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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In früheren Untersuchungen langer atmosphärischer Wellen von niedriger Frequenz in der polaren Atmosphäre wurden Zylinderkoordinaten angewendet, wobei die Ebenez=0 die Erdoberfläche am Pole berührt. Dabei wurde mittels numerischer Beispiele gefunden, daß die in Zylinderkoordinaten erhaltenen Resultate gute Annäherungen an die mit Kugelkoordinaten berechneten darstellen. Hier wird gezeigt, daß die Formeln für die Wellenfrequenzen in beiden Koordinatensystemen angenähert gleich sind.
    Notes: Summary In earlier studies of long low-frequency atmospheric waves in the polar atmosphere a cyclindrical coordinate system had been used with the planez=0 tangential to the earth's surface at the pole. It had been found by numerical examples that the results obtained with a cylindrical coordinate system approximate quite well those obtained with a spherical coordinate system. Here, it is shown that the formulae for the wave frequencies in both coordinate systems are the same to a good degree of approximation.
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  • 2
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 269-277 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Auswirkungen der Einbeziehung der vertikalen Scherung in das Problem der stetigen Strömung einer nichtviskosen rotierenden und geschichteten Flüssigkeit um ein isoliertes topographisches Hindernis besprochen. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Baroklinität in der fern von dem Hindernis ungestörten Strömung, bei dem hier betrachteten Parameterbereich, ein antizyklonaler an das Hindernis gebundener Wirbel erzeugt wird, ähnlich wie im Fall ohne Scherung aber mit durch die Scherung modifizierter Intensität. Im besonderen nimmt, wenn die Geschwindigkeit der Grundströmung mit der Höhe zunimmt, die Intensität des Wirbels im Vergleich zum barotropen Fall wegen der horizontalen Advektion potentieller Temperatur ab. Für den Fall einer geringen Größe der Hindernisse werden analytische Lösungen gebracht.
    Notes: Summary The effects of inclusion of vertical shear in the problem of steady flow of an inviscid, rotating and stratified fluid past isolated topography are discussed. It is shown that the presence of baroclinicity in the undisturbed flow far from the obstacle, in the parameter range considered here, produces an anti-cyclonic vortex bound to the obstacle, like in the unsheared case, but whose intensity is modified by the shear. In particular, if the velocity of basic flow increases with height, the intensity of the vortex is decreased with respect to the barotropic case, because of the horizontal advection of potential temperature. Analytical solutions are presented in the case of small amplitude obstacles.
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  • 3
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 205-217 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe approximierter ageostrophischer Windkomponenten und iterativer Integration in einem quasi Lagrangeschen System werden Trajektorien abgeleitet. Die Verifikation erfolgt an Hand der Verlagerung charakteristischer Wolkensysteme mittels Satellitenbilder.
    Notes: Summary Trajectories are computed with the help of approximated ageostrophic windcomponents and the iterative integration method in a quasi Lagrangian system. The displacement of distinctive cloud systems localized from satellite images is used for verification.
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  • 4
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 219-233 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Parameter zur Feststellung des Minimalbereiches der übergeostrophischen Komponente der zonalen Strömung in einem westlichen Jet Stream aus der Bedingung bestimmt, daß eine geostrophische Bewegung nur in stabil geschichteten Medien möglich ist. Die Größe des übergeostrophischen Zonalwindes im Kerngebiet eines durchschnittlichen westlichen Jet Stream mittlerer Breiten wurde bei nahe von 60% der beobachteten zonalen Windgeschwindigkeit festgestellt. Die durch diese übergeostrophischen Zonalwindkomponenten verursachten nicht geostrophischen Querzirkulationen werden als thermisch indirekt und für die Entwicklung von einigen beobachteten Erscheinungen wie der Jet Stream Front, der Unterbrechung der nördlichen Tropopause quer zum Kern und der Clear air turbulence-Zonen in bestimmten Regionen eines westlichen Jet Stream als günstig erwiesen.
    Notes: Summary A parameter, for determining the minimum super-geostrophic component of zonal flow in a westerly jet stream, was identified, by invoking the condition that geostrophic motion is possible only in stably stratified media. The magnitude of super geostrophic zonal wind in the core region of an average mid-latitudinal westerly jet stream was found to be nearly 60% of the observed zonal wind speed. The non-geostrophic transverse circulations induced by this super-geostrophic zonal wind components were shown to be thermally indirect in nature and favourable for the formation of some of the observed features like jet stream front, break of the northern tropopause across the core and CAT (clear air turbulence) zones in certain regions of a westerly jet stream.
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  • 5
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 249-267 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Verwendung von in der zweiten Phase der Venezueler internationalen meteorologischen und hydrologischen Experimente (VIMHEX-1972) gesammelten Radar-Daten wurde eine Klassifikation von Unwettern in Böenlinien, in Gewittergruppen und in isolierten Gewittern vorgenommen. Die Verhältnisse in der nahen Umgebung während des Vorrückens dieser Typen von Unwetter werden untersucht. Die Modifikation der Umgebung wird, abgeleitet aus der trocken-statischen Energie, aus der feucht-statischen Energie, aus dem latenten Wärmegehalt und aus den relativen Winden, ebenfalls studiert und ein für die Unwetter entwickeltes Modell wird vorgelegt. Schließlich werden einige Aspekte der Bewegung der Unwettergebilde beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A classification of storms in squall lines, thunderstorm clusters, and isolated thunderstorms was made using radar data collected during the second phase of the Venezuelan International Meteorological and Hydrological Experiments (VIMHEX-1972). The near-environmental conditions in advance of these types of storms are examined. The modification of the environment, as deduced from the dry static energy, moist static energy, latent heat content and relative winds is also studied, and a conceptual model for the storms is presented. Finally, some aspects of storm movement are described.
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  • 6
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 235-247 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung wurde an einem äquivalenten barotropen Modell zum Studium der Stabilität des meridionalen Windes im 200 mb-Niveau im Sommer in den Tropen durch-geführt. Das von Wiin-Nielsen für mittlere Breiten eingeführte äquivalente Modell wurde mit einigen Änderungen auch für die Tropen angenommen. Es wurde gefunden, daß der meridionale Wind einer Anzahl von überlagerten Rossby-Wellen äquivalent ist, so daß sich das Stabilitätsproblem der meridionalen Strömung auf das Stabilitätsproblem von Rossby-Wellen zurückführen läßt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde die Stabilität einer Rossby-Welle mit einer Störung, die einen zonalen Wind ergibt, geprüft. Es wurde gefunden, daß kurze Rossby-Wellen instabil sind, so daß die kurzen Rossby-Wellen ihre kinetische Energie auf den zonalen Wind übertragen. Das von Lorenz hinsichtlich der Instabilität der Rossby-Welle für mittlere Breiten gewonnene Ergebnis wurde mit dem äquivalenten barotropen Modell verbessert.
    Notes: Summary The present study is conducted in the equivalent barotropic model to study the stability of meridional wind at 200 mb level in tropics during summer. The equivalent barotropic model, which was introduced by Wiin-Nielsen [1] for midlatitude, is accepted for tropics after some possible changes. The meridional wind is found to be equivalent to a number of superposed dispersive Rossby waves, so the stability problem of meridional flow reduces to the stability problem of Rossby waves. In the present study, the stability of single Rossby wave is tested with a perturbation which gives zonal wind. It is found that the short Rossby waves are unstable, so the short Rossby waves release their kinetic energy to the zonal wind. Thus, the short waves of the spectral meridional flow release their kinetic energy to the zonal wind. For midlatitude, Lorenz's problem regarding the instability of Rossby wave is improved using the equivalent barotropic model.
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  • 7
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 279-299 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die monatlichen und jahreszeitlichen Mittel, die Extreme und die Veränderlichkeit des Meereises der Süd-Hemisphäre aufgrund 5jähriger Beobachtungen untersucht. Seine Veränderlichkěit ist am größten in den geographischen Längen der Küsteneinbuchtungen der Antarktis; es wurde auch eine kleine aber allgemeine Abnahme seiner Ausdehnung in allen Jahreszeiten dieser Beobachtungsperiode festgestellt. Zum Maximum der Eisausdehnung (Juli bis November) nimmt das 5jährige Mittel der zonalen Westwinde im Norden des Eises mit zunehmender Eisausdehnung zu; in einzelnen Jahren besteht jedoch zum Maximum der Eisausdehnung keine deutliche Korrelation zwischen der zonal gemittelten Eisausdehnung und der Stärke der zonalen Westströmung im vorhergehenden oder folgenden Monat. Der Vergleich mit dem 5jährigen Mittel der Längenverteilung der atmosphärischen Druck-Maxima und Minima in der Breite des antarktischen Trogs weist allgemein auf Asymmetrien im Eisrand hin, derart, daß er in Gebieten mit häufigem Tiefdruck weiter nördlich liegt und veränderlicher ist und in Gebieten mit relativ hohem Druck weiter südlich liegt. Die Untersuchung einer spezifischen Längenzone zeigt, daß die Verteilung der Eisausdehnung deutlich regional ist und offenbar mit Änderungen in der kombinierten ozeanischen und atmosphärischen Zirkulation in den antarktischen Einbuchtungen in Beziehung steht.
    Notes: Summary The monthly and seasonal means, extremes and variability of the Southern Hemisphere sea ice are examined for a five year period. Its variability is found to be greatest in the longitudes of the Antarctic coastal embayments, and a small but general decline in extent at all seasons throughout the period is observed. At near maximum ice extent (July to November), the 5 year mean of the zonal westerlies to the north of the ice increases with increasing ice extent; however for individual years, at maximum ice extent, there is no clear correlation between zonally averaged ice extent and the strength of the zonal westerlies in the preceding or succeeding month. Comparison with the 5 year mean longitudinal pattern of atmospheric pressure maxima and minima at the latitude of the Antarctic trough points generally to asymmetries in the ice edge, such that it is further north and more variable in regions of frequent low pressure, and further south in regions of relatively high pressure. Examination of a specific longitudinal zone indicates that the pattern of ice extent is clearly regional, and apparently related to variations in the combined oceanic and atmospheric circulation particularly in the Antarctic embayments.
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  • 8
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Maximalwellen energiereicher Erdbeben mit Herd in der oberen Kruste rufen im äußeren Schütterbereich häufig Resonanzeffekte hervor, die eine örtliche Steigerung der Bebenintensität zur Folge haben. Eine Bewertung solcher Intensitäten nach den gebräuchlichen makroseismischen Skalen ist derzeit nicht möglich. Geht man davon aus, daß die primären Bebenwirkungen an der Erdoberfläche eine Folge der vom Bebenherd abgestrahlten Schwingungsenergie sind und daß die makroseismische IntensitätI (oMSK oder MM) ein logarithmisches Maß für die Bebenwirkungen ist, dann gilt offenbarI=log10 E+const, wennE die örtliche Energiestromdichte (Flächendichte der seismischen Energie) ist. Während im Epizentralbereich wegen der Unregelmäßigkeit der Erdstöße ausgeprägte Resonanzeffekte fehlen, muß man in herdfernen Gebieten, wo die Sg-Maximalwellen des Bebens schon weitgehend harmonisch sind, bei schwingungsanfälligen dünnen Bodenschichten und/oder Bauwerken mit entsprechender Eigenperiode Resonanzschwingungen erwarten, die eine Anhebung der lokalen Bebenintensität um ΔI (oMSK oder MM) bewirken. Mit Hilfe von empirischen Näherungsformeln kann man zu einer Abschätzung dieser Intensitätssteigerung kommen. Sie beträgt ΔI=0,28M s+0,4, mitM s als Oberflächenwellen-Magnitude. Die von der Epizentraldistanz und Magnitude abhängigen Resonanzfrequenzen liegen in der Regel zwischen 0,5 und 2 Hz. Die denkbare Intensitätssteigerung durch Resonanz im Falle eines Bebens der Magnitude 4,0 (7,0) liegt bei 1,5° (2,4°) MSK oder MM. Daraus folgt z. B., daß viele der in Hochhäusern bemerkten und mitI=IIo bewerteten Beben eigentlich mitI=Io zu klassifizieren sind und daß das Anschlagen kleiner Glocken oder das Stehenbleiben von Pendeluhren am Rande des Schüttergebietes eines energiereichen Bebens nichtI=Vo (−VIo), sondernI=IIIo (−IVo) entspricht. Die 12teiligen makroseismischen Skalen sind daher in entsprechender Weise zu ergänzen.
    Notes: Summary In the epicentral area of an earthquake with the focus within the upper crust the rocking is irregular and therefore resonance effects are lacking, but far off the hypocentre, where theSg maximum waves are nearly sinusoidal, thin layers of soil and/or buildings with an appropriate natural period react with resonance oscillations, by which the local macroseismic intensity is increased by ΔI (oMSK or MM). The resonance frequencies — functions of magnitude and hypocentral distance — mostly range from 0.5 to 2 Hz. The increase of intensity can be assessed by the aid of the formula ΔI=0.28M s+0.4, found by the author (M s=surface wave magnitude). Hence, in case of an earthquake withM s=4.0 (7.0) the marginal increase of intensity by resonance amounts to 1.5° (2.4°) MSK or MM. This implies, e. g., that many earthquakes perceived in tall buildings and considered asI=IIo has to be classified asI=Ic correctly, and the ringing of small bells or the stopping of pendulum clocks in the outskirts of the shaken area of a strong earthquake corresponds toI=IIIo (−IVo), and not toI=Vo (−VIo). A valuation of such intensities by the aid of the usual macroseismic scales is not possible, and therefore these scales are to be supplemented in an appropriate way.
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  • 9
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 385-397 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das fluktuierende Geschwindigkeitsfeld eines monomolekularen Films (Slik) wird mittels der Grenzschichttheorie für den Fall untersucht, daß Schwerewellen sich auf der Grenzfläche zwischen Wasser und Luft ausbreiten. Es wird dabei angenommen, daß das oberflächenaktive Material viskoselastische Eigenschaften aufweist und unlöslich ist. Es werden graphische Ergebnisse wiedergegeben, die die Geschwindigkeit a) im Zentrum des elastischen Sliks und b) für nicht dehnbare Sliks willkürlicher Weite veranschaulichen. Für letzteren Fall werden Ringe von oberflächenbildenden Elementen berechnet und schematisch dargestellt.
    Notes: Summary The fluctuating velocity field of monomolecular slicks is investigated, by means of boundary-layer theory, whengravity waves propagate on the air-water interface. It is assumed that the surface-active material has visco-elastic properties and is insoluble. Graphical results are given, which illustrate the velocity (a) at the centre ofelastic slicks and (b) for inextensible slicks, of arbitrary width. In the latter case, the orbits of the surfactant elements are calculated, and shown diagrammatically.
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  • 10
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 431-432 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 11
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 353-367 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Feststellung von hinsichtlich paralleler Schwankungen der Niederschlagsmengen von Jahr zu Jahr zusammenhängender Gebiete werden Korrelationen zwischen monatlichen Mengen verschiedener Stationen verwendet. Von solchen zusammenhängenden Gebieten wurden eines im Herbst, drei im Winter und zwei im Frühling festgestellt. Die Erklärung der Existenz solcher zusammenhängender Gebiete wurde mit Unterschieden charakteristischer Merkmale von Niederschlagsregimes und mit Beziehungen zu verschiedenen synoptischen Systemen versucht.
    Notes: Summary Correlations of monthly totals from different stations were used to identify coherent regions in terms of parallel fluctuations of rainfall amounts from year to year. One coherent region was found during the fall, three during the winter and two during the spring. An attempt to explain the existence of those coherent regions with different known features of the rainfall regime and to relate them to different synoptic systems, was done.
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  • 12
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 379-390 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit klimatologischen Beobachtungsdaten sind für 61 Stationen in Österreich die Strahlungsbilanz sowie die potentielle und aktuelle Evapotranspiration berechnet worden. Für diese Berechnungen wurden einige Methoden der Verdunstungsbestimmung miteinander verglichen und an einigen Stationen auch Trockenheitsindizes berechnet. Als ein Ergebnis wird vorgeschlagen, daß das Land in vier klimatologische Regionen mit unterschiedlichen Temperatur- und Feuchteverhältnissen unterteilt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary The net radiation, potential and actual evapotranspiration for 61 stations in Austria have been calculated from climafological data. Some methods for these calculations have been compared and the indices of aridity for the 61 stations have also been estimated. As a result, it has been suggested that the country could be divided into four climatological regions with different thermal and humid conditions.
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  • 13
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 67-87 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Artikel von Garrat ([5], S. 915), der sich zusammenfassend und kritisch mit der jüngsten Forschung über die aerodynamische Reibung über einer Wasseroberfläche auseinandersetzt, heißt es: “Die Auswirkungen des Fetches, der Dauer und der Unstetigkeit eines Windes sind unbekannt und verstecken sich wohl hinter der Streuung der experimentellen Resultate”. In unserem Artikel ist ein Versuch unternommen worden, vorhandene Resultate von Experimenten am Genfersee auf eine Fetchabhängigkeit zu untersuchen. Dabei wird eine funktionelle Beziehung zwischen dem lokalen Reibungs- oder Widerstandskoeffizienten,C 10, und einer Fetch-Reynoldszahl, (U 10 F)/ν, mit einer dimensionslosen Rauhigkeit,F/y 0, als Parameter vorgeschlagen. Weiter wird gezeigt, daß eine Beziehung zwischen dem Rauhigkeitsparameter und dem Seegang (ausgedrückt als signifikante Welle,H 1/3) möglich ist. Diese Studie sollte als Vorstudie angesehen werden; sie diente unter anderem als Grundlage für ein größeres aerodynamisches Projekt am Genfersee.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans un article récent sur le coefficient de frottement, Garrat ([5], p. 915) laisse supposer que «les effets du fetch, de la durée et de la variabilité du vent s'ils existent, demeurent obscurs dans la dispersion des données expérimentales». Dans cet article, on essayera d'analyser l'éventuelle dépendance du fetch sur les données obtenues au cours des campagnes de mesures sur le Léman. On admettra qu'une relation entre le coefficient de frottement local,C 10, et le nombre de Reynolds de fetch,(U 10 F)/ν, existe, avec la rugosité adimensionelle,F/y 0, comme paramètre. Puis on discutera de l'éventuelle relation entre le paramètre de rugosité et l'état de surface du lac (exprimé ici en fonction de la vague significative). Cette étude est à considérer plutôt comme un travail préliminaire à l'établissement d'un nouveau programme expérimental projeté sur le Léman.
    Notes: Summary In a recent review on the drag coefficient, Garrat ([5], p. 915) pointed to the fact that “The effect (if any) of the fetch, wind duration and unsteadyness remains obscure in this experimental data scatter”. The present paper makes an attempt to analyse, in the light of a fetch dependency, data which have been accumulated on the Lake of Geneva. Postulated is a possible functional relationship between the local drag coefficient,C 10, and a fetch Reynolds number, (U 10 F)/ν, with a dimensionless roughness,F/y 0, as parameter. Subsequently, a possible relationship between the roughness parameter and the sea state (expressed presently with the significant wave) is discussed. The present study should be considered as preliminary in as much as it served to establish another field programme on Lake Geneva.
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  • 14
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 89-107 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are typical cloud configurations in satellite images which are produced and/or maintained mainly by vorticity. These are: comma, enhanced cumuli, wave in a frontalband, upper level low and the cloud spiral of a low. Looking at satellite images there can be observed sometimes an increase sometimes a decrease during the further development of the cloud systems. The type of further development is also dependent on the value of the associated vorticity. In this paper there is examined the relationship between cloud systems and vorticity and there are investigated thresholds of vorticity. Are these thresholds, which are different for the different cloud systems, exceeded, one can conclude — with a certain degree of probability — that cloud systems will increase (that means a further weather activity). Are the thresholds not exceeded one can expect a decrease of the cloud systems.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es gibt typische Bewölkungskonfigurationen, die überwiegend durch Vorticity produziert und/oder aufrecht erhalten werden. Dazu gehören: Komma, enhanced Cumulibewölkung, Welle im Frontalband, Höhentief und Kern eines Tiefdruckwirbels. Aus Satellitenbildern kann beobachtet werden, daß sich die Bewölkungssysteme manchmal während ihrer Entwicklung verstärken, manchmal abschwächen. Die Art der Weiterentwicklung hängt unter anderem von der Stärke der zugeordneten Vorticity ab. In dieser Arbeit werden die Zusammenhänge zur Vorticity untersucht und Schwellwerte der Vorticity aufgestellt. Werden die Schwellwerte, die für die einzelnen Systeme verschieden sind, überschritten, so kann mit einer bestimmten Wahrscheinlichkeit auf Verstärkung (weitere Wetterwirksamkeit) geschlossen werden. Werden die Schwellen unterschritten, kann Abschwächung des Systems angenommen werden.
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  • 15
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 119-130 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Analyse einer großen Zahl von Groß-Regenfällen in Verbindung mit tropischen Depressionen, Zyklonen und schweren Unwettern hat ergeben, daß Groß-Regenfälle im September 1880 und im Juli 1927 über die Niederung des Landes die größten Flächenniederschlagshöhen in Indien brachten. Diese Rekord-Niederschlagshöhen wurden für verschiedene Flächengrößen und Andauern bestimmt und mit ähnlichen Rekord-Flächenniederschlagshöhen über dem tropischen Gebiet der USA verglichen. Diese Untersuchung hat gezeigt, daß für Andauern von zwei und drei Tagen die Rekord-Flächenniederschlagshöhen in Indien größer waren als in den USA. Für die Andauer von einem Tag waren bis zu einer Fläche von 5180 km2 (2000 Quadratmeilen) diese Flächenniederschlagshöhen in den USA größer, für größere Flächen waren sie aber in Indien entweder größer oder nahezu gleich wie in den USA.
    Notes: Summary On the basis of analysis of a large number of rainstorms associated with tropical disturbances such as depressions, cyclonic storms and severe storms, it has been found that September, 1880 and July, 1927 rainstorms over the plain areas of the country gave the highest areal rain depths in India. These rain depths have been worked out for different areas and durations and have been compared with the similar areal rain depths over the tropical region of USA. This study has shown that for durations of 2 and 3 days, Indian areal rain depths have been higher in magnitude when compared to USA rain depths. For one-day duration, upto 5180 sq.km (2000 sq.miles) area, USA areal rain depths are greater, while for larger areas Indian rain depths are either higher or almost equal with that of USA.
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  • 16
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 131-141 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der Monsun-, Premonsun- und Postmonsunzeiten über der tropischen Station Calcutta bei Gewittern auftretende Atmospherics zeigen einige typische Charakteristiken. In allen Fällen ist ein stufenweises Ansteigen (GRA) und ein gleichmäßiges Abklinge (SRA) der Atmospherics festgestellt worden. Zwischen diesen zwei Änderungen tritt eine plötzliche Steigerung der Atmospherics (SEA) auf, die manchmal aus zwei Komponenten SEA1 und SEA2 zusammengesetzt ist. Diese bei 10 und 20 kHz beobachteten Tatbstände der integrierten Feldintensität der Atmospherics (IFIA) wurden in ihrer Beziehung zu Monsun-, premonsunalen und postmonsunalen Gewittern kritisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Niederschlag während der Monsun- und postmonsunalen Gewitter mit dem gleichmäßigen Rückgang der IFIA verbunden ist, während er bei den premonsunalen Gewittern mit der zweiten plötzlichen Steigerung der Atmospherics in Verbindung steht. Diese Anomalien wurden mit Ladungstrennungen in Gewittern in Zusammenhang gebracht. Ferner wurden auch die Unterschiede der entsprechenden Amplituden bei 10 und 20 kHz bei den verschiedenen Variationen der IFIA kritisch untersucht.
    Notes: Summary Thunderstorm associated atmospherics during the monsoon, premonsoon and postmonsoon seasons over the tropical station Calcutta show some typical characteristics. In all the cases gradual rise of atmospherics (GRA) and steady recovery of atmospherics (SRA) have been found. In between the above two changes, there is the sudden enhancement of atmospherics (SEA) which is some times composed of two components SEA1 and SEA2. All the above facts of the integrated field intensity of atmospherics (IFIA) observed at 10 and 20 kHz have been critically examined here in relation to monsoon, premonsoon and postmonsoon thunderstorms. The results exhibit that the precipitation is associated with the steady recovery of IFIA during the monsoon and postmonsoon thunderstorms while that during premonsoon thunderstorms is associated with the second sudden enhancement. These anomalies have been interpreted in terms of charge separation within thunderclouds. Moreover, the difference of the respective amplitudes at 10 and 20 kHz of the different variations of IFIA have also been critically focussed.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 157-165 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine mit der H-N-Methode durchgeführte numerische Berechnung hat die Existenz einer zyklonalen elliptischen Zelle im inneren Teil des Liguirischen Meeres ergeben. Dieses Resultat ist in Übereinstimmung mit dem auf einer Kreuzfahrt im März 1952 im selben Gebiet experimentell entdeckten Wirbel. Es wurde der Einfluß der seitlichen Küstenbergrenzungen am nordöstlichen Zugang zum Becken des Tyrrhenischen Meeres in Rechnung gezogen und die Annahme südlicher Winde als treibenden Mechanismus für diesen Wirbel besprochen.
    Notes: Summary A numerical calculation computed by the H-N method has shown the existence of a cyclonic elliptic cell in the inner part of the Ligurian Sea. This result agrees with an experimental vortex discovered in the same area during a cruise in March 1952. The influence of the lateral coastal boundaries at the north-eastern entrance of the basin into the Tyrrheinian Sea has been taken into account and the hypothesis of southerly winds as the forcing mechanism of this vortex has been discussed.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 167-178 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Seismic and gravimetric measurements as well as investigations of the orientation of joints were made in the basin of Horn in Lower Austria. In this region, Tertiary sediments overlie mica-schists and phyllites of the Bohemian Massif. The investigations show that the top of the basement can be found with great accuracy by the geophysical methods employed. It is also seen that the joint orientations in the Bohemian Massif correspond to those expectable from the action of the regional “European” neotectonic stress system.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Horner Becken (Niederösterreich) wurden Kluftmessungen, gravimetrische Aufnahmen und seismische Messungen durchgeführt. In dieser Gegend liegen tertiäre Ablagerungen auf Glimmerschiefern und Phylliten der Böhmischen Masse. Die Arbeit zeigt, daß die Anwendung geophysikalischer Methoden die Grenze und den Verlauf des Grundgebirges mit hoher Genauigkeit feststellen läßt. Weiters ist ersichtlich, daß auch in der Böhmischen Masse die Kluftstellungen dem großräumigen neotektonischen Spannungsfeld entsprechen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 179-191 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method is described in determining the anisotropic character of rocks concerning its fabric and its electrical properties. Low frequency capacities and high frequency conductivities of brine-saturated rocks and pure electrolytes are used to measure the electrical and fabric characteristics of anisotropic rocks.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gefügeelektrische Parameter von Gesteinen werden unter Verwendung von Kapazitätsbestimmungen bei Niederfrequenz und durch Leitfähigkeitsmessungen bei hohen Frequenzen ermittelt. Diese Untersuchungen werden einerseits an Gesteinsproben, andererseits an reinen Elektrolytlösungen, die zum Sättigen von Gesteinsproben dienen, vorgenommen. Dabei konnten Anisotropieerscheinungen beobachtet werden.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 143-155 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The device consists of a narrow-band active receiving antenna with two separate antenna bodies for the frequencies of 10 and 27 kHz, respectively. Each body contains a block of ferrite rods with a wire coil and condensers, a fully integrated signal amplifier, an impedance transformer and an electronic thermostat. The received atmospherics impulses are conducted to a signal processor. Here they are transformed to pulses of constant amplitude which are summed up and stored in a sample-and-hold-circuit. After every ten pulses the storage circuit is automatically discharged. The device can separate strong periodical interference pulses from the statistically occurring natural atmospherics and eliminate them. It can also indicate signals originating from blizzards as high narrow peaks. Some examples of registered patterns of atmospherics in different weather situations are shown.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Anlage besteht aus einer schmalbandigen aktiven Empfangsantenne mit zwei getrennten Antennenkörpern für die Empfangsfrequenzen 10 und 27 kHz. Jeder Antennenkörper enthält einen Block von Ferritstäben mit Drahtwicklung und Kondensatoren, einen vollintegrierten Signalverstärker, einen Impedanzwandler sowie einen elektronischen Thermostaten. Die empfangenen Atmospherics-Impulse werden in einer Signalverarbeitungsanlage zu Impulsen konstanter Amplitude verformt und in einer Speicherschaltung (Sample-and-Hold-Schaltung) aufsummiert. Nach Eingang von jeweils 10 Impulsen wird der Speicher automatisch entladen. Die Anordnung hat ferner die Eigenschaft, starke periodische Störimpulse von den stochastischen Atmospherics-Signalen der Natur zu trennen und zu unterdrücken sowie Blitzsignale als hohe Spitzen erkennbar werden zu lassen. Einige Registrierbeispiele zeigen die bei verschiedenen Wetterlagen auftretenden Impulsmuster.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 193-196 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 30 (1982), S. 303-320 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In etlichen Zweiggebieten der Klimatologie und verwandter Disziplinen ist es oft notwendig, Abschätzungen der kurzwelligen und langwelligen diffusen Einstrahlung zu liefern. In der vorliegenden Studie werden diese Einstrahlungswerte durch numerische Integration der fundamentalen Gleichungen für Strahlung und für die Geometrie der Auffangfläche für eine Vielzahl von Neigungs- und Orientationsverhältnissen, von Horizontabschirmung und von Verteilungen der Himmelsstrahlung bestimmt. Die in der numerischen Integration verwendenten Winkelelemente der Zenith- und Azimutwinkel wurden dahingehend verändert, um die Optimalwerte im Zusammenhang mit Rechenzeitaufwand und Rechengenauigkeit zu ermitteln. Es wird empfohlen, daß ein Winkel vonπ/36 rad (5°) oder kleiner nötig ist, um die diffuse Einstrahlung mit 5 Prozent Genauigkeit zu bestimmen. Für einen 10%igen Fehler soll der Winkelπ/18 rad (10°) nicht übersteigen.
    Notes: Summary In several branches of climatology, and in related disciplines, estimates of shortwave and/or longwave diffuse irradiance are required. In this study, these irradiances are obtained by numerical integration of the fundamental radiance and source-receptor geometry equations for a variety of receptor slopes, receptor orientations, skyline patterns and sky radiance distributions. The angular increment used in the numerical integration over zenith and azimuth angle is varied to determine the optimal value in the trade-off between computing expense and accuracy. It is recommended that an angle ofπ/36 radians (5°) or smaller is required to evaluate the diffuse irradiance to 5 percent; for 10 percent error, the angle should not exceedπ/18 radians (10°).
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 30 (1982), S. 357-369 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Globalstrahlung wird aufgrund von dreistündigen Bewölkungsbeobachtungen berechnet und mit gemessenen Strahlungswerten verglichen. Damit wird gezeigt, daß es möglich ist, Tageswerte der Globalstrahlung bis auf 15% vorherzusagen und auf diese Art das Potential von verfügbaren Daten der Strahlungsenergie für Zwecke der Heliotechnologie in West-Australien zu erweitern.
    Notes: Summary Solar irradiance is estimated on the basis of three hourly cloud observations and compared with the measured irradiance. This indicates that it is possible to predict daily global irradiation to within 15% and thus illustrates the potential for extending the solar energy data base available for heliotechnology in Western Australia.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 91-104 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden bestimmte charakteristische Merkmale der dynamischen Initialisationstechnik (DI) mit Einbeziehung des Mittelungsschemas untersucht. Die auf ein begrenztes Gebiet bezogene barotrope Version des primitiven Gleichungsmodells wird angewendet. Numerische Experimente werden mit Variierung der Zahl der Zeitschritte der IterationN, von 3 bis 7 durchgeführt. Es wurde gefunden, daß fürN = 5 die kleinste ageostrophische Windkomponente (Gebietsmittelwert) erhalten wird. Der kleinste „Lärm” wird jedoch bei der Zeitintegration fürN = 6 erzeugt, was demnach die besten vorhergesagten Felder ergibt. Diese Merkmale werden besprochen.
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to study certain characteristic features of the “ynamic initialization“ (DI) technique, incorporating the averaging scheme. The limited area barotropic version of the primitive equation model is used. Numerical experiments are performed by varying the number of time-steps during the iterations,N, from 3 to 7. It is found that forN = 5, the least ageostrophic wind component (Area-mean value) is obtained. However, the least “noise” is generated during the time-integration, forN= 6, which also gives the best predicted fields. These features are discussed.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 35-47 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Monatsmittel der mit Radarmessungen von Meteoritenbahnen über Obninsk (55°N), Heiss Island (80,5°N) und Molodeshnaya (67°S) in den Jahren 1967 bis 1971 gemessenen zonalen und meridionalen Windbeobachtungsdaten in bezug auf vorherrschende und periodische Komponenten analysiert. Aus den geographischen Unterschieden der Beobachtungsdaten ergeben sich verhältnismäßig größere Amplituden an der Station Molodeshnaya. Es wurde beobachtet, daß an allen drei Stationen größere Amplituden der halbtägigen Komponente meist mit kleineren Phasen verbunden sind. Für alle Jahreszeiten wird für jede Station der Impulsfluß zufolge der täglichen und halbtägigen Windkompo nente berechnet. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Messungen an Stationen in anderen Breiten verglichen.
    Notes: Summary Monthly averages of the zonal and meridional neutral wind data recorded over Obninsk (55°N), Heiss Island (805°N) and Molodezhnaya (67°S), using meteor radar technique, during the period 1967–71 are analyzed in detail in terms of prevailing and periodic components. Results of the geographical variation of the data reveal the presence of comparatively higher amplitudes of the wind components at Molodezhnaya station. It is observed that higher amplitudes of the semi-diurnal component are mostly associated with lower phases at all the three stations. The momentum flux due to the diurnal and semi-diurnal wind components are calculated for all the seasons at each site. The results are compared with the measurements made at other latitudinal stations.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 49-62 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die in einem außertropischen Zyklonensystem in einem begrenzten Gebiet sich vollziehenden Umsetzungen von verfügbarer Energie (APE) und kinetischer Energie (KE) besprochen. Die Budgets der verfügbaren Energie und der kinetischen Energie werden für eine außertropische Zyklone über dem kontinentalen Bereich der Vereinigten Staaten für die verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien in der Zeit vom 20.–21. März 1962 berechnet. Die barokline Komponente der APE wird basierend auf eine Spezifikation eines Referenzzustandes für ein begrenztes Luftvolumen in Bewegung betrachtet. Die Werte der APE Produktion, die in einer Untersuchung von Vincent et al. [18] veröffentlicht sind, werden für den Produktionskern der Bilanz verwendet. Energieaustauschprozesse werden mit Berücksichtigung bedeutender Wechselwirkungen von geringen Distanzen auf Gitterdistanzgröße in ihrer Beziehung zum Verhalten der Zyklone besprochen.
    Notes: Summary Available potential energy (APE) and kinetic energy (KE) processes for a limited region, containing and moving with an extratropical cyclone system, are discussed. The available potential energy and kinetic energy budgets for an extratropical cyclone over the continental United States during various stages of its life cycle are computed for the period 20–21 March 1962. Baroclinic component of APE based on the specification of a reference state for the limited moving volume is considered. The APE generation values for the case study reported by Vincent, Pant et al. [18] are used in the generation part of the budget. Energy exchange processes including a large amount of probable subgrid to grid-scale interaction are discussed in relation to the behaviour of the cyclone.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 127-132 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Wasser- und Energieverbrauch von drei in ariden Gebieten Indiens gelegenen Weidelandbereichen wurde aufgrund von in den Jahren 1976 his 1978 durchgeführten Experimente nuntersucht. Vorwiegend mitLasiurus sindicus bewachsenes Weideland hatte trotz niedrigerer Feuchte einen höheren Wasserverbrauch (WUE) als Wirkung von niedrigem Dampfdruck und hohen Temperaturgradienten zwischen der Vegetationsdecke und den anliegenden Luftschichten während der Wachstumsperiode. Gemischtes Weideland hatte in Bikaner geringen Wasser- und Energieverbrauch.
    Notes: Summary The water and energy use efficiencies of three native grasslands situated in the arid regions of India were investigated based on the experiments conducted during the three years period 1976–1978. The grasslands dominated withLasiurus sindicus has shown higher water use efficiency (WUE) in spite of low moisture regime as a result of low vapour pressure and high temperature gradients between the canopy to adjacent air layers during the growing season. The mixed grasslands at Bikaner were found to have low energy and water use efficiencies.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 133-138 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine Untersuchung zur Bestimmung der Wirkung verschiedener Bodenbearbeitungsmethoden auf die hydrothermischen Verhältnisse im strahlungsreichen Klima von Jodhpur gemacht. Pulverisierung, Verdichtung und Pulverisierung unter einer Gras-Mulchdecke bildeten die drei Bearbeitungsmethoden. Die Unterschiede in der Bodentemperatur waren bei der Pulverisierung und bei der Verdichtung des Bodens nur gering, während die Pulversierung unter Mulchdecken die Temperaturmaxima um 4 his 10°C verringerte. Tagesschwankungen der Bodenfeuchte wurden in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturgradienten festgestellt. Der Verlust an Feuchtigkeit war in der pulverisierten Parzelle am größten und in der Parzelle nit pulverisierten Boden unter Mulchdecken am kleinsten
    Notes: Summary A field study was conducted to find out the effect of some soil management practices on hydrothermal regime of soil under high radiation conditions of Jodhpur. Pulverization, compaction and pulverization + mulching formed the three treatments. The results showed vide variations in diurnal soil temperatures up to 15 cm depth. There were little differences in soil temperature under pulverization and compaction while pulverization + mulch reduced the maximum temperature by 4 to 10°C. Diurnal oscillations in soil moisture were observed under the influence of thermal gradients. Maximum loss of moisture was observed from the pulverized plots while minimum was recorded from the pulverized + mulched plots.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 73-76 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 85-93 
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    Notes: Abstract Performance testing of multiple extended coverage sidewall sprinklers indicates that these sprinklers, installed on spacings that are multiples of specified room areas with ceiling heights up to 9 ft, perform comparably to single sprinkler per room installations under fire conditions.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 94-103 
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    Notes: Abstract Flashover is the ultimate event in a room fire signaling the final untenability for room occupants and greatly increased hazard to other building spaces. Despite this importance, hazard evaluations of furnishings and other common fuel loads have normally not been based on estimates of flashover potential. This paper considers a simple combustion model and examines available experimental data.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 104-112 
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    Notes: Abstract An exploratory study has been made of the adsorption of incipient combustion gases on metal surfaces and organic metal chelate coated metal surfaces. Data obtained in this study suggest that a smoke or fire detection system could be based on the adsorption-photoelectric effects observed.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 113-117 
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    Notes: Abstract Four samples of thermoplastics and nine samples of wood were evaluated for smoke evolution in the Aminco-NBS smoke chamber under piloted (flaming) conditions, using two different types of pilot burners, and in the Arapahoe chamber.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 118-132 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a method for calculating radiative heat transfer to an adjacent tank from fire involving insulation on tank exteriors. An approximate method for calculating the radiative flux from an ignition source is also provided. The results are generalized to allow convenient estimates of safe separations for a range of tank sizes, fire intensities, and critical ignition fluxes. Wind effects are not considered in the present study.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 133-141 
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    Notes: Abstract The authors discuss the detailed application of surface flammability assessment theory to the major test methods available in North America.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 142-149 
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    Notes: Abstract At the request of the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the National Bureau of Standards developed a proposed standard for the flammability of upholstered furniture. This paper briefly describes the proposed standard and its history, and examines the performance of pile fabrics tested at the University of Washington Textile Laboratories in accordance with the provisions of the proposed standard.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 150-152 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 153-154 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 155-156 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 157-158 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 163-163 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 212-226 
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    Notes: Abstract Coal pulverizing system explosions during the last few years have pointed to the need of developing inerting systems for preventing such incidents. The greater use of western subbituminous coals (with their higher tendency for spontaneous ignition) is a contributing factor to the increased frequency of coal pulverizer explosions.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 181-191 
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    Notes: Abstract An electronic circuit has been designed and tested which can automatically determine ignition temperatures of shredded combustible materials.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 165-180 
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    Notes: Abstract The Kern Plateau in Sequoia National Forest was selected as a pilot study area for the development and application of a new fire management planning process.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 192-203 
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    Notes: Abstract The author discusses a toxicity screening test for evaluating materials for off-gas toxicity using a rising temperature program.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 227-231 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 204-211 
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    Notes: Abstract The pulsation characteristic of fires was examined using acoustic parameters at very low sonic and subsonic frequencies up to 2 Hz. The existences of a characteristic frequency related to the diameter of the seat of the fire was demonstrated. The signal was found to decay rapidly with distance, suggesting displacement of the medium rather than vibrations in the medium. The use of this type of effect in fire detection is also discussed.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 232-234 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 235-236 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 237-238 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 163-163 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 181-191 
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    Notes: Abstract An electronic circuit has been designed and tested which can automatically determine ignition temperatures of shredded combustible materials.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 165-180 
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    Notes: Abstract The Kern Plateau in Sequoia National Forest was selected as a pilot study area for the development and application of a new fire management planning process.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 192-203 
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    Notes: Abstract The author discusses a toxicity screening test for evaluating materials for off-gas toxicity using a rising temperature program.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 204-211 
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    Notes: Abstract The pulsation characteristic of fires was examined using acoustic parameters at very low sonic and subsonic frequencies up to 2 Hz. The existences of a characteristic frequency related to the diameter of the seat of the fire was demonstrated. The signal was found to decay rapidly with distance, suggesting displacement of the medium rather than vibrations in the medium. The use of this tpe of effect in fire detection is also discussed.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 227-231 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 232-234 
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 300-301 
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 307-307 
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 309-318 
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    Notes: Abstract Several fabrics commonly used in the outer shells of structural fire fighters' turnout coats were subjected to a variety of laboratory tests. These included breaking and tearing strength tests as well as several kinds of abrasion tests.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 319-327 
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    Notes: Abstract The fluid dynamical scaling laws of forest fires are derived by dimensional analysis and a scale model is constructed to investigate a forest fire which seriously injured several fire fighters. The result of the small-scale experiment indicate that a fire whirl could be generated in such a fire.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 212-226 
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    Notes: Abstract Coal pulverizing system explosions during the last few years have pointed to the need of developing inerting systems for preventing such incidents. The greater use of western subbituminous coals (with their higher tendency for spontaneous ignition) is a contributing factor to the increased frequency of coal pulverizer explosions.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 235-236 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 243-243 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 237-238 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 252-258 
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    Notes: Abstract Electrical arcing under fire conditions is examined in this paper. It explains why arcs are started under fire conditions, while they are difficult to start under normal conditions.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 245-251 
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    Notes: Abstract Changes in ultimate tensile strength and mass (weight) of burning redwood were measured, and a correlation between the ultimate tensile strength and mass loss was developed. A simple model was employed for calculating the mass loss. The accuracy of this model was assessed by comparing calculated mass loss values to the data.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 259-272 
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    Notes: Abstract Pressurization with inert gas, typically nitrogen, has been proposed for fire suppression in pressurizable enclosures. Implementation requires assurance of sufficiently uniform presurant distribution. A convenient procedure for scale modeling pressurant distribution is described and applied to a 1/6-scale model of an uncluttered 5-m3 enclosure. Two inexpensive methods for determining local pressurant fraction history are indicated, temperature and continuous gas analysis.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 273-286 
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    Notes: Abstract The smoke-producing characteristics of various materials are discussed with particular attention to thermal insulation. The different methods of measuring smoke density are described, and selected data are presented.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 303-313 
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    Notes: Abstract To improve the quality and reliability of fire detection and alarm, the author calls for internationally agreed upon test specifications that will not hinder future development.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 287-302 
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    Notes: Abstract Diversity of fuels, differences in their arrangement, and environmental changes such as in temperature, air pressure, wind velocity, and humidity are among the factors contributing to the variation in fire development. This paper presents a framework for modeling this variability so that product design and firesafety standards can reflect the total information provided by these actual fire tests.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 314-316 
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 144-151 
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    Notes: Abstract The authors discuss the development of a mathematical model to be utilized for fire scene classification and improved detection of arson. The analysis covers all fires from 1975 to 1979 in Dade County, Florida.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 152-161 
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    Notes: Abstract Based on the data presented it has been concluded that a freshly extinguished match will not ignite the various commonly used cellulosic materials because it does not maintain high enough temperatures for sufficiently long periods, which are the essential conditions for ignition.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 162-173 
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    Notes: Abstract From limited laboratory experiments performed by both the NBS and CPSC on the effects of thermal insulation on residential electrical systems, they have hypothesized that thermal insulation can change an existing electrical deficiency into a fire hazard.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 174-186 
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    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to investigate the use of ASTM E 108 (NFPA 256, UL 790), Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, for testing roofmounted solar energy collectors. Data are presented showing the results of the testing conducted. An evaluation of the testing procedures as they apply to roof-mounted solar collectors is given.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 188-202 
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    Notes: Abstract It has been concluded in this study that the evidence of arcing is not a sufficient reason to blame electricity as the cause of fire.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 203-206 
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 207-208 
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 209-211 
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 219-219 
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 212-212 
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 221-228 
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    Notes: Abstract Problems associated with current field procedures for measuring the rate of spread of wildland fires are noted. The procedure was used to document an experimental prescribed fire that exhibited a large variability in rate of spread.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 229-236 
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    Notes: Abstract The heating of damaged electrical conductors and bus bars is examined from both a theoretical and experimental point of view. It is shown that the damage has a negligible effect on the heating because of the high thermal conductivity of all electrical conductors.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 237-250 
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    Notes: Abstract The U.S. Forest Service has developed a computer model called FOCUS. The model works by testing various suppression force allocations and positions against an array of historical ignitions.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 251-258 
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    Notes: Abstract The effects of an electrical field (12 KV/cm) and elevated temperature (300°C) on the ignition potential of transformer fluids, which are candidate replacements for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have been studied. The combined results indicate that the chemical composition of the fluids were alerted, often in such a manner as to increase the ease of ignition.
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    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to quantitatively assess and compare the thermal effectiveness of two types of lower torso protective clothing, commonly known as a day clothing set and a night clothing set, as a function of the moisture content and tightness of fit. Results were obtained giving the temperature distribution through the clothing sets.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 268-279 
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    Notes: Abstract This article provides comparative estimates of fire loss experience in various developed nations of the world. Strong relationships have been shown, but causality has not been demonstrated. The findings demand further investigation.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 292-295 
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 280-291 
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    Notes: Abstract A stochastic model for the number of deaths resulting from a fire is put forward. The particular case being considered is that of flaming ignition on a bed in a hospital ward and the crucial importance of the features of the early stages of development becomes apparent.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 296-296 
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 297-299 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 3-4 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 5-11 
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    Notes: Abstract Rockwood tested all its foam concentrates on gasohol, a mixture of gasoline and alcohol. This paper discusses the results of those tests, offers an explanation of the results, and makes some suggestions about handling gasohol emergencies.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 12-21 
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    Notes: Abstract A small-scale laboratory fire test has been developed to replace costly and air-polluting large-scale field fire tests that are used to evaluate reliability of fire fighting foam formulations.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 22-28 
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    Notes: Abstract Scant field information and the difficulty of conducting long-term research experiments on the low-level heating of cellulosics until ignition occurs have led to the advancement of an incipient smoldering ignition predictive model.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 29-36 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the concept of flammability, merit ranking, and the theoretical objections to it that are currently crystallizing. The usefulness of an alternative approach to measuring rates of heat release is briefly considered.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 37-62 
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    Notes: Abstract Plastic DWV pipe will not propagate flame through a fire separation even under adverse pressure differentials if appropriate barrier devices and construction methods are used. This paper reports the results of a small-scale test program that studied the penetration of fire separations by plastic drain, waste, and vent pipe.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 70-72 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 63-69 
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of locating emergency service facilities in a developing area is modelled in its generic form as a dynamic set covering problem.
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