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  • Springer  (90)
  • Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
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  • 1995-1999  (25)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfaction in Lepidoptera (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 1003-1027 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Olfaction ; olfactory receptor neuron ; sensillum ; antenna ; antennal lobe ; glomerulus ; pheromone ; kairomone ; host odour ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Odours play a very important role in the life of insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera. In the present paper, a review is given of the current knowledge of morphology, development and function of the olfactory system in larval and adult moths and butterflies. Research regarding both the antennal and accessory olfactory pathways, as well as both the pheromone and the host odour detecting systems, is reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946910
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attraction of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to a pheromone trap (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 723-752 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; pheromone ; release ; recapture ; diffusion ; model ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; trap ; marking ; dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The movement of bark beetles near an attractive pheromone source is described in terms of mathematical models of the diffusion type. To test the models, two release experiments involving 47,000 marked spruce bark beetles [Ips typographus (L.)] were performed. The attractive source was a pheromone trap, surrounded by eight concentric rings with eight passive trap stations on each ring. Captures were recorded every 2–10 minutes for the pheromone trap and once for the passive traps. The models were fitted to the distribution in time of the central pheromone trap catch and to the spatial distribution of catch among the passive traps. The first model that gives a reasonable fit consists of two phases: Phase one—After release the beetles move according to a diffusion process with drift towards the pheromone trap. The strength of the drift is inversely proportional to the distance from the traps. Phase two—those beetles attracted to, but not caught by, the pheromone trap are no longer influenced by the pheromone, and their movement is described by a diffusion process without drift. In phase two we work with a loss of beetles, whereas the experiment seems to indicate that the loss of beetles in phase one is negligible. As a second model, the following modification of phase one is considered: After release the beetles move according to a diffusion process without drift, until they start responding to the pheromone (with constant probability per unit time), whereafter they start moving according to a diffusion process with drift. This study, like other release experiments, shows that the efficiency of the pheromone trap is rather low. What is specific for the present investigation is that we try to explain this low efficiency in terms of dynamic models for insect movement. Two factors seem to contribute: Some beetles do not respond to pheromone at all, and some beetles disappear again after having been close to the pheromone trap. It also seems that the motility of the beetles decreased after they ceased responding to the pheromone. Furthermore, the data lend some support to the hypothesis that flight exercise increases the response of the beetles to pheromone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988539
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfaction in the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Electroantennogram studies (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1759-1785 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotton boll weevil ; Anthonomus grandis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; pheromone ; kairomone ; plant odor ; olfaction ; electroantennogram ; attractant ; host plant ; green leaf volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) techniques were utilized to measure the antennal olfactory responsiveness of adult boll weevils,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to 38 odorants, including both insect and host plant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) volatiles. EAGs of both sexes were indicative of at least two receptor populations: one receptor population primarily responsive to pheromone components and related compounds, the other receptor population primarily responsive to plant odors. Similar responses to male aggregation pheromone components (i.e., compounds I, II, and III + IV) were obtained from both sexes, but females were slightly more sensitive to I. Both sexes were highly responsive to components of the “green leaf volatile complex,” especially the six-carbon saturated and monounsaturated primary alcohols. Heptanal was the most active aldehyde tested. More acceptors responded to oxygenated monoterpenes than to monoterpene hydrocarbons. β-Bisabolol, the major volatile of cotton, was the most active sesquiterpene. In general, males, which are responsible for host selection and pheromone production, were more sensitive to plant odors than were females. In fact, males were as sensitive to β-bisabolol and heptanal as to aggregation pheromone components. Electrophysiological data are discussed with regard to the role of insect and host plant volatiles in host selection and aggregation behavior of the boll weevil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987360
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral correlates for minor volatile compounds from stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1907-1920 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; Scelionidae ; Tachinidae ; Nezara ; Euschistus ; Eurydema ; Acrosternum ; Trissolcus ; pheromone ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Many terrestrial Heteroptera have small, but functional, dorsal abdominal glands as adults. The chemistry, and associated intra- and inter-specific behavior, for dorsal abdominal gland secretions from 10 species representing four genera of Pentatomidae was investigated. Eighteen volatile compounds were identified in species-specific blends from the dorsal abdominal gland secretions ofEuschistus, Acrosternum, andEurydema adults, including aliphatic, aromatic, and terpenoid constituents. Evidence from bioassays is presented that parasitic Tachinidae (Diptera) and Scelionidae (Hymenoptera) use these secretions as kairomones. A field experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that minor volatiles increase the specificity of the main pheromone component from NearcticEuschistus species, methyl (2E,4Z)-decadienoate. However, significantly fewer individuals ofE. tristigmus were captured in traps baited with the complete blend for this species than in traps baited with methyl (2E,4Z)-decadienoate alone. Thus, at the concentrations tested, these kinds of dorsal abdominal gland secretions may be epideictic, promoting spacing in the natural habitat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033851
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alkadienes mediating courtship in the parasitoidCardiochiles nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1971-1989 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cardiochiles nigriceps ; parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; pheromone ; mating ; courtship ; hydrocarbon ; cuticle ; alkadienes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Courtship inCardiochiles nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) involves male attraction to females and male antennation of females followed by mounting and copulation. Once the female is located, antennation and mounting of the female are mediated by the hydrocarbon fraction of female's Dufour's gland and cuticle. The identification of the cuticular hydrocarbons of males and females revealed a mixture of alkanes and alkenes, in addition to a series of alkadienes specific to females. These female-specific alkadienes reported from Braconidae are unusual among insect alkadienes in that the second double bond occurs in the middle of the molecule. Bioassays with three available alkadienes revealed that contact behaviors (antennation and mounting) are in part mediated by the (Z,Z)-7, 13-heptacosadiene and at least one other alkadiene in combination with other hydrocarbons found in males and females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033856
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Egg dispersion in codling moth: Influence of egg extract and of its fatty acid constituents (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 2015-2026 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; Cydia pomonella ; oviposition ; pheromone ; synomone ; insect ; offspring dispersion ; fatty acids ; egg age ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Codling moth females (Cydia pomonella, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (CM) usually lay single eggs and have a tendency to disperse. In a first experiment we observed that single females exposed to 20 apples distribute their eggs regularly among apples, suggesting a dispersive oviposition behavior. In a dual-choice situation, isolated females avoided oviposition on areas of cardboard treated with a methylene dichloride egg extract at the dose of ca. 1.0 egg equivalent/cm2. A strong avoidance was obtained in response to a 20-fold dose, which was accompanied by a significant reduction of total oviposition. Seven major compounds found by GC analyses in the methylene dichloride extract of 2 to 3-day-old eggs were saturated or unsaturated C14-C18 straight-chain fatty acids: myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. This was confirmed by GC-MS analysis of an extract made by ethyl ether. Smaller amounts of three methyl esters were also identified as methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, and methyl stearate. A blend of the seven fatty acids (FA) mimicked rather well the avoidance provoked by the extract, and this avoidance was confirmed by choice between treated and untreated fruits by single females. The treatment of apples with the 7FA mixture induced an aggregative distribution of the eggs among apples. We also found that the amounts of fatty acids harvested in the extract depend on the egg age. Amounts of fatty acids increased until eggs were 4 days old and then decreased before hatching. In this paper we discuss the possible role of simple molecules, such as fatty acids and their esters, as semiochemicals indicative of juvenile tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033859
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A critical body size for use of pheromones in mate location (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 427-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attraction ; bacteria ; chemoreception ; crustacean ; efficiency ; mate location ; pheromone ; plankton ; protozoan ; rotifer ; sex ; size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromones have demonstrated importance in mate location in many insect species. Because chemoreception is the most universal sense, it has been assumed that pheromones also are important in aquatic organisms, including bacteria, but few have been found. The physical limits on effective strategies for organisms to come into contact for mating were modeled with assumptions appropriate for organisms less than a millimeter in size in an open aquatic environment. One sex was assumed to be motile, while the other sex was passive or devoted energy to locomotion or to diffusible pheromone production. Assuming spherical organisms, random locomotion by the second sex at the same velocity as the first sex increases the chances of contact by a factor of 4/3 over being passive; this ratio is independent of size. For detection by contact, the effectiveness of searching increases with the third power of the radius of the organisms; for detection by pheromones, search effectiveness increases with the seventh power of the radius above a critical size. Diverting energy from motility to pheromone production is not productive for organisms smaller than the critical size, which corresponds to a radius of 1.8 times the square root of the diffusion coefficient of the pheromone times the threshold concentration for detection divided by the rate of pheromone production per unit volume of organism. Thus, pheromone production is very favorable for organisms much above the critical size, which appears to be between 0.2 and 5 mm in water. On the other hand, bacteria are probably too small to use diffusable pheromones for mate location; most protozoans and rotifers may also be too small.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036740
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquisition of Female-Attracting Fragrance by Males of Oriental Fruit Fly from a Hawaiian Lei Flower, Fagraea berteriana (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2275-2285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oriental fruit fly ; Bactrocera dorsalis ; Tephritidae ; Diptera ; Fagraea berteriana ; pheromone ; attractant ; 3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol ; coniferyl alcohol ; phenylpropanoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, are strongly attracted to and compulsively feed on a fragrant lei flower, Fagraea berteriana. A series of phenylpropanoid components, trans-3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol, its acetate, and trans-3,4-dimethoxycinnamaldehyde were characterized as male attractants. The alcohol stimulated the same level of feeding activity as methyl eugenol. Males that fed on flowers selectively converted the attractant components into trans-coniferyl alcohol and stored it in rectal glands. Males scented with the phenylpropanoids were more successful in mating than unfed males, indicating the advantage of acquiring the fragrance in mating success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006673.27221.2e
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eicosanoids and Egg-Hatching Synchrony in Barnacles: Evidence Against a Dietary Precursor to Egg-Hatching Pheromone (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2299-2312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Eicosanoids ; pheromone ; egg-hatcing ; barnacle ; phytoplankton ; lipoxygenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The boreoarctic barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides (= Balanus balanoides) (L.), has the ability to synchronize the release of its nauplii with the spring phytoplankton bloom, thereby ensuring that the larvae can start their planktotrophic development successfully. Hatching is induced by an egg-hatching pheromone (an hydroxy fatty acid) released by the adult. Here, the possibility that the pheromone is an excretory metabolite of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is examined. Egg hatching could be induced by feeding gravid adult barnacles on Skeletonema costatum, but neither a concentrated culture of this diatom nor cell-free culture medium induced egg hatching in vitro. Following a 15-min incubation of EPA in seawater, a product with egg hatching activity was obtained, presumably by autooxidation. Egg hatching was not induced by feeding barnacles with lecithin liposomes containing EPA. Likewise, radiolabeled egg-hatching pheromone was not released by adult barnacles that had been fed with [14C]EPA liposomes. Egg-hatching pheromone was not released by barnacles that were actively feeding on S. costatum prior to egg-hatching. The production of egg-hatching pheromone was inhibited in vitro and in vivo by lipoxygenase inhibitors. Taken together, the results suggest that egg-hatching pheromone is not an excretory metabolite but is derived from EPA released from membrane phospholipid and acted upon by a lipoxygenase. The nature of the stimulus to precursor fatty acid release has yet to be established, but a link with molting appears tenuous.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006675.61630.f0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses to Green Leaf Volatiles in Two Biogeoclimatic Zones by Striped Ambrosia Beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2479-2491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trypodendron lineatum ; ambrosia beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; green leaf volatiles ; 1-hexanol ; (E)-2-hexen-1-ol ; (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol ; (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments in the Coastal Western Hemlock (CWH) biogeoclimatic zone on the British Columbia (BC) coast and the Interior Douglas-fir (IDF) biogeoclimatic zone in the BC interior revealed pronounced differences in the effect of six-carbon green leaf volatiles on the response by striped ambrosia beetles, Trypodendron lineutum to multiple funnel traps baited with the aggregation pheromone lineatin. In the IDF zone, four green leaf alcohols [1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol], released alone or in a quaternary blend at ca. 4 mg/24 hr/compound, caused a 63–78% reduction in trap catches. Two aldehydes, hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal, released together at ca. 13.0 mg/24 hr/compound were weakly disruptive in one of two experiments. Conversely, in the CWH zone, the two aldehydes together caused a slight, but significant, increase in the response over that to lineatin in one of two experiments, and the blend of all four alcohols caused only weak disruption of response in one of two experiments. None of the alcohols released alone was bioactive. These results may reflect adaptations that ensure accurate host location in the two ecological zones. In the CWH zone, T. lineatum attacks conifer logs almost exclusively, and surrenders the cut or broken stump habitat to Gnathotrichus spp. In the IDF zone, T. lineatum readily attacks the base of trees killed by bark beetles or fire and may utilize green leaf alcohols to detect and avoid the vertical silhouettes represented by nonhost angiosperms such as black cottonwood and trembling aspen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006661.99953.26
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prolonged Adaptation as Possible Mating Disruption Mechanism in Oriental Fruit MothCydia (=Grapholita) molesta (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 445-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oriental fruit moth ; Cydia molesta ; Grapholita molesta ; mating disruption ; pheromone ; adaptation ; habituation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of pheromone preexposure on flight behavior of male Oriental fruit mothCydia molestawere investigated in laboratory experiments using a wind-tunnel and in an orchard through insect releases at the center of a grid of pheromone traps. In the wind-tunnel experiments, the proportion of insects performing various behavioral phases was found to depend on the intensity and duration of the adapting stimulus and the recovery time allowed between exposure and measurement, indicating adaptation of at least some elements of the sensory system. The orchard experiments exhibited similar adaptation effects at similar exposure levels, causing the entry of treated insects into the traps to be delayed compared to controls and a reduction in insects caught for the highest preexposure concentration. The levels of pheromone exposure required to produce significant adaptation were, however, found to be much higher than could be expected under conditions of release of synthetic pheromone for insect control through mating disruption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006370.64127.49
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Species- and Caste-Determined Mandibular Gland Signals in Honeybees (Apis) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 363-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honeybee ; mandibular gland ; chemical signature ; pheromone ; queen ; worker ; Apis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Queens and workers of five honeybee species (Apis mellifera A. cerana A. dorsata A. floreaand A. andreniformis) were analyzed for their mandibular gland components. In A. melliferathe queen mandibular pheromone consists of 9-hydroxy- and 9-keto-2(E)-decenoic acids. (9-HDA and ODA), methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (HOB), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-ethanol (HVA), and is responsible for retinue attraction, among other functions. In retinue bioassays with workers of A. cerana (whose queens lack HVA), ODA, 9-HDA, and HOB were sufficient to elicit maximal retinue behavior. This suggests that the known queen mandibular pheromone components detected in mandibular glands of A. cerana queens constitute the functional queen mandibular pheromone in this species. Both castes of A. mellifera produce 10- and 8-carbon acids that are functionalized at the last position in the chain, and these are the predominant compounds found in worker mandibular glands. Workers of the other species also had these compounds, along with 9-HDA and ODA that are normally not present in A. mellifera worker glands. Queens and workers of each species had a unique combination of mandibular compounds. The aromatic compounds were characteristic of queens from the cavity-nesting speciesA. mellifera (HOB and HVA) and A. cerana (HOB). These two species also had more pronounced differences in the mandibular blends of queens and workers than the open-nesting speciesA. dorsata A. floreaand A. andreniformis. Our results indicate that the more derived cavity-nesting species of Apis have evolved greater caste-specific differences between queens and workers and a higher number of queen pheromone components, compared to the open-nesting species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006365.20996.a2
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aggregation Pheromone of Pityokteines elegans (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1333-1347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemical ; secondary attraction ; pheromone ; Pityokteines elegans ; enantiomer ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol ; ipsenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory bioassay experiments, the beetles Pityokteines elegans were attracted to volatiles captured from bolts of grand fir, Abies grandis, colonized by P. elegans males. Male-specific volatiles detected by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis and by GC–mass spectrometry employing a chiral column were: (S)-(−)-ipsenol, (+)- and (−)-ipsdienol, and ipsenone. Field experiments demonstrated that 1:1 combinations of (−)-ipsenol and (±)-ipsdienol strongly attracted insects of both sexes to multiple-funnel traps. No beetles were attracted to any of these compounds alone, and both enantiomers of ipsdienol were required with (−)-ipsenol to induce attraction. Ipsenol and ipsdienol are now reported as pheromones of five Pityokteines species. Specificity of semiochemical-based communication between sympatric P. elegans and P. minutus appears to be based on host preference and on the composition and chirality of the pheromone blend.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006467.79265.3c
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  • 14
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    Sex pheromone specificity as a reproductive isolating mechanism among the sibling speciesArchips argyrospilus andA. mortuanus and other sympatric tortricine moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 71-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Archips argyrospilus ; Archips mortuanus ; pheromone ; attractant ; Tortricidae ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract MaleArchips argyrospilus (Walker) were maximally attracted to a 60∶40∶4∶200 admixture of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl, (E)-11-tetradecenyl, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl and dodecyl acetates. The identification of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, in addition to the other 3 components reported previously, is the first report of a 4-component pheromone system in moths.Archips mortuanus Kearfoot, a sibling species, was maximally attracted to a blend of the same components, but in a 90∶10∶1 mix of the tetradecenyl acetates. Among a number of tortricine moths that co-occur on apples and other hosts in New York, British Columbia, and elsewhere, differences in diel rhythms of attraction and seasonal distribution are insufficient to maintain reproductive isolation. Although the attractant systems of these species often possess components in common, males are maximally attracted to a speciesspecific blend. In tortricine moths attraction specificity appears to be a paramount mechanism for species partitioning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988135
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of slow-release formulation of syntheticendo- andexo-brevicomin on southern pine beetle flight and landing behavior (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: pheromone ; inhibitor ; bark beetle ; Dendroctonus ; southern pine beetle ; slow-release formulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A slow release formulation of the bark beetle pheromones,endo- andexo-brevicomin, significantly reduced landing of southern pine beetles on host trees. Beetle flight activity within the infestation was not affected by the pheromones. The pheromones were released at approximately 600 mg/ha/day via Conrel® hollow fiber controlled-release dispensers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994140
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Female pheromone in the black molly fish (Mollinenesia latipinna): A possible metabolic correlate (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 207-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Black molly fish ; Mollinenesia latipinna ; pheromone ; thyroxine ; thiouracil ; general activity stimulus ; social contact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The female black mollyMollinenesia latipinna emits a water-borne pheromone which increases general activity and social contacts among males. Two hormones, thyroxine and thiouracil, administered to the females increase these behaviors in males. Apparently the hormones do not functionally compete in this species, and both seem to elevate the emission of the male stimulant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994147
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    Sex pheromone of the stable fly: Evaluation of methyl- and 1,5-dimethylalkanes as mating stimulants (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 245-249 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: stable fly ; Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) ; pheromone ; sex pheromone ; branched alkanes ; mating stimulant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Each of 20 methyl-branched and 1,5-dimethyl-branched alkanes that comprise the active principle of saturated hydrocarbons of the female stable fly,Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was synthesized and evaluated for mating stimulant activity. The compounds that showed the highest degree of activity in bioassays were 15-methyl- and 15,19-dimethyltritriacontanes.
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    Mating-stimulant pheromone and cuticular lipid constituents of the little house fly,Fannia canicularis (L.) (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 269-278 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fannia canicularis (L.) ; little house fly ; pheromone ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-9-pentacosene ; heneicosan-8-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chromatograms of the cuticular lipids washed from recently emerged female and maleFannia canicularis (L.) flies were nearly identical, but by the time the flies were 5 days old, the cuticular components of the two sexes differed considerably. A monoolefin which constituted 66% of the cuticular lipid from 5-day-old females stimulated a copulatory response from males and was identified as (Z)-9-pentacosene. The cuticular lipid of the same age males contained only 1% of this compound. Although all the major constituents of the cuticular lipid from mature females were hydrocarbons, 27% of the lipid washed from 5-day-old males was a nonhydrocarbon material that was represented by a single GLC peak. This material was identified as heneicosan-8-ol acetate.
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    Chemical recognition of the mother by the young of the cichlid fish,Cichlasoma citrinellum (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 461-466 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: communication ; fish ; cichlid ; Cichlasoma citrinellum ; pheromone ; maternal ; development ; predation ; chemoreception ; fry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When placed in aY-maze, the 1–10-day-old free-swimming fry of the Midas cichlid can chemically distinguish between their mother and plain water and between another mother and plain water. They do not distinguish between the two mothers offered together or between their father and plain water. Predation pressures make these responses adaptive.
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    An estimate of the effectiveness of pheromone-baited traps for the suppression ofScolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 527-537 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytus multistriatus ; Dutch elm disease ; pheromone ; Multilure ; mass-trapping ; Ulmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We attempted to suppress a population ofScolytus multistriatus (Marsham), the principal vector of Dutch elm disease, by trapping flying beetles on sticky traps baited with synthetic pheromone. The estimated catch on 421 traps distributed throughout a 1-km2 plot in Detroit, Michigan, was nearly 1 million beetles. Because an estimated 5 million beetles emerged in the plot during the study period, we conclude that this preliminary trapping study had no appreciable effect on suppressing the population. Studies that employ improved materials and techniques are continuing.
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    Diel and age-dependent behavioral patterns of exposure-concealment in three species ofTrogoderma (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 409-423 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; diel behavioral patterns ; 14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; pheromone ; reproductive isolation ; Trogoderma glabrum ; T. inclusum ; T. variabile ; trogodermal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract AdultTrogoderma glabrum, T. inclusum, andT. variabile exhibit diel periods of exposure-concealment behavior, the frequency and duration of which are age-dependent, and the temporal placement of which is species-dependent. Exposure periods correspond with daily maxima in male sensitivity to the most active female-released sex pheromone component, 14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, and with respective periods of sex pheromone release in females. Exposure-concealment behavior may be a factor in reproductive isolation between these species, since potential communication distances are greatly reduced when either males or females are concealed.
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    trans-Perillenal a furanoid monoterpene from pine saw-fly,Neodiprion sertifer (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 309-319 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Neodiprion sertifer ; Pine saw-fly ; Hymenoptera ; Diprionidae ; pheromone ; trans-perillenal ; monoterpene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatile constituents present in nanogram quantities in various body parts and glands of the males and females of the speciesNeodiprion sertifer Geoffr. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) have been investigated by GC-MS. A significant amount of a volatile constituent was detected in the lateral parts of the integument of abdominal segments II-III. The constituent was identified as the furanoid monoterpenetrans-perillenal (I) previously not known to occur in nature. The identification and synthesis of this compound is described.
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    Sex pheromone of the stable fly (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 353-361 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Stable fly ; Stomoxys calcitrans (L) ; pheromone ; mating stimulants ; alkenes ; cuticular lipids ; copulatory behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cuticular alkenes of the female stable fly,Stomoxys calcitrans (L), which were responsible for inducing male fly copulatory behavior are (Z)-9-hentriacontene, (Z)-9-tritriacontene, 13-methyl-1-hen-triacontene and 13-methyl-1-tritriacontene. The identifications of the branched alkenes and the synthesis of these four compounds are described. Bioassays indicate that these materials in combination with previously described methyl branched alkanes are more active than the individual components.
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    Specificity of trail markers of forest and eastern tent caterpillars (1979)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 565-574 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Tortricidae ; Archips cerasivoranus ; trail marker ; pheromone ; interspecific response ; tent caterpillar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Exploratory trails deposited on paper strips by the forest tent caterpillar (FTC),Malacosoma disstria Hubner, and the eastern tent caterpillar (ETC),M. americanum (Fabricius), as well as extracts of these trails, readily elicited interspecific trail-following behavior. In 2-choice tests involving simple Y mazes constructed from these paper strips, the caterpillars of both species preferred by approximately 3∶1 the trails of the FTC. Studies involving whole colonies of the ETC maintained under nearnatural conditions in the laboratory, however, indicated that the trails deposited by successful foragers of the ETC as they returned to their tent from feeding sites were more attractive than the exploratory trails of either the ETC or FTC. The pronounced interspecific response of these congeners to each other's trails suggests that they utilize either qualitatively similar or identical trail-marking chemicals. Both species preferred their own trails to those ofArchips cerasivoranus (Fitch) (Tortricidae), providing the first evidence that more distantly related lepidopterous larvae utilize distinct trails.
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    Identification of the white peach scale sex pheromone (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 941-953 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: White peach scale ; Pseudaulacaspis pentagona ; pheromone ; attractant ; microtechniques ; enantiomer ; isomers ; (R,Z)-3 ; 9-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-3 ; 9-decadien-1-ol propionate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Micro techniques were used to obtain spectroscopic and degradative information from less than 5μg of the sex attractant of female white peach scale,Pseudaulascaspis pentagons (Targioni-Tozzetti) isolated from airborne collections. The pheromone was identified as (Z)-3,9-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-3,9-decadien-1-ol propionate. Both enantiomers of theZ isomer and also the enantiomers of theE isomer were prepared from (R)-or (S)-limonene. Bioassays of material with minimum enantiomeric purity of 95% showed that at extreme dilution only theR,Z isomer attracted male white peach scale; however activity of theS,Z enantiomer could not be completely excluded.
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    Nasonov pheromone of the honey bee,Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). part III. (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 543-554 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honey bees ; Apis mellifera ; pheromone ; Nasonov pheromone ; enzymic oxidation ; terpenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract GC and GC-MS analyses of the multicomponent Nasonov pheromone of the honey bee, and of the air above insects releasing the pheromone, show that constant composition is maintained during release, despite differing volatilities of the components. The regulating mechanism may involve a specific enzyme process, detected in excised Nasonov glands, which converts the major component geraniol into the more volatile (E)-citral. Analysis of honey bees of known ages and at different times of year shows that maximum secretion occurs when foraging is most likely.
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    Deterrence of repeated oviposition in sorghum shootflyAtherigona soccata (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 785-790 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition deterrent ; pheromone ; sorghum shootfly ; Atherigona soccata ; Diptera ; Muscidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sorghum shootfly,Atherigona soccata, under low population density conditions lays one egg per sorghum plant. Possible regulatory mechanisms of this oviposition behavior are reported. The presence of an egg thoroughly washed and reattached to a leaf does not deter further oviposition, indicating the absence of visual cues. When washings from eggs were sprayed on sorghum plants, or when plants from which eggs had been removed were presented to a gravid female, significant deterrence was observed. Apparently a deterrent pheromone is associated with the water-soluble glue with which the females attach their eggs to the leaves. Some deterrent effect persists for at least 7 days.
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    Sex pheromone components and calling behavior of the female dermestid beetle,Trogoderma variabile Ballion (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 115-125 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Trogoderma variabile ; pheromone ; isolation ; identification ; (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; aeration ; Porapak Q ; sex attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the dermestid beetle,Trogoderma variabile Ballion, exhibit a diel pattern of calling behavior. A potent sexual excitant and attractant for the male beetles can be collected on Porapak Q during aeration of female beetles, but cannot be detected in extracts of macerated females. The attractant has been identified as (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal. Of the five additional compounds previously identified as attractants in otherTrogoderma species, only two were found; (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecen-1-ol is present in extracts of macerated female beetles, but not in extracts of Porapak Q, and γ-caprolactone is present in extracts of Porapak Q. Three collection procedures were necessary to ensure that all the pheromone components had been isolated. Synthetic (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal elicits attraction and sexual arousal inT. Variabile males.
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    Behavior and pheromone studies withAttagenus elongatulus Casey (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 219-237 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attagenus elongatulus ; Dermestidae ; pheromone ; behavior ; calling ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males ofAttagenus elongatulus Casey responded to a source of female odor with a characteristic sequence of actions which included: extension of the antennae, elevation of the body by leg extension, rapid zig-zag running, and intermittent bobbing up and down. The courtship sequence also consisted of several activities and was usually followed by a typical copulatory act of less than 1-minute duration. Virgin females exhibited calling behavior which was associated with pheromone release. Female calling activity, female pheromone content, and male responsiveness followed a diurnal cycle with peak values occurring during the earlier hours of the 16L∶8D photoperiod. Quantitative bioassay indicated that a 50% male response level (RD50) occurred at ca. 0.014 female equivalent (FE) exposure.
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    An unusual polyene from male stable flies (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 251-255 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: stable fly ; Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) ; pheromone ; sex pheromone ; polyene ; mating stimulant ; (Z,Z)-1,7,-13-pentacosatriene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major component of the cuticular lipids of male stable flies,Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was identified as (Z,Z)-1,7,13-pentacosatriene. The identification was confirmed by synthesis. This material is of unknown biological function; it is apparently not produced by female stable flies.
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    Chemical basis for interspecific responses to sex pheromones ofTrogoderma species (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 337-347 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle) ; T. variabile ; T. glabrum ; T. inclusum ; pheromone ; (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; interspecific response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Interspecific responses among severalTrogoderma species have been correlated with their pheromone components. The most important component emitted by four of the species is (Z)- or (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, which is not detectable in extracts of macerated beetles. The response to macerated beetles is probably due to the corresponding alcohol and ester. The recency of common origin of seven species is discussed.
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    Identification of new sex pheromone components inTrichoplusia ni, predicted from biosynthetic precursors (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1309-1323 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; pheromone ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; 11-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to the previously identified components (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and dodecyl acetate, sex pheromone glands ofTrichoplusia ni release (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate. Bioassays in a flight tunnel showed that a synthetic blend of these six compounds elicited complete flights to the source from 95% of the males tested and elicited hairpenciling responses at the end of the flights from 88% of the males tested. This blend was not significantly different from intact pheromone glands, which elicited complete flights to the source from 98% of the males tested and hairpenciling responses from 91% of the males tested. In contrast, the previously identified two-component blend elicited significantly fewer complete flights to the source (33%) and did not elicit hairpenciling responses from any of the males tested. The search for additional sex pheromone components was prompted by our previous identification of unusual fatty acyl moieties in the gland that seemed to be possible biosynthetic intermediates.
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    ACaenorhabditis elegans dauer-inducing pheromone and an antagonistic component of the food supply (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1265-1280 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Caenorhabditis elegans ; pheromone ; nematode ; dauer larva ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The free-living soil nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans forms a nonfeeding dispersal stage at the second molt called the dauer larva when exposed to environmental cues indicating crowding and limited food. An improved bioassay, tenfold more sensitive than that used previously, has been used in the characterization of the two chemical cues which act competitively in controlling this developmental process. The pheromone concentration provides a measure of the population density; it enhances dauer larva formation, and inhibits recovery (exit) from the dauer stage. The pheromone is a family of related molecules which are nonvolatile, very stable, and possess physical and Chromatographie properties similar to those of hydroxylated fatty acids and bile acids. A food signal, with effects on development opposite those of the pheromone, is produced by bacteria, and is also present in yeast extract. In contrast to the pheromone, the food signal is a labile substance which is neutral and hydrophilic.
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    Demonstration of sex pheromones in caddisflies (Trichoptera) (1984)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 171-175 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aquatic insects ; attractant ; caddisfly ; Gumaga ; odor ; pheromone ; scent ; Sericostomatidae ; sex pheromone ; Trichoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field tests with live, caged females and whole-body extracts of females of the caddisflyGumaga griseola (McLachlan) (Trichoptera: Sericostomatidae) demonstrate, for the first time, the existence of a chemically mediated sexual communication system in this insect order. Both live females and extracts are significantly more attractive to conspecific males than either empty control traps or traps baited withGumaga nigricula (McLachlan) females. Anatomical structures suggest that semiochemicals are widespread in Trichoptera.
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    Attractive and inhibitory pheromones produced in the bark beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis, during host colonization: Regulation of inter- and intraspecific competition (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 861-877 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Cleridae ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Enoclerus lecontei ; Pinus ponderosa ; bark beetle ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; verbenone ; trans-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; aggregation ; pheromone ; competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Quantities of attractive (exo-brevicomin and frontalin) and inhibitory (trans-verbenol, verbenone, and ipsdienol) pheromones were monitored in both sexes ofDendroctonus brevicomis during their colonization of a ponderosa pine. Verbenone was found in males in the greatest amounts at the time of landing, and it declined more rapidly than the other pheromones in either sex. The amounts of frontalin andexo-brevicomin in males and females, respectively, increased after initial boring within the host but began to decline after mating. The quantity oftrans-verbenol in both sexes (females had significantly more) declined more gradually thanexo-brevicomin, frontalin, and verbenone. Ipsdienol was found only in males during the initial stages of attack when encountering the resin. It is suggested that along with a general decline in all pheromonal components, a sufficient change in the ratio of the attractive pheromones to an inhibitory pheromone,trans-verbenol, may play a role in termination of aggregation.trans-Verbenol may also function along with verbenone and ipsdienol in limiting the density of attack and thus intraspecific competition. These inhibitory pheromones also appear to cause several competing species of bark beetle to avoid landing in areas infested withD. brevicomis, even when their own pheromone is present.
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    Electroantennographic and coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic responses of the mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata, to male-produced volatiles and mango odor (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1823-1836 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diptera ; Tephritidae ; Mediterranean fruit fly ; Ceratitis capitata ; pheromone ; attractants ; mango volatiles ; Mangifera indica ; Headspace analysis ; gas chromatography-electroantennography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have identified five compounds from the headspace of calling male Mediterranean fruit flies (medfly),Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and three compounds from the headspace of ripe mango (Mangifera indica L). using coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic (GC-EAG) recordings, coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis, and electroantennographic (EAG) assays of standards. The male-produced volatiles eliciting responses from female antennae were ethyl-(E)-3-octenoate, geranyl acetate, (E,E)-α-farnesene, linalool, and indole. An EAG dose-response test of linalool enantiomers and indole with female medfly antennae showed relatively strong EAG activities, but no significant difference between (R)-(-)-linalool and (S)-(+)-linalool. The three mango volatiles were identified as (1S)-(-)-β-pinene, ethyl octanoate, andβ-caryophyllene. In addition, a strong antennal response was recorded from a contaminant,α-copaene, present in a commercial sample ofβ-caryophyllene. The EAG response amplitudes from both male and female antennae to the above three mango volatiles were significantly greater than to a hexanol control. For both male and female medfly antennae, the greatest EAG responses were elicited byβ-caryophyllene followed by ethyl octanoate. The mean EAG responses of female antennae toβ-caryophyllene and (1S)-(-)-β-pinene were significantly greater than those of male antennae.
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    Chemical investigation of aggregation behavior ofTriatoma bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 2069-2078 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hemiptera ; Reduviidae ; Triatoma ; aggregation ; pheromone ; feces ; o-aminoacetophenone ; quinazolines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nymphs ofTriatoma infestans andTriatoma mazzottii are weakly attracted to their feces and to extracts of feces in polar solvents, but not to nonpolar solvent extracts. The major volatile compounds identified in feces by solvent extraction and thermal desorption wereo-aminoacetophenone, 4-methylquinazoline, and 2,4-dimethylquinazoline, but these showed no attractant activity at a range of concentrations. Choice tests with a moving current of air gave no positive reaction to feces, extracts, or pure compounds.
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    Testing the “new associations” biological control concept with a tachinid parasitoid (Euclytia flava) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1031-1042 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; Tachinidae ; Pentatomidae ; Nezara ; Podisus ; biological control ; pheromone ; kairomone ; exotic host
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the spined soldier bug,Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), produce an attractant pheromone that is exploited as a host-finding kairomone by a complex of parasitic species. The capability to catch hundreds of a generalist tachinid fly parasitoid,Euclytia flava, alive in traps baited with the pheromone ofP. maculiventris provided an opportunity to test the premise of the “new associations” biological control concept. The hypothesis that host species newly associated with a parasitoid are maladapted relative to native-native associations was tested by givingE. flava females a choice between native and exotic stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). WildE. flava females preferred to oviposit on exotic pentatomid species rather than indigenous, known host species, both in field traps baited with the pheromone of a native host and in the laboratory. Data presented here demonstrate that an invader may be vulnerable to native parasitoids in one aspect of the parasitism process (acceptance), yet go unrecognized as a potential host.
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    Development and Pheromone Communication Systems in Hybrids of Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 191-209 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis ipsilon ; Agrotis segetum ; hybridization ; pheromone ; diapause ; migration ; sexual isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hybrids were obtained by crossing males of the turnip moth Agrotis segetum, which has a period of arrested development in the larval stage, with females of the migrant and nondiapausing black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. No progeny were obtained by crossing females of A. segetum with males of A. ipsilon. Backcrosses were successful only by crossing hybrids with both sexes of A. ipsilon. No larval oligopause occurred when hybrid larvae were reared under conditions inducing arrest in A. segetum (12L:12D, 21°C). Wind tunnel tests showed interattractiveness of F1 hybrids with A. ipsilon but not with A. segetum. Single sensillum recordings of pheromone-sensitive hairs on the antennae of males of the parent species revealed differences in the distribution of sensilla. F1 and F2 hybrids exhibited the same receptor cell types and distribution as A. ipsilon. Gas chromatographic analysis of female pheromone gland extracts revealed that F1 hybrids were also very close to A. ipsilon.
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    Sex Pheromone of Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne brassicae: Identification and Field Trapping of Male Aphids and Parasitoids (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1881-1890 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphid ; Brevicoryne brassicae ; Homoptera ; pheromone ; attractant ; Diaeretiella rapae ; Praon volucre ; Hymenoptera ; isoprenoid ; nepetalactone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, is shown by GC and GC-MS analysis of pheromone entrained from sexual females, and by electrophysiological studies on single cell preparations from male antennae, to comprise (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone. The compound proved to be attractive in a laboratory bioassay and release of the pheromone from glass vials placed above water traps in crops of autumn brassicaceous crops increased the catch of males of this species. The specialist parasitoid of B. brassicae, Diaeretiella rapae, and the more general aphid parasitoid Praon volucre were found in significantly larger numbers in pheromone traps as compared to the controls, under certain conditions.
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    Deterrence of repeated oviposition by fruit-marking pheromone inCeratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 55-63 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: pheromone ; Ceratitis capitata ; oviposition deterrent ; laboratory insect quality ; Tephritidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract During ovipositor dragging on the fruit surface following egg laying in hawthorne fruit,Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) females deposit an unidentified pheromone that deters repeated oviposition attempts in that fruit. The pheromone proved water soluble and, when collected and sprayed in aqueous solution onto uninfested fruits in laboratory cages, effectively deterred boring attempts byC. capitata females of wild origin for at least 6 days (termination of test). A laboratory population ofC. capitata cultured on artificial media for more than 200 generations deposited pheromone that proved equally as deterrent to wild fly oviposition as pheromone from wild flies. However, lab fly oviposition was not effectively deterred by the presence of pheromone. The ecological significance of the pheromone is discussed.
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    Mating stimulant pheromone and cuticular lipid constituents ofFannia femoralis (Stein) (Diptera: Muscidae) (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 83-93 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fannia femoralis (Stein) ; pheromone ; mating stimulant pheromone ; (Z)-11-hentriacontene ; cuticular lipid ; fly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cuticular lipids of male and femaleFannia femoralis were similar for recently emerged insects but soon began to develop chromatographic patterns characteristic of each sex. Mature females contained more C31 and C33 monoolefin in the cuticular lipid than males. Also, the double bonds in the monoolefins of the female lipid were situated predominantly at the eleventh and thirteenth carbons, while most of those from the males were centrally located in the molecule or at the ninth carbon. The female C31 monoolefin stimulated copulation by the males, but more mating activity occurred when the saturated hydrocarbons present in the female cuticular lipids were added. The synthetic monoolefin most active as a mating stimulant pheromone was (Z)-11-hentriacontene, but the addition of female alkanes or of syntheticn-alkanes to (Z)-11-hentriacontene increased the activity of the synthetic pheromone.
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    Species-specific natural products of adult male leaf-footed bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 53-62 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coreidae ; Heteroptera ; Hemiptera ; sex attractant ; pheromone ; sexual selection ; n-octanol ; benzyl alcohol ; vanillin ; 2-phenyl-ethanol ; leaf-footed bugs ; chemotaxonomy ; allomome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The 7–8th ventral abdominal gland secretions from 6 adult male leaf-footed bugs,Leptoglossus spp., and a related species,Euthochtha galeator, were chemically analyzed by GC-MS. Of the 11 volatile compounds identified, all but one of the compounds (n-octanol) were aromatic, including compounds with the familiar odors of cherries, vanilla, cinnamon, and roses. The preponderance of aromatics in the adult male ventral abdominal gland secretions contrasts sharply with the aliphatic compounds which comprise the metathoracic gland defensive secretions of adult males and females. Also, the male-specific secretions are species-specific, both qualitatively and quantitatively, whereas the metathoracic gland secretions of Coreoidea are only distinctive at the generic level. It is proposed that males were favored as the emitters of attractive signals by sexual selection, whereas the specificity of the signal is the result of natural selection against hybridization.
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    Pheromone of the male flesh fly,Sarcophaga bullata (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 125-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diptera ; Sarcophagidae ; flesh fly ; Sarcophaga bullata ; pheromone ; hexanal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hexanal, isolated from a whole animal extract of the flesh fly,Sarcophaga bullata, attracts over 65% of the females tested with no apparent effect on males.
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    Specialization of olfactory cells to insect-and host-produced volatiles in the bark beetleIps pini (say) (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 109-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bark beetle ; Ips pini ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; enantiomer ; olfaction ; single cell ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophysiological recordings inIps pini were made from single olfactory cells stimulated by six concentrations of eleven compounds—either pheromones or host constituents. The receptor cells were grouped according to their differential responses to these biologically significant compounds. Cells specialized to either ipsdienol or ipsenol (pheromones for severalIps species) appeared to be relatively uniform in their sensitivity to all compounds tested. Another group of cells specialized tocis- andtrans-verbenol were more variable in their sensitivities to the substances tested. The activation of separate groups of cells by the different pheromones and host compounds shows (by exclusion) that behaviorally expressed syner-gistic as well as inhibitory action mainly is due to an interaction in the central nervous system rather than an interaction of the compounds on the receptors. All “ipsdienol cells” responded to both enantiomers of ipsdienol. Although some differences between responses to the enantiomers by individual cells were observed, these did not form a consistent pattern, and no net differences could be found between the eastern and western populations ofI. pint.
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    Chiral specificity of the sex pheromone of the red-headed pine sawfly,Neodiprion lecontei (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 237-249 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sawflies ; pheromone ; stereospecificity ; (−)-erythro configuration ; enantiomers ; chirality ; optical isomers ; Neodiprion lecontei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stereospecificity of the sawfly pheromone 3,7-dimethyl-2-pentadecanol acetate againstNeodiprion lecontei was studied. Twoerythro and a 1∶1 mixture ofthreo isomers (C-2 and C-3) were synthesized for this purpose. It was found that only one isomer with (−)-erythro configuration (2S, 3S) had biological activity. The potency of this synthetic pheromone was roughly identical to the one shown by the naturally occurring pheromone in this species.
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    Quantitative estimates of the western pine beetle attractive pheromone components,exo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene in nature (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 397-414 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; myrcene ; attractant ; pheromone ; pheromone production ; pest management ; bark beetle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three parameters are described for estimating the natural occurrence of chemically defined insect pheromones: (1) the rate and duration of release by the insect, (2) the density of the pheromone-emitting insect population in both time and space, and (3) dispersal and degradation rates of the chemicals. Each of these parameters, except dispersal, was estimated for a population ofDendroctonus brevicomis LeC, and its three component attractive pheromones. A single generation of 610,000 beetles, believed to comprise the entire population in a 65-km2 forest, was estimated to have released 0.78, 3.7, and 370.5 g of frontalin,exo-brevicomin, and myrcene, respectively, within a 30-day period.
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    Identification of a four-component sex pheromone of the female oriental fruit moth,Grapholitha molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 423-427 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Grapholitha molesta ; Oriental fruit moth ; attractant ; pheromone ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol ; dodecanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The female-emitted pheromone ofGrapholitha molesta (Busck), the Oriental fruit moth, was collected by holding females in glass flasks during calling. Flask washes were found to contain four pheromone components: (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate and (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate in a 100∶7 ratio, and (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol and dodecanol in a 100∶20 ratio. The ratio of (Z)-8-acetate to (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol was approx. 100∶30. Approximately 0.1–0.2 ng of pheromone was recovered per female per hour of calling.
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    Synthesis of the male stable fly polyene (Z,Z)-1,7,13-pentacosatriene and its geometrical isomers (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 415-422 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Stable fly ; Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) ; pheromone ; sex pheromone ; polyene ; mating stimulant ; (Z,Z)-1,7,13-pentacosatriene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The four geometrical isomers of 1,7,13-pentacosatriene were synthesized from 1,7-octadiyne. Two of the required isomers were synthesized using known methodology. Hydrogenation of acetylenic linkages were employed to produce predominantly cis alkenes, and alkali metal/amine reduction was used to produce a trans alkene. It was thus possible to produce the (Z,Z) and the (Z,E) isomers. Methods for olefin inversion were then employed to obtain the other two isomers.
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    Trapping the western pine beetle at and near a source of synthetic attractive pheromone Effects of trap size and position (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 519-531 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pinus ponderosa ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; western pine beetle ; attractant ; pheromone ; behavior ; traps ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Western pine beetles were caught on unbaited sticky traps placed near a source ofexo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene. Size of trap, distance and direction from the source of attractant, and height from the ground were varied. Significant differences in trap catch were observed in relation to each of the variables. Traps close to the source of attractant caught more beetles than traps farther from the source. Traps downwind of the source of attractant caught more beetles than did upwind traps. More males than females were trapped close to the source of attractant.
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    An efficient synthesis of muscalure from jojoba oil or oleyl alcohol (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 557-564 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z)-9-tricosene ; muscalure ; housefly ; pheromone ; Musca domestica ; jojoba oil ; oleyl alcohol ; sex attractant ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A four-step synthesis of (Z)-9-tricosene (“muscalure”), a component of the pheromone of the housefly, from jojoba oil (or three-step from oleyl alcohol) by 3-carbon (or 5-carbon) unit elongation was developed in overall high yield. The sequence of reactions and the purity of the products could be easily followed, with relatively good accuracy, by NMR technique.
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    Laboratory experiments to determine if crayfish can communicate chemically in a flow-through system (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 115-126 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agonistic behavior ; chemical communication ; crayfish ; pheromone ; Procambarus clarkii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The importance of chemical cues for transmitting information concerning sexual identity, agonistic state, and stress-related condition in the crayfishProcambarus clarkii (Girard) was examined in a flow-through system. Experiments tested the effects of “conditioned water” from stimulus tanks on the behavior of solitary male or female crayfish. Twenty males and 20 females were subjected to a random sequence of five treatments: unconditioned water (control), conditioned water flowing through tanks containing a solitary male or female, and conditioned water from tanks holding either two males or two females. Durations of the following behaviors were recorded: chelae up, chela(e) in baffle hole, chela waving, climbing, digging, grooming, gross body movement, and meral spread. Results indicated that crayfish chemically detected another animal within 0.25 m without additional visual or tactile stimuli; however, crayfish apparently did not “communicate” information on sexual identity, agonistic state, or stress condition, nor does this detection necessarily imply discrimination between stimuli from crayfish and other taxa (e.g., fish). Our conclusions are contrasted with the two previous reports on chemical communication in crayfish in which experimental animals were tested in static systems. We suggest that a temporal separation of molting and copulation and a long reproductive receptivity period for females (which would allow abundant intersexual encounters) could account for a lack of selective pressure to evolve long-distance sex pheromones.
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    Pentatomid natural products (1978)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 161-172 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pentatomidae ; Heteroptera ; Asopinae ; sex attractant ; pheromone ; (E)-2-hexenal ; α-terpineol ; benzyl alcohol ; exocrine glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to the primarily defensive metathoracic glands, adult Pentatomoidea possess a pair of active exocrine glands that open between the III and IV abdominal tergites. In the southern green stink bug,Nezara viridula, and other phytophagous species examined, the glands are small (〈 10 μg secretion/individual) and of approximately equal size in both sexes. In some, but not all, of the predaceous pentatomids (Asopinae), the III-IV dorsal abdominal glands are small in females (〈 10 μg secretion/individual) and extremely large in males (〉500 μg secretion/individual). Using a GC-MS system, the secretion from both males and females ofN. viridula (Pentatominae) was found to contain (E)-2-hexenal, hexanal, 1-hexanol, andn-tridecane. Females contained about three times moren-tridecane than males. The capacious glands ofPodisus maculiventris (Asopinae) males produce (E)-2-hexenal, benzyl alcohol, α-terpineol, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, andcis-piperitol. The composition of the previously unanalyzed secretions from the adult III-IV dorsal abdominal glands is compared and contrasted to that of secretions from the metathoricic gland, and the role of coexisting exocrine glands in adult Heteroptera is discussed.
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    Heliothis virescens: Attraction of males to blends of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 709-716 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens (F.) ; virelure ; pheromone ; sex attractant ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate ; (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol formate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract In field trapping experiments, 16∶1 and 32∶1 blends of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate (Z-9-TDF) and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z-9-TDAL) caught as manyHeliothis virescens (F.) as 3 virgin females and virelure, the synthetic pheromone of this species [a 16∶1 mixture of (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z-11-HDAL) and (Z)-9-tetradecenal]. Z-9-TDF and (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol formate (Z-7-DDF) are structurally similar to Z-11-HDAL and Z-9-TDAL, respectively. The sensory input elicited by Z-9-TDF appears to substitute for the sensory input of Z-1 1-HDAL. In contrast, Z-7-DDF had no significant effect on catches of maleH. virescens when used alone, in combination with either Z-11-HDAL or Z-9-TDF as a bait in traps, or as a disruptant of pheromone communication via permeation of the atmosphere. Furthermore, Z-9-TDF may be a more stable and economical attractant forH, virescens males than is Z-1 1-HDAL.
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    Tandem calling pheromone in the genusLeptothorax (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Behavioral analysis of specificity (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 35-52 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Leptothorax ; Mychothorax ; Harpagoxenus americanus ; recruitment ; pheromone ; poison gland ; specificity ; comparative behavioral analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ants of the genusLeptothorax recruit to new nest sites and newly discovered food sources by tandem running. This involves one ant directly leading a nestmate to the target area. Pheromones from the poison gland have proved the most important signal employed during this recruitment behavior. Comparative behavioral analysis with 11 species ofLeptothorax demonstrated a subgenus specificity of the tandem calling pheromone between the subgeneraLeptothorax andMychothorax.
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    Determination of enantiomer composition of several bicyclic ketal insect pheromone components (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 27-43 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: pheromone ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; multistriatin ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Dendroctonus frontalis ; Scolytus multistriatus ; enantiomeric composition ; optical purity ; chiral shift reagent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Details are given for the determination by a chiral shift reagent of enantiomer compositions of several bark beetle pheromone components, which are bicyclic ketals. The procedure was carried out on three samples in the range of 200 micrograms. For one sample, the determination was achieved at the level of 5 micrograms.
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    Attraction of redbanded leafroller moths,Argyrotaenia velutinana, to blends of (Z)-and (E)-11-tridecenyl acetates (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 143-149 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Redbanded leafroller ; Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) ; (Z)-11-tridecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tridecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; attractant ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The pheromone ofArgyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) is a 92∶8∶150 mixture of (Z)-11-, (E)-11-tetradecenyl and dodecyl acetates. An 85∶15 blend of (Z)-11- and (E)-11-tridecenyl acetates produces a trap catch equivalent to that with the pheromone blend. The sensory input elicited by (Z)-11-tridecenyl acetate appears to substitute for the sensory input of both (Z)-11-tetradecenyl and dodecyl acetates, whereas the input from (E)-11-tridecenyl acetate appears to substitute for that of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate. Surprisingly, addition of dodecyl acetate to the tridecenyl acetates mixture decreases trap catches.
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    Inhibition of the attractant pheromone response inIps pini andI. paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): Field evaluation of ipsenol and linalool (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 257-267 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips ; paraconfusus ; I. pini ; pheromone ; allomone ; inhibition ; ipsenol ; linalool ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Linalool, a compound from maleI. pini, previously suggested as an inhibitor forI. paraconfusus, has no obvious effect on the response ofI. paraconfusus to ponderosa pine bolts containing maleI. paraconfusus. I. pini from California and New York equally inhibit the response ofI. paraconfusus to maleI. paraconfusus. Ipsenol, one component of the attractant pheromone ofIps paraconfusus, inhibits attacks byIps pini on ponderosa pine logs baited with maleI. pini. The concentration of ipsenol used appears to be critical for effective suppression of attacks.
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    Isolation and tentative identification of lineatin, a pheromone from the frass ofTrypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 549-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trypodendron lineatum ; lineatin ; pheromone ; attractant ; tricyclic acetal ; Scolytidae ; aggregation pheromone ; ambrosia beetle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An attractant compound was isolated from frass produced byTrypodendron lineatum female beetles boring in Douglas fir. The proposed structure is one of two isomeric tricyclic acetals, to which the trivial name lineatin is assigned.
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    Mating stimulant pheromone and cuticular lipid constituents ofFannia pusio (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Muscidae) (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 73-81 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fannia pusio (Wiedemann) ; pheromone ; mating stimulant pheromone ; (Z)-11-hentriacontene ; cuticular lipid ; fly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chromatograms of the cuticular lipids washed from newly emerged male and femaleFannia pusio were nearly identical. By the time the flies were 1 day old, the chromatographic profiles for the sexes were different. Mature females contained more C31- and C33-hydrocarbons than the males. The double bonds of the female monoolefins were mostly at the eleventh and thirteenth carbons, but those of the males were predominantly at the ninth carbon. Most active in stimulating copulation by males were the unbranched monoolefins with 31 and 33 carbons from the females. When they were synthesized and tested, the most active compound was (Z)-11-hentriacontene.
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    Identification of the California red scale sex pheromone (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 211-224 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: California red scale ; Aonidiella aurantii ; pheromone ; attractant ; enantiomer ; isomers (E,Z)-3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-3,9-decadien-1-yl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone components of female California red scale,Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) were isolated from airborne collections and found to be 3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate and (Z)-3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-3,9-decadien-1-yl acetate. Both enantiomers of the latter compound as well as the corresponding enantiomers of theE isomer were prepared from (S)- or (R)-carvone. Bioassays with each of the four isomers showed that only theR,Z isomer attracted male red scale.
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    Patterns of sex pheromone release from adult females, and effects of air velocity and pheromone release rates on theoretical communication distances inTrogoderma glabrutm (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 395-408 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; chemical communication distances ; Dermestidae ; 14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; pheromone ; release rates ; Trogoderma glabrum ; trogodermal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract By means of olfactory communication models, theoretical maximum communication distances for dispensers releasing synthetic (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal (trogodermal) were confirmed in windtunnel tests withTrogoderma glabrum males. Pheromone release rates ofT. glabrum females are at least 104 greater during than before calling, and are gradually reduced after calling. The models predict that, even under ideal conditions, females may attract males from only several meters. The models are used to estimate active space lengths for female and synthetic pheromone sources, as a function of realistic release rates and wind velocities.
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    Behavioral responses of the female eastern spruce budwormChoristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) to the sex pheromone of her own species (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 649-655 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; pheromone ; female behavior ; electroantennogram ; dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female eastern spruce budworm moths respond to the synthetic sex pheromone of their own species (a mixture ofcis- andtrans-11-tetradecenal) by walking, antennal grooming, flexation of the body, extension of the ovipositors, and oviposition. The sex pheromone is perceived by receptors on the antennae. Electroantennogram responses from the female are approximately two-thirds the amplitude of those obtained from males.
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    Heterocyclic compounds as releasers of the fright reaction in the giant danioDanio malabaricus (Jerdon) (Cyprinidae, Ostariophysi, Pisces) (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 665-673 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fish ; Danio malabaricus (Jerdon) ; fright reaction ; pheromone ; heterocyclic compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-nine pteridine, purine, and pyrimidine derivatives were tested with schools of the giant danioDanio malabaricus (Jerdon). The fright reaction was elicited by three pteridine derivatives: 2,6-diamino-4-oxodihydropteridine, isoxanthopterin, and 6-acetonyliso-xanthopterin. A minor effect could not be excluded for three purine derivatives: I-5-MP, IDP, and ITP.
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    Role of (Z)- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate pheromone components in the sexual behavior of the (Z) strain of the european corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 9-15 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; European corn ; borer ; pheromone ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A glass tube olfactometer bioassay was used to examine pheromone response of males of the (Z)-pheromone strain ofOstrinia nubilalis (Hubner). The presence of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate at the natural ratio to (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (97∶3; Z∶E) did not consistently elevate wing-fanning, upwind walking, or clasper extrusion over (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate alone. This bioassay did not reveal the behavioral role of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate.
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    Mate location strategies of gypsy moths in dense populations (1984)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 25-31 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; gypsy moth ; attractant ; pheromone ; population densities ; sexual selection ; location strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In high-density populations, the male gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) “appetitive” flight is primarily vertical and within 1–50 cm of tree boles. Preceding location of a female, males land on trees or occasionally tree foliage and walk while wing-fanning. In high-density populations females may mate before calling, often prior to wing expansion or hardening. Additional matings may occur before any or full deposition of egg masses. Virgin females are not coy, whether their wings are unexpanded, or hardened and held rooflike, or whether they are calling or not. They generally mate with the first willing male and do not exercise sexual selection by an acceptance or rejection reaction. The mating structure in dense populations would seem to reduce selective pressure for female emission of and direct male anemotactic flight to attractant pheromone. A low proportion of males “search” appropriate objects, especially tree trunks, in the walking-wing-fanning state. Such males often are successful in locating virgin females before calling commences. This male strategy presumably would not be successful in low population densities.
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    Redundancy in a chemical signal: Behavioral responses of maleTrichoplusia ni to a 6-Component sex pheromone blend (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1635-1658 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper moth ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; redundancy ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The flight response of maleTrichoplusia ni was observed in a flight tunnel to a sex pheromone blend composed of six components:Z7–12∶Ac, 12∶Ac,Z5-12∶Ac, 11-12∶Ac,Z7-14∶Ac, and Z9-14∶Ac. The number of males reaching a 3000-μg source of this blend was 〉 95%, equal to that observed to female glands and significantly greater than with the previously identified two-component blend (Z7-12∶Ac + 12∶Ac). In subtraction tests, all five-component blends, with the exception of the blend lacking the primary componentZ7-12∶Ac, and several four-component blends elicited similar peak levels of upwind flight, source contacts, and hairpencil displays to that observed with the six-component blend. We characterize the substitution of certain minor components for one another as a form of redundancy in the chemical signal and suggest that it contributes to response specificity and signal recognition in males. The results also support the concept that the full blend of components acts as a unit to influence male behavior at all phases of the response. Individual minor components were not responsible for eliciting specific behaviors in the sequence.
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    Volatile compounds from the predatory insectPodisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 561-568 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Podisus maculiventris ; spined soldier bug ; Hemiptera ; Pentatomidae ; allomone ; pheromone ; kairomone ; linalool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the predatory spined soldier bug,Podisus maculiventris, the dorsal abdominal glands are much smaller in adult females than males. Females produce a mixture of (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-hexenoic acid, benzaldehyde, and nonanal in these glands. The female dorsal abdominal gland secretion may be a close-range pheromone since the dorsal abdominal gland secretion from males has been shown to be a long-range aggregation pheromone in this species. The metathoracic scent gland secretions of male and female spined soldier bugs are apparently identical, and similar to that of other pentatomids, except for the presence of the monoterpene alcohol, linalool.
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    Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) attraction to disparlure enantiomers and the olefin precursor in the People's Republic of China (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 753-757 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; gypsy moth ; Lepid optera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone ; disparlure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone traps baited with disparlure,cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyl-octadecane, captured males ofLymantria dispar, the gypsy moth, at two widely separated locations in the People's Republic of China. The (+) enantiomer of disparlure attracted significantly more males than the racemate; addition of olefin reduced captures. The duration of the flight period was longer (eight weeks) and peaked earlier near Beijing than farther north near Dunhua (five weeks).
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    Aggregation pheromone ofCarpophilus dimidiatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and responses toCarpophilus pheromones in South Carolina (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1763-1779 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carpophilus spp. ; C. dimidiatus ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; pheromone ; hydrocarbon ; tetraene ; trap ; corn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major component of the male-produced aggregation pheromone ofCarpophilus dimidiatus (F.) is (3E, 5E, 7E, 9E)-6,8-diethyl-4-methyl-3,5,7,9-dodecatetraene. It attracts beetles of both sexes in the field and is synergized by odors from fermenting bread dough; mean trap catches for the tetraene alone, tetraene plus dough, dough alone, and control were 24.5, 48.3, 0.02, and 0.00, respectively. In the laboratory, individual males produced 0.58 µg±0.35 µg (SD) of the tetraene per day, but males in groups of 10–50 produced 〈2% as much per beetle. A second male-specific compound, (3E, 5E, 7E, 9E)-5,7-diethyl-9-methyl-3,5,7,9-tridecatetraene, was also identified fromC. dimidiatus and is about 5% as abundant as the major pheromone component.Carpophilus flight activity was monitored for one year in South Carolina corn fields with the pheromones forC. dimidiatus, C. freemani Dobson,C. mutilatus Erichson,C. hemipterus (L.),C. lugubris Murray, andC. obsoletus Erichson, all in combination with bread dough. The first four of these species accounted for 18, 70, 5.7, and 0.03%, respectively, of the totalCarpophilus trapped, but noC. lugubris orC. obsoletus were captured. Captures ofC. freemani were as high as 11,400/trap/week. Species specificity for the first four pheromones was high, except that a synthetic impurity in theC. dimidiatus pheromone was somewhat attractive toC. freemani andC. mutilatus. Three other species captured.C. antiques Melsheimer,C. marginellus Motschulsky, andC. humeralis (F.), accounted for 0.005, 5.0, and 1.3% of the total catch, respectively.C. antiquus was attracted primarily to the pheromone ofC. dimidiatus, butC. marginellus andC. humeralis responded to most of the test pheromones. There were two major periods ofCarpophilus flight activity: February through June and September through November.
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    Pheromone-mediated mating in the aphid parasitoid,Aphidius nigripes (hymenoptera: Aphididae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 959-972 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphid parasitoid ; pheromone ; mating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mating in the aphid parasitoid,Aphidius nigripes, is mediated by a female sex pheromone that stimulates both upwind flight and courtship behavior by males. There is no evidence of any overt behavior associated with the release of the pheromone, but bioassay results, using female extracts, suggest that the pheromone is produced in the abdomen, although it may be actively released from the entire body surface. Age does not appear to have a major influence on either pheromone production by the female or on male responsiveness. However, field data suggest the presence of a strong diel periodicity in the emission of and/or receptivity to the pheromone. Laboratory bioassay results indicated diel changes in the male response but more refined techniques are needed to determine if such periodicity exists in pheromone production by females. Following mating, female pheromone production is significantly reduced. The potential use of the parasitoid sex pheromone in integrated management of aphids is discussed.
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    Semiochemicals from bark beetles: New results, remarks, and reflections (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1043-1063 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bark beetle ; identification ; pheromone ; Dendroctonus ; Ips ; Pityogenes ; Pityophthorus ; Taphrorychus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A brief survey is given about recent results in the identification of semiochemicals in bark beetles: Males ofIps sexdentatus (Boern.), stressed by the attack on resinous trees produce large amounts of 3(S)-1-methyl-5-(1-hydroxyl-1-methylethyl)-cyclohexa-1,3-diene. The compound appears to be derived from Δ3-carene and acts as a repellent. Males ofIps typographus (L.), stressed through the attack on unsuitable host material release 3-methyl-7-methylene-1,3(E), 8-nonatriene, which seems to act as a repellent. The odor bouquet of three species ofPityogenes is described. The occurrence of (+)-grandisol and other compounds related to weevil pheromones points to a close relation between Scolytidae and Curculionidae. Females ofDendroctonus simplex (Le Conte) use (−)-frontalin as the main pheromone. 6-Methyl-6-hepten-2-one, a minor component among the volatile compounds released by the females, is regarded as a possible precursor of frontalin. Similarly, (2R,5S)-2(1-hydroxyl-1-methylethyl)-5-methyltetrahydrofuran, pityol, a pheromone ofPityophthorus spp., is regarded to at least share a common biogenetic precursor with 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, sulcatol. A new bicylic acetal, 2-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, is described as an aggregation pheromone of the beech bark beetle,Taphrorychus bicolor (Herbst). Structural relationships between bark beetle pheromones and plant volatiles are discussed.
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    Dodecanoic Acid Is the Oviposition Pheromone ofLutzomyia longipalpis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2657-2671 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lutzomyia longipalpis ; oviposition ; pheromone ; apneumone ; additive interaction ; single sensillum recording ; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ; oviposition bioassay ; dodecanoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sandfly,Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva), produces an oviposition pheromone in the accessory glands that is secreted onto the eggs during oviposition. This compound attracts and/or stimulates gravid females for egg-laying. The compound was identified as dodecanoic acid, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, and chemical derivatizations. The synthetic analog induced the same behavioral response in gravid sandflies as the whole egg extract when present in biologically relevant quantities. When single sensillum recordings were taken from the ascoid on the antennae of female sandflies, the response to egg extract and dodecanoic acid was similar. There was a dose dependent response to dodecanoic acid and preferential sensitivity compared to other fatty acids. There was a strong additive interaction upon the behavior ofL. longipalpis when dodecanoic acid was tested in a bioassay with the known oviposition attractant apneumones from rabbit feces, hexanal, and 2-methyl-2-butanol. The results suggested that sandflies acquired hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) from the blood meal and over a period of four days this was converted to dodecanoic acid. The role of these “token” semiochemicals in sandfly oviposition is discussed with respect to additive interactions and the significance of their origin from larval food resources.
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    Volatile Compounds from the Forehead Region of Male White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 569-578 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Forehead hair ; Odocoileus virginianus ; pheromone ; scent communication ; semiochemical ; volatiles ; white-tailed deer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Secretions produced by sebaceous and apocrine glands of cervids may be important in identifying individuals, establishing dominance, and signaling sexual readiness. The secretions from these glands are transferred to the hair for both lubrication and scent communication via forehead rubbing. We collected hair samples from the forehead and back of 10 male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) of various ages and analyzed them with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine age-related differences. Fifty-seven compounds were identified, including alkanes, arenes, aldehydes, ketones, aliphatic alcohols, terpenes, terpene alcohols, and phenols. Although forehead apocrine glands of dominant deer become more active during the breeding season, we found that concentrations of eight compounds found on the forehead hair were higher in subordinate deer, while only one was higher in dominant deer. Subordinate deer may have higher concentrations of these compounds because they rub less frequently than dominant deer. Additionally, only five forehead hair volatiles differed in concentration from those taken from the back hair. This seems to indicate that an increase in forehead glandular activity may take place concurrently with an increase in general integumentary glandular activity. The variation in hair volatiles among individuals also may be indicative of an individual-specific odor that could aid in identification.
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    Orientation of Sugarcane Rootstalk Borer Weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus, to Weevil, Frass, and Food Odors (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 857-868 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Olfactometer ; pheromone ; volatiles ; aggregation ; behavior ; attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adults of the sugarcane rootstalk borer weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus, form aggregations on citrus trees, where they feed on new foliage. The relative roles of male and female weevils, frass, food, and combinations of these odor sources in aggregation formation were studied using a y-tube olfactometer. Female and male D. abbreviatus were attracted by food, males, females, and female or male frass. Females were most often attracted by damaged food (broken green beans), whereas males were similarly attracted to damaged food and either female frass, male frass, or heterosexual pairs. No enhancement of attraction by either sex was found when males and male frass were combined with damaged food.
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    Identification of Male Pecan Weevil Pheromone (1997)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 965-977 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pecan weevil ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pecan weevil, Curculio caryae is a serious economic pest of pecans (Caryae illinoensis). In late summer, the weevil attacks maturing nuts and damages them when making feeding and/or oviposition punctures. The larvae leave the nut and burrow into the soil, remaining there for two to three years before emerging as adults to commence another cycle. This present work has resulted in the identification of the male pecan weevil pheromone as a mixture of four components; I as both the cis and trans isomers of 2-propenyl-1-methyl-cyclobutaneethanol [also identified as (1R,2S)−(+ and −)-grandisol], II [(Z)-3,3-dimethylcyclohexane-Δ1,β-ethanol], III [(Z)-3,3-dimethylcyclohexane-Δ1,α-acetaldehyde], and IV [(E)-3,3-dimethylcyclohexane-Δ1,α-acetaldehyde]. They are synthesized by the male pecan weevil, but not by the female, in the ratio 7:16:3:3 of I, II, III, and IV, respectively. These same compounds were earlier identified as the pheromone of the male boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis (Boh.), in which they were isolated from frass in the ratio 6:6:1.5:1.5. However, only the (+) isomer of grandisol was synthesized by male boll weevil. In laboratory tests, 80% of female pecan weevils were attracted to a synthetic formulation based on the ratio found in male pecan weevils, while only 28% of the females were attracted to a synthetic formulation based on the ratio found in boll weevil frass. The attraction of males to these synthetic formulations was minimal (14, 4, and 2%, respectively). Live males and their extracts were also attractive to females, but males did not respond to male or females. Preliminary field tests demonstrated that females were attracted to males and the synthetic pecan weevil formulation, but not to the synthetic boll weevil formulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006382.70034.66
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  • 77
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    Effects of Fifth-Instar Volatiles on Sexual Maturation of Adult Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1373-1388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Schistocerca gregaria ; sexual maturation ; hexanal ; octanal ; nonanal ; decanal ; hexanoic acid ; octanoic acid ; nonanoic acid ; decanoic acid ; guaiacol ; phenol ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the presence of gregarious fifth-instar nymphs on the sexual maturation of newly molted gregarious immature adult males and females of the desert locust S. gregaria was investigated by monitoring color changes (yellowing of body), sexual activity, aggregation–maturation pheromone titers (as measured by phenylacetonitrile levels in males), oocyte length, and oviposition time. Maturation was significantly delayed in adults that were reared together with fifth-instar nymphs (visual, tactile, and chemical signals present) with respect to all parameters measured. Male and female nymphs were equally effective in inducing this delay. Nymphs kept in an upper compartment of two-chamber cages (no visual or tactile contact possible) were similarly effective, but their feces were ineffective, suggesting the mediation of a volatile signal from the nymphs themselves. This was confirmed by examining the effect of volatiles trapped from nymphs and testing synthetic blends of previously identified nymphal aggregation pheromone components (C6, C8–C10 aliphatic aldehydes and acids, guaiacol, and phenol) on the sexual maturation of adults. These and previous studies suggest a dual role for nymphal volatiles as nymphal aggregants and adult maturation retardants, similar to the adult volatiles that are known as adult aggregants and maturation accelerants. The results are discussed in terms of the role of the two pheromone systems in synchronizing maturation of the gregarious adults.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006470.30501.73
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  • 78
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    (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 721-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; sex attractant ; secondary sex pheromone ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol acetate [(Z)-9-TDA], identified originally as the sex pheromone of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), acted as a secondary sex pheromone when it was tested in sticky traps in field tests. Low-level synergism was obtained when 2 and 10% quantities of (Z)-9-TDA were added to 100 μg of (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate, which is now considered the primary sex pheromone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986556
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  • 79
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    Synthesis and field testing of 4,6,6-lineatin, the aggregation pheromone ofTrypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 681-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trypodendron lineatum ; 4,6,6-lineatin ; 3,3,7-trimethyl-2,9-dioxatricyclo[3.3.1.04,7]nonane ; pheromone ; attractant ; tricyclic acetal ; Scolytidae ; aggregation pheromone ; ambrosia beetle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Authentic 4,6,6-lineatin (3,3,7-trimethyl-2,9-dioxatricyclo-[3.3.1.04,7]nonane) (I) was produced in low yield via three synthetic pathways. In field tests, microgram amounts of the product from all three syntheses attracted large numbers ofTrypodendron lineatum of both sexes. These results confirm that 4,6,6-lineatin (I) is a population aggregation pheromone forT. lineatum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986553
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  • 80
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    Evidence for a sex pheromone in the hide beetle,Dermestes maculatus (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 805-813 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dermestes maculatus ; Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; pheromone ; behavior ; bioassay ; circadian rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adults of the hide beetle,Dermestes maculatus (De Geer), were shown to have a female-produced sex pheromone which excited males. Male response was positively correlated with increasing age, but females produced a higher level of pheromone at 6–8 days of age than at younger or older ages. Extractable female pheromone and male response varied over the photophase with peak values that occurred during the latter hours. Quantitative bioassay indicated that the 50% male response level (RD50) would be elicited by a pheromone exposure of 0.01 female equivalents (FE). Females extracted 24 hr after mating had a lower level of extractable pheromone than did virgin females of the same age.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986565
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  • 81
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    Variation in attraction of individual male gypsy moths to (+)- and (±)-disparlure (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 935-939 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; gypsy moth ; pheromone ; polymorphism ; disparlure ; enantiomer ; cis-7 ; 8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane ; attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gyspy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) males atttracted to either (+)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane [(+)-disparlure] or its racemate [(±)-disparlure] do not represent distinct behavioral classes of individuals. Males attracted to within 2 cm of either (+)- or (+-)-disparlure dispensers on a tree trunk were caught, marked as to the lure visited, and then released into a 5×5 grid at ca. 20-m spacing of traps baited alternately with (+)-or (±)-disparlure. Males then reattracted to these lures showed no evident preference for the lures at which they were first captured, indicating that males attracted to either of these lures are not behavioral phenotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990216
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  • 82
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    Kairomone response inThanasimus predators to pheromone components ofIps typographus (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; pheromone ; Thanasimus ; Ips typographus ; ipsdienol ; ipsenol ; cis-verbenol ; methylbutenol ; traps ; attractant ; behavior ; Scolytidae ; Cleridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thanasimus formicarius (L.) responds to racemic ipsdienol and ipsenol and less to (S)-cis-verbenol. All three are pheromone components in several bark beetles of the genusIps. Synergistic effects appeared when the components were combined. Methylbutenol alone, the specific pheromone component ofIps typographus, elicited no response, but synergestic effects appeared when methylbutenol was combined withcis-verbenol and ipsdienol. The sympatric speciesThanasimus femoralis (Zett.) responds to (S)-cis-verbenol, while ipsdienol and ipsenol synergize the response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00995753
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  • 83
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    Antennal olfactory response of boll weevil to grandlure and vicinal dimethyl analogs (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 919-926 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: electroantennogram ; boll weevil ; grandlure ; pheromone ; Anthonomus grandis Boh. ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram techniques were used to elucidate antennal olfactory response of male and female boll weevils to a dilution series of grandlure, its components, and some vicinal dimethyl analogs. At higher concentrations, response to the mixture of the two aldehyde components of grandlure was significantly higher than to the two alcohol components. Only one vicinal dimethyl analog elicited a significantly higher response than the control. There were no significant differences in response due to sex over all compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987617
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  • 84
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    Sex pheromone communication in the nematode,Rhabditis pellio (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 467-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: nematode ; Rhabditis pellio ; pheromone ; quantitative bioassay ; daily rhythms ; age effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Both males and females ofRhabditis pellio release pheromones that attract the opposite sex prior to copulation. A quantitative bioassay for the female-produced pheromone was designed, based on male movement toward a pheromone source placed at one end of a 10-mm strip of bacterial material maintained on nutrient agar in a petri plate. Females produced pheromone from the age at which they attained the adult stage (∼3 days following hatching from the egg) and maintained a relatively constant production level until at least the ninth day of life. Similarly, males became responsive to the female pheromone by the third day and remained responsive through the ninth day, although the time required for the males to migrate toward a female pheromone source increased with increasing age. No daily rhythm of pheromone responsiveness by males or pheromone production by females was observed when the nematodes were conditioned to a 12∶12 h light-dark cycle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988189
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  • 85
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    Behavioral responses of elm bark beetles to baited and unbaited elms killed by cacodylic acid (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1623-1634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cacodylic acid ; pheromone ; Phomopsis oblonga ; Dutch Elm disease ; elm bark beetles ; Scolytus scolytus ; Scolytus multistrialus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diseased elms, treated with various doses of cacodylic acid in northwest England, became attractive to elm bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). This attraction seemed to be independent of pheromone baits. However attractive the trees became, they were unsuitable to the beetles as breeding sites since significantly more beetles visited the trees than were stimulated to penetrate and attempt to breed. It seems as if colonization of trap trees by the bark saprophytePhomopsis oblonga following cacodylic acid treatment made the trees unsuitable to beetles for breeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988430
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  • 86
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    Identification and source of a queen-specific chemical in the pharaoh's ant,Monomorium pharaonis (L.) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1731-1747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ants ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Monomorium pharaonis ; caste ; diterpene ; neocembrene ; exocrine ; Dufour's ; pheromone ; queen substance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fertile queens of the antMonomorium pharaonis produce a chemical substance which is not present in worker ants or in young, alate (virgin) queens. The material has been identified as (E,E,E)-1-isopropenyl-4,8,12-trimethylcyclotetradeca-3,7,11-triene (neocembrene). This chemical is produced in the Dufour's gland of fertile queens and may serve as a queen-recognition pheromone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987358
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  • 87
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    Contact sex pheromone in the tsetse flyGlossina pallidipes (Austen) Identification and Synthesis (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 429-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Glossina ; pallidipes ; tsetse fly ; Diptera ; Muscidae ; pheromone ; contact stimulant ; branched alkane ; 13,23-dimethylpentatriacontane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adult maleG. pallidipes attempted to copulate with decoys treated with a branched paraffin obtained from laboratory-reared female flies. The compound causing maximal response was isolated and identified as 13,23-dimethylpentatriacontane. The synthesized compound elicited increasing responses with increasing doses. This sex- and species-specific compound was always present in physiological amounts in females, as it increased from 2 μg at emergence to 10 μg per female at 14 days. It was present in wild-caught females from a wide geographical range.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988090
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  • 88
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    Pheromones in white pine cone beetle,Conophthorus coniperda (schwarz) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 143-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Conophthorus coniperda ; white pine cone beetle ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; pityol ; 2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methyltetrahydrofuran ; (E)-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane ; spiroacetal ; chiral analysis ; walking bioassay ; traps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female white pine cone beetles,Conophthorus coniperda, attacking second-year cones of eastern white pine,Pinus strobus L., produced a sex-specific pheromone that attracted conspecific males in laboratory bioassays and to field traps. Beetle response was enhanced by host monoterpenes. The female-produced compound was identified in volatiles collected on Porapak Q and in hindgut extracts as (+)-trans-pityol, (2R,5S)-(+)-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methyltetrahydrofuran. Males and females produced and released the (E)-(-)-spiroacetal, (5S,7S)-(-)-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane, which was not an attractant for either sex, but acted as a repellent for males. Porapak Q-trapped volatiles from both sexes contained (+)-trans-pinocarveol and (-)-myrtenol. In addition, hindgut extracts of females containedtrans-verbenol, while males had pinocarvone and verbenone. Work in Georgia and Canada confirmed that the same isomers of pityol and spiroacetal are present in two distinct and widely separated populations ofC. coniperda.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036648
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  • 89
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    Interruption of response ofDendroctonus brevicomis to its attractive pheromone by components of the pheromone (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 183-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pinus ponderosa ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; western pine beetle ; attractant ; interruption ; behavior ; pheromone ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; myrcene ; verbenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The catch of the western pine beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis, at an attractive source of racemicexo-brevicomin, racemic frontalin, and myrcene was reduced by surrounding the source with a grid of 48 stations releasing all three compounds together, orexo-brevicomin alone or myrcene alone. Each compound was released at the rate of 2 mg/24 hr/station. The catch at an attractive bolt cut from a tree being colonized byD. brevicomis was not reduced byexo-brevicomin, but was reduced by the combination ofexo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene in one of two tests. When a transect of traps was placed across a 0.81-hectare plot at six of the 48 stations releasing all three compounds, more beetles were caught at outer than at inner traps. More beetles were caught at unbaited traps on trees in a plot when the three compounds were released than when onlyexo-brevicomin or no compounds were released. A few trees were attacked byD. brevicomis in some of the plots. The antiattractant verbenone released from 48 stations at the rate of 4 mg/24 hr/station did not reduce the catch at an attractive tree bolt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988646
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  • 90
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    The Nasonov pheromone of the honeybeeApis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Part II. Bioassay of the components using foragers (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 225-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; pheromone ; Nasonov pheromone ; footprint pheromone ; bioassay ; anemotaxis ; geraniol ; nerobic acid ; (Z)-citral ; geranic acid ; (E,E)-farnesol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Nasonov pheromone of the honeybee comprises seven components, (Z)-citral, nerol, geraniol, nerolic acid, geranic acid, and (E,E)-farnesol. Bioassay of individual components showed each attracted foraging bees. A mixture of components in proportions present in the honeybee was as attractive as the natural secretion, and each component contributed to the attractiveness of the mixture. Honeybees responded anemotactically to the source of Nasonov odor. The presence of footprint pheromone enhanced the attractiveness of the synthetic Nasonov mixture. Nasonov and footprint pheromones may prove useful in attracting honeybees to crops needing pollination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00995745
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