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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In früheren Untersuchungen langer atmosphärischer Wellen von niedriger Frequenz in der polaren Atmosphäre wurden Zylinderkoordinaten angewendet, wobei die Ebenez=0 die Erdoberfläche am Pole berührt. Dabei wurde mittels numerischer Beispiele gefunden, daß die in Zylinderkoordinaten erhaltenen Resultate gute Annäherungen an die mit Kugelkoordinaten berechneten darstellen. Hier wird gezeigt, daß die Formeln für die Wellenfrequenzen in beiden Koordinatensystemen angenähert gleich sind.
    Notes: Summary In earlier studies of long low-frequency atmospheric waves in the polar atmosphere a cyclindrical coordinate system had been used with the planez=0 tangential to the earth's surface at the pole. It had been found by numerical examples that the results obtained with a cylindrical coordinate system approximate quite well those obtained with a spherical coordinate system. Here, it is shown that the formulae for the wave frequencies in both coordinate systems are the same to a good degree of approximation.
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  • 2
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 269-277 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Auswirkungen der Einbeziehung der vertikalen Scherung in das Problem der stetigen Strömung einer nichtviskosen rotierenden und geschichteten Flüssigkeit um ein isoliertes topographisches Hindernis besprochen. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Baroklinität in der fern von dem Hindernis ungestörten Strömung, bei dem hier betrachteten Parameterbereich, ein antizyklonaler an das Hindernis gebundener Wirbel erzeugt wird, ähnlich wie im Fall ohne Scherung aber mit durch die Scherung modifizierter Intensität. Im besonderen nimmt, wenn die Geschwindigkeit der Grundströmung mit der Höhe zunimmt, die Intensität des Wirbels im Vergleich zum barotropen Fall wegen der horizontalen Advektion potentieller Temperatur ab. Für den Fall einer geringen Größe der Hindernisse werden analytische Lösungen gebracht.
    Notes: Summary The effects of inclusion of vertical shear in the problem of steady flow of an inviscid, rotating and stratified fluid past isolated topography are discussed. It is shown that the presence of baroclinicity in the undisturbed flow far from the obstacle, in the parameter range considered here, produces an anti-cyclonic vortex bound to the obstacle, like in the unsheared case, but whose intensity is modified by the shear. In particular, if the velocity of basic flow increases with height, the intensity of the vortex is decreased with respect to the barotropic case, because of the horizontal advection of potential temperature. Analytical solutions are presented in the case of small amplitude obstacles.
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  • 3
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 205-217 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe approximierter ageostrophischer Windkomponenten und iterativer Integration in einem quasi Lagrangeschen System werden Trajektorien abgeleitet. Die Verifikation erfolgt an Hand der Verlagerung charakteristischer Wolkensysteme mittels Satellitenbilder.
    Notes: Summary Trajectories are computed with the help of approximated ageostrophic windcomponents and the iterative integration method in a quasi Lagrangian system. The displacement of distinctive cloud systems localized from satellite images is used for verification.
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  • 4
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 219-233 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Parameter zur Feststellung des Minimalbereiches der übergeostrophischen Komponente der zonalen Strömung in einem westlichen Jet Stream aus der Bedingung bestimmt, daß eine geostrophische Bewegung nur in stabil geschichteten Medien möglich ist. Die Größe des übergeostrophischen Zonalwindes im Kerngebiet eines durchschnittlichen westlichen Jet Stream mittlerer Breiten wurde bei nahe von 60% der beobachteten zonalen Windgeschwindigkeit festgestellt. Die durch diese übergeostrophischen Zonalwindkomponenten verursachten nicht geostrophischen Querzirkulationen werden als thermisch indirekt und für die Entwicklung von einigen beobachteten Erscheinungen wie der Jet Stream Front, der Unterbrechung der nördlichen Tropopause quer zum Kern und der Clear air turbulence-Zonen in bestimmten Regionen eines westlichen Jet Stream als günstig erwiesen.
    Notes: Summary A parameter, for determining the minimum super-geostrophic component of zonal flow in a westerly jet stream, was identified, by invoking the condition that geostrophic motion is possible only in stably stratified media. The magnitude of super geostrophic zonal wind in the core region of an average mid-latitudinal westerly jet stream was found to be nearly 60% of the observed zonal wind speed. The non-geostrophic transverse circulations induced by this super-geostrophic zonal wind components were shown to be thermally indirect in nature and favourable for the formation of some of the observed features like jet stream front, break of the northern tropopause across the core and CAT (clear air turbulence) zones in certain regions of a westerly jet stream.
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  • 5
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 249-267 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Verwendung von in der zweiten Phase der Venezueler internationalen meteorologischen und hydrologischen Experimente (VIMHEX-1972) gesammelten Radar-Daten wurde eine Klassifikation von Unwettern in Böenlinien, in Gewittergruppen und in isolierten Gewittern vorgenommen. Die Verhältnisse in der nahen Umgebung während des Vorrückens dieser Typen von Unwetter werden untersucht. Die Modifikation der Umgebung wird, abgeleitet aus der trocken-statischen Energie, aus der feucht-statischen Energie, aus dem latenten Wärmegehalt und aus den relativen Winden, ebenfalls studiert und ein für die Unwetter entwickeltes Modell wird vorgelegt. Schließlich werden einige Aspekte der Bewegung der Unwettergebilde beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A classification of storms in squall lines, thunderstorm clusters, and isolated thunderstorms was made using radar data collected during the second phase of the Venezuelan International Meteorological and Hydrological Experiments (VIMHEX-1972). The near-environmental conditions in advance of these types of storms are examined. The modification of the environment, as deduced from the dry static energy, moist static energy, latent heat content and relative winds is also studied, and a conceptual model for the storms is presented. Finally, some aspects of storm movement are described.
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  • 6
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 235-247 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung wurde an einem äquivalenten barotropen Modell zum Studium der Stabilität des meridionalen Windes im 200 mb-Niveau im Sommer in den Tropen durch-geführt. Das von Wiin-Nielsen für mittlere Breiten eingeführte äquivalente Modell wurde mit einigen Änderungen auch für die Tropen angenommen. Es wurde gefunden, daß der meridionale Wind einer Anzahl von überlagerten Rossby-Wellen äquivalent ist, so daß sich das Stabilitätsproblem der meridionalen Strömung auf das Stabilitätsproblem von Rossby-Wellen zurückführen läßt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde die Stabilität einer Rossby-Welle mit einer Störung, die einen zonalen Wind ergibt, geprüft. Es wurde gefunden, daß kurze Rossby-Wellen instabil sind, so daß die kurzen Rossby-Wellen ihre kinetische Energie auf den zonalen Wind übertragen. Das von Lorenz hinsichtlich der Instabilität der Rossby-Welle für mittlere Breiten gewonnene Ergebnis wurde mit dem äquivalenten barotropen Modell verbessert.
    Notes: Summary The present study is conducted in the equivalent barotropic model to study the stability of meridional wind at 200 mb level in tropics during summer. The equivalent barotropic model, which was introduced by Wiin-Nielsen [1] for midlatitude, is accepted for tropics after some possible changes. The meridional wind is found to be equivalent to a number of superposed dispersive Rossby waves, so the stability problem of meridional flow reduces to the stability problem of Rossby waves. In the present study, the stability of single Rossby wave is tested with a perturbation which gives zonal wind. It is found that the short Rossby waves are unstable, so the short Rossby waves release their kinetic energy to the zonal wind. Thus, the short waves of the spectral meridional flow release their kinetic energy to the zonal wind. For midlatitude, Lorenz's problem regarding the instability of Rossby wave is improved using the equivalent barotropic model.
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  • 7
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 279-299 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die monatlichen und jahreszeitlichen Mittel, die Extreme und die Veränderlichkeit des Meereises der Süd-Hemisphäre aufgrund 5jähriger Beobachtungen untersucht. Seine Veränderlichkěit ist am größten in den geographischen Längen der Küsteneinbuchtungen der Antarktis; es wurde auch eine kleine aber allgemeine Abnahme seiner Ausdehnung in allen Jahreszeiten dieser Beobachtungsperiode festgestellt. Zum Maximum der Eisausdehnung (Juli bis November) nimmt das 5jährige Mittel der zonalen Westwinde im Norden des Eises mit zunehmender Eisausdehnung zu; in einzelnen Jahren besteht jedoch zum Maximum der Eisausdehnung keine deutliche Korrelation zwischen der zonal gemittelten Eisausdehnung und der Stärke der zonalen Westströmung im vorhergehenden oder folgenden Monat. Der Vergleich mit dem 5jährigen Mittel der Längenverteilung der atmosphärischen Druck-Maxima und Minima in der Breite des antarktischen Trogs weist allgemein auf Asymmetrien im Eisrand hin, derart, daß er in Gebieten mit häufigem Tiefdruck weiter nördlich liegt und veränderlicher ist und in Gebieten mit relativ hohem Druck weiter südlich liegt. Die Untersuchung einer spezifischen Längenzone zeigt, daß die Verteilung der Eisausdehnung deutlich regional ist und offenbar mit Änderungen in der kombinierten ozeanischen und atmosphärischen Zirkulation in den antarktischen Einbuchtungen in Beziehung steht.
    Notes: Summary The monthly and seasonal means, extremes and variability of the Southern Hemisphere sea ice are examined for a five year period. Its variability is found to be greatest in the longitudes of the Antarctic coastal embayments, and a small but general decline in extent at all seasons throughout the period is observed. At near maximum ice extent (July to November), the 5 year mean of the zonal westerlies to the north of the ice increases with increasing ice extent; however for individual years, at maximum ice extent, there is no clear correlation between zonally averaged ice extent and the strength of the zonal westerlies in the preceding or succeeding month. Comparison with the 5 year mean longitudinal pattern of atmospheric pressure maxima and minima at the latitude of the Antarctic trough points generally to asymmetries in the ice edge, such that it is further north and more variable in regions of frequent low pressure, and further south in regions of relatively high pressure. Examination of a specific longitudinal zone indicates that the pattern of ice extent is clearly regional, and apparently related to variations in the combined oceanic and atmospheric circulation particularly in the Antarctic embayments.
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  • 8
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Maximalwellen energiereicher Erdbeben mit Herd in der oberen Kruste rufen im äußeren Schütterbereich häufig Resonanzeffekte hervor, die eine örtliche Steigerung der Bebenintensität zur Folge haben. Eine Bewertung solcher Intensitäten nach den gebräuchlichen makroseismischen Skalen ist derzeit nicht möglich. Geht man davon aus, daß die primären Bebenwirkungen an der Erdoberfläche eine Folge der vom Bebenherd abgestrahlten Schwingungsenergie sind und daß die makroseismische IntensitätI (oMSK oder MM) ein logarithmisches Maß für die Bebenwirkungen ist, dann gilt offenbarI=log10 E+const, wennE die örtliche Energiestromdichte (Flächendichte der seismischen Energie) ist. Während im Epizentralbereich wegen der Unregelmäßigkeit der Erdstöße ausgeprägte Resonanzeffekte fehlen, muß man in herdfernen Gebieten, wo die Sg-Maximalwellen des Bebens schon weitgehend harmonisch sind, bei schwingungsanfälligen dünnen Bodenschichten und/oder Bauwerken mit entsprechender Eigenperiode Resonanzschwingungen erwarten, die eine Anhebung der lokalen Bebenintensität um ΔI (oMSK oder MM) bewirken. Mit Hilfe von empirischen Näherungsformeln kann man zu einer Abschätzung dieser Intensitätssteigerung kommen. Sie beträgt ΔI=0,28M s+0,4, mitM s als Oberflächenwellen-Magnitude. Die von der Epizentraldistanz und Magnitude abhängigen Resonanzfrequenzen liegen in der Regel zwischen 0,5 und 2 Hz. Die denkbare Intensitätssteigerung durch Resonanz im Falle eines Bebens der Magnitude 4,0 (7,0) liegt bei 1,5° (2,4°) MSK oder MM. Daraus folgt z. B., daß viele der in Hochhäusern bemerkten und mitI=IIo bewerteten Beben eigentlich mitI=Io zu klassifizieren sind und daß das Anschlagen kleiner Glocken oder das Stehenbleiben von Pendeluhren am Rande des Schüttergebietes eines energiereichen Bebens nichtI=Vo (−VIo), sondernI=IIIo (−IVo) entspricht. Die 12teiligen makroseismischen Skalen sind daher in entsprechender Weise zu ergänzen.
    Notes: Summary In the epicentral area of an earthquake with the focus within the upper crust the rocking is irregular and therefore resonance effects are lacking, but far off the hypocentre, where theSg maximum waves are nearly sinusoidal, thin layers of soil and/or buildings with an appropriate natural period react with resonance oscillations, by which the local macroseismic intensity is increased by ΔI (oMSK or MM). The resonance frequencies — functions of magnitude and hypocentral distance — mostly range from 0.5 to 2 Hz. The increase of intensity can be assessed by the aid of the formula ΔI=0.28M s+0.4, found by the author (M s=surface wave magnitude). Hence, in case of an earthquake withM s=4.0 (7.0) the marginal increase of intensity by resonance amounts to 1.5° (2.4°) MSK or MM. This implies, e. g., that many earthquakes perceived in tall buildings and considered asI=IIo has to be classified asI=Ic correctly, and the ringing of small bells or the stopping of pendulum clocks in the outskirts of the shaken area of a strong earthquake corresponds toI=IIIo (−IVo), and not toI=Vo (−VIo). A valuation of such intensities by the aid of the usual macroseismic scales is not possible, and therefore these scales are to be supplemented in an appropriate way.
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  • 9
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 67-87 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Artikel von Garrat ([5], S. 915), der sich zusammenfassend und kritisch mit der jüngsten Forschung über die aerodynamische Reibung über einer Wasseroberfläche auseinandersetzt, heißt es: “Die Auswirkungen des Fetches, der Dauer und der Unstetigkeit eines Windes sind unbekannt und verstecken sich wohl hinter der Streuung der experimentellen Resultate”. In unserem Artikel ist ein Versuch unternommen worden, vorhandene Resultate von Experimenten am Genfersee auf eine Fetchabhängigkeit zu untersuchen. Dabei wird eine funktionelle Beziehung zwischen dem lokalen Reibungs- oder Widerstandskoeffizienten,C 10, und einer Fetch-Reynoldszahl, (U 10 F)/ν, mit einer dimensionslosen Rauhigkeit,F/y 0, als Parameter vorgeschlagen. Weiter wird gezeigt, daß eine Beziehung zwischen dem Rauhigkeitsparameter und dem Seegang (ausgedrückt als signifikante Welle,H 1/3) möglich ist. Diese Studie sollte als Vorstudie angesehen werden; sie diente unter anderem als Grundlage für ein größeres aerodynamisches Projekt am Genfersee.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans un article récent sur le coefficient de frottement, Garrat ([5], p. 915) laisse supposer que «les effets du fetch, de la durée et de la variabilité du vent s'ils existent, demeurent obscurs dans la dispersion des données expérimentales». Dans cet article, on essayera d'analyser l'éventuelle dépendance du fetch sur les données obtenues au cours des campagnes de mesures sur le Léman. On admettra qu'une relation entre le coefficient de frottement local,C 10, et le nombre de Reynolds de fetch,(U 10 F)/ν, existe, avec la rugosité adimensionelle,F/y 0, comme paramètre. Puis on discutera de l'éventuelle relation entre le paramètre de rugosité et l'état de surface du lac (exprimé ici en fonction de la vague significative). Cette étude est à considérer plutôt comme un travail préliminaire à l'établissement d'un nouveau programme expérimental projeté sur le Léman.
    Notes: Summary In a recent review on the drag coefficient, Garrat ([5], p. 915) pointed to the fact that “The effect (if any) of the fetch, wind duration and unsteadyness remains obscure in this experimental data scatter”. The present paper makes an attempt to analyse, in the light of a fetch dependency, data which have been accumulated on the Lake of Geneva. Postulated is a possible functional relationship between the local drag coefficient,C 10, and a fetch Reynolds number, (U 10 F)/ν, with a dimensionless roughness,F/y 0, as parameter. Subsequently, a possible relationship between the roughness parameter and the sea state (expressed presently with the significant wave) is discussed. The present study should be considered as preliminary in as much as it served to establish another field programme on Lake Geneva.
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  • 10
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 89-107 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are typical cloud configurations in satellite images which are produced and/or maintained mainly by vorticity. These are: comma, enhanced cumuli, wave in a frontalband, upper level low and the cloud spiral of a low. Looking at satellite images there can be observed sometimes an increase sometimes a decrease during the further development of the cloud systems. The type of further development is also dependent on the value of the associated vorticity. In this paper there is examined the relationship between cloud systems and vorticity and there are investigated thresholds of vorticity. Are these thresholds, which are different for the different cloud systems, exceeded, one can conclude — with a certain degree of probability — that cloud systems will increase (that means a further weather activity). Are the thresholds not exceeded one can expect a decrease of the cloud systems.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es gibt typische Bewölkungskonfigurationen, die überwiegend durch Vorticity produziert und/oder aufrecht erhalten werden. Dazu gehören: Komma, enhanced Cumulibewölkung, Welle im Frontalband, Höhentief und Kern eines Tiefdruckwirbels. Aus Satellitenbildern kann beobachtet werden, daß sich die Bewölkungssysteme manchmal während ihrer Entwicklung verstärken, manchmal abschwächen. Die Art der Weiterentwicklung hängt unter anderem von der Stärke der zugeordneten Vorticity ab. In dieser Arbeit werden die Zusammenhänge zur Vorticity untersucht und Schwellwerte der Vorticity aufgestellt. Werden die Schwellwerte, die für die einzelnen Systeme verschieden sind, überschritten, so kann mit einer bestimmten Wahrscheinlichkeit auf Verstärkung (weitere Wetterwirksamkeit) geschlossen werden. Werden die Schwellen unterschritten, kann Abschwächung des Systems angenommen werden.
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  • 11
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 119-130 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Analyse einer großen Zahl von Groß-Regenfällen in Verbindung mit tropischen Depressionen, Zyklonen und schweren Unwettern hat ergeben, daß Groß-Regenfälle im September 1880 und im Juli 1927 über die Niederung des Landes die größten Flächenniederschlagshöhen in Indien brachten. Diese Rekord-Niederschlagshöhen wurden für verschiedene Flächengrößen und Andauern bestimmt und mit ähnlichen Rekord-Flächenniederschlagshöhen über dem tropischen Gebiet der USA verglichen. Diese Untersuchung hat gezeigt, daß für Andauern von zwei und drei Tagen die Rekord-Flächenniederschlagshöhen in Indien größer waren als in den USA. Für die Andauer von einem Tag waren bis zu einer Fläche von 5180 km2 (2000 Quadratmeilen) diese Flächenniederschlagshöhen in den USA größer, für größere Flächen waren sie aber in Indien entweder größer oder nahezu gleich wie in den USA.
    Notes: Summary On the basis of analysis of a large number of rainstorms associated with tropical disturbances such as depressions, cyclonic storms and severe storms, it has been found that September, 1880 and July, 1927 rainstorms over the plain areas of the country gave the highest areal rain depths in India. These rain depths have been worked out for different areas and durations and have been compared with the similar areal rain depths over the tropical region of USA. This study has shown that for durations of 2 and 3 days, Indian areal rain depths have been higher in magnitude when compared to USA rain depths. For one-day duration, upto 5180 sq.km (2000 sq.miles) area, USA areal rain depths are greater, while for larger areas Indian rain depths are either higher or almost equal with that of USA.
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  • 12
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 131-141 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der Monsun-, Premonsun- und Postmonsunzeiten über der tropischen Station Calcutta bei Gewittern auftretende Atmospherics zeigen einige typische Charakteristiken. In allen Fällen ist ein stufenweises Ansteigen (GRA) und ein gleichmäßiges Abklinge (SRA) der Atmospherics festgestellt worden. Zwischen diesen zwei Änderungen tritt eine plötzliche Steigerung der Atmospherics (SEA) auf, die manchmal aus zwei Komponenten SEA1 und SEA2 zusammengesetzt ist. Diese bei 10 und 20 kHz beobachteten Tatbstände der integrierten Feldintensität der Atmospherics (IFIA) wurden in ihrer Beziehung zu Monsun-, premonsunalen und postmonsunalen Gewittern kritisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Niederschlag während der Monsun- und postmonsunalen Gewitter mit dem gleichmäßigen Rückgang der IFIA verbunden ist, während er bei den premonsunalen Gewittern mit der zweiten plötzlichen Steigerung der Atmospherics in Verbindung steht. Diese Anomalien wurden mit Ladungstrennungen in Gewittern in Zusammenhang gebracht. Ferner wurden auch die Unterschiede der entsprechenden Amplituden bei 10 und 20 kHz bei den verschiedenen Variationen der IFIA kritisch untersucht.
    Notes: Summary Thunderstorm associated atmospherics during the monsoon, premonsoon and postmonsoon seasons over the tropical station Calcutta show some typical characteristics. In all the cases gradual rise of atmospherics (GRA) and steady recovery of atmospherics (SRA) have been found. In between the above two changes, there is the sudden enhancement of atmospherics (SEA) which is some times composed of two components SEA1 and SEA2. All the above facts of the integrated field intensity of atmospherics (IFIA) observed at 10 and 20 kHz have been critically examined here in relation to monsoon, premonsoon and postmonsoon thunderstorms. The results exhibit that the precipitation is associated with the steady recovery of IFIA during the monsoon and postmonsoon thunderstorms while that during premonsoon thunderstorms is associated with the second sudden enhancement. These anomalies have been interpreted in terms of charge separation within thunderclouds. Moreover, the difference of the respective amplitudes at 10 and 20 kHz of the different variations of IFIA have also been critically focussed.
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  • 13
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine mit der H-N-Methode durchgeführte numerische Berechnung hat die Existenz einer zyklonalen elliptischen Zelle im inneren Teil des Liguirischen Meeres ergeben. Dieses Resultat ist in Übereinstimmung mit dem auf einer Kreuzfahrt im März 1952 im selben Gebiet experimentell entdeckten Wirbel. Es wurde der Einfluß der seitlichen Küstenbergrenzungen am nordöstlichen Zugang zum Becken des Tyrrhenischen Meeres in Rechnung gezogen und die Annahme südlicher Winde als treibenden Mechanismus für diesen Wirbel besprochen.
    Notes: Summary A numerical calculation computed by the H-N method has shown the existence of a cyclonic elliptic cell in the inner part of the Ligurian Sea. This result agrees with an experimental vortex discovered in the same area during a cruise in March 1952. The influence of the lateral coastal boundaries at the north-eastern entrance of the basin into the Tyrrheinian Sea has been taken into account and the hypothesis of southerly winds as the forcing mechanism of this vortex has been discussed.
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  • 14
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Seismic and gravimetric measurements as well as investigations of the orientation of joints were made in the basin of Horn in Lower Austria. In this region, Tertiary sediments overlie mica-schists and phyllites of the Bohemian Massif. The investigations show that the top of the basement can be found with great accuracy by the geophysical methods employed. It is also seen that the joint orientations in the Bohemian Massif correspond to those expectable from the action of the regional “European” neotectonic stress system.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Horner Becken (Niederösterreich) wurden Kluftmessungen, gravimetrische Aufnahmen und seismische Messungen durchgeführt. In dieser Gegend liegen tertiäre Ablagerungen auf Glimmerschiefern und Phylliten der Böhmischen Masse. Die Arbeit zeigt, daß die Anwendung geophysikalischer Methoden die Grenze und den Verlauf des Grundgebirges mit hoher Genauigkeit feststellen läßt. Weiters ist ersichtlich, daß auch in der Böhmischen Masse die Kluftstellungen dem großräumigen neotektonischen Spannungsfeld entsprechen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 179-191 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method is described in determining the anisotropic character of rocks concerning its fabric and its electrical properties. Low frequency capacities and high frequency conductivities of brine-saturated rocks and pure electrolytes are used to measure the electrical and fabric characteristics of anisotropic rocks.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gefügeelektrische Parameter von Gesteinen werden unter Verwendung von Kapazitätsbestimmungen bei Niederfrequenz und durch Leitfähigkeitsmessungen bei hohen Frequenzen ermittelt. Diese Untersuchungen werden einerseits an Gesteinsproben, andererseits an reinen Elektrolytlösungen, die zum Sättigen von Gesteinsproben dienen, vorgenommen. Dabei konnten Anisotropieerscheinungen beobachtet werden.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 143-155 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The device consists of a narrow-band active receiving antenna with two separate antenna bodies for the frequencies of 10 and 27 kHz, respectively. Each body contains a block of ferrite rods with a wire coil and condensers, a fully integrated signal amplifier, an impedance transformer and an electronic thermostat. The received atmospherics impulses are conducted to a signal processor. Here they are transformed to pulses of constant amplitude which are summed up and stored in a sample-and-hold-circuit. After every ten pulses the storage circuit is automatically discharged. The device can separate strong periodical interference pulses from the statistically occurring natural atmospherics and eliminate them. It can also indicate signals originating from blizzards as high narrow peaks. Some examples of registered patterns of atmospherics in different weather situations are shown.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Anlage besteht aus einer schmalbandigen aktiven Empfangsantenne mit zwei getrennten Antennenkörpern für die Empfangsfrequenzen 10 und 27 kHz. Jeder Antennenkörper enthält einen Block von Ferritstäben mit Drahtwicklung und Kondensatoren, einen vollintegrierten Signalverstärker, einen Impedanzwandler sowie einen elektronischen Thermostaten. Die empfangenen Atmospherics-Impulse werden in einer Signalverarbeitungsanlage zu Impulsen konstanter Amplitude verformt und in einer Speicherschaltung (Sample-and-Hold-Schaltung) aufsummiert. Nach Eingang von jeweils 10 Impulsen wird der Speicher automatisch entladen. Die Anordnung hat ferner die Eigenschaft, starke periodische Störimpulse von den stochastischen Atmospherics-Signalen der Natur zu trennen und zu unterdrücken sowie Blitzsignale als hohe Spitzen erkennbar werden zu lassen. Einige Registrierbeispiele zeigen die bei verschiedenen Wetterlagen auftretenden Impulsmuster.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 193-196 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 345-356 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus Nimbus 3 Daten werden Jahresmittel der Bodenalbeden in globalem Maßstab abgeleitet und mit den Werten von GFDL verglichen. Dabei ergeben sich Unterschiede durch die höhere Auflösung, vor allem in höheren Breiten. Die neuen Bodenalbeden wurden in das Vorhersagemodell des ECMWF implementiert und der Einfluß auf einige Parameter untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß Unterschiede in den Bodentemperaturen relativ schnell auftreten, die Temperaturen der unteren Atmosphärenschichten jedoch erst mit einer Verzögerung von 4 bis 5 Tagen auf die Änderung reagieren.
    Notes: Summary A method to derive surface albedos from satellite data (here: Nimbus 3) is described. The resulting values are compared with the GFDL ones which are previously used in ECMWF's forecasting models. Especially at high latitudes of the northern hemisphere differences are to be seen. The new surface albedos were implemented in ECMWF's operational system and the influences of this change are investigated. It is shown that after 10 days the two different soil reflectances yield only small variations relative to the land surface temperatures. The advantage of the more realistic, satellite derived surface albedos may become more important for larger forecasting periods.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 357-361 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Verwendung eines Vier-Schichten geostrophisch baroklinen Modells werden die adiabatischen und die diabatischen Vertikalgeschwindigkeiten über dem Gebiet von Indien berechnet. Die Glättung des Ausgangshöhenfeldes nach Zeit und Raum wird nach der Methode von Shuman für jede der vier Flächen von 900, 700, 500 und 300 mb durchgeführt. Die mit geglätteten und die mit ungeglätteten Höhenfelddaten berechneten Vertikalgeschwindigkeiten werden miteinander verglichen.
    Notes: Summary The adiabatic and diabatic vertical velocities at 800, 600 and 400 mb surfaces were computed using 4-level geostrophic baroclinic model over the Indian region. The smoothing of initial height field in time and space following Shuman's technique has been done at each of the four levels 900, 700, 500 and 300 mbs. The vertical velocities computed by using smoothed and unsmoothed height data have been compared.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 179-197 
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    Notes: Abstract Fungi were isolated monthly from collections of first year needles, second year needles, and both surface sterilized and non-sterilized abscised brown needles in the canopy and one-year-old litter on the forest floor. The vertical and phenological distribution of the 8 commonest fungi are reported. After the second growing season in the litterMortierella isabellina, Trichoderma spp., andPenicillium spp. overgrow these fungi on the primary isolation plates using the procedure adopted in this phase of the needle study.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 230-230 
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 231-236 
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    Notes: Abstract Heat production by means of oxygen consumptionVo2 (at Ta = 6° C, 25° C, 30° C, and 32° C) and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) were studied in individuals of a diurnal rodent (Rhabdomys pumilio) and a nocturnal rodent (Praomys natalensis). The studied mice were acclimated to cold at Ta=8°C with a photoperiod of LD 12:12. On the otherhand specimens of these two species were acclimated at Ta=25°C with a long scotophase LD8:16. The results were compared with a control group (Ta=25° C, LD 12:12) and winter acclimatized individuals of both species.Vo2 in cold acclimated mice of both species was significantly increased when compared to the control group and was even higher than the winter acclimatized group when measured below the lower critical temperature. Long scotophase acclimated mice of both species also increased their oxygen consumption significantly when compared to the control group. NST was significantly increased in long scotophase acclimated mice from both species when compared to the control group. The results of this study indicate that the effects of acclimation to long scotophase are similar to those of cold acclimation. As changes in photoperiod are regular, it may be assumed that heat production mechanisms in acclimatization to winter will respond to changes in photoperiodicity.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 262-262 
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 263-269 
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    Notes: Abstract A total of 75 people residing in the metropolitan Boston area who had frequently recurring headaches kept a headache diary for one month beginning March 1975. Data were also collected about barometric pressure during this time. We found that the probability of headache severity on any day was independent of the effects of time. An inference of this, supported by other findings in this study, is that headache occurrence is minimally affected by time-related phenomena such as barometric pressure readings or changes..
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 279-280 
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 293-300 
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    Notes: Abstract The transpiration of an isolated Scots pine (P. sylvestris), determined by weighing, was related to stomatal resistance and environmental factors. The tree had been sheared to 1.5 m diameter at the base and 1.8 m high. The transpiration (2.97 MJ for 12h) was rather constant throughout the day and similar in shape to direct beam radiation incident upon the side of a cone. Transpiration rates calculated with the gradient equation duplicated measured values when vapor density gradients (obtained from measured needle temperature), measured stomatal resistance, and characteristic width of 3 mm in aerodynamic resistance were used in the calculations. Net radiation (Q*) for the tree was calculated by replacing the direct beam component of measured net radiation with the direct beam component incident upon a cone. The sensible heat flux, calculated with needle temperatures, was large (50.8 MJ) and nearly equal to Q* (53.85). The resulting Bowen ratio was 17. Transpiration calculated with a modified Penman-Monteith type equation simulated measured values.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 323-328 
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    Notes: Abstract The Discomfort Index (DI), and its associated heat load categories as worked out for conditions in Israel, was used in a study of the summer months of 1976 and 1978 in London. The cool summer of 1978 presented no heat load problems but the exceptionally warm summer of 1976, especially the period between 22 June and 9 July, produced several days of moderate heat load conditions. During this hot spell mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular accidents and respiratory disease all increased substantially. It is suggested that the heat load categories, although rarely attained, would be useful in predicting danger periods during heatwave conditions in the United Kingdom.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 347-353 
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    Notes: Abstract Flight activity of haematophagous insects can be greatly reduced by wind, but species inhabiting woods and other sheltered sites will be less affected than those living in more exposed areas. If flight is suppressed this may lead to reductions in blood-feeding and oviposition and thus a reduction in their reproductive capacity. Although wind usually inhibits flight it appears that newly emerged adults of some mosquito species are specially adapted to take-off and flight in windy weather, thus promoting dispersal and colonization of new areas. Dispersal of simuliids and mosquitoes can be very important in control programmes as they can create problems of recolonization. Because air turbulence and convection are usually greatest during the day, simuliids and day-flying mosquitoes are more likely to be swept into the upper air and carried long distances than mosquito species that are active at night.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 367-368 
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 141-148 
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    Notes: Abstract Since many dairy cows calve during late summer, the objective was to determine if heat stress immediately post-partum would (1) alter metabolism, thus, increasing susceptibility to metabolic disorders, (2) affect lactation and/or (3) affect reproduction. Forty four cows, calving during late summer, were paired with one member of each pair stressed (HS) for the first 10 post-partum days in a hot barn. Controls (CC) were kept in a cooled section of the barn. Plasma drawn weekly for 7 weeks was analyzed in an autoanalyzer for calcium, inor. phosphorus, protein, glucose and cholesterol and by radioimmunoassay for cortisol and progesterone. Ovaries and uteri were palpated weekly. Rectal temperatures were significant higher for HS during the first 10 post-partum days. No significant effects on plasma constituents were observed during the 10-day treatment period. For the 7-week period, glucose and cholesterol were lower in HS, as were cyclic peaks of progesterone and cortisol. Both calcium and inorganic phosphorus remained clinically low for the 7 weeks, but no treatment effects were seen. Uteri of HS involuted more rapidly than the CC. Treatment did not affect reproductive efficiency. Lactation milk yields did not differ, but milk fat percent was lower in HS. Heat stress immediately post-partum altered lipid metabolism, but the animal's compensatory mechanisms prevented reduction in milk production or reproductive efficiency.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 167-173 
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    Notes: Abstract Two-day milk production figures for dairymen at Armidale (31° S Lat.) and Goulburn (35° S Lat.), Australia, were compared with minimum daily temperatures. Comparisons were made between production levels on days with temperatures above and below 0°C, and between days with varying intensities of cold: differences in production were minor. The infrequent, more prolonged periods of cold weather (“cold” being days on which the minimum temperature was below 0°C) were also associated with only very slight reductions in milk output; and the most pronounced decline in production was not attributable to low temperatures. Although short-term fluctuations in output were not related to low temperature events or low temperatures in combination with rain, thermal stress on plant growth during winter contributed to a seasonal downturn in production and below-average annual milk yields in areas with low winter temperatures.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 199-202 
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    Notes: Abstract Colliguaya odorifera Mol. is the only species of the Chilean matorral which shows an active dispersion of its seeds (autochory). This mechanism is dependent on daily variation of temperatures. Other climatic variables (air humidity of vapor pressure deficit) appear as not having direct influences on seed dispersal.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 1-11 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper emphasizes the relevance of alternative opportunities in migration research and suggests a method for representing such opportunities in empirical studies. The suggested approach aggregates the different alternatives using weights which are distance-dependent such that the weights decline with larger distances. This method is applied to Korean migration data from which a migration-allocation model is estimated. The results support both the alternative opportunities hypothesis and the particular way for incorporating their influence as suggested in this paper.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 12-20 
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    Notes: Abstract Both the relative cost and accuracy of alternative forecasting techniques should be considered by local decision makers. The contention of this paper is that estimates of the benefits of increased accuracy from more expensive economic-demographic forecasting models are necessary prior to making a rational choice over how much to spend on model construction. A case study using western North Dakota coal development and its economic-demographic impacts is used to illustrate a method for evaluating these benefits in the public sector.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 21-30 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper develops a model to measure regional industrial diversification in a Markowitz portfolio context, using the notion of a regional efficiency frontier. It argues that a region can be considered to be optimally diversified when it is on this efficiency frontier. The extent to which a region's portfolio deviates from the efficiency frontier suggests a useful measure of diversification with normative aspects that are conspicuously absent from the more commonly used indices. In this context, regional diversification is then compared to various other measures using Canadian provincial employment data.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 72-90 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the significance of selected economic determinants of rural-urban migration within the rural and urban labor markets of the postwar Korean economy. The analysis makes explicit provision for possible simultaneity among variables by specification and estimation of a simultaneous equations system which describes the rural and urban labor market and migration behavior. Results obtained support the economic opportunity hypothesis of migration. Reduced forms derived from this system provide useful means for estimating the potential migration response associated with alternative economic policies.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 93-95 
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 91-93 
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 169-172 
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 23-38 
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    Notes: Abstract Regional variations in car ownership have recently been subjected to a number of studies. This short paper extends this work by using much more recent data sources to see if previously observed trends in Great Brtain have continued into the 1970s. In addition, a number of simple econometric models of cross sectional variations in ownership are explored which test a wide variety of hypotheses concerning causal linkages between car ownership and several explanatory variables. The range of variables used is larger than that employed in most of the recent work in the field.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 12-22 
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    Notes: Abstract Recent statutory developments in U.S. local government law have placed more comprehensive administrative procedures and constraints upon those individuals wishing to alter their form of local government. What effect, if any, have these “reforms” had upon the performance of local government; has government become more efficient in providing goods as one body of literature seems to suggest, or has local government become more monopolistic as a result of reduced competition as other strands of thought suggest? By examining the budgetary behavior of local governments under alternative institutional structures, this paper examines these alternative perspectives. The empirical evidence suggests that entry barriers significantly alter the performance of local governments and allow existing units of government to cartelize the market.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 1-11 
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    Notes: Abstract Theories of public facility locations have followed a rather haphazard pattern. The prevailing “emptiness” reflects the varying kinds of public facilities requiring location. It also reflects the personal-social behavioral basis which underscores selection of public facility locations. The present paper sets forth a new approach along the lines of welfare economics towards the end of determining the factors (such as demand, cost, welfare (or utility), etc.) which underscore public facility location patterns. In the process of developing our model, the approach is shown to dovetail with that applicable to locations of private enterprises. What in many respects is a general theory of facility location is thereby established herein.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 39-50 
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    Notes: Abstract Most empirical studies of the U.S. wage-price relationship in the pre-fuel crisis period found wages systematically lagging prices, even in the long run. This finding was considered to be problematical or disturbing since it contradicts standard expectations generated by the competition model. It is here hypothesized that the empirical findings are affected by compositional-aggregation bias. This hypothesis is tested (and supported) by applying a standard (Phillips-Curve) wage equation to a regionally disaggregated body of data using individual SMSA observations.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 77-89 
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    Notes: Abstract It is possible to identify some important inconsistencies in the definition of the components of input-output multipliers derived in the conventional manner. This paper identifies these inconsistencies which occur in output, income and employment multipliers, with the result that valid comparison of direct and indirect effects between multipliers is not possible. A suggested re-definition of input-output multipliers, considered to be free of these inconsistencies, is provided and illustrated.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 51-64 
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    Notes: Abstract The literature is replete with studies of urban population density gradients which utilize a distance variable as their only explanatory variable. This model emphasizes only the trade-off between saving on travel costs and residential space and completely ignores other neighborhood amenities which might be important to consumers' decisions regarding their residential location. While in certain cases this omission might not result in any major distortion, it will distort the estimates in other cases. This study investigates the role played by neighborhood amenities in the determination of population, residential and build area densities in the city of Tel Aviv-Yaffo in Israel. The findings clearly indicate that distance alone fails to explain much of the spatial variation of the above densities and that neighborhood amenities, indeed, play an important role in the determination of densities.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 65-76 
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    Notes: Abstract This study focuses on the competitive processes and locational patterns of a convenience retail activity within two urban areas exhibiting distinct differences in operational characteristics. Impacts of various economic, demographic, and political environmental factors on the distribution of gasoline service stations in urbanized Hong Kong and metropolitan Denver are examined. Measurement of distributional patterns (utilizing nearest-neighbor and spatial association statistics) and socioeconomic/demographic influences (employing regression analysis) reveal remarkable similarities between the two areas. Investigation of several site-related characteristics (zoning and intersection orientation) suggests that they may be significant agglomerative influences accounting both for the consistent location patterns as well as the weak explanatory power of demand variables.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 1-2 
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 23-30 
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    Notes: Abstract The alpine and polar climatic limit for growth of woody plants is very much dependent on the mean temperatures of the warmest three or four summer months. Tundra plants with perennating buds close to the ground are sheltered by insulating snow cover. Many tundra plants can grow at temperatures 5–10°C below 0°C and also have low optimum temperatures. Total net production of tundra plants may be as high as 900 g/m2/yr as dry weight in moist and eutrophic low alpine shrub tundra and in antarctic moss mats. The variation in tundra plant production is often observed to be greater between different stands (communities) within one locality than between localities, because of very important variation in soil moisture and nutrients between the stands. On a global scale the biomass of vascular plants increases by an order of magnitude from the climatic severe polar desert to semidesert and again from there to moist shrub tundra. The cryptogam biomass increases only 2–10 fold from polar desert to low arctic shrub tundra. To a certain limit unfavourable climatic conditions are worse to above- than to belowground plant parts. Highest root biomass compared to top (up to 20 times higher) is observed in wet monocotyledonous polar and alpine communities. In polar desert root biomass is small again, as compared to tops and also in lower latitudes and altitudes of temperate regions.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 65-76 
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    Notes: Abstract The responses of red squirrels(Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and eastern chipmunks(Tamias striatus) to complete and skeleton light-dark (LD) cycles were compared. The skeletons, comprised of two 1-h pulses of light per day, effectively simulated the complete photoperiods in the squirrels, but not the chipmunks. Skeleton photoperiods greater than 12-h caused the chipmunks to shift activity from the longer to the shorter of the two intervals between the pulses. To interpret the mechanism of phase control, squirrels and chipmunks were kept in continuous darkness and exposed to 1-h light pulses every 10 days. The time-course of entrainment was also quantified. Both techniques produced light-response curves. The data suggest that the parametric and non-parametric contributions to entrainment are different in these two rodent species.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 88-88 
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 107-116 
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    Notes: Abstract An array comprising 4 intermittent (retracting) rotorods, 3 (“swingshield”) rotoslides and one Burkard (Hirst) automatic volumetric spore trap was operated on an urban rooftop during 70 periods of 9, 15 or 24 hours in late summer. Standard sampling procedures were utilized and recoveries of pollens as well as spores ofAlternaria, Epicoccum, Pithomyces andGanoderma species compared. Differences between paired counts from each sampler type showed variances increasing with levels of particle prevalence (and deposition). In addition, minimal, non-random, side-to-side and intersampler differences were noted for both impactor types. Exclusion of particles between operating intervals by rotoslides and rotorods was virtually complete. Spore trap recoveries for all particle categories, per m3, exceeded those by both impactors. The greatest (7-fold) difference was noted for the smallest type examined (Ganoderma). For ragweed pollen, an overall spore trap/impactor ratio approached 1.5. Rain effects were difficult to discern but seemed to influence rotoslides least. Overall differences between impactors were quite small but generally favored the rotoslide in this comparison. Our data confirm the relative advantages of suction traps for small particles. Both impactors and spore traps are suited to pollen and large spore collection, and, with some qualification, data from both may be compared.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 217-222 
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    Notes: Abstract The relationship between the appearance of small soil animals, number of birds and the season makes it possible to judge flight safety risks. The phenological phase of special plant species also controls the appearance of birds, for particular birds prefer particular states of vegetation, e.g. in pastured areas. This may suggest the possibilities for flight safety in the airfields and their vicinity. During low and high level flights of aircraft it has been necessary to forecast the beginning and course of migration. Beginning of migration is a function of fat deposit in the bird's body which in turn is a function of food uptake. Weather situations and single meteorological parameters influence the course of migration. By observing bird migration by radar and by combining radar data with weather data it has been possible to publish not only medium and long-scale forecasts but also actual warnings. Modern radar technique rendered the observation more difficult but this problem can be solved by introducing new methods.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 13-22 
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    Notes: Abstract In an agricultural appraisal of a particular region a climatic survey is of great importance. This especially applies to countries like Norway, where climate is marginal for several of the more valuable crops, and where rugged topography induces great contrasts in local climate over short distances. Sognefjord runs nearly due west to east from the Norwegian Sea to the central parts of southern Norway. The regional climate changes from a strongly oceanic type in the western parts to a marked continental type in the innermost parts, some 100 km from the open sea. Over this distance the average length of the growing season, td≥6°C, decreases from about 205 to about 165 days. A three-year survey of the region by means of a network of some 120 climatic stations revealed considerable changes over short distances in irridiation, temperature, precipitation and other climatic elements. The characteristics of the local growth climates are mainly determined by topography (aspect, exposure and height above sea level) and distance from the open sea and fjord. Local variations in warmth-growth climate, here expressed by the length of the growing season and the respiration equivalent, and variations in the water supply, expressed by potential precipitation deficit, are discussed. Practical applications in agricultural planning are considered.
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    Notes: Abstract The white-footed mouse,Peromyscus leucopus, exhibits two responses to a decreasing series of photoperiods. The “winter” molt and reproductive regression occur in mice maintained on a photoperiods of 12 hours of light per day or less. Daily torpor and weight of lipid-free brown fat increase gradually between photoperiods of LD 13:11 — LD 12:12 and LD 10:14 — 9:15 LD. Pinealectomized mice maintained on a LD 9:15 photoperiod fail to exhibit the extent of daily torpor and increased nesting which are characteristic of sham-operated animals. Replacement therapy with chronically implanted beeswax pellets containing 3 mg of melatonin reverses the effects of pinealectomy.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 77-81 
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    Notes: Abstract Detailed studies of the photosexual biology of male European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) document a non-obligatory involvement of photoperiod in the induction of testicular metamorphosis. Although post-winter solstice increases in daily photophase duration are responsible for the ecologically correct chronology of the annual reproductive cycle, starlings maintained in the absence of daily photostimulation under go testicular metamorphosis with complete spermatogenic development. Present experiments reveal that the rate of testicular growth in starlings held in constant darkness (DD) is affected by previous photoperiodic experience. Birds held under a natural northtemperate zone photoperiod and transferred to DD on 13 September require significantly fewer days to achieve spermatogenic testes than birds pretreated under 12-and 14-h photoperiods or in constant light (LL). Complete spermatogenesis in the 14-h group is achieved only after a greater duration of DD exposure than in all other birds. Variations in the extent of the 12-h pretreatment period do not alter the testis growth rate in starlings subsequently transferred to DD. It is suggested that photoperiodic conditions applied prior to the initiation of DD treatment may affect the characteristics of circadian oscillations that occur in the absence of a photoperiodic zeitgeber, and thus change the reproductive response rate through alterations of hormonal secretions from the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 91-95 
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    Notes: Abstract A hypothesis is proposed to explain the seasonality of births and its variations, that some unrecognized epidemic infertile factors have existed seasonally. In that case, certain women born in a particular low birth rate season must be those who survived these infertile factors in very early stage of their fetal lives. Then in later years, when they become pregnant, they may possibly be immune or different in their susceptibility to these infertile factors. Therefore, mothers born in a particular low birth rate season would tend to bear babies more frequently in that season than the others. To examine this hypothesis, birth records in 1930 of two maternity hospitals in Tokyo were investigated. These years were chosen for a period when seasonality of birth was most prominent in Japan. First babies were excluded to eliminate disturbances by season of marriages and other possible non-biological factors. The results show that among 1038 mothers born in a low birthrate season, May–July, 245 (23.6%) had babies in May–July, while the other mothers had significantly less babies (19.0%, 819/4302, P〈0.001) in the same season. This may imply that seasonality of birth may have been influenced by some immunogenic infertile factors epidemic in a particular season.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 149-155 
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    Notes: Abstract Norms for the performance of 4 breeds of cattle were studied. Bonsmara cows (434.8±3.5 kg) were the heaviest, followed by Simmentaler (418.7±3.9 kg), Afrikaner (411.6±4.0 kg) and Herefords (385.6±4.5 kg). Breeds differed significantly in terms of the preweaning growth of their calves. Simmentaler (212.3±2.6 kg) and Bonsmara (216.2±2.5 kg) were superior. A breed x age of cow interaction in terms of preweaning growth of the calf was established. Actual weaning mass of the calves appeared to have the most important influence on cow efficiency apart from weaning percentage.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 177-178 
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 211-215 
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    Notes: Abstract The range of temperature and humidity conditions that can exist simultaneously at or near the ground surface on a bright summer day in a temperate climate are shown in a diagram. Cool and warm conditions are defined as having respectively a lower and a higher temperature than the air at a height of 1.50 m above the surface of the ground. Similarly, humid and dry conditions are defined by a lower and a higher saturation deficit (S.D.), respectively. Cool, humid conditions are found in the open shade where only diffuse solar radiation is received. In high reed vegetations on wet soil, temperatures can lie 8°C below that of the free atmosphere and humidity is close to the saturation point. Warm and humid conditions are found in thin vegetations on damp soil with a temperature excess of up to 10°C and a strongly reduced S.D. In dry grassland, air temperatures 1 cm above the ground are up to 20°C higher and S.D. up to 40 mm Hg higher than at a height of 1.50 m. On suitably oriented slopes covered with dark organic material, surface temperatures can reach 50°C above the air temperature.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 242-242 
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 243-252 
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    Notes: Abstract Temperature transduction in peripheral cold receptors and processing of peripheral temperature signals in the spinal cord were studied in cats and rats. The temperature dependence of the generator potential is attributed to different temperature coefficients of an electrogenic Na-efflux and the passive Na-influx. Cold receptor activity and particularly its bursting pattern is considerably modulated by the local Ca-concentration, but the effect of elevated Ca-concentration is abolished by the ATPase blocker ouabain. — The peripheral temperature signals from the scrotal skin of rats are transformed in dorsal horn neurones (DHN) into temperature reactions, which occur only above (warm reaction) or below (cold reaction) a certain temperature threshold and are limited to an operational range of 1–4°C. Convergency of different temperature inputs were observed in one and the same DHN. Supraspinal control of temperature reactive DHN appears to be complex but predominantly excitatory.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 270-270 
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 301-313 
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    Notes: Abstract Daily contributions to the final yields were estimated by means of a second order response surface model. The combination of an energy, a temperature and a water state term showed the greatest coefficient of determination. The particular effect on the seed yield of insolation expressed as hours of bright sunshine, was positive from emergence to the ripening period, when no water stress was present. By water stress increasing hours of bright sunshine affected the seed yield negatively. The effect of night temperature was negative though small during the whole life cycle. The haulm yield was negatively affected by increasing insolation during the flowering phase. During the ripening phase a curvilinear effect with an optimum about 8 to 9 hours of bright sunshine was evident. From emergence to first flowering rising night temperature increased yield. During flowering and ripening a curvilinear effect with optimum from 12 to 15°C appeared.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 315-322 
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    Notes: Abstract The areal distribution of monthly mean values of the Discomfort Index (DI) in Israel is presented for key hours of the day for the summer half of the year. The DI as used in this study, is defined as the arithmetic average of the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature (°C), a value of 24 representing conditions at which half the people would feel uncomfortable. Data were collected from 95 meteorological stations situated in different parts of Israel. The raw data consisted of daily values of dry and wet-bulb temperatures for the hours 08:00, 14:00, and 20:00h for the years 1963–1972. Maximum values of the monthly mean DI in Israel generally occur in August. Geographically, the number of days of the year with DI greater than 24 ranges from 30 in the mountain regions, to 120 in the coastal plain, to 180 in the Jordan Valley, Dead Sea, and Arava regions. The dominant control of the observed distribution of DI in Israel appears to be topography. The DI is not a good measure of human discomfort for particularly hot and dry conditions, typical of those occurring during Sharav weather conditions. For such conditions, a new index was developed based on the difference between the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures. The mean areal distributions of this difference index as well as that of the DI are presented for typical intense Sharav conditions. The new difference index appears to better represent discomfort during such conditions.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 341-346 
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    Notes: Abstract The free-living stages of bursate nematodes are affected in different ways by meteorological factors. The eggs and 1st and 2nd stage larvae live in the feces, and these factors act on them through the feces. The embryo in the egg is protected by the eggshell. The 1st and 2nd stage larvae feed on micro-organisms, and are affected by the species of microorganisms and their metabolic products. The 3rd stage, infective larvae do not feed but leave the feces and migrate onto the vegetation, where they are more directly affected by meteorological factors than the earlier stages. They are partially protected by their sheath. The degree day concept can be used to predict the length of time required for development to the infective stage. Under constant conditions at 100% relative humidity and 20–35° C,Trichostrongylus colubriformis requires 90–115 degree days (temperature times number of days) to reach the infective stage, andHaemonchus contortus requires 95–144 degree days. The great majority of eggs dies within the 1st day after reaching pasture, altho most of them would develop to the infective stage in the laboratory. Only 0.03% ofH. contortus andT. colubriformis eggs placed on pasture were recovered from the vegetation as infective larvae. When larvae ofH. contortus were placed on pasture, 1.6% (about 50 times as many but still only aout 1/30 of their potential) were later recovered. The cause of this die-off is unknown. Two types of potential worm burden prediction must be made-general and specific. The former can be made on the basis of temperature and moisture, but the latter requires information on many modifying factors.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 355-359 
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    Notes: Abstract Capillarity and fiber composition were studied by the ATPase technique in frozen samples of sternothyroid muscle of dogs from sea level (SL) and high altitude (3,300–4,300 m) (HA). Capillary density (CD), capillary to fiber ratio (C:F) and fiber cross sectional area (FCSA) were measured. The mean CD was 791/mm2 at SL and 743/mm2 at HA. CD was linearly related to FCSA in the SL animals (CD=1112.8–0.10 FCSA; r=−0.63). In both SL and HA animals, C:F was linearly and positively correlated with FCSA. There was no significant difference between the two regression lines; therefore, only one line represents all the data (C:F=0.78+(5.19×10−4) FCSA; r=0.77). Thus, at a given FCSA the C:F was the same for SL and HA dogs. Two types of fibers were identified: type I (slow twitch) (42%) and type II (fast twitch) (58%). No differences in fiber composition or FCSA were observed between the SL and HA dogs. These results indicate that moderate levels of hypoxia do not affect the capillarity of dog skeletal muscle.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 3-12 
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    Notes: Abstract During the years 1969–72 a comprehensive agroclimatic survery was carried out in Aust-Agder, a county of approximately 9000 km2 in the southernmost part of Norway. Meteorological data were collected from some 70 stations grouped in 11 model locations. In the analysis the agricultural purposes behind the survey are born in mind and importance is attached to simple and direct methods that will allow extrapolations within the region with sufficient confidence. The geographical variations in growth climate is expressed by average radiation and temperature conditions, and by estimates of plant-available soil moisture.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 31-37 
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    Notes: Abstract Studies have been carried out on 18 adult male rabbits divided into three groups. One group (hypoxic) was exposed to a simulated altitude (6,060 m for 6 h daily for 21 days), the second group was exposed to the same altitude plus cold (−5°C) for the same duration, and the third acted as control. The results showed no difference in the body weight of the three groups, but the weights of the sex organs in the exposed groups were significantly reduced. In both these groups the number, motility and survival time of spermatozoa decreased significantly; the sex organs showed atrophy on histological examination; and there was an increase in the alkaline and acid phosphatase activity and cholesterol concentration, and a fall in GPC level. These changes were more marked in the cold plus altitude group than in the group exposed to altitude alone. It has been concluded that hypoxia affects not only the testis but also the epididymis and the vas deferens. The spermatozoal quality of rabbits deteriorates. When cold and hypoxia are combined, their effects are additive.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 57-63 
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    Notes: Abstract A number of long day breeding rodents depend on seasonal changes in photoperiodic length to synchronize their breeding seasons with the appropriate time of the year. These relationships are particularly conspicuous in the Syrian hamster where day length is vitally important in determining periods of sexual activity and inactivity. The organ in the body whose activity is most closely attuned to the photoperiodic environment is the pineal gland. During periods of darkness the biochemical and secretory activity of the pineal is enhanced with the resultant production of antigonadotrophic principles which are strongly suppressive to reproductive physiology. In this manner, decreasing day lengths of the fall are involved with suppressing sexual capability in male and female hamsters. Throughout the winter months darkness (because of the shorter day lengths and the fact that hamsters remain underground in lightless burrows) holds the gonads in an atrophic condition and thereby prevents hamsters from breeding. As spring approaches the neuroendocrine reproductive axis becomes refractory to the inhibitory effects of darkness and the pineal gland and, as a consequence, the gonads recrudesce allowing the animals to successfully reproduce. The long days of the spring and summer serve to interrupt the refractory period so that when winter approaches shortening day lengths will again, by way of the pineal gland, induce gonadalinvolution. In this scheme both light and darkness are critically important in synchronizing the phases of the annual reproductive cycle of the hamster with the appropriate season of the year. Melatonin may be the pineal hormone which mediates the effects of darkness on reproductive physiology.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 89-90 
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 117-128 
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    Notes: Abstract Continuous exposure of male rats to an elevated environmental temperature (33–35° C) for 3 weeks led to heat-acclimatized (HA) rats whose serum testosterone concentratrion was significantly lower (P〈0.01) than that of control (C) rats (20–22° C). The decrease in the androgen level was independent of major changes in serum FSH and LH concentrations, as well as hypothalamic content of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (THR), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). However, the prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) content of the hypothalamus of HA rats was significantly lower (P 〈 0.05) than that of C. The number of receptors for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was significantly lower in testicular tissue of HA rats as compared to C males. Histological examination of the testis disclosed that exposure to heat adversely affected the sperm production and integrity of the Sertoli cells. Activity of enzymes associated with testosterone biosynthesis in testicular tissue of rats incubated at temperatures similar to those prevailing in the scrotum of HA rats resembled the activity of these enzymes observed in HA animals. Catabolism of testosterone was enhanced when kidney and liver of C rats were incubated at temperatures similar to the deep-body temperatures of HA rats, supporting the thesis that acclimatization to heat is coupled,inter alin, with increase androgen catabolism and excretion. It is suggested that the lower reproductive performance of HA rats is associated with several phenomena: a low number of receptors for hCG in the testes, decreased testoster one production rate by the Leydig cells, increased cata bolism and excretion of androgen, and partial atrophy of seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells. These changes appear to be independent of either alteration in serum gonadotropin concentration or hypothalamic contents of TRH, GnR H and PGE2. The physiological significance in the response of PGF2α awaits further clarification.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 175-175 
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 216-216 
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 203-209 
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    Notes: Abstract The calculation of the vernalisation response of sugar beet seed on the mother plant is given in detail, using air temperature data from Sweden, England, France, Italy and Turkey. It is pointed out that vernalisation is only one of a variety of other factors, meteorological agronomic, commercial and social, which affect the choice of seed production areas. Some of these other factors are described in outline.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 223-229 
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    Notes: Abstract The life history of the nematode parasites of domestic ruminants usually involves the development and survival of free-living stages on pasture. The pasture is, therefore, the site of deposition, development and transmission of nematode infection and meteorological factors affecting the pasture will affect the parasites. Recently Thomas and Starr (1978) discussed an empirical technique for forecasting the timing of the summer wave of gastro-intestinal parasitism in North-East England in the lamb crop using meteorological data and in particular estimates of the duration of “surface wetness”. This paper presents an attempt to model “surface wetness” and the temperature limitation to nematode development.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 237-241 
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    Notes: Abstract Rodents representative of a diurnal species (Rhabdomys pumilio) as well as a nocturnal species (Praomys natalensis) were acclimated to cold (Ta = 8°C) at a photoperiod of LD 12:12 and a long scotophase (LD 8; 16) at a temperature of 25° C(Ta). Control groups were kept for both species at Ta = 25° C and LD 12:12 and winter acclimated individuals were obtained during July and August to serve as further reference. Blood samples obtained from the tail were analysed for enzymes representative of three major biochemical pathways. The enzymatic activity of LDH (glycolytic pathway), MDH (Krebs cycle) and G6PDH (hexose monophosphate shunt, as an indicator of gonadal activity) were monitored to represent metabolic activity of the respective cycles. Cold acclimated as well as winter acclimatized mice revealed similar enzymatic patterns for both species and significant increases in LDH and MDH were recorded with a concurrent decrease in G6PDH activity. Specimens exposed to long scotophase exhibited similar enzymatic patterns for both species studied, but enzymatic activity was higher than those of cold acclimated individuals. From these results it is concluded that cold as well as long scotophase induce metabolic adaptations through biochemical activity in the experimental animals. The effect of long scotophase is assumed to be an important factor in the induction of winter acclimatization.
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    Notes: Abstract Anthropometric measurements and measurements of resting metabolism were made on 15 young male highlanders in Beha village at altitudes between 1,500 m and 1,800 m in the Eastern Highland of Papua New Guinea in August in 1978 and 10 young male Japanese in Nishinomiya in September. New Guineans showed significantly lower height, considerably lower body weight than Japanese but heavier body weight for height and significantly greater mean values of Rohrer's index and Brugsch's index than Japanese. Skinfold thicknesses for New Guineans were significantly smaller than those for Japanese. Thus, physically, New Guineans were more muscular and athletic when compared with Japanese. The mean value of resting metabolic rate for New Guineans, 46.35 W/m2, at 25°C was considerably lower than that for Japanese, 51.01 W/m2. New Guineans showed significantly lower mean value of resting metabolism 47.57 W/m2 at 30°C than Japanese 55.16 W/m2. The mean values of respiratory quotient for New Guineans (RQ = 0.950 at 25°C and 0.971 at 30°C) were significantly greater than those for Japanese (0.81 at 25°C and 0.81 at 30°C). New Guineans showed considerably lower mean value of heart rate at 30°C (71.1 beats/min) than Japanese (79.2 beats/min). The smaller physique of New Guineans might be the result of lower caloric intake and protein intake as well as of living in a tropical climate.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 271-276 
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    Notes: Abstract The pulse rates of natural atmospherics, recorded at the frequencies of 10 and 27 kHz respectively, were correlated with the measured diffusion times (TD) of ions in gelatin films. It was found that the difference ΔS of the atmospherics pulse rates at 10 and 27 kHz correlates well with the variations of the TD-values. The correlation coefficient is 0.75 (ΔS/TD) in each case. It is evident that the natural electromagnetic radiation is able to change the chemical structure of the gelatin resulting in the observed variations of diffusion times of ions.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 277-278 
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 281-291 
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    Notes: Abstract A multi-layered canopy leaf energy budget model (CANOPY) has been developed for the purpose of systematically examining the building-vegetation cause and effect structure in urban landscapes. At great computer savings, this simple, parametric model compared favorably with a much more complex canopy model (SPAM). The economic operation of this model makes it possible to investigate the spatial diversity of canopy budget characteristics on a microclimatic, geographical scale.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 329-339 
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    Notes: Abstract Twenty-five years of data on asthmatic attacks in New Orleans (covering approximately 170,000 asthma attacks) have been analyzed to identify “asthma epidemic” days, defined as days on which an unusually high number of asthmatic individuals had attacks. Similar data covering three years was obtained for New York City. A preliminary examination of detailed meteoroligical data revealed a consistent meteorological pattern preceding and associated with such “asthma epidemic” days which consisted of a cold front preceding an asthma epidemic by one to three days followed by a high pressure system. The significance of these meteorological findings and their relationship to other environmental agents such as natural or man-made atmospheric pollutants that are likely to be associated with asthma attacks will be discussed.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 361-365 
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    Notes: Abstract As the receiver of photoperiodic responses of plants is the phytochrome, it may be concluded that these responses are controlled also by the spectral composition of natural radiation, especially by the red and far red bands. The red radiation is affected by ozone “Chappuis-band absorption”, the far red by water vapor in the atmosphere “alpha-band absorption”. Using a rapid-scanning spectroradiometer, the measurements of the natural radiation were performed. The evident annual cycle of far red to red radiation ratio was found. The ratio has its maximum in the spring and minimum in the late summer and autumn. It seems to be probable that this cycle assists plants in making a distinction between spring and autumn.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 39-48 
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    Notes: Abstract Pelage is seasonally dimorphic in the Arctic fox. During the winter, fur lengths for this species are nearly double similar values taken during the summer season. Considerable site-specific differences in fur length are noted. In general, body sites which are exposed to the environment when an Arctic fox lies in a curled position show greater fur lengths in all seasons and greater seasonal variations than body sites that are more protected during rest. Well-furred sites may tend to conserve heat during periods of inactivity, and scantily furred sites may tend to dissipate heat during periods of exercise. The growth of winter fur may compensate for the severe cold of the arctic winter. Changes in fur lengths indicate a definite pattern in spite of individual variations. During the fall months, fur lengths seem to lag behind an increasing body-to-ambient temperature gradient. Both body-to-ambient temperature gradients and fur lengths peak during December through February. From March through June, gradual environmental warming is accompanied by a decrease in average fur lengths. Thus, there appears to be a remarkable parallel between the body-to-ambient temperature gradient and the fur lengths. The growth of fur in the Arctic fox parallels annual changes in ambient temperature and photoperiod.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 83-88 
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    Notes: Abstract Male European starlings(Sturnus vulgaris) were held for three consecutive photoperiod oscillations (ahemeral years) composed of 30-h day lengths, i.e., the “daily” light and dark each lasted three hours longer than under the natural daily photoperiod at latitude 38°N. These starlings had no gonad metamorphosis during the 45 actual months necessary to complete the three ahemeral photoperiod oscillations; nor did subsequent exposure to continuous illumination elicit gonad response. It is concluded that the daily duration of light and darkness (although certainly operant in controlling starling sexual cycles under temperate-zone photoperiod oscillations) is not the critical factor establishing a sexual cycle under the ahemeral regimen. Rather, it appears that this species must experience a daily duration of light of 12 hours or less (a definitive photoperiodic threshold) before photo-induction of a sexual cycle is possible.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 97-106 
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    Notes: Abstract The human thermal bioclimatic effects of urbanization and natural topographic features (the ocean and hills) were investigated during clear winter nights in Christchurch, New Zealand. Results are presented in terms of the amount of clothing insulation required to balance the body heat budget equation of a standing person with no change in body heat storage. The ordering of urban-rural land use zones from lowest to highest clothing requirements was: CBD, light industrial-commercial, residential and rural. Air temperature accounted for most of the variation in clothing requirement with the model used and weather conditions investigated here followed by environmental thermal radiation. The oceans and hill slopes had an effect comparable to that of most of the urban area and required less clothing than did all land use zones except the urban CBD.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 129-135 
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    Notes: Abstract The seminal characteristics of 4 Large White boars exposed to direct tropical sunlight 45 min daily for three days were compared to those of their mates that were maintained under shade in the barn. During the period of exposure, both respiratory rate and rectal temperature increased significantly by 276.84 and 5.13% respectively in the exposed over the unexposed boars, thus indicating a high degree of hyperthermia. Although libido, as judged from the reaction time, was unaffected, the ejaculation time appeared to be longer for the stressed than unstressed animals. Gel mass, semen volume and pH appeared to be stable inspite of the treatment, unlike sperm motility and concentration which deteriorated. Also, the dehydrogenase activity of the semen was inferior in the stressed animals. Sperm output per ejaculate dropped drastically only in the week following exposure from 58.22 to 28.42 billion sperm as compared to corresponding values of 54.83 and 47.87 by the unexposed boars. Similarly, the frequency of sperm abnormality was higher in the stressed boars in this period after which the animals appeared to have recovered.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 137-140 
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    Notes: Abstract This study presents the results of phenological observations on arrival and departure terms of some migratory birds on the background of the thermal conditions course of Cracov and its vicinity during the 19th and 20th century. On the base of observations carried out in the years 1944–1978 it was found that some migratory birds had a tendency to change their arrival and departure terms. At the end of this period they were noticed to arrive earlier and to depart later than at the beginning. These differences were more marked when compared with data from the 19th century. In the author's opinion these changes observed in the investigated area during the last decades result from a tendency of a warming up of climate in the Northern Hemisphere.
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    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 157-166 
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    Notes: Abstract Measurement of summit metabolism (the maximum rate of heat production) in lambs aged 1 or 4h revealed considerable between animal variation. Summit metabolism per unit body weight decreased as body weight increased whereas summit metabolism per unit body surface area was independent of body weight. Severe pre-partum hypoxia was apparently associated with a low summit metabolism at 1 or 4h of age which made such lambs very susceptible to hypothermia. This deficiency in heat production capacity did not appear to be a permanent featuresince most lambs so affected recovered full thermoregulatory ability by 12h of age. Feeding of colostrum conferred an immediate 18% increase in summit metabolism. The significance of these findings to the prevention of hypothermia in the newborn lamb is discussed.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 109-117 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine polynomische Funktion mit 8 Konstanten und eine nichtpolynomische analytische Funktion mit 6 Konstanten werden dem beobachteten mittleren Vertikalprofil des zonalen Monsun-Windes über Indien angepaßt. Die Konstanten sind auf die beobachtete Lage und Stärke des östlichen Jet Stream im oberen Niveau und des westlichen Jet Stream im unteren Niveau, auf das Niveau der Windumkehr und auf die Bodenwindgeschwindigkeit bezogen. Wenn die Konstanten realistisch gewählt werden, stimmen die analytischen Profile sehr gut mit den beobachteten Profilen im Detail überein. Ferner wird ein iteratives Schema für die Anwendung der nichtpolynomischen Representation vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Summary A polynomial function having eight constants and a non-polynomial analytical function having six constants are fitted to the observed mean vertical profile of the monsoonal zonal wind over Indian region. The constants are related to the observed position and magnitude of the upper level easterly and the lower level westerly jet streams, the level of the wind reversal and the surface wind speed. When the constants are realistically chosen, then the analytical profiles agree very well with the observed profiles, in detail. Further, an iterative scheme is suggested for improving the non-polynomial representation.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 41-53 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der vertikale Strom latenter Wärme an einem gesättigten Punkt der Erdoberfläche (z. B. die Meeresoberfläche oder ein Piche-Evaporimeter an Land),H s (4P)↑ , wird in Form einer Gleichung als Funktion der Oberflächentemperatur des Bodens, der relativen Feuchte, der Windgeschwindigkeit und des vertikalen Stromes der sensiblen Wärme ausgedrückt. Mittels dieser Gleichung wurden die Felder fürH s (4P)↑ für Januar und Juli in der Nordhemisphäre unter Verwendung von Beobachtungsdaten und von Budyko's Abschätzungen des sensiblen Wärmestromes ausgewertet, wobei eine einheitliche Bodengeschwindigkeit angenommen wurde. Vergleicht man diese berechneten Felder mit Budyko's unabhängigen Abschätzungen des tatsächlichen latenten Wärmestromes,H s (4)↑ , so ergibt sich über den Ozeanen gute Übereinstimmung, wobeiH s (4P)↑ ≡H s (4)↑ . Über Land wurden Abschätzungen des “Wasserverfügbarkeitsfaktors”,w=H s (4)↑ /H s (4P)↑ für repräsentative physiogeographische Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten erhalten. Eine empirische Relation zwischenw und einer Schätzung der im Boden gespeicherten Feuchte wurde auf diese Weise bestimmt.
    Notes: Summary A formula is developed expressing the vertical flux of latent heat at a saturated point of the earth's surface (e. g., ocean, or a Piche evaporimeter on land),H s (4P)↑ , as a function of surface temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and the vertical flux of sensible heat. The formula generalizes and improves upon one applied in several statistical-dynamical climate models. Using the formula, the fields ofH s (4P)↑ , for January and July conditions of the Northern Hemisphere, are calculated from observational data and Budyko's estimates of the vertical sensible heat flux, assuming a uniform surface wind speed. Comparison of these calculated fields with Budyko's independent estimates of the actual latent heat flux,H s (4)↑ , show good agreement over oceans whereH s (4P)↑ ≡H s (4)↑ . Over land, estimates of the “water availability” factor,w=H s (4)↑ /H s (4P)↑ for representative physiogeographic locations in the United States are obtained, and an empirical relation betweenw and an estimate of the moisture detained in the surface is determined.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 1-40 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Zusammenwachsen oder Verschmelzen von Cumulus-Wolken wird als einer der Hauptgründe für ihr Wachstum sowie für ihren Einfluß auf ihre Umgebung und auf die durch sie bewerkstelligten Transportprozesse angesehen. Das Verschmelzen von Cumulus-Schauern wird auf Grund der von einem kalibrierten und digitisierten 10-cm-Radar empfangenen Echos definiert. Das Radargerät überblickt eine Fläche von 0.9×105 km2 im Süden Floridas (U. S. A.), die ein Exerimentalgebiet von 1.3×104 km2 für randomisierte Wolkenimpfung umgibt. Eine detaillierte physikalische und statistische Studie für drei relativ ungestörte Tage ohne Wolkenimpfung während des Sommers 1973 wird hiermit vorgelegt. Der trockenste dieser Tage war willkürlich als Kontrolltag für das Wolkenimpfungsexperiment gewählt worden. Verschmelzungsprozesse weisen um mehr als eine Größenordnung mehr Niederschlag auf als unverschmolzene Echos, während Verschmelzungen von Verschmelzungen (Verschmelzungen zweiter Ordnung) nochmals eine Größenordnung mehr Regen ergeben. An den drei untersuchten Tagen produzierten verschmolzene Systeme ungefähr 86% des über dem Untersuchungsgebiet beobachteten Regens. Andauer, Echoausmaß und Niederschlagshöhe werden für verschmolzene und unverschmolzene Wolkensysteme verglichen. Jeder Tag wird individuell analysiert, wobei eine Korrelation zwischen Wolkenorganisation und Niederschlagsbetrag angedeutet wird, die auch von anderen, kurz erwähnten Forschungsarbeiten bekräftigt wurde. Ort und Zeit des Verschmelzens hängen von der Seewind-Konvergenzzone ab, welche durch das mesoskalare Rechenmodell der University of Virginia gut vorhergesagt wurde. Eine physikalische Hypothese über die Wichtigkeit der Absinkbewegung während des Cumulus-Verschmelzungsprozesses wird dargelegt. Die Bedeutung der Verschmelzungsvorgänge für die Hydrologie, für die künstliche Wetterbeeinflussung und für den großräumigen Einfluß konvektiver Wolken wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Joining together or merging is postulated to be a major way in which convective clouds become larger, enhancing their transports and impacts upon their environment. Cumulus shower merger is defined in terms of echoes from a calibrated digitized 10-cm radar reviewing a 0.9×105 km2 area in south Florida, U. S. A., which encompasses a 1.3×104 km2 experimental area for randomized seeding. A detailed physical and statistical study is reported for three relatively undisturbed untreated days in the summer of 1973, the driest of which was a randomly selected control day for the experiment. Mergers are found to produce more than an order of magnitude more rain than unmerged echoes, while mergers of mergers (second order mergers) produce still an order of magnitude more rain. On the three days studied, merged systems produced about 86% of the rainfall over the area. Duration, echo area and rain depths are also compared for merged and unmerged systems. Each day is then analyzed individually, indicating a correlation between organization and rain amount, confirmed by other research reviewed briefly. The location and time of merger is related to the seabreeze convergence zones as predicted by the University of Virginia Mesoscale Model with overall good agreement. Physical hypotheses suggesting the importance of downdrafts in cumulus merging are developed. The relevance of mergers to hydrology, weather modification and the large-scale impacts of convective clouds is discussed.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 55-65 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Studie wird der Zusammenhang zwischen atmosphärischen Störungen, hervorgerufen durch eine großräumige Orographie, und der Intensität der zonalen Ausgangsströmung in einer am Äquator zentrierten Tropenzone untersucht. Ein auf den primitiven Gleichungen beruhendes, divergentes, barotropes Modell, welches die Bodentopographie einbezieht, liegt den Rechnungen zugrunde. Das idealisierte, orographische Profil besitzt in zonaler Richtung die Form einer Cosinusfunktion. In meridionaler Richtung ist das Gebirgsprofil in der Nähe des Äquators eben und fällt exponentiell in einiger Entfernung vom Äquator ab. Zwei Experimente wurden ausgeführt, jedes mit verschiedenen Anfangsbedingungen in der zonalen Grundströmung. Die Ausgangsdaten bestanden aus einer realistischen Zonalströmung im 500 mb-Niveau. Die korrespondierende Höhenverteilung der Druckfläche wurde durch die Annahme stationärer Bedingung in Abwesenheit des Gebirges erhalten. Die Resultate beider Experimente zeigen einen äquatorialen Trog, der fest im Gebiet höchster Bodenerhebung verankert ist. Die Intensität der wandernden Störungen wird ausschließlich während ihres Passierens über und um das Gebirge bestimmt und erweist sich als proportional zur Intensität der östlichen Grundströmung.
    Notes: Summary In this study an investigation is carried out regarding the relationship between atmospheric perturbations induced by large scale bottom orography and the intensity of the initial zonal current over a tropical belt centred at the equator. A primitive divergent barotropic model including bottom topography was assumed during the computations. The zonal vertical cross-section of the idealized orography profile which was used is in form of a cosine function. In the meridional direction the orography is flat near the equator and descends exponentially some distance away from the equator. Two experiments are performed, each associated with different initial zonal flow. The initial data consists of realistic zonal flow at the 500 mb pressure surface. The corresponding height fields were obtained by assuming steady state conditions in the absence of orography. The results of both experiments show an equatorial trough firmly anchored to the region of highest elevation. Also, the intensity of the migratory disturbances is exclusively determined during their passage over and around the mountain and is proportional to the intensity of the embryonic easterly current.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 363-372 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mittels einfacher Klimadaten wird mit Hilfe bewährter Beziehungen und Parametrisierungsformeln die Energiebilanz stehender Gewässer errechnet. Dabei wird das Kernproblem die Bestimmung der Wasseroberflächentemperatur diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß das Modell für flache Gewässer gute Ergebnisse liefert, die Anwendbarkeit auf tiefe Gewässer aber davon abhängt, wie gut gewisse erforerliche Konstanten bzw. Maßzehlen für den vertikalen Wärmeaustausch bekannt sind.
    Notes: Summary The energy budget of lakes has been derived from simple climatological data using well established relationships and parametrization formulas. The emphasis is on the evaluation of the temperature of the water surface. From the results one can see, that this model can be used with good success for shallow lakes, however for deep stratified lakes the application depends mainly upon the knowledge of the parameters for eddy diffusivity of the vertical transport of heat in the water body and of the depth of the mixing layer.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 411-412 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 387-395 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aufgrund von Daten von Regenschreibern wurde der Tagesgang des Regens in den Gebieten entlang der Küste, in der südlichen küstennahen Ebene und im Negev untersucht. Dabei wurden Regenfälle von verschiedenen Intensitätsstufen getrennt behandelt. Aus den Ergebnissen wurden Schlußfolgerungen auf die Niederschlagsvorgänge und die die Tagesgänge der Niederschläge beeinflussenden Faktoren abgeleitet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß das Vorherrschen von intensiven Regenfällen im Negev am Nachmittag und am Abend durch die starke Bodenerwärmung verursacht wird. Dieser Faktor ist weniger wirksam im Küstengebiet, wo sehr ergiebige Regenfälle auf die Zeit um Mitternacht zwischen 21 und 3 Uhr stärker konzentriert sind. Die Ursache dafür wird den Temperturdifferenzen zwischen Land und Meer und der für den nächtlichen Landwind in diesem Gebiet charakteristischen konvergenten Strömung zugeschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Data from recording raingages have been used to study dirunal variations of rainfall in three regions: Along the coast, in the southern coastal plain and in the Negev. Rainfall within various intensity intervals has been treated separately. Results have been used for inferences on local and regional factors that affect the precipitation process and control diurnal variations in it. Results show a strong afternoon and evening predominance of high-intensity rainfall in the Negev, resulting from surface heating. This factor has been found to be less effective in the coastal area, where the major concentration of high-intensity rainfall is between 21-03 around midnight. This has been ascribed to land-sea temperature differences, and to convergent flow that is characteristic to the nocturnal land breeze in that region.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 373-386 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using the results of the research project “Neusiedler See”, which the uCentralinstitute for Meteorology realized during the International Hydrological Decade, an empirical evaporation formula of the Dalton-typ was derived. With that it is possible, to estimate the monthly sums of evaporation of Lake Neusiedl by the monthly means of air temperature, relative humidity and windspeed in vienna, which is at a distance of about 50 km from the lake. Thereby also the evaporation of the lake for the period 1901–1970 was estimated, and then these data were submitted to a thorough statistical analysis, whereby good agreement with values, which were estimated in Hungary, was ascertained. The long standing yearly average of the evaporation yielded to 800 mm with a standard deviation of 100 mm. The comparison of evaporation with precipitation shows, that in the mean situation the evaporation is about 136 mm higher than the precipitation in the year, whereby however from October to February the precipitation exceeded the evaporation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter Verwendung der Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojektes “Neusiedler See”, das während der Internationalen Hydrologischen Dekade von der Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie durchgeführt wurde, wird eine empirische Verdunstungsformel nach dem Dalton-Type abgeleitet, die es gestattet, Monatssummen der Verdunstung des Neusiedler Sees aus den Monatsmittelwerten der Lufttemperatur, der relativen Feuchte und der Windgeschwindigkeit von Wien-Hohe Warte abzuschätzen. Dadurch kann auch für den Zeitraum 1901–1970 die Verdunstung des Sees ermittelt werden und einer eingehenden statistischen Analyse unterzogen werden, wobei gute Übereinstimmung mit Werten, die in Ungarn für die Verdunstung des Sees erhalten wurden, festzustellen ist. Werten, die in Ungarn für die Verdunstung des Sees erhalten wurden, festzustellen ist. Das langjährige Jahresmittel der Verdunstung des Neusiedler Sees ergibt sich mit 800 mm bei einer Standardabweichung von 100 mm. Eine Gegenüberstellung verdunstung —Niederschlag zeigt, daß im langjährigen Mittel der Jahressummen die Verdunstung den Niederschlag um 136 mm übersteigt, von Oktober bis Februar übertrifft jedoch der Niederschlag die Verdunstung.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 397-409 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Jahre 1979 wurden Kluftstellungen in der Region von Guadeloupe (französische Antillen) gemessen. Guadeloupe besteht zum einen Teil aus Kalk (Grande-Terre), zum anderen aus vulkanischem Material (Basse-Terre). Eine Gruppe von kleineren Inseln im Süden (Iles des Saintes) ist ebenfalls vulkanisch. Die bevorzugten Kluftstellungen wurden für jede Region nach der statistischen Methode von Kohlbeck und Scheidegger berechnet. Man erkennt dann, daß die bevorzugten Kluftstellungen von Grande-Terre mit denen in Barbados und auf den Bahamas übereinstimmen. Die Klüfte in Basse-Terre sind um etwa 45o mit Bezug auf diejenigen in Grande-Terre verdreht. Die Kluftstellungen in Grande Terre, Barbados und den Bahamas stimmen sehr gut mit den Postulaten der Plattentektonik der Karibik überein (eine relative EW-Bewegung zwischen der amerikanischen und karibischen Platte) die Ursache der Anomalie in Basse-Terre ist noch nicht geklärt.
    Abstract: Résumé Les orientations des diaclases ont été mesurées en Guadeloupe (Antilles Françaises). Cette ile est constituée d'une région calcaire (Grande-Terre) et d'une région volcanique (Basse-Terre); un groupe de petites iles (Iles de Saintes) au Sud est également volcanique. Les orientations préférentielles des diaclases ont été calculées pour chaque région avec la méthode statistique de Kohlbeck et Scheidegger. Il apparait que les orientations préférentielles des diaclases en Grande-Terre et aux Iles des Saintes sont comparables à celles trouvées aux Bahamas et à Barbade. Les diaclases de Basse-Terre ont subi une rotation de 45° par rapport à celles de Grande-Terre. Les orientations des diaclases en Grande-Terre, Barbade et aux Bahamas correspondent très bien avec les notions dérivées de la tectonique des plaques (essentiellement un déplacement relatif EW entre les plaques de l'Amérique et Caraibe), l'origine de l'anomalie en Basse-Terre n'est pas encore comprise.
    Notes: Summary The orientations of joints were measured in the region of Guadeloupe (French West Indies) early in 1979. This island consists of a calcareous region (Grande-Terre) and of a volcanic region (Basse-Terre); a group of small islands (Iles des Saintes) to the South is also volcanic. The preferred orientations of the joints were then calculated for each region by the statistical method of Kohlbeck and Scheidegger. It is seen that the preferred joint-orientations on Grande-Terre and the Iles des Saintes agree with those found on the Bahamas and on Barbados. The joints on Basse-Terre are turned by about 45o in comparison with those on Grande-Terre. The joint-orientations on Grande-Terre, Barbados and the Bahamas fit well together with the notions derived from plate tectonic theory (essentially a relative EW displacement between the American and Caribbean Plates); the origin of the anomaly on Basse-Terre is not yet understood.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 333-343 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Autokorrelationsfunktion die Strukturfunktion des Windfeldes und dergleichen wurden für die 850-, 700- und 500 mb-Niveaus für den Monat Juli und für das 850 mb-Niveau für die Periode von Juni bis Septembeer berechnet. Mit diesen statistischen Strukturfunktionen des Windfeldes wurde nach der Optimums-Interpolationsmethode eine objektive Analyse des Windfeldes im 850 mb-Niveau erhalten. Zum Vergleich wurden die Analysen auch mit einigen Modifikationen nach der Methode von Cressman und nach der subjektiven Methode durchgeführt.
    Notes: Summary The autocorrelation function, structure function etc. of the wind field were computed at 850, 700 and 500 mb levels for the month July and at 850 mb level for the period from June to September. Making use of these statistical structure functions of the wind field in the Optimum Interpolation method, the objective analysis of wind field at 850 mb level was obtained. For comparison, the analyses were also made using Cressman's method with some modifications and by subjetive method.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 301-325 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Struktur und Perioden der vier niedrigsten Eigenschwingungen des Bodensees und die Grundschwingung der Bucht von Konstanz wurden durch Anwendung einer vereinfachten Version der von Rao und Schwab [12] entwickelten zweidimensionalen Theorie bestimmt. Der Effekt der Erdrotation wurde vernachlässigt, da der Einfluß auf die freien Schwingungen des Sees durch die mittlere Größe des Seebeckens gering ist. Die Berechnungen der niedrigsten vier Eigenschwingungen werden durch Spektralanalysen von gleichzeitigen Messungen der Wasserspiegelschwankungen an 9 Uferstationen verifiziert. Im besonderen wird das Wasserwunder des Jahres 1549 in Konstanz, das von Schulthaiss [14] beschrieben wurde, als eine mögliche resonante Anregung der Grundschwingung in der Bucht von Konstanz erklärt. Zur Analyse dieses Ereignisses ist eine Übersetzung des Berichts über das „Wasserwunder” zusammen mit einigen historischen Bemerkungen beigefügt. Die Mitteilungen von Schulthaiss stellen die ältesten derzeit bekannten Beobachtungen von Seiches dar.
    Notes: Summary The structures and periods of the lowest four normal modes of Lake Constance and the fundamental mode of the Bay of Konstanz are determined by an application of a simplified version of the two-dimensional theory developed by Rao and Schwab [12]. The effect of the earth's rotation is neglected, because the medium size of the Lake implies only a minor influence on the oscillations. The calculations of the lowest four modes are verified by spectral analyses of simultaneous measurements of water level fluctuations at up to 9 stations on the shore. In particular, the water wonder at Konstanz in 1549 described by Schulthaiss [14] is explained in terms of a possible resonant excitation of the fundamental mode of the Bay of Konstanz. For the analysis of this event a translation of Schulthaiss' notes, which give the oldest known observations on seiches, is included in the text together with some historical comments.
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