes were determined in stands of lodgepole pine in southern and central British Columbia.Ips pini was attracted to both ipsdienol and β-phellandrene, demonstrating that β-phellandrene is a kairomone for this species.Lasconotus complex (Colydiidae) and aCorticeus sp. (Tenebrionidae) were attracted to both ipsdienol and β-phellandrene. TheCorticeus sp. exhibited a synergistic response to the combination of ipsdienol and β-phellandrene; the responses of the other two species to the combination were additive. The predators,Thanasimus undatulus, Enoclerus sphegeus, andE. lecontei (Cleridae), were attracted to ipsdienol-baited traps, whileMonochamus clamator (Cerambycidae) andDendroctonus ponderosae (Scolytidae) were attracted to β-phellandrene. Attraction of all eight species increased with increasing release rates of ipsdienol and/or β-phellandrene.
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    Effects of protein and juglone on gypsy moths: Growth performance and detoxification enzyme activity (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2533-2547 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Detoxification enzymes ; glutathione transferase ; gypsy moth ; Juglandaceae ; juglone ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; nutritional ecology ; protein ; quinone ; quinone reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The individual and interactive effects of dietary protein and juglone on larval performance and midgut detoxification enxymes were investigated for the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar. The experimental design was a 2 × 3 factorial, with two levels of protein and three levels of juglone. We monitored survival/development rates from egg hatch to pupation and conducted fourth-instar feeding trials for determination of nutritional indices. Enzyme solutions were prepared from midguts of fifth instars and assayed for polysubstrate monooxygenase, esterase, quinone reductase, and glutathione transferase activities. Results showed that low protein levels prolonged development times, increased consumption rates, and reduced pupal weights. Juglone markedly reduced survival, growth, and consumption rates, increased development times, and reduced pupal weights. The interaction between protein and juglone influenced larval digestion efficiencies and female pupal weights. Polysubstrate monooxygenase activities were unaffected by diet, whereas esterase activities increased in response to both low dietary protein and presence of juglone. Low protein levels increased soluble quinone reductase activities but decreased glutathione transferase activities. Glutathione transferase activities were lowest in larvae fed low-protein, high-juglone diets and may have contributed to the especially poor performance of larvae on those diets. Quinone reductase and glutathione transferase are the systems of importance in detoxification of juglone, and moderate to low activities of these enzymes may explain why gypsy moths perform poorly on members of the Juglandaceae.
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    Suppression of oviposition inOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) following prolonged retention in high-density cultures or short-term exposure to larval volatiles (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 595-601 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; population density ; culture age ; semiochemicals ; oviposition ; larval volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract After 20 days in a high-density culture containing many larvae, female sawtoothed grain beetles,Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), laid half as many eggs in a 24-hr oviposition bioassay as females held for six days in the same culture, or for six or 20 days in a low-density culture. Oviposition by females held for six days in a high-density culture was reduced to a similar extent when they were exposed in the oviposition bioassay to an oat flake treated with an extract of Porapak Q-captured larval volatiles (equivalent to 5000 larval hours). A retained suppression of oviposition rate after prolonged exposure to larvae or an induced reduction caused by short-term exposure to larval volatiles both could be of adaptive advantage in reducing the risk of oviposition in an already densely populated habitat.
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    Genetic sources of pheromone variation inColias eurytheme butterflies (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2755-2770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colias ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; courtship pheromone ; pheromone variation ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; n-heptacosane ; 13-methylheptacosane ; n-nonacosane ; heritability ; genetic correlation ; gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The courtship pheromone ofColias eurytheme butterflies varies greatly among males in both the quantities and relative proportions of its three chemical components [n-heptacosane (C27), 13-methylheptacosane (13MH),n-nonacosane (C29)]. Narrow-sense heritabilities were high for the blend of 13MH and C27 and for the component quantities in one population (Kansas) but were low for the other population tested (Arizona). Genetic correlations between the three components were high in both populations, indicating a substantial degree of additive genetic influence on the component blends. High variability among populations in phenotypic correlations suggests that much of the male-to-male variation in the courtship pheromone may be attributable to environmental or developmental sources. Pheromone phenotypes do not seem to be associated with alba genotype.
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    Multispecies trapping ofHelicoverpa (Heliothis) zea, Spodoptera frugiperda, Pseudaletia unipuncta, andAgrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3479-3491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; Helicoverpa (Heliothis) zea ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Pseudaletia unipuncta ; Agrotis ipsilon ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; trapping ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Multispecies sex pheromone trapping (trapping of more than one species in the same trap) for the bollworm,Helicoverpa (Heliothis) zea (Boddie); fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith); armyworm,Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth); and the black cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) was evaluated. Baiting of individual traps with all possible combinations of the four species taken two at a time caused a reduction in the catches of at least one of any two species involved when compared to traps baited for only one species. These results demonstrated the species specificity of sex pheromones identified for these species. Although the effects were reduced in some cases, the interaction between species also was observed when adjacent traps were baited with the sex pheromone dispensers of the different species. These results indicate that the spacing between pheromone traps when more than one species are being trapped at the same site affects trap capture and should be evaluated further.
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    Insect antifeedant activity associated with compounds isolated from species ofLonchocarpus andTephrosia (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 365-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera littoralis ; Spodoptera exempta ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Lonchocarpus, Tephrosia ; antifeedant ; feeding behavior ; gustatory codes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antifeedant activity of a series of 21 chalcones, flavanes, and flavanones isolated from the generaLonchocarpus andTephrosia (Leguminosae) was assessed by behavioral and electrophysiological bioassays against larvae ofSpodoptera littoralis andS. exempta. The antifeedant activity is related to the molecular structure of the compounds, and possible modes of interaction with the insect taste receptors are discussed.
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    Fate of plant-derived secondary metabolites in three moth species (Syntomis mogadorensis, Syntomeida epilais, andCreatonotos transiens) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 160 (1990), S. 389-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Herbivores ; Resorption ; Cardenolides ; Alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Larvae of three moth species were compared with respect to strategies used to cope with secondary metabolites (allelochemicals) present in their diet.Syntomeida epilais is monophagous and accepted only oleander (which contains cardenolides, CG). CG were detected as stored products in the larvae and also in the faeces and exuviae. Pure CG (digoxin and gitoxin) which do not occur in oleander fed on oleander leaves were sequestered as the oleander CG.Syntomis mogadorensis is polyphagous: given a choice larvae avoided plants with a high load of allelochemicals. Upon shortage of preferred plants they ate a wide variety of plants which contain alkaloids, terpenes, or phenolics. Of these allelochemicals, alkaloids and CG were mainly recovered in the faeces and only minute fractions in the larvae.Creatonotos transiens larvae behaved similarly toSyntomis in terms of polyphagy and non-resorption. However, the larvae took up and stored pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) such as heliotrine selectively.Creatonotos is thus polyphagous (a generalist) but also a PA-specialist which exploits PA as defensive agents, as a morphogen for the male pheromone gland, and as a precursor for the male pheromone.
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    Analysis and field evaluation of volatile blend emitted by calling virgin females of beet armyworm moth,Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3411-3423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trapping ; volatile blend ; sex pheromone ; pheromone blends ; trap bait ; capture ; beet armyworm moth ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The volatile blend emitted by calling virgin beet armyworm females was collected and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Five compounds were detected and identified in this blend: (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecen-l-ol, (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,Z)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, and (Z)-l 1-hexadecenyl acetate. They were emitted in a ratio of 47.9 ∶4.0∶40.2 ∶6.5 ∶ 1.7, respectively. This five-component blend and several other blends with one or more components deleted were formulated on rubber septa to release the components in about the same ratios as the females. Field tests of these formulations in bucket traps indicated that a blend of (Z)-9 tetradecen-1-ol, (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, and (Z)-l 1-hexadecenyl acetate was most effective for trapping beet armyworm males and that (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate actually decreased trap captures. Blends that did not contain both (Z)-9-tetradecen-l-ol and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate were ineffective as trap baits.
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    Isolation of corn semiochemicals attractive and repellent to western corn rootworm larvae (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3425-3439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; semiochemical ; kairomone ; attractants ; repellents ; Zea mays ; western corn rootworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Dichloromethane extracts of germinating corn are significantly attractive to western corn rootworm larvae in choice tests with equal levels of carbon dioxide present on both sides of the choice. Two fractions that are significantly attractive and two fractions that are significantly repellent to larvae were isolated from these extracts of germinating corn by gas chromatography and silica gel chromatography. In a separate set of experiments, Porapak N was used to collect headspace volatiles from germinating corn; significantly more larvae were attracted to aliquots of these extracts in singlechoice tests without added carbon dioxide present than to solvent controls.
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    Identification of host-plant chemicals stimulating oviposition by swallowtail butterfly,Papilio protenor (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 325-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition stimulant ; Papilio protenor ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; d-(−)-quinic acid ; l-(−)-stachydrine ; (−)-synephrine ; l-(−)-proline ; chlorogenic acid ; Citrus natsudaidai ; C. unshiu ; Fagara ailanthoides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ovipositional response of a Rutaceae-feeding papilionid butterfly,Papilio protenor, toCitrus host plants was evoked by the synergistic action ofl-(−)-stachydrine,d-(−)-quinic acid, (−)-synephrine, andl-(−)-proline that characterize the chemical compositions of the leaves and epicarp ofCitrus plants (C. natsudaidai andC. unshiu). The stimulatory activity of their mixture was enhanced by the addition of flavanone glycosides, naringin and hesperidin, which coexist in these plants and have previously been demonstrated to serve as oviposition stimulants. However, sugars such as sucrose, glucose, and inositols, which abound in plant tissues, exerted no effect on egg-laying by the females. On the other hand, chlorogenic acid present in the leaves of another host plant,Fagara ailanthoides, was found to act as an excellent synergist. However, there existed significant qualitative dissimilarities between the chemical compositions of the leaves ofC. unshiu andF. ailanthoides. This strongly suggests thatP. protenor is likely to utilize different categories of compounds as chemical cues in recognizing each plant as a host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021768
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    Metabolism and excretion of the furanocoumarin xanthotoxin by parsnip webworm,Depressaria pastinacella (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 417-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Depressaria pastinacella ; parsnip webworm ; xanthotoxin ; detoxification ; furanocoumarins ; silk ; plant secondary compounds ; plantinsect interactions ; Oecophoridae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The parsnip webworm,Depressaria pastinacella, feeds on plants containing high concentrations of furanocoumarins. compounds toxic to many organisms. Parsnip webworm larvae were fed radiolabeled xanthotoxin to quantify the detoxification of this furanocoumarin. They metabolized approximately 95% of the ingested xanthotoxin, indicating that metabolic detoxification is important in their tolerance to this allelochemical. Excretion of xanthotoxin and its metabolites was not restricted to the frass but also occurred by means of the silk glands. The silk glands contained half as much of the tritiated compounds as the rest of the body. Because of the feeding habits of this insect, such an excretory pathway may have implications for interactions with predators and pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021774
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  • 97
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    Attraction ofOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) andOryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) to some common volatiles of food (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 465-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) ; Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel) ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; attractants ; aliphatic C3-C14 aldehydes ; benzaldehyde ; aliphatic C2-C9 free fatty acids ; 2(E),4(E)-heptadienal ; 2(E),4(E)-nonadienal ; 3(E),5(E)-octadien-2-ol ; 3(E),5(E)-octadien-2-one ; oat volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Responses by adultOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) andOryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel) to various food volatiles were assessed by means of a two-choice, pitfall olfactometer. The individual experimental stimuli, all potential products of lipid oxidation, had a range of attractive doses of ≤ 1000-fold over the test dose ranges of 0.001–100 gmg, or 0.01–1000 gmg. Of 13 aliphatic C3-C14 aldehydes and benzaldehyde tested forOryzaephilus spp., 10 C3-C10 aliphatic aldehydes and benzaldehyde showed some attractiveness for both species. ForO. mercator, nonanal had the lowest lower threshold for positive response at 0.01 μg. The addition of small amounts of nonanal or of a 1∶1∶1 mixture of hexanal, octanal, and nonanal to small amounts of cucujolide aggregation pheromones enhanced response by mixed-sexO. mercator to the pheromones. Eleven aliphatic C2-C9 free fatty acids showed some attractiveness for bothOryzaephilus spp. Isovaleric acid and valeric acid had the lowest lower thresholds for positive response at 0.1 μg forO. mercator andO. surinamensis, respectively. Four olefinic oat volatiles were found to possess various degrees of attractiveness for bothOryzaephilus spp. The data suggest that food volatiles in this study might be used byOryzaephilus spp. as host-finding kairomones in nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021778
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  • 98
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    Behavioral and electrophysiological study of antifeedant mechanisms associated with polyhydroxy alkaloids (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3167-3196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera littoralis ; Spodoptera exempta ; Heliothis virescens ; Helicoverpa armigera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; polyhydroxy alkaloids ; piperidine ; pyrrolidine ; castanospermine ; swainsonine ; alexine ; fagomine ; behavior ; electrophysiology ; receptor mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven polyhydroxy alkaloids of plant origin were tested for anti-feedant effects against larvae of the lepidopteransSpodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera frugiperda, Heliothis virescens, andHelicoverpa armigera. Data from behavioral and electrophysiological investigations were correlated to reveal information on the mode of action of the antifeedants. The pyrrolidine DMDP was an effective antifeedant for all four species, whereas the piperidines fagomine and XZ-1 and the pyrrolizidine alexine were all ineffective as antifeedants. The activity of the pyrrolidines CYB-3 and DAB-1, the piperidines DNJ, DMJ, and BR1, and the bicyclic octahydroindolizine castanospermine varied among species. The investigation focuses on the structural similarities between some of the alkaloids and some common phagostimulatory sugars and illustrates a neural interaction involving the neurons that are differentially responsive to alkaloids and sugars. InS. littoralis, the neurons responding specifically to the alkaloids DMDP, DAB-1, and castanospermine and to the sugars fructose, sucrose, and glucose are more active when the compounds are applied singly than when an alkaloid and a sugar are applied together. The implications for the occurrence and functioning of different sugar receptor sites are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979618
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  • 99
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    Olfactory-based behavioral interactions among five species in the southern pine bark beetle group (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3317-3331 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Dendroctonus ; Ips ; pheromone ; olfaction ; intraspecific ; interspecific ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Olfactory-mediated behavioral interactions were investigated among the five scolytid species comprising the southern pine bark beetle group. Behavioral response, as determined from field trap catch data, showed that each species was attracted in greatest numbers to the pheromonal blend produced by conspecifies. Interspecifically,D. frontalis displayed no cross-attractancy toIps pheromonal blends, but was weakly attracted to the pheromonal blend of femaleD. terebrans. ThreeIps species displayed varying degrees of cross-attraction as well as to theDendroctonus pheromonal blends. More specifically,I. calligraphus was attracted toI. avulsus and, to a very limited extent, also to the maleD. terebrans pheromonal blend.I. avulsus was somewhat more cross-attractive thanI. calligraphus and showed attraction to the pheromonal blends of femaleD. frontalis, male and femaleD. terebrans, maleI. calligraphus, and maleI. grandicollis. I. grandicollis showed the greatest degree of cross-attraction, particularly in response to theDendroctonus pheromonal blends.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982101
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  • 100
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    Iridoid glycoside content ofEuphydryas anicia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and its major hostplant,Besseya plantaginea (Scrophulariaceae), at a high plains colorado site (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Euphydryas anicia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Besseya plantaginea ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; sequestration ; plant-insect interactions ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The checkerspot butterfly,Euphydryas anicia, utilizes mainlyBesseya plantaginea and only occasionallyCastilleja integra as a larval hostplant at Michigan Hill, a few kilometers from a site whereC. integra is used by over 90% of the butterflies. TheB. plantaginea leaves that are consumed contain 9–22% iridoid glycosides, composed mainly of catalpol and catalpol esters, while larvae from the same plants contain 6–18% iridoids, mainly catalpol and no esters. Field-collected adult butterflies contain 0.5–4.3% iridoids. Laboratory-reared adults secrete iridoids in the meconium upon eclosion and retain similar amounts. The adult and meconium iridoid content is considerably lower than in the larvae, and metabolism in the pupal stage may be occurring.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021278
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