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  • Electron microscopy  (28)
  • Drosophila  (23)
  • Springer  (51)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (51)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1983  (51)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (51)
  • 1975-1979
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 373-374 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; short-time staining ; nodular structure ; crystallization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 164-170 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The early morphogenesis of the eye-antennal disc ofDrosophila in response to 20-hydroxy ecdysone involves the curling of the eye anlagen dorsally over the antenna. During this process, the area of the peripodial membrane is substantially reduced. The peripodial membrane is taut at this stage, and if it is cut the curling of the disc cannot continue, and the eye anlagen returns to its original position within one minute of the operation. In contrast, cutting the columnar epithelium between the eye and antennal anlagen does not disrupt curling, but actually facilitates it. During curling, the cells of the peripodial membrane appear healthy, and exhibit basal extensions. We suggest that the curling of the eye is mediated by the conversion of cuboidal peripodial membrane cells into pseudostratified columnar epithelium at the edges of the peripodial membrane. Subsequently, cells of the peripodial membrane secrete first a pupal cuticle, and then an imaginal cuticle.
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  • 3
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 275-279 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Evagination ; Morphogenesis ; Metamorphosis ; Female genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the evaginating female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster was examined at different stages of metamorphosis. The observations show that the internal genital organs are derived from the anterior half of the disc and that their morphogenesis is mainly a protrusion of the different primordial areas of the disc epithelium. The external genital and anal derivatives originate from the posterior half of the disc, which undergoes complex rearrangements during metamorphosis. The disc opens along the posterior margin and the dorsal and ventral epithelia evert and thereby completely reverse their anteroposterior orientation. Dramatic elongation has been observed during the formation of the seminal receptacle. The cells of the repressed male genital primordium do not form any recognizable structures and are assumed to be eliminated during metamorphosis.
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  • 4
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Teratogens ; Drosophila ; 5-Azacytidine ; Methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of cytidine and cytidine analogs were studied inDrosophila embryonic cell cultures and two wild-type established cell lines, Oregon-R and Schneider line 2. Primary embryonic cultures have been shown to be an excellent system for the study of embryonic development; a number of cell types undergo normal differentiation in vitro. Treatment of these cultures with putative teratogens resulted in an inhibition of muscle and/or neuron differentiation in our study. Treatment of these cells with cytidine and seven other analogs had no effect on neuron and muscle differentiation. The compound 5-azacytidine, when added to primary cell cultures, inhibited normal differentiation at subtoxic doses while inducing the production of three proteins that comigrate with the heat-shock proteins, hsp 23, 22a and 22b. 5-Azacytidine did not stimulate differentiation in Oregon-R or SchneiderDrosophila cell lines. The in vitro blockage of differentiation by 5-azacytidine suggests that it may act as a teratogen.
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  • 5
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 280-284 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Evagination ; Morphogenesis ; Metamorphosis ; Intersexual genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Morphogenetic movements of the intersexual genital disc of thedoublesex-dominant mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster were followed during metamorphosis. Intersexual genital discs contain well developed genital primordia of both sexes as well as an anal primordium, and all of these primordia evaginate simultaneously. The female genital primordium is deflected to the ventral side by the male genital primordium which is located anterior to it. Subsequently the anterior parts of the two genital primordia project their internal appendages in parallel in the anterior direction. The morphogenetic movements closely resemble those of the corresponding parts of normal males and females. The disc opens at the stalk along the posterior edge and the two genital primordia completely evert their posterior parts. These areas undergo complex rearrangements whereby the anlage for the male genital arch as well as that for the 8th tergite evert and move around the lateral side of the disc. They both fuse dorsally after enclosing the anal tube. The formation of the characteristic abnormalities of the intersexual genitalia seems not to result simply from spatial problems of the simultaneous evagination of the genital anlagen but rather to be a direct result of the ambiguous genetic signalling in the intersexual cells of these primordia.
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  • 6
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 337-346 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gynandromorphs ; Genital disc ; Compartments ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genital imaginal disc ofDrosophila differentiates the terminalia, i.e. the genitalia and analia, of both sexes. It represents a composite anlage, containing a female genital primordium, a male genital primordium and an anal primordium. In normal males and females, only one of the two genital primordia differentiates; the other is developmentally repressed. Therefore, cell-lineage relationships between the male and female genital primordia can only be studied in sexual mosaics which differentiate female and male cells. We producedMinute (M)‖non-Minute(M+) gynandromorphs and selected those with sexually mosaic terminalia for a cell-lineage analysis. In these mosaics, either the male (XO) or female (XX) cells wereM + and thus had a growth advantage. The differential growth rates served as a tool to detect clonal restrictions. In control gynandromorphs (M +‖M +), the amount of female genitalia differentiated was largely independent of the amount of male genitalia present. In contrast, male and female anal structures, as a rule, added up to one full set. The same was true for the experimentalM‖M + gynandromorphs, but the contribution ofXX andXO cells to mosaic terminalia changed drastically due toM + cells competing successfully against the more slowly growingM cells. Specific subsamples ofM‖M + gynandromorphs showed thatM cells in a non-mosaic primordium are shielded from cell competition taking place in the neighbouring mosaic primordium. We conclude that the three primordia of the genital disc represent developmental compartments. In the genital primordia, even developmentally repressedM + cells compete successfully against developmentally activeM cells.
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  • 7
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 48-50 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Hybrid lethality ; Imaginal discs ; Interspecific transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Females ofDrosophila melanogaster, crossed with males ofDrosophila mauritiana, produce only female offspring. The male hybrid larvae grow very slowly, fail to pupate and die after prolonged larval life. Imaginal discs from these male hybrids transplanted into Drosophila melanogaster larvae can give rise to adult structures with normal patterns. Differentiation of hybrid imaginal disc tissue is improved by short term culture in non-hybrid larvae prior to metamorphosis, suggesting that the hybrid larval haemolymph is inadequate to sustain normal imaginal disc growth. This may represent the physiological basis of the reproductive isolating mechanism separating the twoDrosophila species
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  • 8
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 270-274 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Fate map ; Repressed primordium ; Sex determination ; Genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster was cut into distinct fragments, and the prospective fates of the fragments were determined by putting them through metamorphosis in host larvae. The dorsal epithelium contains the anlagen for the anal plates and parovaria, as well as the repressed male genital primordium. The ventral epithelium gives rise to all of the female genital structures except for the parovaria. The results were compared with published fate maps and observations made in experiments with sex-transforming mutations. This allowed us to establish a detailed three-dimensional fate map of the female genital disc, which shows a well-developed female genital primordium in the ventral epithelium, a repressed male genital primordium in the anterior part of the dorsal epithelium and an anal primordium in the posterior region of the dorsal disc epithelium.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell degeneration ; Imaginal disc ; Basal lamina ; Blood cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutationsvestigial (vg; recessive) andUltravestigial (vg U; dominant) ofDrosophila melanogaster give rise to identical mutant adult phenotypes in which much of the cases this results from cell death in the presumptive wing margin of the wing disc in the third larval instar, but the process of cell degeneration is quite different in the two mutants. Invg cell death occurs continuously throughout the third larval instar, while invg U it occurs only in the early third instar. Cells fragment and some of the fragments condense, becoming electron dense (“apoptosis”). Both condensed and ultrastructurally normal cell fragments are extruded to the basal side of thevg disc epithelium. They accumulate under the basal lamina in the wing pouch area until they are phagocytosed by blood cells entering the wing pouch during the six hours following pupariation. Fragments are not extruded from thevg U epithelium but are apparently phagocytosed by neighboring epithelial cells. The basal lamina undergoes mophological changes following pupariation and is phagocytosed by blood cells in both wild-type andvestigial, but investigial the degenerated cell fragments are also engulfed by the same blood cells.
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  • 10
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 317-326 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenic mutations ; Topological specificity ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Neurogenic mutations have been found to cause the neuralization of certain regions of the ectoderm and yet to permit normal development of the remaining embryonic cells. Thus, it seems that the activity of the wild-type alleles of these genes is dispensable in a considerable fraction of the embryo during wild-type development. This effect might be a consequence of the cells' position within the embryo; alternatively, it might be independent of the position but be due rather to the genetic activity experienced by the cells previous to their commitment. The results described in this paper indicate that genes controlling patterning along the embryonic dorso-ventral perimeter (dorsal and Toll) are epistatic to genes controlling neurogenesis, their activity deciding which ectodermal cells are susceptible to neurogenesis. Using alleles with low expressivity, evidence was obtained showing that the tracheal placodes define the boundary of the territory which has neurogenic abilities at thoracic and abdominal levels.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Early neurogenesis ; Neurogenic mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The central nervous system (CNS) ofDrosophila develops from precursor cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts segregate in early embryogenesis from an apparantly undifferentiated ectoderm and move into the embryo, whereas most of the remaining ectodermal cells continue development as epidermal cell precursors. Segregation of neuroblasts occurs within a region called the neurogenic field. We are interested in understanding how the genome ofDrosophila controls the parcelling of the ectoderm into epidermal and neural territories. We describe here mutations belonging to seven complementation groups which effect an abnormal neurogenesis. The phenotypes produced by these mutations are similar. Essential features of these phenotypes are a conspicuous hypertrophy of the CNS accompanied by epidermal defects; the remaining organs and tissues of the mutants are apparently unaffected. The study of mutant phenotype development strongly suggests this phenotype to be due to misrouting into the neural pathway of development of ectodermal cells which in the wildtype would have given rise to epidermal cells, i.e. to an initial enlargement of the neurogenic region at the expense of the epidermogenic region. These observations indicate that the seven genetic loci revealed by the mutations described in this study contribute to control the neurogenic field. The present results suggest that in wildtype development neurogenic genes are supressed within all derivatives of the mesoderm and endoderm and some derivatives of the ectoderm, and conditionally expressed in the remaining ectoderm. The organisation of the neurogenic field in the wildtype is discussed.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Allomyces macrogynus ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Restriction enzyme map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial (mt) DNA of the aquatic phycomycete Allomyces macrogynus is a circular molecule with a size of 56.1 kbp. The cleavage sites for the restriction enzymes SalI and PvuI were mapped by comparing the partial denaturation patterns of isolated restriction fragments with the pattern of the intact circle. The genes coding for the small and large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were located on the restriction map by heteroduplex and R-loop analysis. The gene coding for the large rRNA contains an intervening sequence, app. 0.7 kbp in size, near the 3′-end of the gene. The two rRNA genes are encoded on the same strand of the mtDNA and separated by a region of 17–18 kbp. This rRNA gene organization is similar to that found with members of the Ascomycetes.
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  • 13
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    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Photosynthetic membranes ; Electron microscopy ; Image processing ; Ectothiorhodospira halochloris ; Ectothiorhodospira abdelmalekii ; Rhodopseudomonas viridis ; Rhodopseudomonas sulfoviridis ; Thiocapsa pfennigii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic membranes of the five bchl b-containing bacteria Ectothiorhodospira halochloris, E. abdelmalekii, Rhodopseudomonas viridis, R. sulfoviridis and Thiocapsa pfennigii have been investigated by electron microscopy and digital image analysis. All five species have the photosynthetic complexes hexagonally arrayed in the membrane with lattice spacings close to 13 nm, except for R. sulfoviridis and T. pfennigii which display somewhat smaller (∼12.5 nm) lattice spacings. Correlation averaging which imposes less stringent requirements on the lattice perfection than conventional Fourier filtration techniques has been employed to elucidate the structure of the photosynthetic complexes. Their basic organization, i.e. a ring, probably containing the light-harvesting (LH) polypeptides, surrounding a core (the “reaction centre”) appears to be almost identical for all species under scrutiny. Despite a resolution of ∼1.6 nm, however, little further significant substructure can be deduced from the averages; possible reasons for the “blurred” appearance of the LH-ring and absence of any subdivision in the reaction centre are discussed along with strategies aimed at obtaining a more detailed model of the molecular architecture of the photosynthetic membranes.
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  • 14
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    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Euglena mutabilis ; Flagellate ; Photomovement ; Photoreceptor ; Phototaxis ; Single-cell analysis ; Videomicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due to the lack of an emergent flagellum the green flagellate Euglena mutabilis is restricted to gliding motility. During forward movement, the organisms orient positive phototactically in the presence of a suitable light stimulus. The cell contains both a stigma and a paraflagellar body which differ in shape and size from the organelles found in E. gracilis. The degree of orientation in white light follows an optimum curve with a maximum at about 100 lx. The spectral sensitivity shows a number of prominent peaks in the blue and green regions and extends well into the red region of the visible spectrum. Since the cell does not rotate during locomotion a periodic shading mechanism cannot account for phototactic orientation. Thus, phototaxis in the related species, E. gracilis and E. mutabilis differ in their photoreceptor molecules, their sensory transduction chains and their strategies of light direction detection.
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  • 15
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    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 199-211 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; lactate dehydrogenase ; isozymic pattern ; development ; isozymic conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partially purified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from third-instar larvae displays two bands (one major and one minor) on polyacrylamide gels. Analogous preparations from pupae and adults exhibit three LDH-staining bands (one major and two minor) in a similar pattern. The migration of the major band is similar for larvae, pupae, and adults, while the two minor LDH bands of pupae and adults migrate more slowly than the minor larval band. It has been shown that larval LDH incubated with β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exhibits two additional minor bands with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the minor bands of both pupae and adults. The intensity of the minor larval LDH band (exhibited also by untreated preparations) is drastically reduced. This fact indicates that the life-cycle stage-dependent LDH isozymic distribution is possibly due to a posttranslational effect(s). Highly purified LDH from larvae, pupae, or adults, obtained by an affinity chromatography procedure, displays just one dispersed band, located in the area between the band 5 and the band 6 exhibited by crude extract preparations. These data, in combination with the lack of difference in catalytic properties among enzymes from larvae, pupae, and adults, suggest that LDH synthesis is controlled by the same single structural gene at all developmental stages.
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  • 16
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    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 199-211 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; lactate dehydrogenase ; isozymic pattern ; development ; isozymic conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partially purified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from third-instar larvae displays two bands (one major and one minor) on polyacrylamide gels. Analogous preparations from pupae and adults exhibit three LDH-staining bands (one major and two minor) in a similar pattern. The migration of the major band is similar for larvae, pupae, and adults, while the two minor LDH bands of pupae and adults migrate more slowly than the minor larval band. It has been shown that larval LDH incubated with β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exhibits two additional minor bands with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the minor bands of both pupae and adults. The intensity of the minor larval LDH band (exhibited also by untreated preparations) is drastically reduced. This fact indicates that the life-cycle stage-dependent LDH isozymic distribution is possibly due to a posttranslational effect(s). Highly purified LDH from larvae, pupae, or adults, obtained by an affinity chromatography procedure, displays just one dispersed band, located in the area between the band 5 and the band 6 exhibited by crude extract preparations. These data, in combination with the lack of difference in catalytic properties among enzymes from larvae, pupae, and adults, suggest that LDH synthesis is controlled by the same single structural gene at all developmental stages.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; enzyme polymorphisms, activity ratios
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Representatives of five allozymic classes of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase have been compared with respect to their activity levels on two alcohol substrates, quantities of ADH protein, and stability in crude extracts. Within each allozymic class, strains from widely diverse geographic locations differ in their enzyme activity levels but are identical for a measure known as “activity ratio,” which is obtained by dividing the average activity reading on isopropanol by that obtained with ethanol. They are also similar in the rate at which ADH activity declines in crude extracts held at 25°C. For several of the fast-resistant and fast-moderate strains, differences in ADH activity are associated with differences in the amount of enzyme present. The catalytic efficiencies of the fast-resistant forms are considerably lower than those of the fast-moderate allozymes. The origin and persistence of the rare but ubiquitous fast-resistant allozyme is discussed.
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  • 18
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    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 703-711 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ; polymorphism ; sequential electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were undertaken to investigate two critical aspects of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster. The first investigation unequivocally maps the genetic site of the G6PD locus to the X chromosome. The second study subjects a set of isochromosomal lines to sequential electrophoresis in an attempt to uncover common molecular heterogeneity within the global polymorphism, assuming that this variation may have gone undetected under conventional electrophoretic conditions. The genetic site was mapped following the segregation of the two common electrophoretic alleles, a so-called null allele, and two rare electrophoretic variants. From the pooled results, the Zw locus mapped to 62.9 on the X chromosome relative to the flanking markers car (at 62.5) and sw (at 64.7). A set of 126 iso-X chromosomal lines of diverse geographic origin was subjected to sequential electrophoresis under three different acrylamide conditions in addition to the conventional starch electrophoretic system. No additional variation beyond the common diallele polymorphism was seen.
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  • 19
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    Behavior genetics 13 (1983), S. 17-27 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: pupation site ; pupation height ; artificial selection ; Drosophila ; density-dependent behavior ; genotype-environment interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Selection for increased pupation height was carried out for 17 generations in two lines ofDrosophila simulans derived from a genetically heterogeneous base population. The realized heritability for mean pupation height in each line, calculated over the 17 generations, did not differ significantly from zero. Both selected lines tended to pupate away from the center of the culture medium to a greater extent than the control in the latter generations of the experiment but not in earlier generations. Pupation height may have been refractory to artificial selection because of an adaptation of this species to pupate on the larval food source. In a subsequent experiment, each line was tested at three larval densities in an apparatus different from the one used for selection. Each successively higher density showed a corresponding increase in pupation height. Both selected lines had higher mean pupation heights than the control line. The differences between lines became more pronounced as the larval density increased.
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  • 20
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    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 365-374 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; NAD+ levels ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies carried out in mammalian systems indicated that an organism's NAD+/NADH balance is carefully regulated but can be destabilized by dietary stresses. Since Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) uses NAD+ to remove a hydrogen from ethanol in the first step of alcohol catabolism, it is possible that under alcohol stress conditions the in vivo NAD+ levels in Drosophila may decrease. In this study genetically homozygous flies were stressed with maximally sublethal concentrations of ethanol (10%) for periods of up to 24 hr. The results indicate that NAD+ levels do in fact drop by at least 20% in response to ethanol stress. Evidence is presented that suggests that this decrease is the direct result of ADH-mediated catabolism.
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  • 21
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Disruptive selection ; Linkage disequilibrium ; Genetic variance ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Theoretical predictions of changes in variance with disruptive selection have used models of infinitely many genes so the increase in variance was necessarily due to linkage disequilibrium. With small numbers of loci, the disequilibrium is shown still to comprise the major part of the changes in variance. In a replicated experiment with Drosophila melanogaster, disruptive selection was practised for three generations, and this was followed by 5 or 7 generations of random mating. The heritability, as estimated from regression of progeny on parent, rose from 37% to 68% on selection, and subsequently declined to 45% on random mating. Changes of variance can be interpreted invoking the build up of linkage disequilibrium during selection followed by its breakdown upon relaxation. The results agree well with those obtained from Monte Carlo simulation.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Enzyme polymorphisms ; Latitudinal clines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) and acid phosphatase (Acph) loci of Drosophila melanogaster are each polymorphic for two electrophoretically detectable alleles. The frequencies of the Odh and Acph alleles have been analysed in populations sampled from up to a 40 ° latitudinal range in each of Australasia, North America and Europe/Asia. Odh S frequency is found to be significantly negatively associated with distance from the equator in all three zones. The relationship of Acph S frequency to distance from the equator is significant and negative in Australasia but neither significant nor consistent in sign in North America and Europe/Asia.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 469-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow (human) ; Neutrophil granulocyte ; Granules ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bone marrow from hematologically healthy adults was exposed to a number of fixation procedures for investigation of the heterogeneity of the granule population in neutrophil granulocytes at the ultrastructural level. Four main cell stages were distinguished: early promyelocyte, late promyelocyte, myelocyte, and mature neutrophil granulocyte and described separately; metamyelocytes and band-form or stab cells are described together. The characteristic changes in the cytoplasm during myelopoiesis were analysed quantitatively. Special attention was given to the development of the granule population. Three types of granule arise in successive cell stages: granules which develop a sub-structure in the matrix (nucleated granules) are formed in early promyelocytes, granules with a homogeneous electron-dense matrix (azurophil granules) in late promyelocytes, and granules with a less electron-dense matrix (specific granules) in myelocytes. The three types of granule remain present during myelopoiesis. The best results in distinguishing the granule types were obtained by prefixation either in 0.1% glutaraldehyde or in 1.5% glutaraldehyde followed by washing in phosphate-buffered Ringer solution to which aminotriazole had been added. Granule counts revealed for the mature neutrophil a total number of granules of about 220 per ultrathin section. This population of granules is composed of about 12% nucleated, 11% azurophil, and 77% specific granules. When our previous findings are taken into account, the existence of three successively formed and morphologically distinguishable types of granule in heterophil (neutrophil) granulocytes has been demonstrated for three mammalian species: the guinea pig, the rat, and man. A separate term for the early promyelocyte stage is proposed: eomyelocyte.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 579-593 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rods ; Cones ; Retina ; Bullfrog ; Synapse ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lumps of electron-dense material were observed in synaptic clefts associated with all types of photoreceptors, in the vicinity of the synaptic ribbons, in the retinae of dark-adapted frogs. Frogs were reared under a cyclic illumination (light on at 8:00; light off at 20:00) and then exposed to one of two courses of dark adaptation: one started from 11:00 in the morning, and the other started from 20:00 in the evening. The synaptic clefts of red rods became wider at some places where spherical or polygonal lumps of dense material were accumulated. The frequency and sectional area of the lumps increased faster for the first hour in the regime starting from 20:00 than in the regime starting from 11:00, then they reached the similar saturation levels of about 0.6 (per ribbon) and 1.6 to 1.8×104 (nm2) in both the regimes. In greenrod synapses, plate-shaped lumps of dense material were present in synaptic clefts and interspaces between the processes of second-order neurons. In cone synapses at the end of about 1 h darkness, the frequency and area of the lumps reached maximum values of about 0.12 (per ribbon) and 9×103 (nm2) in the regime starting from 11:00 and, about 0.08 (per ribbon) and 4 × 103 (nm2) in the regime starting from 20:00. On exposure to light, the dense material abruptly disappeared from all types of photoreceptor synaptic clefts. Large dense-core vesicles, occasionally observed in light-adapted rod photoreceptor terminals, seem to participate in exocytosis of the dense material. The number of dense-core vesicles per synaptic ribbon in a terminal was about 0.55 at the end of 3 h light in the morning and about 1.28 at the end of 12 h light in the evening. The increased number of dense-core vesicles during the daytime may contribute to the faster accumulation of dense material in the synaptic clefts. Although the chemical identification or the functional significance of the electron-dense material remains unknown, it is interesting that this material showed a rise and fall in response to darkness and illumination. Also the fact that this material is clearly visible will be helpful for future analysis of frog photoreceptor synapses.
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    Cell & tissue research 232 (1983), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peritrophic membrane ; Insect ; Microvilli ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A double plasma membrane (DPM) surrounding intestinal microvilli of the migratory milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, is described. Mutant and wild types of the phytophagous insect have been studied by conventional SEM and TEM procedures with the use of membrane-enhancing staining methods. Longitudinal and transverse sections revealed a DPM surrounding microvilli and continuing over the apical portions of the intestinal cell. The outer membrane of the DPM contributes to an intestinal lining or peritrophic membrane (PTM), which apparently accumulates in layers. SEM studies reveal a rugose intestinal surface and complete PTM in both starved and fed insects. Only rarely are exposed microvilli seen by SEM. SEM examinations also enable the observation of numerous blebs on the luminal side of the PTM apparently held in position by a neck-like attachment and apparently derived from the outer membrane of the DPM. Preliminary TEM studies of microvilli revealed unique microvesicle-like structures, lying just inside the inner membrane of the DPM, which may be of membrane origin based on their typical trilaminar appearance after en bloc staining with uranyl acetate. Highly ordered microfilaments were observed to occupy the most central aspect of the microvilli.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasopressin-containing neurons, identified by immunocytochemistry, are located predominantly in the posterior magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. By electron microscopy, the immunoreaction product is seen within the cell bodies and neuronal processes. In the perikarya and dendritic processes, the immunoreactive material is associated primarily with neurosecretory granules. Axonal processes, identified by their content of microtubules and accumulation of neurosecretory granules, show the immunoreaction product in association with both of these organelles. Afferent axo-dendritic, axo-somatic and putative axo-axonic synapses with immunostained vasopressinergic neurons can be identified. The presynaptic profiles do not contain immunoreactive material. This study contributes to the ultrastructural characterization of vasopressinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and of their afferent synaptic input.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dictyosome-like structures ; Golgi apparatus ; Phosphatidylcholine ; Laminated figures ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea pig
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    Notes: Summary Dictyosome-like structures (DLS) of guinea pig spermatocytes, when prefixed in mixtures of glutaraldehyde and tannic acid, exhibited laminated figures with a repeating periodicity of about 4.5 nm in the spaces between DLS saccules or in association with the surfaces of the DLS saccules. These laminated figures were similar to those figures derived from saturated lipids in other tissues. Alternatively, spaces between saccules were collapsed leaving only thin, electron-dense material separating adjacent saccules. These changes were not observed when the DLS were prefixed in glutaraldehyde before exposure to tannic acid. The presence of laminated figures following fixation with tannic acid and osmium tetroxide suggests that saturated lipids are present in, or associated with, the intersaccular regions of the DLS. The distribution of laminated figures in other membrane structures was not affected by post fixation with tannic acid nor were laminated figures comparable to those of the DLS observed between cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. These results support previous conclusions that DLS are distinct from Golgi apparatus and are a unique component of the germ cell cytoplasm.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Digestion ; Membrane flow ; Electron microscopy ; Sarcodina ; Actinophrys sol
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The digestion of food in the heliozoonActinophrys sol is characterized by several distinct membrane events. Initially, extrusomes expand and fuse with each other and with the plasma membrane providing the membrane for the nascent food vacuole. During this process a—presumably lytic—material is secreted. After complete forming of the food vacuole a second type of vesicles fuses with it, whereupon usually lysis of the prey occurs. After denaturation and coagulation of the food, fluid is removed from the food vacuole. This process is accompanied by a high cytotic activity around the periphery of the food vacuole. Following this step, the perinuclear Golgi region shows an active appearance and numerous lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole. In consequence of this the food is degradated. The food vacuole shrinks continuously. Simultaneously vesicles filled with the digested material pinch off from the food vacuole, the content of which shows a more and more condensed mass of undigestible material. The undigestible residues are defecated eventually. The process of digestion is accompanied by an increase in volume and number of electron lucent cytoplasmic vacuoles. These vacuoles gradually become filled with a filamentous material starting with the vacuoles in the cell periphery. As the digestion continues, the vacuolar contents become condensed successively. Synchroneously the vacuoles move towards the cell center. After completion of the digestion, the cytoplasmic vacuoles decrease in volume and number and do not show any longer electron dense contents.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anacystis nidulans ; Cyanobacterium ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-fracmres ; Thylakoid degradation ; Ultrathin-sections
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Photooxidative bleaching of the CyanobacteriumAnacystis nidulans was studied by electron microscopic investigation of both freezefractured and thin-sectioned samples. During bleaching four consecutive phases in degradation of photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) could be characterized: 1. No ultrastructural changes until photosystem II activity is lost. 2. Derangement of characteristic arrangement of thylakoids. 3. Thylakoids visible only in thin-sectioned but not in freeze-fractured samples. 4. Completely bleached cells, only traces in place of former thylakoids visible in thinsectioned samples. Bleaching did not cause lysis of the cells showing that the cytoplasmic membrane was not damaged. Polyhedral bodies also were still detectable in bleached cells.
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  • 30
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    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 198-200 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chromosome isolation ; Electron microscopy ; Vicia faba ; Vicia narbonensis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using a formalin fixation technique whole chromosomes from root tips ofVicia species were isolated into a buffer solution. Combining this technique with the use of a set of reciprocal translocations available for this species—Vicia faba— allowed each member of the karyotype to be isolated and identified. Such isolated chromosomes can be used for optical microscopy or for either transmission or scanning electron microscopy where critical point drying clearly reveals chromatin fibre.
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  • 31
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    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Parapharyngeal mass ; Electron microscopy ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microprobe X-ray analysis ; Ciliate ; Homalozoon vermiculare
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure and elemental composition of the granules which make up the parapharyngeal mass of the ciliateHomalozoon vermiculare are analyzed. The mass is made up of two kinds of granules. One is not membrane-bounded and is composed of paraglycogen. The second type is comprised of concentric lamellae. It is rich in magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. These results do not support the contention that the granules are directly involved in the process of food vacuole formation. The role of the parapharyngeal mass remains obscure.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell walls ; Electron microscopy ; Moisture ; Plastic embedding ; Seeds
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Aqueous fixatives caused dry seed tissues to swell; mashed peanuts, crushed to remove oil, swelled even more. Use of anhydrous, organic solvents as vehicles for fixatives enabled maintenance of dimensional stability during fixation of dry seed tissues; even crushed seed tissue did not swell significantly when processed anhydrously. However, anhydrously processed specimens proved difficult to section. The difficulty was due to imperfect permeation of plastic into the seed tissues during embedding. An explanation of why anhydrously processed dry seed tissues are so difficult to embed in plastic is offered.
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  • 33
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    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 3 (1983), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: electroretinogram ; visual mutants ; visual sensitization ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Mutations at thestoned locus ofDrosophila melanogaster produce a reversible temperature-sensitive debilitation. At permissive temperatures they also exhibit an unusual jump response to a light-off stimulus. 2. An increase in the amplitude of the off-transient of the electroretinogram (ERG) is associated with this abnormal jump. Both the jump response and the increased amplitude of the off-transient are shown to be dependent on the duration of the light pulse prior to the light-off stimulus. 3. Instoned flies which are light adapted, the jump response, as measured by recording from the indirect flight muscles, is seen to habituate with increasing light-off frequency. This habituation corresponds to the decrease in the amplitude of the off-transient that also occurs with high-frequency stimulation. 4. Another visual mutanttan, removes the off and on-transients of the ERG. 5. The combining of thestoned mutation withtan in thetan, stoned double mutant results in the loss of the jump behavior as well as the partial restoration of the off-transient to an otherwisetan-like ERG. The relationship between the increase in the amplitude of the off-transient instoned flies and the eliciting of the jump response is discussed.
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  • 34
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    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 3 (1983), S. 127-141 
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: cyclic adenosine monophosphate ; calmodulin ; phosphorylation ; visual mutants ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Protein IV from synaptosomal fractions ofDrosophila heads is phosphorylatedin vitro by an endogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase. Thein vivo phosphorylation of this protein is affected by light. 2. Two visual mutants,tan andstoned, exhibit altered levels ofin vivo phosphorylation of protein IV. Thetan strain shows depressedin vivo levels of phosphorylation of protein IV, whereasstoned shows an increase in thein vivo level of phosphorylation of this same protein. 3. Protein D is phosphorylatedin vitro by an endogenous Ca2+/calmodulindependent protein kinase and has a molecular weight identical to that of protein IV. Thestoned mutant strain shows an increase in thein vivo level of phosphorylation of protein D. 4. The data presented here suggest that the phosphorylation of protein IV, and perhaps D, may play a role in the early processing of visual information in the fly.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 139-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Pineal photoreceptors ; Opsin immunoreactivity ; Electron microscopy ; Elasmobranch (Raja clavata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal organ of Raja clavata was studied by light and electron microscopy, including the immunocytochemical antiopsin reaction. The pineal organ of the ray consists of three portions: (i) a large proximal pineal, (ii) a long tube-like connecting stalk, and (iii) a short distal terminal enlargement. This latter end-vesicle lies in the deep connective tissue layers of the braincase. All portions of the pineal are composed of pinealocytes, intrinsic neurons, ependymal/glial cells, and bundles of nerve fibers embedded in thin neuropil formations. The inner segments of the pinealocytes protrude into the lumen in all parts of the organ and usually contain basal bodies and numerous mitochondria. Often, two outer segments were found to arise from the basal bodies of a single inner segment. By means of light-microscopic immunocytochemistry the outer segments showed a strong antiopsin reaction. The axons of the pinealocytes form ribbon-containing synapses on dendritelike profiles, which appear to belong to the intrinsic pineal neurons. There are other axo-dendritic synapses established by presynaptic terminals lacking ribbons and containing granular and synaptic vesicles. Pineal neurons may contain granular vesicles approximately 60–100 nm in diameter; their processes contribute to the bundles of unmyelinated axons. The fine structural organization of the pineal organ and the opsin immunoreactivity of the outer segments of the pinealocytes indicate a photoreceptive capacity of the organ. The double outer segments represent a peculiar multiplication of the photoreceptor structures.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Innervation ; Decentralisation ; Hypogastric nerve ; Pharmacology ; Electron microscopy ; Vas deferens ; Guinea-pig
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    Notes: Summary The physiological, pharmacological and morphological characteristics of guinea-pig vas deferens supplied by hypogastric nerves rendered inactive by decentralisation were compared with those of vas deferens in which the nerve supply had been chronically stimulated for 3–9 days using implanted electrodes. No change was seen in decentralised preparations prior to 7 days, but from 8–15 days, increased sensitivity to application of noradrenaline in vitro was observed, which was shown to be related to reduced transmitter uptake by nerve terminals as well as to an increase in postjunctional sensitivity; there was also increased fatigability 7–14 days following decentralisation. Continuous stimulation of hypogastric nerves at 2 Hz for 4–8 h daily for 4–8 days resulted in enhanced transmitter uptake and reduced responses to noradrenaline; this was associated with a slight increase in noradrenaline content and a faster adrenergic neuromuscular response with a shorter latency. No appreciable changes in nerve or muscle structure studied by electron microscopy were observed following decentralisation, but there was an increase of between 12.5 and 29.6% in the number of close (〈 100 nm) neuromuscular junctions following chronic stimulation for 8 days.
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 433-449 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow (rat) ; Heterophil granulocyte ; Granules ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the heterophil granulocyte in the bone marrow of the rat is described, and an electron-microscopical analysis of the changes in the cytoplasm as well as in the granule population in several stages of maturation is reported. Three types of granule originate in consecutive stages of heterophil maturation. Granules with an internal fine structure (nucleated granules) are the first to be formed, i.e., in early promyelocytes; azurophil granules are formed in late promyelocytes; and specific granules appear in myelocytes. Quantitative analysis showed that the granule population in mature cells, i.e., about 160 granules per electron micrograph, is composed of roughly 14% nucleated granules, 10% azurophil granules, and 76% specific granules. Three cell stages were observed in mitosis: the early promyelocyte, the late promyelocyte, and the myelocyte. Granule counts in non-dividing cells confirmed the occurrence of mitosis in the late promyelocyte and myelocyte.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 489-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy ; Myocyte
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cardiac muscle cells from 3-day-old rat neonates were cultured for periods of 2 to 56 days. In order to facilitate ultrastructural studies on the organization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the cells were prepared for transmission electron microscopy according to a regimen including postfixation in reduced osmium ferrocyanide. The nonjunctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (NJSR) was organized as a loose, fenestrated sleeve around the exterior of bundles of myofilaments and was particularly prominent at the level of the Z line. The only recognizable junctional elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum were in a peripheral location. Reduced osmium ferrocyanide was also useful in distinguishing intermediate (10nm) filaments, since it understained Z substance, which often obscured these structures. Intermediate filaments were arranged both at the Z line and the intercalated disc, in parallel strands, approximately at right angles to the myofilaments.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 497-509 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Larval salivary glands ; Nuclear “oval bodies” ; Annulate lamellae
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological data are presented concerning the single-membrane-bound vesicles (“oval bodies”) associated with the nuclear envelopes of larval salivary gland cells of Drosophila. Data are also presented concerning the existence of cytoplasmic annulate lamellae in these same cells. The mode of formation of these structures, as well as the relationships between them and with other cytoplasmic organelles are described. The possible functional significance of these phenomena is discussed.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CRF ; immunolabelling ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-synthesizing perikarya and neural processes were detected at ultrastructural level in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and in the median eminence of control and colchicine-pretreated rats. The unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) immunohistochemical method was used in a pre-embedding manner, on thick, non-frozen sections. In CRF-perikarya, neurosecretory granules (80–120 nm in diameter), free ribosomes, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum were labelled. Unlabelled axon terminals formed asymmetric synapses on CRF-containing perikarya and dendrites. Immunolabelled axons terminated in the palisadic zone of the median eminence.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 305-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Freeze fracture ; HVEM ; Retina ; Optic neuropile ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental mutant of Drosophila (ora JK84) is characterized by nonfunctional photoreceptor cells (R1–6), while the R7/R8 cells are normal. A fundamental question is: Does the near absence of photosensitive membranes inhibit development of the Rl-6 axons and their synapses at the other end of the cell? The retina and first optic neuropile (lamina ganglionaris) were examined with freeze-fracture technique and high voltage electron microscopy. R1–6 have reduced rhabdomere caps; rhabdomeric microvilli have about 50% of the normal diameter and 20% of the normal length. Affected cells exhibit prominent vacuoles which appear to communicate with some highly convoluted microvillar membranes. Almost no P-face particles (putative rhodopsin molecules) are present in the R1–6 rhabdomeres, and particle densities are lower in R7 than previously reported. Near the rhabdomere caps, microvilli of R1–6 are fairly normal, but at more proximal levels they are greatly diminished in length and changed in orientation, while at still more proximal levels they are lost. R1–6, R7, and R8 axons from each ommatidium are bundled into normal pseudocartridges beneath the basement membrane. No abnormalities are found in the lamina ganglionaris, and all synaptic associations as well as the presumed “virgin” synapses (of R1–6) appear normal. No glial anomalies are present, and R7/R8 axons project through the lamina in the usual fashion. These fine structural findings are correlated with known electrophysiological, biochemical, and behavioral correlates of both sets of photoreceptors (R1–6, and R7/R8).
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 232 (1983), S. 379-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Pelvic ganglia ; Autonomic nervous system ; Synapses ; Neurones ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A semi-quantitative electron-microscopic study of neuronal cell bodies, nerve profiles and synapses in the anterior pelvic ganglia of the guinea-pig has been carried out following in vivo labelling of adrenergic nerve endings with 5-hydroxydopamine. Ganglion cells of three main types have been distinguished: 1) the majority (about 70%) not containing granular vesicles, probably cholinergic elements; 2) those containing large granular vesicles of uniform size (80–110 nm), with granules of medium density and prominent halos; and 3) those containing vesicles of variable size (60–150 nm), with very dense eccentrically placed granular cores. Some non-neuronal ‘granule-containing’ cells were present, mainly near small blood vessels. Some 95% of the total axon profiles within the ganglia were cholinergic, the remaining 5% were adrenergic. However, 99% of synapses (i.e. axons within 50 nm of nerve cell membrane with pre-and post-synaptic specialisations) were cholinergic, and 1 % were adrenergic. Only three examples of nerve cell bodies exhibiting both cholinergic and adrenergic synapses were observed. Unlike the para-and prevertebral ganglia, the pelvic ganglia contained large numbers of axo-somatic synapses. As many as 20% of the nucleated neuronal cell profiles displayed two distinct nuclei.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 232 (1983), S. 399-411 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pelvic ganglion ; Reinnervation ; Decentralisation ; Autonomie nervous system ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron-microscopic study has been made of adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibres and synapses in the pelvic ganglion of the guinea-pig at intervals of up to 60 days following section of the hypogastric and pelvic nerves. Transection of the hypogastric nerves led to degeneration of 80–90% of the cholinergic nerve profiles and synapses in the ganglion. The small number of adrenergic nerves and synapses did not change, but 30–60 days after section, this number increased 8–10 times. Transection of the pelvic nerves led to degeneration of about 15% of the cholinergic nerve terminals, but no change in adrenergic terminals. After transection of both hypogastric and pelvic nerves, only about 1% of cholinergic nerves survived, but after 30–60 days, the number of adrenergic nerves increased 8–10 times. It is concluded that following cholinergic nerve degeneration in the ganglion, adrenergic nerves, probably originating as collateral sprouts from postganglionic neurones and granule-containing cells, can replace them to some extent.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Oogenesis ; Colchicine ; Microtubules ; Sterility
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    Notes: Summary Adult female fruitflies exposed to colchicine admixed to the culture medium show a series of dosage-related abnormalities that affect oogenesis and may induce sterility. Among the effects observed were decreased fecundity and hatchability of laid eggs, formation of oocytes lacking chorionic appendages, abnormal distribution and diminution in number of yolk spheres, inhibition of oocyte growth and abnormally located oocyte nuclei. Potentially the most significant effect was the development of egg chambers which contained the normal complement of 16 cells but in which all the cells had the nuclear morphology of nurse cells. The approach provides for the first time an experimental means to divert a potential oocyte into the developmental pathway of the nurse cell in a wild-type fly, and hence should be helpful in the elucidation of factors which control oocyte and nurse cell differentiation. In addition, the results serve to expand the usefulness of oogenesis in Drosophila as a model system for the evaluation of drug-induced metabolic-morphologic abnormalities.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 85-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement-membrane production ; Mouse embryos ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mouse embryos (strain NMRI) of days 9 + 2h, 9 + 12h, 10 + 2h, 10 + 12h, 11 + 2h, 12 + 2h, 13 + 2h, and 14 + 2h were fixed (i) in 3% glutaraldehyde +3% paraformaldehyde, (ii) in 1% glutaraldehyde +1% tannic acid, or (iii) in 1% glutaraldehyde +1.5% ruthenium red. The electronmicroscopic picture of the basement membrane (BM) changed depending on the fixative used. Addition of tannic acid led to a higher staining intensity of glycoproteins, whereas after ruthenium red proteoglycans were more heavily stained. The BM around the neural tube and around the epithelial tubules in the lung anlage were investigated electron microscopically. After fusion, the BM in the dorsal regions of the neural tube is missing; on days 9–10 it is, however, reformed. Between days 11 and 13 wide gaps in the BM of the lung anlage occur at the growth buds of the epithelial tubes, which are bridged on late day 13. In the basal parts of these two epithelial types membrane-bordered granules of different density occur singly or in groups. It is postulated that these structures contain BM-material and represent secretion granules. After secretion, BM-material is first bound to the cell membrane. This process is important for the initiation of the formation of the BM. Further growth, however, proceeds via lateral aggregation (self-assembly). Thus, intercellular gaps are bridged independent of the cell membrane. The process of lateral aggregation may also explain deviations from the normal course of the BM.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 230 (1983), S. 639-648 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic autonomic nerves ; Quinacrine ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Anococcygeus muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological changes induced in the autonomic nerves of the rat anococcygeus muscle after the injection of quinacrine (QC, 100 or 200 mg/kg) were examined by electron microscopy in order to clarify the nature of QC-binding nerves seen at the fluorescence-microscopic level. A correspondence between granular QC fluorescence and many lysosomal dense bodies is observed both in the cytoplasm of muscle cells and in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) axons during the first few days following injection. A number of brilliantly fluorescent fibres is observed 1 week after injection. At the ultrastructural level, these fibres seem to correlate with NANC axons which are crowded with many dense bodies and large granular vesicles. Notably, some lysosomal dense bodies contain many large granular vesicles. The effects of QC injection on the ultrastructure of adrenergic axons have also been observed, but are not so marked as in the NANC axons. The administration of QC did not cause complete degeneration of the NANC nerves, though degenerating axons were sometimes observed. The present data indicate that most, if not all, QC-binding nerves observed at the fluorescence-microscopic level correspond to NANC nerves at the electron-microscopic level. Furthermore, NANC axons appear to contain a considerable amount of ATP concentrated in the large granular vesicles.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow (mouse) ; Monocytes ; Neutrophil granulocytes ; Granules ; Electron microscopy ; Peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The differentiation and maturation of monocytes and neutrophil granulocytes were studied in bone marrow of normal mice by electron microscopy and cytochemical assessment of peroxidatic activity. The granule populations of the mature cells of bone marrow were identified and investigated to obtain a basis for the analysis of the earlier stages of maturation. Mature monocytes and neutrophils showed primary and secondary granules, and mature neutrophils had more of both kinds. The size, shape, and number of primary granules proved to offer the most reliable criteria for distinguishing promonocytes and promyelocytes. The primary granules of monocytes were smaller than those of mature neutrophils and were either spherical (smallest diameter 50–200 nm) or elongate (100×400 nm). Both granules had a homogeneous matrix. The granules of the granulocytes were either spherical (smallest diameter 200–300 nm) or elongate (150–200×300–500 nm), and some of them had a crystalline inclusion.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Anura ; Stomach ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The young of the aquatic Australian frog, Rheobatrachus silus (Leptodactylidae) develop from eggs to juvenile frogs in the mother's stomach. During brooding the stomach expands greatly and becomes very thin walled. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the distension of the stomach was accompanied by a severe disruption of the smooth muscle layers. Many of the smooth muscle cells seemed to be highly contracted and resembled smooth muscle cells contracted in the absence of an intact connective tissue matrix. Eight days after the birth of the juveniles through the mouth of the female, the stomach muscle cells had returned to a normal appearance. It is suggested that during gastric incubation of the young, smooth muscle cells become at least partially dissociated from their surrounding connective tissue matrix, allowing maximal distension of the stomach wall.
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 231 (1983), S. 551-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Visual mutants ; Anterior optic tract ; Independent gene actions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy shows that in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster the anterior optic tract (AOT) is formed by about 1260 fibers in males and slightly fewer in females. Golgi staining suggests that most AOT fibers connect the lobula with different regions of the central brain. In the sine oculis (so) and small optic lobes (sol) mutants the number of axons is drastically reduced, by 58% in sol and by 35% in so. In the double mutant sol:so there is a loss of up to 83% of the fibers in the AOT. Approximately half of the remaining 220 fibers form a well defined subbundle of very thin axons which is identifiable in wild type as well as in both single mutants. The fibers of this subbundle neither originate nor terminate in the visual ganglia: instead, they connect two different central brain regions. It is concluded that the combined action of the sol and so mutations abolishes more than 90% of the fibers of visual origin or destination in the AOT. Quantitative analysis of electron micrographs shows that the so and sol mutations act independently on nearly exclusive subsets of axons in the AOT.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Satellite cells ; Skeletal muscle ; Snake-venom toxin ; Muscle regeneration ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Satellite cells were studied in the undamaged part of the rat soleus muscle rendered partially necrotic by a subcutaneous injection of notexin, the myotoxic toxin purified from the venom of the Australian snake Notechis scutatus scutatus. Nuclei of satellite cells were twice as numerous as in the controls, with a decreasing gradient in the number of satellite cells with distance from the necrotic area. The cells were in an activated state with an increased cytoplasmic volume and prominent organelles. Occasionally, mitosis of some satellite cells was observed. Between the satellite cell and the muscle fibre, an unusually wide space was frequently seen, within which a “new” basal lamina was often visible. It is suggested that the role of the satellite cells of undamaged muscle fibres in the regeneration of necrotic muscle is worthy of more detailed investigation.
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 209-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hamsters ; Harderian glands ; Short photoperiod ; Sexual dimorphism ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A sexual dimorphism of the hamster Harderian gland at the ultrastructural level, has been reported. Castration of males and the administration of testosterone to females are known to alter the male type gland to the female type and vice versa. In this paper we present data that exposure to a short photoperiod (1L:23D) can induce similar structural alterations between the 4th and 10th week of exposure. Changes in the male included reduction in the number of tubular clusters and large vacuoles, while in the female the number of membrane formations decreased with an accompanying appearance of tubular clusters.
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