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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dark exposure inhibits the mitotic activity of thyroid follicular cells in male mice with intact pineal (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1284-1285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mice, male ; dark exposure ; activation, light-restriction-induced ; pineal ; thyroid follicular cells, mitotic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946676
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pineal inhibition of compensatory testicular enlargement in light-deprived hamsters (1970)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 26 (1970), S. 1153-1154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Halbseitige Kastration fÜhrt bei geblendeten Goldhamstermännchen mit Atrophie der Geschlechtsorgane nur nach Pinealektomie zu kompensatorischer Hodenhypertrophie.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02112732
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Physiology: Pineal Gland (1973)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 35 (1973), S. 305-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.35.030173.001513
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of aggressive encounters on pineal melatonin formation in male gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus, Cricetidae) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 164 (1988), S. 91-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pineal N-acetyl-transferase activity and radioimmunoassayable melatonin levels were determined in adult male gerbils subjected to aggressive encounters using the intruder-model. In the first experiment, a single encounter of 3 min was applied in the afternoon to intact and to animals with sympathetically denervated pineal organs. Compared with controls, both stressed groups demonstrated a drastic decrease in N-acetyl-transferase activity followed by a slow recovery. In both groups there also occurred a marked change in pineal melatonin content: in intact animals pineal melatonin levels were elevated immediately after the encounter; thereafter, melatonin values decreased. In animals bearing denervated pineal organs melatonin levels fell as a consequence of the encounter. In a second experiment, intact gerbils experienced four daily encounters of 1 min for one week. Thereafter the nocturnal formation of melatonin was studied. In comparison with untreated controls, the repeatedly stressed animals demonstrated a temporal delay in the rise of both N-acetyl-transferase activity and melatonin. Since the pineal organ is able to transduce events of the social environment into an endocrine message — as set forth by both our experiments — the pineal organ might play an important role within central processing of social stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612722
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of natural short photoperiodic and temperature conditions on plasma thyroid hormones and cholesterol in male Syrian hamsters (1984)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 28 (1984), S. 201-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Adult male Syrian hamsters were subjected to 1, 3, 5, 7 or 11 weeks of either natural winter conditions or rigorously controlled laboratory conditions (LD 10∶14; 22 ± 2
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187960
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of artificial and natural short photoperiods on male syrian hamsters: Reproductive effects (1984)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 28 (1984), S. 317-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02188559
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoperiod: Its importance as an impeller of pineal and seasonal reproductive rhythms (1980)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 24 (1980), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A number of long day breeding rodents depend on seasonal changes in photoperiodic length to synchronize their breeding seasons with the appropriate time of the year. These relationships are particularly conspicuous in the Syrian hamster where day length is vitally important in determining periods of sexual activity and inactivity. The organ in the body whose activity is most closely attuned to the photoperiodic environment is the pineal gland. During periods of darkness the biochemical and secretory activity of the pineal is enhanced with the resultant production of antigonadotrophic principles which are strongly suppressive to reproductive physiology. In this manner, decreasing day lengths of the fall are involved with suppressing sexual capability in male and female hamsters. Throughout the winter months darkness (because of the shorter day lengths and the fact that hamsters remain underground in lightless burrows) holds the gonads in an atrophic condition and thereby prevents hamsters from breeding. As spring approaches the neuroendocrine reproductive axis becomes refractory to the inhibitory effects of darkness and the pineal gland and, as a consequence, the gonads recrudesce allowing the animals to successfully reproduce. The long days of the spring and summer serve to interrupt the refractory period so that when winter approaches shortening day lengths will again, by way of the pineal gland, induce gonadalinvolution. In this scheme both light and darkness are critically important in synchronizing the phases of the annual reproductive cycle of the hamster with the appropriate season of the year. Melatonin may be the pineal hormone which mediates the effects of darkness on reproductive physiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245542
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pineal gland and seasonal reproductive adjustments (1975)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 19 (1975), S. 282-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The pineal gland seems to play a major role in controlling and synchronizing circannual reproductive cycles in some mammals. The following scheme is based primarily on experimental evidence compiled using the golden hamster. However, it is probably applicable in one form or another to a number of long day breeding species. When hamsters are kept under natural photoperiodic conditions they exhibit a period of infertility followed by a period of fertility. The entire cycle encompasses approximately one year. The cycle has been divided into 4 distinctive phases: the inhibition phase, the sexually quiescent phase, the restoration phase, and the sexually active phase. During the inhibition phase the decreasing photoperiods in the fall of the year cause activation of the pineal gland and, as a consequence, gonadal regression. The sexually quiescent phase requires an intact pineal gland to maintain the gonads in a non-functional state. The restoration phase, which occurs in the spring of the year, allows the gonads to become recrudescent. This phase of the cycle seems to be light independent. The sexually active phase extends from spring until fall. During this phase the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis seems to be refractory to inhibition by the pineal gland. Some light is required during the summer months to interrupt the refractory period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01451039
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A 15-minute light pulse during darkness prevents the antigonadotrophic action of afternoon melatonin injections in male hamsters (1982)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 26 (1982), S. 295-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract When adult male Syrian hamsters were maintained under 14 h light and 10 h darkness daily (lights on from 0600-2000 h), peak pineal melatonin levels (705 pg/gland) were attained at 0500 h. When the dark phase of the light:dark cycle was interrupted with a 15 min pulse of light from 2300–2315 h (3 h after lights out), the highest melatonin levels achieved was roughly 400 pg/gland. Finally, if the 15 min pulse of light was given at 0200–0215 h (6 h after lights out) the nocturnal rise in pineal melatonin was completely abolished. Having made these observations, a second experiment was designed to determine the ability of afternoon melatonin injections to inhibit reproduction in hamsters kept under an uninterrupted 14∶10 cycle or under the same lighting regimen where the dark phase was interrupted with a 15 min pulse of light (0200–0215 h). In the uninterrupted light:dark schedule the daily afternoon injection of 25 μg melatonin caused the testes and the accessory sex organs to atrophy within 11 weeks. Conversely, if the dark phase was interrupted with light between 0200–0215 h, afternoon melatonin injections were incapable of inhibiting the growth of the reproductive organs. The findings suggest that exogenously administered melatonin normally synergizes with endogenously produced melatonin to cause gonadal involution in hamsters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02219498
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melatonin and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (6-MBOA) alter the response of the male Syrian hamster to natural photoperiod (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 32 (1988), S. 103-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: 6-Methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone ; 6-MBOA ; Melatonin ; Hamster ; Natural photoperiod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Adult male hamsters bearing either a blank beeswax, 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (6-MBOA), or melatonin pellet were exposed to 8 weeks (Oct. 6–Dec. 6) of natural autumn decreasing photoperiod (〈11 h light) and temperature conditions (mean 10°C for last 4 weeks) or to a 14 h light/10 h dark (14L∶10D) photoperiod and controlled temperature (20°C). Melatonin but not 6-MBOA pellets partially prevented the combined effects of short photoperiod and cold temperatures on the testes and accessory organs. However, both 6-MBOA-and melatonin-treated hamsters maintained outdoors had significantly higher pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) values compared to their respective indoor-treated controls or to the animals kept outdoors and treated with a blank beeswax pellet. When one compares the various effects of 6-MBOA and melatonin (2 mg/month) on the reproductive system of the male hamster, 6-MBOA is not as effective as melatonin in altering reproductive responses to short photoperiod and cool temperatures at the dose administered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01044902
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