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  • Articles  (362)
  • Oryza sativa  (217)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • temperature
  • Springer  (362)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (356)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (5)
  • Philosophy  (1)
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  • Articles  (362)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficiency of nitrogen-15-labelled fertilizers for rice and rye-grass cultivated in an Ultisol of Brazilian Amazonia (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 329-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acid soil ; Brazilian Amazonia ; N use efficiency ; Priming effect ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of two N fertilizers, (NH4)2SO4 and urea, for rice (Oryza sativa L.) and rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) cultivated in an Ultisol of central Amazonia using 15N as a tracer. Rice was cultivated in the field, while rye-grass was grown in a phytotron. Fertilization with (NH4)2SO4 caused a 16% increase in the yield of rice grains and urea a 36% increase. In both crops total N uptake and N use efficiency of the fertilizers were higher for urea than for (NH4)2SO4. The low values for N derived from fertilizer showed that the fertilizers contributed little to the total N absorbed by the plants. The "priming effect" or positive added N interaction (ANI) between the fertilizer N and soil organic N was observed, especially with urea. Immobilization by soil microorganisms was greater in the presence of urea, while losses were always higher with the (NH4)2SO4 treatments. These losses were significant, and their reduction should allow more efficient use of this N fertilizer. It is possible that the N use efficiency was higher for urea due to a pH increase, caused by urea hydrolysis, which in turn may have favoured the activity of nitrifying bacteria in this extremely acid soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050664
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fallow residue management effects on upland rice in three agroecological zones of West Africa (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 501-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Fallow ; Legumes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Côte d'Ivoire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Improving fallow quality in upland rice-fallow rotations in West Africa through the site-specific use of leguminous cover crops has been shown to sustain the productivity of such systems. We studied the effects of a range of residue management practices (removal, burning, mulching and incorporation) on fallow biomass and N accumulation, on weed biomass and yield response of upland rice and on changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics in 2-year field trials conducted in three agroecological zones of Côte d'Ivoire. Across fallow management treatments and agroecological zones, rice yields were on average 20–30% higher in legume than in natural fallow plots. Weed biomass was highest in the savanna zone and lowest in the bimodal forest and tended to be less following a legume fallow. Regardless of the type of fallow vegetation and agroecological zone, biomass removal resulted in the lowest rice yields that varied from 0.5 t ha–1 in the derived savanna zone to 1.5 t ha–1 in the Guinea savanna zone. Burning of the fallow vegetation significantly increased yield over residue removal in the derived savanna (0.27 t ha–1, P〈0.05) and bimodal forest zones (0.27 t ha–1, P〈0.01), but not in the Guinea savanna. In both savanna environments, residue incorporation was superior to the farmers' practice of residue removal and rice yield increases were related to amounts of fallow N returned to the soil (r 2=0.803, P〈0.01). In the forest zone, the farmers' practice of residue burning produced the highest yield (1.43 t ha-1 in the case of legumes) and resulted in the lowest weed biomass (0.02 t ha–1). Regardless of the site, improving the quality of the fallow or of its management had no significant effects on either soil physical or soil chemical characteristics after two fallow cycles. We conclude that incorporation of legume residues is a desirable practice for rice-based fallow rotation systems in savanna environments. No promising residue management alternatives to slash-and-burn were apparent for the forest zone. Determining the possible effects on soil productivity will require longer-term experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000199
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. I. Model Development (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 141-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methane ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; anaerobic ; model ; simulation ; carbon dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of the MERES (Methane Emissions in Rice EcoSystems) model for simulating methane (CH4) emissions from rice fields is described. The CERES-Rice crop simulation model was used as a basis, employing the existing routines simulating soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition to predict the amount of subsrate available for methanogenesis. This was linked to an existing submodel, described elsewhere in this volume (Arah & Kirk, 2000), which calculates steady-state fluxes and concentrations of CH4 and O2 in flooded soils. Extra routines were also incorporated to simulate the influence of the combined pool of alternative electron acceptors in the soil (i.e., NO3 −, Mn4+, Fe3+, SO4 2−) on CH4 production. The rate of substrate supply is calculated in the SOM routines of the CERES-Rice model from (a) the rate of decomposition of soil organic material including that left from the previous crop and any additions of organic matter, (b) root exudates (modified from the original CERES-Rice model using recent laboratory data), and (c) the decomposition of dead roots from the current crop. A fraction of this rate of substrate supply, determined by the concentration of the oxidized form of the alternative electron acceptor pool, is converted to CO2 by bacteria which outcompete the methanogenic bacteria, thereby suppressing CH4 production. Any remaining fraction of the substrate supply rate is assumed to be potentially available for methanogenesis. The CH4 dynamics submodel uses this potetial methanogenesis rate, along with a description of the root length distribution in the soil profile supplied by the crop model, to calculate the steady-state concentrations and fluxes of O2 and CH4. The reduced form of the alternative electron acceptor pool is allowed to reoxidize when soil pores fill with air if the field is drained. The MERES model was able to explain well the seasonal patterns of CH4 emissions in an experiment involving mid- and end-season drainage and additions of organic material at IRRI in the Philippines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009894619446
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. II. Model Validation and Sensitivity Analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 161-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methane ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; anaerobic ; model ; simulation ; carbon dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The MERES (Methane Emissions from Rice EcoSystems) simulation model was tested using experimental data from IRRI and Maligaya in the Philippines and from Hangzhou in China. There was good agreement between simulated and observed values of total aboveground biomass, root weight, grain yield, and seasonal methane (CH4) emissions. The importance of the contribution of the rice crop to CH4 emissions was highlighted. Rhizodeposition (root exudation and root death) was predicted to contribute about 380 kg C ha−1 of methanogenic substrate over the season, representing 37% of the total methanogenic substrate from all sources when no organic amendments were added. A further 225 kg C ha−1 (22%) was predicted to come from previous crop residues, giving a total of around 60% originating from the rice crop, with the remaining 41% coming from the humic fraction of the soil organic matter (SOM). Sensitivity analysis suggested that the parameter representing transmissivity to gaseous transfer per unit root length (λr) was important in determining seasonal CH4 emissions. As this transmissivity increased, more O2 was able to diffuse to the rhizosphere, so that CH4 production by methanogens was reduced and more CH4 was oxidized by methanotrophs. These effects outweighed the opposing influence of increased rate of transport of CH4 through the plant, so that the overall effect was to reduce the amount of CH4 emitted over the season. Varying the root-shoot ratio of the crop was predicted to have little effect on seasonal emissions, the increased rates of rhizodeposition being counteracted by the increased rates of O2 diffusion to the rhizosphere. Increasing the length of a midseason drainage period reduced CH4 emissions significantly, but periods longer than 6–7 d also decreased rice yields. Organic amendments with low C/N were predicted to be more beneficial, both in terms of enhancing crop yields and reducing CH4 emissions, even when the same amount of C was applied. This was due to higher rates of immobilization of C into microbial biomass, removing it temporarily as a methanogenic substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009846703516
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of seawater flow and temperature on metamorphosis and postlarval development in great scallop (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 513-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: great scallop (Pecten maximus) ; hatchery ; metamorphosis ; seawater flow ; spat development ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Variations in growth and survival of hatchery-reared post-metamorphicjuveniles of great scallop Pecten maximus prompted anexamination of settlement and postlarval development. The effects ofseawater flow and temperature on great scallop metamorphosis andpostlarvae were studied over a 4–5 week period. In allexperiments, and regardless of environmental conditions, great scallopmetamorphosed after a 2–3 week period with values of 35 to70%. Subsequently, spat numbers increased slightly. Spatmortality generally occurred from the third week onward and reachedlevels as high as 30% by the fifth week under standardconditions. At 20 °C, however, 60% mortality levels wererecorded. Differences in spat growth rate, ranging from 37 to 45 μmday−1, were noticed at different seawater flow ratesbut no clear tendency could be discerned. Temperature affected spatgrowth with an increase in size from 24 μm day−1 at15 °C to 35 μm day−1 at 18 °C. Conversely,growth was suppressed at 20 °C (14 μm day−1).For optimal metamorphosis and postlarval development in great scallop, aseawater flow of 4.3 L h−1 per sieve and a temperatureof 15 °C are recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009274707986
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of cyst nematodes (Heterodera sacchari) and drought on water relations and growth of upland rice in Côte d'Ivoire (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 235-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drought ; Heterodera sacchari ; nematode ; Oryza glaberrima ; Oryza sativa ; plant water status ; rice ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was undertaken to examine the influence of cyst nematodes (Heterodera sacchari) and drought stress, in isolation and combination, on the water status and growth of rice in Côte d'Ivoire. Drought is considered one of the main yield-limiting factors to upland rice in West Africa, while H. sacchari is emerging as a potentially serious pest. A field study conducted during 1997 at the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA) showed that under low water availability in sandy soil, damage to a nematode susceptible Oryza sativa (cv IDSA6) is significant. Visual drought score and physiological parameters were significantly affected (P≤0.01) in plots with a mean population density of 39.4 H. sacchari eggs ml-1 soil at 81 days after sowing, compared to plots with a mean density of 1.2 eggs ml-1. Stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and relative water content were lower, leaf chlorophyll content was greater, and near total yield losses were observed in higher nematode density plots. In 1-l pots following 5 days of imposed drought, the H. sacchari-resistant and drought-resistant O. glaberrima (cv CG14) showed a reduction in stomatal conductance of 73% and in leaf water potential by 0.96 MPa (54%). The effect of H. sacchari (473 eggs l-1 soil) inoculated as cysts to soil before sowing was similar but less severe. The combination of both stresses had similar but yet more pronounced effects than the single stresses on stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and leaf dry weight in CG14. IDSA6 responded in a similar manner to CG14, but less acutely to both stresses. Only the combined stresses resulted in a significant (P≤0.05) reduction in osmotic potential and root dry weight compared with the control, for either CG14 or IDSA6. It is suggested that H. sacchari increased the effects of drought and drought-related losses. This may give a false impression of drought susceptibility in field screening for cultivars, and complicate models which predict crop damage caused by nematodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004734415254
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of temperature and nitrogen source on growth and nitrogen uptake of two polar-desert species, Saxifraga caespitosa and Cerastium alpinum (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arctic ; Cerastium alpinum ; nitrogen source ; nitrogen-uptake ; organic N ; polar-desert plants ; Saxifraga caespitosa ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Polar-desert plants experience low average air temperatures during their short growing season (4–8 °C mean July temperature). In addition, low availability of inorganic nitrogen in the soil may also limit plant growth. Our goals were to elucidate which N sources can be acquired by polar-desert plants, and how growth and N-uptake are affected by low growth temperatures. We compared rates of N-uptake and increases in mass and leaf area of two polar-desert species (Cerastium alpinum L. and Saxifraga caespitosa L.) over a period of 3 weeks when grown at two temperatures (6 °C vs. 15 °C) and supplied with either glycine, NH4 + or NO3 −. At 15 °C, plants at least doubled their leaf area, whereas there was no change in leaf area at 6 °C. Measured mean N-uptake rates varied between 0.5 nmol g−1 root DM s−1 on glycine at 15 °C and 7.5 nmol g−1 root DM s−1 on NH4 + at 15 °C. Uptake rates based upon increases in mass and tissue N concentrations showed that plants had a lower N-uptake rate at 6 °C, regardless of N source or species. We conclude that these polar-desert plants can use all three N sources to increase their leaf area and support flowering when grown at 15 °C. Based upon short-term (8 h) uptake experiments, we also conclude that the short-term capacity to take up inorganic or organic N is not reduced by low temperature (6 °C). However, net N-uptake integrated over a three-week period is severely reduced at 6 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026528830228
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of segregation-distortion-neutral alleles to improve pollen fertility of indica-japonica hybrids in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: gamete abortion ; Oryza sativa ; pollen ; wide compatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Utilization of the pronounced heterosis of indica-japonica hybrids in rice had been difficult due to panicle sterility caused by male and female gamete abortion in such hybrids. But the female gamete abortion in the most indica-japonicahybrids has been solved by using an abortion-neutral gene S-5 n called as wide compatibility gene. On the other hand, the problem of pollen sterility remains to be solved for such hybrids. This study was conducted to identify abortion-neutral genes for pollen that may be utilized to alleviate pollen sterility in distant crosses. Some cultivars like Ketan Nangka (KN) and Dular, which are known as wide compatibility variety (WCV), were tested to find whether they possess neutral alleles for segregation distortion of marker genes. The distorted segregation of markers as well as normal segregation were confirmed among progeny lines of three-way crosses, WCV/indica//japonica and japonica//indica/WCV. Neutral alleles for segregation distortion were identified at two gamete gene loci (ga), i.e., ga-14(t) on chromosome 3 and ga-11 on chromosome 7. A new locus ga-14(t) was identified in between Pgi-1 and bc-1 and independent of ga-3 on chromosome 3. The neutral alleles at the two loci may be used to solve pollen sterility in indica-japonica hybrids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003929312252
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf K/Na ratio predicts salinity induced yield loss in irrigated rice (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 109-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: grain yield ; leaf K/Na ratio ; Oryza sativa ; salinity ; screening tools ; yield reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Salinity is a major constraint to irrigated rice production, particularly in semi-arid and arid climates. Irrigated rice is a well suited crop to controlling and even decreasing soil salinity, but rice is a salt-susceptible crop and yield losses due to salinity can be substantial. The objective of this study was to develop a highly predictive screening tool for the vegetative growth stage of rice to estimate salinity-induced yield losses. Twenty-one rice genotypes were grown over seven seasons in a field trials in Ndiaye, Senegal, between 1991 and 1995 and were subjected to irrigation with moderately saline water (3.5 mS cm-1, electrical conductivity) or irrigation with fresh water. Potassium/sodium ratios of the youngest three leaves (K/NaLeaves) were determined by flame photometry at the late vegetative stage. Grain yield was determined at maturity. All cultivars showed strong log-linear correlations between K/NaLeaves and grain yield, but intercept and slope of those correlations differed between seasons for a given genotype and between genotypes. The K/NaLeaves under salinity was related to grain yield under salinity relative to freshwater controls. There was a highly significant correlation (p 〈 0.001) between K/NaLeaves and salinity-induced grain yield reduction: the most susceptible cultivars had lowest K/NaLeaves and the strongest yield reductions. Although there were major differences in the effects of salinity on crops in both the hot dry season (HDS) and the wet season, the correlation was equally significant across cropping seasons. The earliest possible time to establish the relationship between K/NaLeaves under salinity and grain yield reduction due to salinity was investigated in an additional trial in the HDS 1998. About 60 days after sowing, salinity-induced yield loss could be predicted through K/NaLeaves with a high degree of confidence (p 〈 0.01). A screening system for salinity resistance of rice, particularly in arid and semi-arid climates, is proposed based on the correlation between K/NaLeaves under salinity and salinity-induced yield losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003981313160
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regeneration and genetic transformation of Spanish rice cultivars using mature embryos (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 117-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic transformation ; japonica rice cultivar ; mature embryo ; Oryza sativa ; plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To establish a plant regeneration system from embryogenic callus derived from mature rice embryos, the addition of aminoacids and the effect of two macronutrient solutions MSD and N6D to the basal callus induction medium was tested in three Spanish varieties, Senia, Tebre and Bahia. Aminoacids enhanced the production of embryogenic callus in Tebre and Senia whereas in the case of Bahia, embryogenic callus, which gave rise to a high rate of differentiated shoots, was induced without aminoacids. The macronutrient solution had also to be adjusted for each variety. Pre-regeneration treatment with ABA significantly improved the regeneration rate in all media tested, independently of the media in which the embryogenic callus were induced. In a comparison of growth regulators, BA yielded more shoots than Kin in all varieties whereas the effect of the auxins NAA or IAA was dependent on the variety. Transgenic plants from the three varieties were obtained via an Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation system, using the optimised culture media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003941913609
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Screening the ability of rice roots to overcome the mechanical impedance of wax layers: importance of test conditions and measurement criteria (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mechanical impedance ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; roots ; screening ; wax layers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of a wax layer method for screening the ability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots to overcome mechanical impedance is described. Wax layers (3 mm thick) made of mixtures of white soft paraffin and paraffin wax were installed 50 mm deep in tubes of sand. The sand was watered with nutrient solution and planted with 3-d old rice seedlings. The numbers of root axes per plant that had penetrated the wax layers 24 d after planting were counted. The ratio of penetrated to total root axes per plant gave a misleading measure of root penetration ability, as rice varieties differed in the ratio of penetrated to total axes in a low impedance (3% wax) control. In non-flooded conditions, a 60% wax layer decreased root penetration (number of roots penetrating the wax layer per plant) to a mean of 74% of the low impedance control, whereas an 80% wax layer decreased mean root penetration to 31% of the control. The best measure of root penetration in non-flooded conditions was the number of axes penetrating an 80% wax layer. Flooding decreased root penetration of a 60% wax layer to a mean of 26% of the low impedance control. The best measure of root penetration in flooded conditions was the number of axes penetrating a 60% wax layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004753900945
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cd2+ effects on transmembrane electrical potential difference, respiration and membrane permeability of rice (Oryza sativa L) roots. (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cadmium ; membrane permeability ; Oryza sativa ; respiration ; transmembrane electrical potential difference (Em)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Among other detrimental effects of the heavy metal Cd2+, a decrease in the plant content of essential mineral nutrients is known. In this study, the effect of Cd2+ on different physiological activities of rice roots involved in nutrient acquisition has been studied. Upon addition of 0.1 or 1 mM Cd2+ to the experimental solution, root cell membranes depolarized in few minutes, reaching very low Em values. This effect was transient and the initial membrane potential recovered totally within 6–8 h. Only the highest concentration used had an inhibitory effect on root respiration. Significant respiratory inhibition appeared after 2 h of exposure to Cd2+ and lasted for at least 4 h. In turn, membrane permeability increased in the presence of Cd2+ for at least 8 h, inducing K+ efflux from the roots. The relationship between these parameters and their possible involvement in lowered nutrient content in Cd2+-treated plants is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004753521646
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ammonium in relation to proline accumulation in detached rice leaves (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ammonium ; methionine sulfoximine ; Oryza sativa ; proline accumulation ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonium accumulation in relation to prolineaccumulation in detached rice leaves under stressconditions was investigated. Ammonium accumulation indark-treated detached rice leaves preceded prolineaccumulation. Ammonium accumulation caused by waterstress coincided closely with proline accumulation indetached rice leaves. Exogenous NH4Cl andmethionine sulfoximine (MSO), which caused anaccumulation of ammonium in detached rice leaves,increased proline content. It was found that prolinein NH4Cl- or MSO-treated rice leaves is lessutilized than in water-treated rice leaves (controls). These results are in agreement with the observationthat a decrease in proline utilization contributes tothe accumulation of proline in dark-treated and waterstressed rice leaves. Although ammonium contentincreased in Cd- and Cu-treated rice leaves, theincrease in ammonium content was only observed afterthe increase in proline content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006329919243
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of NaCl stress on H2O2 metabolism in rice leaves (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ascorbate peroxidase ; catalase ; glutathione reductase ; glycolate oxidase ; hydrogen peroxide ; Oryza sativa ; peroxidase ; superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of NaCl stress on H2O2 metabolismin detached rice leaves was studied. NaCl (200 mM)treatment did not cause the accumulation ofH2O2 and resulted in no increase in lipidperoxidation and membrane leakage of leaf tissues. The activities of peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase,superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase wereobserved to be greater in NaCl-stressed rice leavesthan in control leaves. However, glycolate oxidasewas lower in NaCl-treated rice leaves than in thecontrol leaves. There was no difference in catalaseactivity between NaCl and control treatments. Theseresults suggest that some antioxidant enzymes can beactivated in response to oxidative stress induced byNaCl.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006345126589
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two isoforms of soluble auxin receptor in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants: Binding property for auxin and interaction with plasma membrane H+-ATPase (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 143-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: auxin binding isotherm ; auxin receptor ; dose response curve ; H+-ATPase ; iIndole-3-acetic acid ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An auxin receptor protein, isolated from the soluble fractionsof rice shoots and roots, was characterised in terms of the affinity andspecificity for IAA and the modulating effect onH+-ATPase of plant plasma membrane. The receptor proteingives a biphasic binding isotherm for IAA, indicating the existence ofthe primary and secondary binding sites. The predominant isoform of thereceptor in roots shows much higher affinity to IAA compared with thatin shoots. Being monomeric protein with about the same molecular mass(57–58 kDa) and showing a similar chromatographic behaviour, bothisoforms mediate IAA-induced modulation of the plasma membraneH+-ATPase in the respective IAA concentration rangesseparated by ca. 3 orders of magnitudes(10-10–10-7 M vs.10-7–10-4 M). Analysis of kinetic data ofthe H+-ATPase activity revealed that the receptor perse functions as an effector of the enzyme, causing a decrease inKm and an increase in Vmax through protein-proteininteraction at a 1:1 ratio. Further, it appeared that, while IAAdoes not affect by itself the kinetic parameters of theH+-ATPase, the auxin exerts its effect via thereceptor, biphasically regulating the efficiency of the effectormolecule probably by inducing two-phase conformational changes thatinvolve IAA binding to two separate binding sites. It was also foundthat other active auxins examined, such as indole-3-propionic acid,1-naphthalene acetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, do notwork together with the receptor to elicit the same response of theH+-ATPase as seen with IAA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010745310101
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    Revisiting the relationship between common weather variables and loblolly–shortleaf pine seed crops in natural stands (2000)
    Springer
    New forests 19 (2000), S. 187-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Coastal Plain sites ; Pinus echinata Mill. ; P. taeda L. ; precipitation ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed production was monitored during24 years using seed-collection traps inloblolly–shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.–P.echinata Mill.) stands located in southeast Arkansas,north-central Louisiana, and southwest Mississippi onthe southeastern Coastal Plain, USA. Sound seedproduction was correlated with mean monthlyprecipitation and temperature from National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration weather stationslocated near the seed-collection areas to determinethe potential of weather factors in forecasting pineseed crops. Correlations were restricted to threecritical periods in the pine reproductive cycle –strobili primordia differentiation, pollination, andfertilization. The most important (P ≤ 0.05)variables correlated with pine seed production for combined locations were cumulative precipitation (r = +0.60) during July, August, and September at 27 to 25 months before seed dispersal and mean temperature (r = −0.45) in August at 26 months before seed dispersal. Because multiple environmental factors can negatively impact pine seed development during the two yearsfollowing strobili primordia differentiation,seed-production forecasts based on weather variablesshould be verified by on-site cone counts during thesummer preceding autumn seed dispersal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006624907975
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  • 17
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    Salinity increases CO2 assimilation but reduces growth in field-grown, irrigated rice (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dry matter reduction ; leaf chlorophyll content ; leaf sodium uptake ; Oryza sativa ; photosynthesis ; salinity ; season effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Salinity is a major yield-reducing factor in coastal and arid, irrigated rice production systems. Salt tolerance is a major breeding objective. Three rice cultivars with different levels of salt tolerance were studied in the field for growth, sodium uptake, leaf chlorophyll content, specific leaf area (SLA), sodium concentration and leaf CO2 exchange rates (CER) at photosynthetic active radiation (PAR)-saturation. Plants were grown in Ndiaye, Senegal, at a research station of the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA), during the hot dry season (HDS) and the wet season (WS) 1994 under irrigation with fresh or saline water (flood water electrical conductivity = 3.5 mS cm-1). Relative leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD method) and root, stem, leaf blade and panicle dry weight were measured at weekly intervals throughout both seasons. Specific leaf area was measured on eight dates, and CER and leaf sodium content were measured at mid-season on the first (topmost) and second leaf. Salinity reduced yields to nearly zero and dry-matter accumulation by 90% for the susceptible cultivar in the HDS, but increased leaf chlorophyll content and CER at PAR- saturation. The increase in CER, which was also observed in the other cultivars and seasons, was explained by a combination of two hypotheses: leaf chlorophyll content was limited by the available N resources in controls, but not in salt-stressed plants; and the sodium concentrations were not high enough to cause early leaf senescence and chlorophyll degradation. The growth reductions were attributed to loss of assimilates (mechanisms unknown) that must have occurred after export from the sites of assimilation. The apparent, recurrent losses of assimilates, which were between 8% and 49% according to simulation with the crop model for potential yields in irrigated rice, ORYZA S, might be partly due to root decomposition and exudation. Possibly more importantly, energy-consuming processes, such as osmoregulation, interception of sodium and potassium from the transpiration stream in leaf sheaths and their subsequent storage, drained the assimilate supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014953504021
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  • 18
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    Phenotypic characteristics of root-nodulating bacteria isolated from Acacia spp. grown in Libya (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 224 (2000), S. 171-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acacia ; Libya ; root-nodulating bacteria ; salinity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirty isolates of root-nodulating bacteria obtained from Acacia cyanophylla, A. karroo, A. cyclops, A. tortilis (subsp.raddiana), Faidherbia albida and Acacia sp., grown in different regions of Libya, were studied by performing numerical analysis of 104 characteristics. Three fast- and one slow-growing reference strains from herbaceous and woody legumes were included. Five distinct clusters were formed. The fast-growing reference strains were separated from the isolates whereas the slow-growing was included in cluster 4. With the exception of one cluster, the majority of clusters were formed regardless of the host plant or site of origin. Based on plant tests, generation times, acid production and carbon utilization the isolates were diverse (fast and slow-growing isolates). Like slow-growing isolates, most of the fast-growing isolates appeared to be non-specific, nodulated many species from the same genus notably F. albida, known to nodulate only with slow-growing strains. Most clusters grew at temperatures 35 °C and 37 °C; some grew at temperatures above 40 °C. The majority of isolates grew at acid and alkaline pH and only one isolate grew below pH 4. Most isolates were able to utilize many amino acids as nitrogen sources and to reduce nitrate. Urea was hydrolysed by all clusters. Monosaccharides and polyols were used by slow and fast-growing isolates as the only carbon sources whereas assimilation of disaccharides varied: Some isolates, like slow-growing isolates, failed to utilize these carbon sources. Most isolates were unable to utilize polysaccharides. Regarding tolerance to NaCl on agar medium, the majority of isolates were unable to grow at a concentration of 2% NaCl, but some were highly resistant and there was one isolate which grew at 8% NaCl. Most isolates were resistant to heavy metals and to antibiotics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004838218642
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  • 19
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    Characteristics of Pestalotiopsis Associated with Hardy Ornamental Plants in the UK (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pestalotiopsis sydowiana ; morphology ; pathogenicity ; ericaceous plants ; conifers ; temperature ; pH ; water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pestalotiopsis isolates obtained from the foliage, stem-base and roots of hardy ornamentals grown on commercial nurseries in the UK were identified and characterised according to pathogenicity and colony morphology. All 18 isolates were identified as Pestalotiopsis sydowiana on the basis of conidia morphology, and confirmation of identification was made by experts at CABI Bioscience. Isolates were pathogenic on the host from which originally isolated. Typical symptoms included foliar browning of foliage and stems, and the presence of black or greenish-black acervuli on diseased tissue. Isolates were not host specific and infected other species of hardy ornamentals. Three colony types on potato dextrose agar were distinguished according to colour and production of acervuli by individual isolates. Three selected isolates of P. sydowiana were characterised by examining the effects of growth media, temperature, pH, and water potential on hyphal extension. Isolates grew well on commonly used growth media, including PDA, Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), V8 juice agar (V8), malt extract agar (MEA) and Czapek Dox agar (CDA). The optimum temperature for growth on PDA was in the range 20–25°C, with little or no growth occurring below 5°C or above 30°C. Hyphal extension occurred over a pH range between 2.6–8.6, with optimum values occurring at pH 5.5. In general, decreases in osmotic and matric potential caused a reduction in growth. Hyphal extension on media adjusted osmotically as NaCl ceased between −9.9 and −10.5 MPa. Isolates were more tolerant of osmotic than matric potential, with no growth occurring at −6.5 MPa on media adjusted with polyethylene glycol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008776611306
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  • 20
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    The effect of temperature on development and fecundityof Scymnus levaillanti (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 453-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: development ; fecundity ; functional response ; reproductive numerical response ; temperature ; Coccinellidae ; Aphis gossypii ; Scymnus levaillanti
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Development and fecundity of Scymnus levaillanti(Mulsant) were recorded at fiveconstant temperatures ranging from 15 to 35 ± 1 °C in 5 °C increments, 60 ± 5% RHand 16 h of artificial light (5000 Lux). Developmentaltime (egg to adult) of S. levaillantisignificantly decreased with increasing temperatures,ranging from 63.9 days at 15 °C to 11.1 days at35 °C. Development from egg to adult required305.2 DD above a developmental threshold estimated as11.7 °C. Oviposition periods lasted 86.5, 76.1,47.2, and 31.5 days at 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C,respectively. No eggs were deposited at 15 °C.Higher temperatures resulted in shorter generationtimes (TO) and in decreased net reproductiverates (RO) of the coccinellid. S.levaillanti kept at 30 °C produced 0.151females/female/day, the highest per capita rate ofpopulation growth (rm). The `functional response'of larvae and adults of S. levaillanti matcheswell that described by Holling (1959) as Type 2.Daily number of eggs deposited by females increased toa plateau with increasing prey density. Resultsobtained here provide information about the biology ofS. levaillanti, and its feeding capacityindicates that it may act as an important control agent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026505329762
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  • 21
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    Susceptibility of the legume flower thrips to Metarhizium anisopliae on different varieties of cowpea (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 79-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: anti-fungal substances ; control ; host plant resistance ; Megalurothrips sjostedti ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The susceptibility of Megalurothrips sjostedtito Metarhizium anisopliae when reared on susceptible, tolerant, and moderately resistant varieties of cowpea at different constant temperatures was evaluated in the laboratory. Insects were exposed either to direct spray of the conidia or to fungus-treated floral tissues. Mortality was significantly higher on the moderately resistant variety at all temperatures compared to the susceptible and tolerant varieties. Correspondingly, lethal time and lethal concentration values were significantly shorter and lower, respectively, on the moderately resistant variety compared to the other varieties, thus indicating that the two control methods are compatible as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Thrips raised on the tolerant variety incurred an exceptionally low level of mortality when the inoculum was sprayed directly on the insects or when the insects were exposed tofungus-treated floral tissues. Observations on the effects of airborne volatiles and crude extracts of this variety revealed an inhibitory effect on fungal germination, colony forming units and growth. This suggests the existence of anti-fungal substances in the tolerant variety.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009927302916
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  • 22
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    Greenhouse and field trials of the bacterial antagonists in pelletformulations to suppress sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctoniasolani (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 245-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Oryza sativa ; rice sheath blight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial formulations, produced using both Bacillus megaterium andB. pumilus individually with pharmaceutical technology, were testedunder both greenhouse and field conditions. In the greenhouse testing,some bacterial formulations, for instance For 7 minus Lac and For 16 minusLac, performed as well as freshly prepared bacterial antagonists insuppress sheath blight disease. In the field testing, For 16 minus Lac wasnot effective in suppressing sheath blight development. Failure of the For16 minus Lac to suppress sheath blight disease in the field trial may be dueto the dilution and inactivation of antibiotics produced by B.megaterium in the aquatic environment in the rice field and climaticconditions during the formulation application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009948404423
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    Storage and formulation of the entomopathogenicnematodes Heterorhabditis indica and H. bacteriophora (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 483-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: adjuvants ; attapulgite ; bentonite ; infectivity ; osmolarity ; pH ; survival ; temperature ; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ; Heterorhabditis indica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Successful control of insect pests through theapplication of entomopathogenic nematode dauerjuveniles of H. bacteriophora and H.indica can only be achieved when the nematodematerial reaches the end user in good condition.Storage and formulation techniques must provideoptimum conditions to guarantee a maximum survival andinfectivity of the nematodes. Nematode survival wastested at temperatures ranging between 5–25 °C.A maximum survival of H. indica was achieved at15 °C and the highest mortality at 5 °C.H. bacteriophora survived best at 7.5 °Cand least at 25 °C. An increase of the saltconcentration had positive effects on dauer juvenilesurvival in aqueous suspensions. Low pH between 6 and4 reduced the bacterial growth and prolonged survivalof stored dauer juveniles. Of the organic acidsascorbic, benzoic, citric and sorbic acid, onlyascorbic acid had a positive effect on H. indicasurvival. Extracts of the dried spice plants cinnamon,cloves, rosemary and oregano were tested. Enhancementof H. indica survival was recorded for cinnamonand cloves. Survival and infectivity of nematodesstored in attapulgite and bentonite clays and spongewere recorded over several weeks at different storagetemperatures. Infectivity was not influenced by thedifferent formulation materials. When stored insponge at 25 °C nematodes survived less than 1week and the formulation in clay could only prolongthis period for another week. At 5 °C thesurvival of H. bacteriophora in sponge wassuperior to that in clay, whereas H. indicasurvived less well in sponge than in clay at15 °C. Storage in aerated water at 5 °Cfor H. bacteriophora and at 15 °C for H. indica resulted in the lowest mortality. Forstorage at controlled conditions (temperature, pH andosmolarity), aerated water is superior to all othermethods tested and the addition of preservatives willincrease survival.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026528727365
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  • 24
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    Electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder Part II: Process conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: cupric oxide ; powder ; current density ; temperature ; sodium sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrosynthesis of cupric oxide powder was carried out on a laboratory scale in an electrochemical cell under various experimental conditions. The electrolysis was appraised in terms of the particle size of the cupric oxide product and the anodic dissolution of the copper electrode. Using a previously determined pH value of 7.50, the other optimum electrolysis operating conditions established were a current density of 4000Am−2, temperature of 353K, and Na2SO4 concentration of 0.5m. The optimum values of current efficiency, cell voltage and specific energy consumption for the electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder were determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003464914657
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  • 25
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    Sulfate solubility algorithms for CaSO4–NaCl–H2O and Na2SO4–NaCl–H2O in chlor alkali brine at 25, 65, 75 and 85 ∘C (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 525-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: brine ; chlor-alkali cells ; solubility ; sulfate ions ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026405806916
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  • 26
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    Different Patterns of Host Genes are Induced in Rice by Pseudomonas syringae, a Biological Inducer of Resistance, and the Chemical Inducer Benzothiadiazole (BTH) (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 659-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Magnaporthe grisea ; Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice seedlings treated with the synthetic compound benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) acquired resistance to subsequent attack by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr. BTH (trade name Bion™) has been released to the market as a plant protecting agent for rice. Here, we analysed the pattern of expressed genes in rice plants treated with BTH, and compared this pattern with those induced by the formerly discovered resistance inducer 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, a non-host pathogen inducing a hypersensitive response. Both INA and BTH induced similar patterns of genes, suggesting that these compounds are functional analogues. In contrast, the patterns induced by the chemical inducers and by P. syringae were clearly dissimilar.
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  • 27
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    Effects of Temperature on Growth and Efficiency of Yolk Utilisation in Eggs and Pre-feeding Larval Stages of Atlantic Salmon (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: alevin ; Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ; development ; egg ; temperature ; thermal tolerance ; yolk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three embryonic stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were subjected to eight constant incubation temperatures (4, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 19 and 22 °C) exceeding the range usually experienced in natural conditions. A change in thermal tolerance during the embryonic and larval development was registered: pre-hatching stages showed an upper thermal limit at about 16 °C, while hatched larvae survived until 22 °C. Temperature significantly affects developmental rate, resulting in a faster development and, consequently, lower yolk weight percentage at higher temperatures. We found positive relationships between incubation temperature and body size (length and weight) in the less developed stages, in which some yolk remained, but size decreased at increasing temperatures when yolk was completely exhausted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009214804949
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  • 28
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    Growth and Chemical Composition of Spirulina Maxima and Spirulina Platensis Biomass at Different Temperatures (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 261-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; microalgae ; Spirulina ; Spirulina composition ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of temperature on growth and biomass composition of two species of Spirulina, S. maxima and S. platensis used for food was studied. A 4L fermenter with temperature and agitation control was used to cultivate both species. Under continuous light, maximum cell production of 2.4 g l−1 was verified for both cultures studied at temperatures above 25 °C: S. maxima (30 °C and 35 °C) and S. platensis (25 °C and 30 °C). An accentuated lag phase was observed for all cultures at lower temperatures (15–20 °C), and a maximum biomass production of 1.5 g l−1 was achieved. It was also observed that an increase of temperature caused a marked decrease in protein content, while carbohydrate synthesis was stimulated. The concentration of γ-linolenic acid varied from 11–16% for S. maxima and from 12–14% for S. platensis, at the optimum growth temperatures. Greater culture volumes were also studied in order to compare the performance of glass and plastic containers. At optimum growth temperature, S. maxima produced the same cell growth and similar final biomass composition.
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  • 29
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    Effects of Temperature on Infection in Capsicum sp. and Nicotiana benthamiana by Impatiens Necrotic Spot Tospovirus (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 509-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: tospovirus ; resistance ; Capsicum sp. ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Infection by two isolates of impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus (INSV) under temperature regimes of 25/18°C (day/night) or 33°C (continuous) was studied in Capsicum annuum (systemically susceptible to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, TSWV), C. chinense PI 152225 and PI 159236 (reacting hypersensitively to TSWV) and Nicotiana benthamiana (systemically susceptible to both tospoviruses). At 25/18°C infection was systemic in all hosts tested. At 33°C infection in N. benthamiana was systemic whereas in C. annuum and C. chinense it was restricted to the inoculated leaves. The result differed from that reported for TSWV, where high temperature made plants more susceptible, or caused no difference. Exchanging temperature regimes 6 h to 4 days after inoculation did not affect the final results one month later, with plants being only locally infected at 33°C continuous regime, or systemically infected at 25/18°C alternate regime. The two INSV isolates were biologically and serologically stable for 5 passages in N. benthamiana held continuously at 33°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008742516820
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  • 30
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    The use of microsatellite polymorphisms for the identification of Australian breeding lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: microsatellite ; Oryza sativa ; polymorphism ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten microsatellite loci were analysed for 43 cultivars or breeding lines of rice. Polymorphism-Information-Content values ranged from 0.62 to 0.92. The microsatellite markers were found to be useful for cultivar identification and assessment of genetic relationships. Most of the cultivars could be uniquely identified by at least one microsatellite marker. Genetic heterogeneity was detected within rice samples by amplification of microsatellites from DNA extracted from multiple individual plants and also from bulked DNA preparations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003688612179
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  • 31
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    Floral initiation in field-grown forage peas is delayed to a greater extent by short photoperiods, than in other types of European varieties (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 109 (1999), S. 201-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Pisum sativum L. ; frost resistance ; floral initiation ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Frost is one of the main climatic stresses which has to be overcome by a winter pea crop. Some forage lines show a delayed floral initiation, which helps them to escape the main winter freezing periods, as a higher susceptibility to frost is observed after floral initiation commences. Frost tolerant forage peas have been used in all winter pea breeding programs in France and our main purpose was to evaluate to what extent those lines and the current winter varieties are variable for the date of floral initiation in field conditions. A field experiment was carried out during two years at the INRA experimental station of Mons (northern France). Different genotypes (9 in 1995–1996 and 12 in 1996–1997) were sown at approximately monthly intervals between September and June to provide a range of photothermal conditions. The date of floral initiation was determined by destructive sampling. We observed variability for the date of floral initiation among the different genotypes and sowing dates. Our data particularly highlighted the different reactions to photoperiod. Three varieties had no detectable reaction. Six varieties exhibited a quantitative response, with varied intensities. Lastly, the three forage varieties showed a qualitative, high response to photoperiod, which indicated the presence of the Hr allele, already described in Pisum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003727324475
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  • 32
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    Agro-morphological characterization of ovary culture-derived plants of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: doubled haploids ; genetics ; haploids ; induced variation ; Oryza sativa ; ovary culture ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants derived from unpollinated ovary culture of ten rice genotypes showed significant variability in agro-morphological characteristics. The ovary-derived plant (H1) populations were completely haploid, doubled haploid or haploid-doubled haploid mixture. Haploids had very drastic reduction in plant height, panicle length, grain length, breadth and number and spikelet fertility (0.0%–2.1%). Doubled haploids from the hybrid of UPRI 95–121 × UPRI 95–165 were normal with fertility ranging between 69.6% and 97.7%. A genetic segregation in ratio of 1:1 was observed for five pigmentation characters in the H1 population derived from hybrid UPRI 95–122 × UPRI 95–165. Plant height showed the largest coefficient of variability (28.5%) followed by the number of spikelets per panicle (24.2%), number of grains per panicle (22.0%), percent seed set (9.2%) and panicle length (9.0%). The range of variation in the H1 population from fully fertile hybrid PMS 2A (CMS) × IR 31802 (restorer) was similar to its corresponding F2 population for plant height, spikelet fertility and number of grains/panicle. A single clone of plants from the cultivar BG 1321 exhibited complete male sterility but normal female fertility when pollinated with other varieties. Ovary-derived plants from the CMS lines PMS 2A and IR 58025A showed stable male sterility and those from thermosensitive genetic male sterile line UPRI 95–140 showed thermosensitive genetic male sterility. These lines have potential in the hybrid breeding program and are being currently exploited.
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    Ammonium and nitrate uptake by Eucalyptus nitens: effects of pH and temperature (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; eucalyptus ; nitrate ; pH ; root uptake ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonium and nitrate uptake by roots of Eucalyptus nitens was characterised with respect to pH and temperature. Uptake of ammonium and nitrate was measured as depletion from solutions by roots of intact 11 week old solution-cultured seedlings. Uptake rates of ammonium were consistently higher than those of nitrate in all experiments. Uptake rates for ammonium were 200% higher at pH 4 than at pH 6, but for nitrate were unchanged. Uptake rates of ammonium and nitrate were both reduced to a similar extent (70%) with a decrease in temperature from 20 °C to 10 °C. For ammonium uptake, there was rapid (〈24 hr) adaptation to a reduction in root temperature. The apparent preference shown here for ammonium over nitrate could be indicative of E. nitens growing in cold, acidic forest soils where ammonium is commonly more available than nitrate. These results suggest that N uptake rates of E. nitens may be maximised under a wide variety of conditions if N is supplied predominantly in the ammonium form.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004740204876
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    Molecular mapping of a new genic male-sterility gene causing chalky endosperm in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genic male-sterility gene ; mapping ; molecular markers ; Oryza sativa ; pleiotropic effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A genic male-sterility gene newly induced by chemical mutagenesis, tentatively designated as ms-h(t), was located on the molecular map of rice and tested for its effect on chalky endosperm. Bulked segregant analysis was used to determine the chromosomal location of the ms-h(t) locus by screening four to five RFLP markers per chromosome. After confirming that the gene was located on chromosome 9, twenty-four RFLP markers from chromosome 9 were surveyed for polymorphism in the parents of the mapping population. Of these, eleven markers were mapped around the ms- h(t) locus. RG451 and RZ404 flanked the ms-h(t) gene, at 2.5cM and 3.3cM, respectively. Heterozygous F2 to F4 progenies were tested for co- segregation of male-sterility and chalky endosperm and it was revealed that ms-h(t) might have a pleiotropic effect on chalky endosperm. This mutant would be a good biological material to characterize the biochemical mechanism of male sterility and related pleiotropic effects. Further studies should be needed to know the usefulness of this mutant for hybrid seed production.
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    Importance of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase to proline accumulation caused by water stress in detached rice leaves (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ornithine-δ-aminotransferase ; proline accumulation ; Oryza sativa ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Proline is synthesized either from glutamate or from ornithine in plants. Relatively little is known about the contribution of the pathway from ornithine to proline biosynthesis. In this paper we investigated the contribution of ornithine-δ-aminotransterase (OAT), an enzyme responsible for ornithine pathway, to proline accumulation in water-stressed detached rice leaves. Although OAT activity increased with the increase of water stress duration, a pattern similar to that obtained for proline accumulation, the ornithine pathway in rice leaves seems to contribute little, if any, to proline accumulation under water stress condition. This conclusion was based on the observations that (a) gabaculine (50 μM), an inhibitor of OAT, inhibited about 75% OAT activity caused by water stress but reduced only 20% of proline content and (b) cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, had no effect on OAT activity induced by water stress but significantly reduced proline accumulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006226732574
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    Endogenous abscisic acid levels are not linked to methyl jasmonate-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 17-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; ammonium ; leaf senescence ; methyl jasmonate ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Both abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonates are known to promote leaf senescence. Since ABA and jasmonates have both chemical and physiological similarities, we are interested to know whether senescence of detached rice leaves induced by methyl jasmonate (MJ) is mediated through an increase in endogenous ABA levels. In darkness, the endogenous level of ABA in detached rice leaves remained unchanged in the first day of incubation in water and increased about 5 times its initial value in the second day. However, the pattern of senescence, as judged by protein loss, was rapid during the first day. MJ significantly promoted senescence of detached rice leaves. Contrary to our expectation, endogenous ABA levels decreased in MJ-treated detached rice leaves. Similar to the effect of MJ, endogenous ABA levels decreased in detached rice leaves which were induced to senesce by treatment with NH4Cl. These results suggest that endogenous ABA levels are not linked to MJ-induced senescence of detached rice leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006251922889
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    Induction by ozone of ethylene production and an ACC oxidase cDNA in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase ; ethylene ; Oryza sativa ; ozone ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Exposure to ozone at 1 µl l−1 for 6 h induced ethylene production in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore) leaves. The stimulation of ethylene production was detectable 2 h after the start of the exposure to ozone, and lasted for 6 h after the exposure. A 429-bp cDNA fragment encoding ACC oxidase was obtained by RT-PCR from ozone-treated rice leaves. Its nucleotide sequence and deduced amino-acid sequence had 97.2% and 94.4% identity, respectively, to those of OS1A1COX, which was previously obtained from deepwater rice. The abundance of the cDNA increased in accordance with the induction of ethylene production by the exposure to ozone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006229421785
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    High-resolution DNA fingerprinting of Indian rice (Oryza sativa L) varieties by amplified fragment length polymorphism (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 427-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: AFLP analysis ; DNA fingerprinting ; genetic diversity ; Indian rice varieties ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To assess diversification of indica rice, fingerprinting of 42 Indian rice varieties (Oryza sativa L) and one accession of O. brachyantha Chev. et Roehr. was taken up using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Six primer combinations of PstI and MseI were used for this purpose. On denaturing polyacrylamide sequencing gel, on average 41 scorable AFLP bands were obtained of which 81% were polymorphic. Each variety revealed a distinct fingerprint. Data were scored on the basis of presence and absence of bands and cluster analysis was performed using Dice similarity coefficients. The resultant dendrogram showed four major clusters and traits. Some varieties especially landraces revealed more polymorphism and unique loci. Such study will be a valuable tool for proper choice of parents in mapping populations or breeding programs to produce heterotic several inexplicable minor clusters. Some varieties were grouped according to parentages of the cross while some were grouped according to physiological combinations apart from providing a characteristic fingerprint.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008696306235
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    Geographical distribution of genes causing hybrid breakdown in varietal crosses of Asian cultivated rice (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: F2 weakness ; reproductive barrier ; Oryza sativa ; gene distribution ; clinal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a backcrossing program to introduce the wx (glutinous endosperm) gene from a Thai upland rice cultivar, Col.No.15, to a Japanese cultivar, Sasanishiki, of Asian cultivated rice, Oryza sativa L., weak plants were observed in the BC1F1 generation. These weak plants were characterized by poor growth and discoloration at the tillering stage, though they were completely fertile. Hybrid breakdown, which is defined as hybrid weakness and sterility detected in the F2 and later inbred generations of varietal crosses, is controlled by a pair of recessive genes, hwd1 and hwd2, at unlinked loci. Two dominant genes at either the same or different loci, Hwd1/Hwd1 hwd2/hwd2, hwd1/hwd1 Hwd2/Hwd2 or Hwd1/hwd1 Hwd2/hwd2, are needed for normal growth. Using tester lines homozygous for a pair of recessive genes selected in the BC1F3 generation, the genotypes for hybrid breakdown of 100 Asian rice cultivars were determined based on the phenotype of F1 plants. Clinal variation for hybrid breakdown was observed. Cultivars with two dominant alleles at either hwd1 or hwd2 locus, were mainly found in insular Asia (Japan, Philippines and Indonesia), while the frequency of cultivars with four dominant alleles was more common in cultivars from continental Asia. Roles of hybrid breakdown in genetic differentiation of Asian cultivated rice are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008631600311
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    Restoration of gibberellin biosynthesis by 2,6-diisopropylphenoxyacetic acid in uniconazole-treated rice plants (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 2,6-diisopropylphenoxyacetic acid ; gibberellin ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; shoot elongation ; uniconazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract 2,6-Diisopropylphenoxyacetic acid (DIPA), a promoter of growth and flowering of Sagittaria species, was found to improve the shoot growth of rice plants treated with uniconazole, an inhibitor of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis. In a modified micro-drop bioassay using semi-dwarf rice, Oryza sativa L. cv. Tan-ginbozu, in which uniconazole had been incorporated into the agar medium, a significant recovery from growth inhibition was observed for both the 3rd and the 4th leaf sheaths but not for the 2nd sheath. In greenhouse experiments, uniconazole-treated rice plants partially recovered from growth inhibition when DIPA was applied after uniconazole treatment, whereas DIPA applied with, or before, uniconazole treatment did not improve growth. The levels of GA1 and GA20 in the rice plants treated with uniconazole plus DIPA were almost equal to those of the untreated controls, indicating that the observed growth recovery is attributable to the restoration of GA biosynthesis by DIPA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006215428363
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    Mapping QTLs associated with drought resistance in rice: Progress, problems and prospects (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 29 (1999), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; drought resistance ; root morphology ; root growth ; osmotic adjustment ; review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The use of molecular markers in the mapping of traits of agronomic importance holds great promise for speeding the development of improved plant varieties and increasing our understanding of the physiological or molecular mechanisms behind biological phenomena. The technique is now being applied to drought resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Drought is important because a considerable proportion of the world rice area is not irrigated and can be prone to water deficit. A large number of people, particular some of the poorest rice farmers, stand to gain if new varieties which combine high yield and drought resistance can be developed. Rice should be particularly useful for the molecular genetic analysis of drought resistance because of its growing role as a model monocot species and the diversity of drought resistance mechanisms which are found in the germplasm. We briefly review the traits which might be considered important in improving drought resistance in rice, before explaining the molecular mapping approach. We review progress at locating quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for individual mechanisms of drought resistance in controlled environment conditions. This includes a detailed comparison of reported QTLs related to root morphological characters. The search for QTLs associated with field performance under drought stress is analysed and the problems associated with understanding the genetic control of a complex physical and physiological phenomenon under conditions of substantial environmental variation are highlighted. We emphasise that the use of near isogenic lines in overcoming some of the problems offers considerable promise for the future.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006255832479
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    The genetic structure and conservation of aus, aman and boro rices from Bangladesh (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 587-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: diversity ; genetic resources ; GIS ; Oryza sativa ; RAPD ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A diverse set of 115 rice varieties from Bangladesh was surveyed using 35 polymorphic RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers and the genetic structure of this germplasm, encompassing the principal rice ecotypes of Bangladesh (aus, aman and boro), was determined using multivariate analysis. The level of genetic diversity was evaluated and compared with the levels of diversity found within other rice growing areas of the world. Geographical information systems analysis using Atlas-GIS was employed to analyse and present the geographic distribution of genetic diversity across Bangladesh, and cluster analysis was used to test the efficiency of selection of material for a core collection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008749532171
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    Feed Intake and Growth of Juvenile Silver Trevally at the Southern Limit of Their Distribution (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 357-360 
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    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: feed intake ; growth ; silver trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex) ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009296531292
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    Effect of source and nest size of N fertilizers and temperature on nitrification in a coarse textured, alkaline soil (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium chloride ; ammonium sulphate ; nest placement ; nitrification ; temperature ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrification occurring in an alkaline sandy loam soil fertilized with urea, ammonium sulphate (AS) and ammonium chloride (AC) was studied in the laboratory at 20°C and 40°C for 30 days. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied as nest of sizes 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g. Unfertilized control and soil mixed with 50 mg N kg-1 were also included as treatments. Nitrification in all the fertilizer treatments decreased markedly with increasing nest size. At 20°C, differences among the three N sources were not significant at 5 days after incubation but marked differences appeared thereafter. All the N was nitrified by 30 days in case of fertilizers mixed into the soil. In nest placement, nitrification ranged from 30.1 to 75.5%, 28.3 to 74.6% and 35.3 to 88.7% for urea, AC and AS, respectively. When equal amounts of fertilizers were placed in a nest, nitrification occurred at a slower rate with urea than with AC and AS. Rates of nitrification were significantly higher at 40°C than at 20°C. At 20 days, nitrification from different nest sizes ranged from 8.4 to 64.9% and from 24.9 to 87.0% at 20°C and 40°C, respectively. The difference in nitrification at two temperatures were more pronounced at higher nest sizes than at smaller nest sizes. While nitrification with the three N sources decreased linearly with increase in N concentration (nest size) in soil at 40°C, it showed a quadratic relationship at 20°C. At equal N concentration, the highest rate of nitrification occurred with urea and the lowest with AC. At the same rate of applied N (50–2000 mg kg-1), AC and AS increased electrical conductivity of soil by 1.3–9 times that of urea. Apparent mineral N recovery of applied N decreased with the increase in nest size.
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    NaCl induced changes in ionically bound peroxidase activity in roots of rice seedlings (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: NaCl ; Oryza sativa ; peroxidase ; root growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The changes in ionically bound peroxidase activity in roots of NaCl-stressed rice seedlings and their correlation with root growth were investigated. Increasing concentrations of NaCl from 50 to 150 mM progressively decreases root growth. The reduction of root growth by NaCl is closely correlated with the increase in ionically bound peroxidase activity. Since proline and ammonium accumulations are associated with root growth inhibition caused by NaCl, we determined the effects of proline or NH4Cl on root growth and ionically bound peroxidase activity in roots. External application of proline or NH4Cl markedly inhibited root growth and increased ionically bound peroxidase activity in roots of rice seedlings in the absence of NaCl. An increase in ionically bound peroxidase activity in roots preceded inhibition of root growth caused by NaCl, NH4Cl or proline. Mannitol inhibited root growth, but decreased rather than increased ionically bound peroxidase activity at the concentration iso-osmotic with NaCl. The inhibition of root growth and the increase in ionically bound peroxidase activity in roots by NaClis reversible and is associated with ionic rather than osmotic component.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004714506156
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    The influence of temperature, photoperiod and plant type on the predation rate of Macrolophus pygmaeus on Myzus persicae (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 281-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Macrolophus pygmaeus ; photoperiod ; predation rate ; temperature ; predator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature and photoperiod on the rate of predation of nymphs and adults of the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus was studied using Myzus persicae prey feeding on egg-plant and pepper plants. The experiments were conducted at three photoperiods (16L:8D, 12L:12D and 8L:16D), three temperatures (20, 25 and 30 °C), and at 65% r.h. The rate of predation increased with temperature. Predation rate was affected by photoperiod on pepper but not on egg-plant. Females and fifth instar nymphs were the most voracious stages followed by third and fourth instar nymphs and males. First and second instar nymphs consumed far fewer aphids. Predation rate was higher on leaves of pepper than egg-plant, especially at 30 °C. Variation in the efficacy of this predator is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009959325331
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    Competitive ability of the antagonists Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum at temperatures favourable for Botrytis spp. development (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 329-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Botrytis aclada ; Botrytis cinerea ; cyclamen ; ecological adaptation ; hydrangea ; lily ; onion ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum are fungal antagonists capable of suppressing sporulation of Botrytis spp. on dead plant parts. The effect of temperature (3 to 36 °C) on antagonist conidial germination and mycelial growth was assessed on agar. In addition conidial germination of U. atrum was measured on dead lily leaves. The optimum temperature of both antagonists for both conidial germination and mycelial growth was between 27 and 30 °C. U. atrum was less affected by lower temperatures than G. roseum. At optimum temperature, 50% of conidia of U. atrum and G. roseum germinated within 2.6 and 10.0 hrs, respectively. At low sub-optimal temperatures (6 °C), 50% of conidia germinated within 18 and 96 hours, respectively. In bioassays on dead onion leaves, U. atrum suppressed sporulation of B. cinerea and B. aclada at all temperatures tested (6 to 24 °C) by more than 85%. On dead cyclamen leaves, G. roseum was more efficient than U. atrum at 21 and 24 °C but, in contrast to U. atrum, showed no antagonistic activity at temperatures below 21 °C. On dead hydrangea leaves, U. atrum significantly reduced sporulation of B. cinerea at temperatures as low as 3 and 1 °C. Under Dutch growing conditions, the mean air temperature during leaf wetness periods in onion and lily fields was 15 °C with temperatures only occasionally above 20 °C. In greenhouse crops of cyclamen, the mean temperature during high humidity periods was 17 °C. It is therefore concluded that U. atrum is better adapted than G. roseum to temperatures which occur in the field, in greenhouse crops such as cyclamen, or during cold storage of plant stocks.
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    Interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and growth temperature on photosynthesis in cotton leaves (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 26 (1998), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: carbohydrates ; elevated CO2 ; Gossypium hirsutum L. ; interaction ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., cv DPL 5415) plants were grown in naturally lit environment chambers at day/night temperature regimes of 26/18 (T-26/18), 31/23 (T-31/23) and 36/28 °C (T-36/28) and CO2 concentrations of 350 (C-350), 450 (C-450) and 700 μL L-1 (C-700). Net photosynthesis rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration, RuBP carboxylase activity and the foliar contents of starch and sucrose were measured during different growth stages. Net CO2 assimilation rates increased with increasing CO2 and temperature regimes. The enhancement of photosynthesis was from 24 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 (with C-350 and T-26/18) to 41 μmol m-2 s-1 (with C-700 and T-36/28). Stomatal conductance decreased with increasing CO2 while it increased up to T-31/23 and then declined. The interactive effects of CO2 and temperature resulted in a 30% decrease in transpiration. Although the leaves grown in elevated CO2 had high starch and sucrose concentrations, their content decreased with increasing temperature. Increasing temperature from T-26/18 to 36/28 increased RuBP carboxylase activity in the order of 121, 172 and 190 μmol mg-1 chl h-1 at C-350, C-450 and C-700 respectively. Our data suggest that leaf photosynthesis in cotton benefited more from CO_2 enrichment at warm temperatures than at low growth temperature regimes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006035517185
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    Methane flux in relation to growth and phenology of a high yielding rice variety as affected by fertilization (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 201 (1998), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth parameters ; methane flux ; N-fertilization ; Oryza sativa ; root porosity ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Influence of urea application on growth parameters (shoot height, and weight, root volume, weight and porosity; number of tillers; grain yield) and their relationship with methane (CH4) flux was investigated in Oryza sativa (var. Pant Dhan-4) under flooded soil condition. The study design consisted of (a) fertilized vegetated, (b) control vegetated, (c) fertilized bare, and (d) control bare plots. Crop growth and CH4 flux measurements were conducted from 9 to 115 days of rice transplanting at regular intervals of 10 days. Results showed that there were significant differences due to days (dates of measurement) and fertilization in all growth parameters except shoot height. Day × fertilization interaction was significant for all growth parameters. CH4 fluxes ranged from 0.4 to 20.2, 0.1 to 11.9, 0.09 to 2.2 and 0.004 to 1.5 mg m-2 h-1 under treatments (a), (b), (c) and (d), respectively. Maximum CH4 flux was recorded at the flowering stage. All the growth parameters, including number of tillers, showed strong positive relationship with total methane flux. Root porosity was also strongly correlated with total CH4 emission. It was concluded that CH4 emission was substantially influenced by crop phenology and growth, and fertilization. The study emphasizes the substrate production and conduit effects of rice plants on CH4 flux.
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    The phenology of fine root growth in a maple-dominated ecosystem: relationships with some soil properties (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 201 (1998), S. 59-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maple ; moisture ; phenology ; root growth ; soil fertility ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A two-year study was undertaken in a maple-dominated watershed of southern Québec, Canada, to examine relationships between trends in fine root growth, stem diameter growth, soil moisture, soil temperature, mineralized-N and extractable-P. Until September, soil temperature was consistently higher in 1995 than in 1994. Apart from the first sampling in mid-May, soil moisture was higher in 1994 than in 1995. In 1994, most fine roots were produced before leaf expansion, whereas in 1995, fine root production peaked in July. Annual fine root production was estimated to be 2.7 times higher in 1994 than in 1995. Stem growth was strongly associated with the seasonal and annual variation in soil temperature. Root and diameter growth were asynchronous in 1994 but not in 1995. Fine root production was associated with two groups of variables: a soil fertility (mineralized-N and extractable-P) group and a physical soil environment (moisture and temperature) group. Our results are consistent with the negative effect of high soil-N fertility on fine root production but are inconclusive as to the positive effect of high soil-P fertility. Soil conditions that are detrimental to root growth such as high N availability and anaerobiosis could modify the normal dynamics of fine root growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004351705516
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    Development of a technique for in vitro unpollinated ovary culture in rice, Oryza sativa L. (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 104 (1998), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: unpollinated ovary culture ; callus induction ; plant regeneration ; chilling pretreatment ; development stage ; medium composition ; rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simple and efficient technique for in vitro unpollinated ovary culture in rice which is also applicable for indica genotypes was developed for breeding and genetic studies. Sampling explants at the auricle distance of 7–12 cm between the two uppermost leaves of a tiller, providing a chilling pretreatment and ovaries with 1/3 of the hulls intact gave optimum response to culture. For callus induction with the spontaneous breaking of ovaries, N6 media supplemented with NAA (2 mg/l) and DMSO (0.6–0.8%) gave a mean PCI value of 3.8% and range of 0.8–12.5% among genotypes. Media combining 2,4,5-T or 2,4-D with NAA in N6 medium also has reasonably good callus induction. For calli induced inside, 2,4-D (0.2–0.5 mg/l), NAA (2 mg/l) and KT (1 mg/l) contained media were superior. The maximum green plant regeneration (PPR) of 77.3% was found with the medium containing NAA 0.25 mg/l, IAA 0.5 mg/l and KT 2.0 mg/l. Significant genotype, medium and their interaction effects for per cent ovary survival and callus induction were observed.
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    Root and shoot elongation of rhizotron-grown seedlings of Eucalyptus nitens and Eucalyptus globulus in relation to temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 206 (1998), S. 37-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Eucalyptus globulus ; Eucalyptus nitens ; root apical diameter ; root elongation ; shoot elongation ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Information on the growth response of a crop plant in relation to temperature can be helpful in selecting genotypes to suit local environments, scheduling favourable time of planting and forecasting growth and yield. To determine the effects of varying temperature on root and shoot elongation of eucalypt seedlings, elongation rates of roots and shoots were measured in rhizotrons for two species (Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden, and Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) at a temperature range of 5–23 °C. Within this range of temperatures, elongation rates of roots and shoots of both species increased with an increase in temperature. Roots of E. globulus were more sensitive and shoots less sensitive to temperature than those of E. nitens. However, the threshold temperature corresponding with zero elongation rate predicted from the regression of elongation rate against temperature was similar for the roots (∼5 °C) and shoots (∼0 °C) of both species. Hysteresis did not appear to have a significant influence on root or shoot elongation of both species during warming compared with cooling. Results are discussed highlighting the importance of the interaction between development and growth of plant components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004337121719
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    Evaluation of agar and agarose gels for studying mechanical impedance in rice roots (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 207 (1998), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agar ; agarose ; gels ; mechanical impedance ; Oryza sativa ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agar and agarose gels were evaluated as systems to mechanically impede roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Two-layer gels were used so that seedlings established in a layer of weak gel (0.35% weight/volume) and then grew downwards to encounter a treatment gel of up to 5.0% (w/v). Agarose gels were stronger than agar gels of the same concentration, reaching a maximum penetrometer resistance of 1.2 MPa at a concentration of 5.0%, compared to 0.3 MPa with agar. The 5.0% agar gel stimulated elongation of the seminal axis by 40% in seedlings of variety TN1 (compared with elongation in the 0.2% gel), but decreased it by 15% in the variety Lac 23. Although increasing agarose concentration decreased seminal axis elongation in both varieties, the seminal axis did not reach the lower layer of treatment gel when the concentration of the treatment gel was greater than 2.0%. The decreased root elongation was therefore a non-mechanical inhibition. In experiments conducted using a different batch of agarose, these inhibitory effects were not seen and strong agarose gels stimulated seminal axis elongation. It was concluded that the agar and agarose gel systems studied were unsuitable for studying the effect of mechanical impedance on the elongation of rice roots and that great care should be taken in interpreting the results of experiments using gels as a growth medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004489501678
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    The response of soil microorganisms and roots to elevated CO2 and temperature in a terrestrial model ecosystem (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 202 (1998), S. 251-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: climate change ; Ecotron ; microbial biomass ; microbial community structure ; soil enzymes ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the response of soil microorganisms to atmospheric CO2 and temperature change within model terrestrial ecosystems in the Ecotron. The model communities consisted of four plant species (Cardamine hirsuta, Poa annua, Senecio vulgaris, Spergula arvensis), four herbivorous insect species (two aphids, a leaf-miner, and a whitefly) and their parasitoids, snails, earthworms, woodlice, soil-dwelling Collembola (springtails), nematodes and soil microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, mycorrhizae and Protista). In two successive experiments, the effects of elevated temperature (ambient plus 2 °C) at both ambient and elevated CO2 conditions (ambient plus 200 ppm) were investigated. A 40:60 sand:Surrey loam mixture with relatively low nutrient levels was used. Each experiment ran for 9 months and soil microbial biomass (Cmic and Nmic), soil microbial community (fungal and bacterial phospholipid fatty acids), basal respiration, and enzymes involved in the carbon cycling (xylanase, trehalase) were measured at depths of 0–2, 0–10 and 10–20 cm. In addition, root biomass and tissue C:N ratio were determined to provide information on the amount and quality of substrates for microbial growth. Elevated temperature under both ambient and elevated CO2 did not show consistent treatment effects. Elevation of air temperature at ambient CO2 induced an increase in Cmic of the 0–10 cm layer, while at elevated CO2 total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) increased after the third generation. The metabolic quotient qCO2 decreased at elevated temperature in the ambient CO2 run. Xylanase and trehalase showed no changes in both runs. Root biomass and C:N ratio were not influenced by elevated temperature in ambient CO2. In elevated CO2, however, elevated temperature reduced root biomass in the 0–10 cm and 30–40 cm layers and increased N content of roots in the deeper layers. The different response of root biomass and C:N ratio to elevated temperature may be caused by differences in the dynamics of root decomposition and/or in allocation patterns to coarse or fine roots (i.e. storage vs. resource capture functions). Overall, our data suggests that in soils of low nutrient availability, the effects of climate change on the soil microbial community and processes are likely to be minimal and largely unpredicatable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004309623256
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    Predominance of ecophysiological controls on soil CO2 flux in a Minnesota grassland (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 207 (1998), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cedar Creek ; Minnesota ; light ; root respiration ; Scizachyrium scorparium ; soil CO2 flux ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ecosystem studies often study soil CO2 flux as a function of environmental factors, such as temperature, that affect respiration rates by changing the rate of utilization of carbon substrates. These studies tend not to include factors, such as photosynthesis, that affect the supply of carbon substrates to roots and root-associated processes. We examined the role of decreased carbohydrate source on soil CO2 flux and root respiration in an annually-burned grassland through manipulations of light intensity and removal of above ground biomass. We also quantified the contribution of root respiration to soil CO2 flux by measuring the respiration rates of excised roots. Two days of shading caused a 40% reduction in soil CO2 flux, while clipping was associated with a 19% reduction in soil CO2 flux. Both reductions were independent of soil and air temperature at the time of measurement. The relative decrease in soil CO2 flux observed in the clipping experiment was similar in magnitude to an observed decrease in root respiration per gram of root, linking decreased root activity and soil CO2 flux. From these experiments, we conclude that variation in factors that affect carbon availability to roots can be important determinants of soil CO2 flux and should be included explicitly in studies that measure or model soil CO2 flux.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004417419288
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    Distribution and phylogeny of Potamophila parviflora R.Br. a wild relative of rice from eastern Australia (1998)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 399-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: internal transcribed spacer sequences ; nuclear ribosomal RNA genes ; molecular phylogeny ; Potamophila parviflora ; Oryza sativa ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potamophila parviflora is a wild relative of rice from Eastern Australia. The species was found in the Richmond, Clarence, Macleay and Hastings River systems of northern New South Wales. Existing populations had wider leaves (10–15 mM) than those previously reported (4–6 mM). This species and North American wild rice, Zizania palustris were investigated as genetic resource for rice improvement. Both species, Potamophila , and Zizania , occur in colder climates than rice (Oryza sativa). Sequencing of the ITS1 of the ribosomal genes of these two species indicated that Zizania and Potamophila were more closely related to each other than either was to Oryza sativa. Potamophila has a similar number of chromosomes (n=12) and a greater sequence homology to rice and may thus be a better source of useful genes for rice improvement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008612115685
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    Ammonium, calcium, and leaf senescence in rice (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 26 (1998), S. 63-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ammonium ; calcium ; leaf senescence ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possible involvement of calcium in the regulation of ammonium-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves was investigated. Calcium effectively reduced ammonium-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves. The effect of ammonium on the senescence was also significantly reduced by the calcium ionophore A23187. Ammonium-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves may be mediated through blocking the entrance of calcium ions into the cytosol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006012827917
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    Grain crop response to contour hedgerow systems on sloping Oxisols (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 42 (1998), S. 107-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: erosion ; Gliricidia sepium ; Oryza sativa ; Paspalum conjugatum ; Penisetum purpureum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farming systems that minimize the rate of soil degradation and optimize food crop yields are needed to sustain soil productivity on sloping, acid, infertile soils in the humid tropics. Research was conducted on two Oxisols with slopes ranging from 22 to 30% to evaluate the performance of several contour hedgerow systems, with and without the addition of 60 kg N ha−1 per crop, on rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays L.) production. Contour hedgerows were double rows of the tree legume Gliricidia sepium (G); Gliricidia and the native grass Paspalum conjugatum (GPas); Gliricidia and an exotic fodder grass Penisetum purpureum (GPen); double rows of Penisetum (Pen); and a conventional open field (C) farming system without hedgerows. Gliricidia prunings and all crop residues were applied to the soil surface in the alleys, but Penisetum was harvested. Food crop yields in all hedgerow treatments tended to be less than the Control for the first two years, presumably due to the displacement of land planted to the food crop. In the third and the fourth years, the rice and maize yields of Treatments G and GPas exceeded the Control, most consistently when N was not applied. Penisetum reduced food crop yields regardless of N application presumably due to nutrient removal in the fodder. The results indicate that Gliricidia in a contour hedgerow increases food crop yield on strongly acid Oxisols by recycling nutrients and partially supplementing the N demand by the food crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006020319918
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    Involvement of lipid peroxidation in methyl jasmonate-promoted senescence in detached rice leaves (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 24 (1998), S. 17-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: leaf senescence ; lipid peroxidation ; methyl jasmonate ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lipid peroxidation in relation to MJ-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves was investigated. Lipid peroxidation seems to be involved in the regulation of MJ-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves. This conclusion was based on the observations that (a) methyl jasmonate, which was found to promote senescence, increases the level of lipid peroxidation, (b) linolenic and linoleic acid, precursors of the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid, promoted senescence and increased lipid peroxidation level, (c) benzyladenine, a synthetic cytokinin, counteracted MJ-promoted senescence and reduced the increase in lipid peroxidation level, (d) calcium chloride effectively reduced MJ-promoted senescence and at the same time reduced MJ-promoted lipid peroxidation. Free radical scavengers (reduced glutathione and sodium benzoate) and an iron chelator (2, 2′-bipyridine) prevented MJ-promoted senescence, suggesting that lipid peroxidation induced by MJ is mediated through free radicals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005988727235
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    Seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 102 (1998), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; head rice ; seeding date ; rice ; rough rice yield ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop in Arkansas is seeded from late March through early June each year. Farmers need new rice cultivars that not only produce both high rough rice yields and high head rice across this range of seeding dates but do so consistently. Thus, a seeding date study was conducted during 1994 and 1995 at Stuttgart, Arkansas, to study seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability. Fourteen rice cultivars were seeded at five dates ranging from late March through mid-June. Kang's yield-stability statistic was used to select cultivars for both high rough rice yields and high head rice as well as stability for both traits. Plant stands from March seedings of each year were significantly lower than for the later seeding dates. Maturity (days to 50 percent heading) was extended at the early seeding dates. Some rice cultivars, such as ‘LaGrue’, had lower and more variable head rice when seeded early. In the June seeding dates each year, ‘Kaybonnet’ produced rough rice yields that were more consistent with yields when planted at the earlier planting dates. ‘Bengal’, ‘Cypress’, ‘Kaybonnet’, and ‘Newbonnet’ were cultivars selected by Kang's stability statistic, which was targeted to select cultivars with stable, high rough rice yields and stable, high head rice. The validity of using Kang's yield-stability statistic for cultivar selection is also evident empirically by the adaptation and wide use of these four cultivars by southern U.S. rice producers. These results indicate that seeding date studies and stability analyses would be useful tools for rice breeders to identify cultivars that will be readily adapted and grown by rice producers.
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    Ice nucleation in fruit juice from different varieties of sea buckthorn Hippophaë rhamnoides L. (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 102 (1998), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: sea buckthorn ; climate ; freezing ; germination ; ice nucleators ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The main aim of the investigation was to study the effects of climate on the ice nucleation temperatures of fruit juice from sea buckthorn, Hippophaë rhamnoides L. This could provide information on possible adaptive values of ice nucleators in the fruits. It was also an aim to provide information on ice nucleation of fruit juice from different varieties of sea buckthorn. This was done to find suitable varieties for agricultural production of ice nucleator containing fruit juice. Such food grade ice nucleators can be used in the processing of food stuffs particularly where large ice crystals are desired. The ice nucleation temperatures were low in juice from unripe fruits in the summer, and peaked at − 6 °C in the autumn. There were no significant differences in nucleation temperatures in juice from fruits grown along a climatic gradient along the Trondheimsfjord. Juice from varieties originating from different parts of the world, but grown at the same fields, showed different mean nucleation temperatures, ranging from − 15.1 °C in a Swiss wild type of subsp. fluviatilis to − 6.1 °C in a Swedish wild type of subsp. rhamnoides. Varieties with very potent nucleators (− 2 °C to − 3 °C) were found, but these nucleators were present in low concentrations. Varieties with high concentration of nucleators within a small temperature range (− 6 °C to − 7 °C) were also found. No correlation between geographic origin and nucleation temperatures was found. Depending on conditions, freezing the fruits had either no, or a negative effect on the germination success. Since no adaptive benefit to the sea buckthorn could be demonstrated, the nucleating ability of the fruit juice is probably incidental.
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    Heterosis in inter and intrasubspecific crosses over three-environments in rice (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 155-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heterosis ; heterosis × environment interaction ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; standard heterosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Moderate to high heterosis for yield and ten related characters was studied in 45 crosses involving six indica (I) and four tropical japonica (J) varieties of rice under three (E1-optimum sowing and high fertility, E2-both optimum sowing and fertility and E3- late sowing and high fertility) environments. Trends of magnitude of heterosis for grain yield and plant height were I/J 〉 I/I 〉 J/J and for days to 50% flowering I/J 〉 J/J 〉 I/I hybrids. Estimates of standard heterosis (%) for grain yield were –64.5 to 146.1 in E1, –70.4 to 82.2 in E2 and –67.2 to 63.8 in E3. Environment E1 seemed to be more favorable for higher heterosis expression than others. Higher heterosis in yield also accompanied heterosis in panicle number, dry matter and spikelet and grain number per panicle. Most estimates for days to flower were negative. Heterotic I/J hybrids also recorded maximum heterosis for earliness. Moderate to low standard heterosis for plant height across environments (2.0 to 13.7%) was recorded. Hybrids were identified in specific environments for direct exploitation in hybrid breeding. Hybrids B4116 / Sarjoo 52, B4122 / Pant Dhan 4 and B4122 / Narendera 359 were more stable than others over three environments.
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    Effect of heat shock during grain filling on protein composition and technological quality of wheats (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat quality ; temperature ; heat shock ; polymeric protein ; nitrogen application ; breadmaking quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In southern Europe, the Mediterranean climate offers a unique opportunity for the production of high quality wheats, which are lacking in the European Economic Union. It is also responsible for the remarkable variability in both wheat yield and quality from year to year and from location to location. In this paper, the effects (in recent years) of the Mediterranean climate in Italy on grain yield and quality of bread and durum wheats are summarised with particular regard to high temperatures. Nitrogen fertilisation rate and timing were investigated in five cultivars grown at six sites. The impact of high temperature was evaluated in open field and pot experiments by imposing different temperature regimes during grain filling. Viscoelastic properties were evaluated with the Chopin alveograph for field experiments and with a Promylograph T3 apparatus for pot experiments. Protein composition was evaluated by SE-HPLC (size exclusion high performance liquid chromatrography). Agronomic trials indicated that high quality wheats can be obtained in a wide range of growing conditions. Viscoelastic properties were significantly affected by the temperature treatments. Short episodes of daily maximum temperatures above 35 °C caused a 'weakening' in both durum and bread wheat. High temperatures seemed to affect mainly the composition of the polymeric fraction (soluble/insoluble polymers) without influencing their synthesis.
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    Water stress, ammonium, and leaf senescence in detached rice leaves (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 25 (1998), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ammonium ; leaf senescence ; Oryza sativa ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonium accumulation in relation to water stress-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves was investigated. The effect of water stress on the senescence of detached rice leaves is associated with the accumulation of ammonium. The accumulation of ammonium in detached rice leaves by water stress is attributed to a decrease in glutamine synthetase activity. Ammonium accumulation in detached rice leaves, induced by water stress, was accompanied by an increase in tissue sensitivity to ethylene which, in turn, accelerated leaf senescence.
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    H2O2 metabolism during senescence of rice leaves: changes in enzyme activities in light and darkness (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 25 (1998), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ascorbate peroxidase ; glutathione reductase ; Oryza sativa ; peroxidase ; senescence ; superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possible role of H2O2 metabolism on light-regulated senescence of detached rice leaves was investigated. Light retards senescence but at the same time accumulates more H2O2. Light treatment resulted in an increase in malondialdehyde level in detached rice leaves but no membrane leakage was observed in light-treated detached leaves. It seems that there was no direct relationship between lipid peroxidation and deterioration in membrane integrity. The results obtained suggest that retardation of senescence by light is closely related to high activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase.
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    Effect of temperature on performanceof LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode’ (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1328-1332 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: metal hydride ; capacity ; temperature ; performance ; enthalpy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on the performance of a LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode was investigated in the temperature range of 0 to 50°C. The electrode showed a maximum discharge capacity at 25°C. The total resistance increases with a decrease of temperature from 50°C to 0°C. The apparent activation enthalpies at different states of charge were determined by evaluating the polarization resistance at different temperatures. It was found that the apparent activation enthalpy is an indicator of the relative reaction rate of the charge-transfer reaction and hydrogen absorption.
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    Effects of inoculation of cyanobacteria on nitrogen status and nutrition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in an Entisol amended with chemical and organic sources of nitrogen (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 123-128 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Soil inoculation N ; transformation ; Inorganic N ; Easily oxidizable N ; Hydrolysable N ; Non-hydrolysable N ; Wetland rice Farmyard manure ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted with wetland rice (Oryza sativa cv. IR-36) in a sandy clay loam soil (Entisol) to study the effect of inoculation with a soil-based mixed culture of four diazotrophic cyanobacteria,Aulosira fertilissima, Nostoc muscorum, N. commune andAnabaena spp., on the N-flux in inorganic NH4 ++NO3 −+ NO2 −), easily oxidizable, hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable forms of N in soil during vegetative growth periods of the crop. Effects on grain and straw yield and N uptake by the crop were estimated. The effects of applying urea N and N as organic sources, viz.Sesbania aculeata, Neem (Azardirachta indica) cake and FYM, each at the rate of 40 kg N ha−1, to the soil were also evaluated. Inoculation significantly increased the release of inorganic N, evidenced by its increased concentrations either in soil or in soil solution. However, such increases rarely exceeded even 4% of total N gained in different froms in the soil system by inoculation during the vegetative growth stages of the rice plant, when the nutritional requirement of the plants is at a maximum. Most of the N2 fixed by cyanobacteria remained in the soil as the hydrolysable form (about 85%) during this period. Inoculation caused an insignificant increase in grain (8%) and straw (11%) yield, which was, however, accompanied by a significant increase in N uptake by the grain (30%) and an increase in total uptake of 15.3 kg N ha 1. Such beneficial effects of inoculation varied in magnitude with the application of organic sources, with farmyard manure (FYM) being the most effective. Application of urea N, on the other hand, markedly reduced such an effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420232
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    Methane emission from two Indian soils planted with different rice cultivars (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 285-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane emission ; Wetland soils ; Greenhouse gases ; Inceptisol ; Vertisol ; Rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a greenhouse study, methane emissions were measured from two diverse Indian rice-growing soils planted to five rice cultivars under similar water regimes, fertilizer applications and environmental conditions. Significant variations were observed in methane emitted from soils growing different cultivars. Total methane emission varied between 8.04 and 20.92gm–2 from IARI soil (Inceptisol) and between 1.47 and 10.91gm–2 from Raipur soil (Vertisol) planted to rice. In all the cultivars, emissions from IARI soil were higher than from Raipur soil. The first methane flux peak was noticed during the reproductive phase and the second peak coincided with the grain-ripening stage of the rice cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050316
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    Changes in concentration andδ 13C values of soil-trapped CH4 and C02 in flooded rice soil (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 70-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Flooded rice soil ; Soil-trapped CH4 and C02 ; δ13C values of CH4 and C02 ; Greenhouse effect ; CO2 flux ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot experiments were conducted to monitor the changes in compositions and δ13C values of soil-trapped CH4 and C02 in flooded rice soil with and without rice plants or rice straw. Incorporation of rice straw increased the concentration of CH4 and C02 accumulated in soil, and the quantities of emitted CH4 to the atmosphere. Rice plants reduced the concentration of soil-trapped CH4 and CO2, and the decreased portion of CH4 was replaced by N2. A significantly negative correlation was found between soil-trapped CH4 and N2. The presence of rice plants increased the δ13C values of CH4. The δ13C values of CH4 tended to increase toward the end of the growing season and were positively correlated with concentration of soil-trapped CH4. A positive correlation between δ13C values of CH4 and C02, and between the δ13C values of CH4 and its concentration, were observed. The CH4 in the rice stems was 4–14% enriched in13C relative to soil-trapped CH4. In contrast, CO2 in rice plant stems was 1–9% lighter in13C relative to soil-trapped C02. These results are discussed in relation to the precursor pools and pathways of methanogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420223
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    Methane-oxidizing activities and methanotrophic populations associated with wetland rice plants (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 261-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane ; Wetland rice soils ; Oryza sativa ; Methane oxidation ; Acetylene Propylene oxide ; Methanotrophs ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Acetylene up to 500 μl l–1 did not affect methane formation in anoxic soil up to 12 h, but further incubation for 1 week showed strong inhibition of methanogenesis. To ascertain the extent of the oxidation of methane produced from rice-planted pots, the effect of acetylene on methane emission was studied. Two rice varieties (Toyohatamochi and Yamahikari) were grown in a greenhouse in submerged soil in pots. At about maximum tillering, heading, and grain-forming stages, methane fluxes were measured. Flux measurement was performed for 3 h from 6 pm, then acetylene at 100 μl l–1 was added to some of the pots. At 6 a.m. the following day, methane fluxes were again measured for 3 h. Only at maximum tillering stage of the variety Toyohatamochi was a significant increase (1.4 times) in methane flux caused by acetylene observed, whereas in the other treatments no significant increase in methane fluxes by acetylene could be defected. To ascertain the activity of methane monooxygenase (MMO), propylene oxide (PPO) formation from propylene was measured with excised roots and a basal portion of stems of the rice plants grown on the submerged soil. A level of 0.1–0.2 μmol PPO h–1 plant–1 was recorded. The roots showed the highest PPO formation per gram dry matter, followed by basal stems. Methane oxidation was roughly proportional to PPO formation. Soluble MMO-positive methanotroph populations were measured by plate counts. The number of colony-forming units per gram dry matter was 106–105 in roots, and 104–103 in basal stems. These results indicate the possibility of methane oxidation in association with wetland rice plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050241
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    Measurement by LASER-Generated Ultrasound of Four Stiffness Coefficients of an Anisotropic Material at Elevated Temperatures (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 16 (1997), S. 91-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: LASER ultrasound ; anisotropic material ; group velocity ; stiffness coefficients ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasonic waves are generated through a composite material by means of a noncontact technique. It uses a Nd:Yag LASER for the generation and an interferometric probe for the detection of acoustic waveforms. From a suitable set of experimental data, an inversion scheme is used for the recovering of four stiffness coefficients. They characterize the elasticity in a principal plane of symmetry of the material which exhibits an orthorhombic symmetry. The measurements are performed at various temperatures, elevated by steps up to 300°C for two specimen. The sensitivity of the method appears convenient to measure the temperature induced stiffness changes. The anisotropic degradation of the material properties are then pointed out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022620501899
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    The effect of condensation on sporulation ofHelminthosporium solani on potato tubers infected with silver scurf and held in simulated store conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 169-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: skin resistance ; temperature ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chambers were designed to simulate environmental conditions present in commercial potato stores and were used to introduce condensation to tubers infected with silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani). The electrical resistance measured across the skin of tubers from the top of the chambers was consistently lower than that from the bottom of the chamber, and this was reflected in an increased number ofH. solani spores produced by the top tubers. An increase in the length of the condensation period resulted in the skin resistance remaining lower for a longer period and also resulted in higher number of spores. Tubers held at relatively high ambient temperatures (15 °C) required a shorter period of condensation to cause an increase in spore count. This investigation highlighted the need for close monitoring of store environments so that condensation events can be quickly identified and the tubers dried.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358243
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    The effect of some environmental factors on potato tuber numbers (1997)
    Springer
    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 297-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: light ; temperature ; stolon growth medium ; below ground nodes ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five experiments studied the effects of shading, temperature and stolon growth medium on stolon and tuber formation. The lowest numbers of stolons and tubers were produced at the higher and lower nodes. Numbers of primary stolons and tubers were relatively stable across nodes and treatments and variation in total numbers was largely due to changes in numbers of lateral and branch stolons. In the field, 70% shading reduced numbers of stolons and tubers by reducing lateral and branch stolons, while in hydroponics, 45% shading and temperatures at initiation had no effect on tuber numbers. In both environments later planting tended to reduce numbers of stolons and tubers. There were large effects of the physical environment, with compost producing three times as many tubers as dry vermiculite. The potential number of tubers may be determined by the number of stolons and the environmental conditions affecting stolon formation and development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358011
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    Contrasting genetic diversity relationships are revealed in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using different marker types (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 115-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: diversity ; genetic mapping ; Oryza sativa ; RAPDs ; rice ; inter-simple sequence repeats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation between samples of Oryza sativa from 19 localities in Bangladesh and Bhutan was assessed using two PCR-based molecular marker systems: RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) and ISSR-PCR (inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction). Employing RAPD, a set of 14 decanucleotides of arbitrary sequence directed the amplification of 94 reproducible marker bands, 47 (50%) of which were polymorphic. In addition, a set of 9 ISSR primers were used to direct amplification of 71 PCR products, 40 (56%) of which were polymorphic. Multivariate analyses of the two PCR-based molecular marker data sets provided evidence that the patterns of variation correspond with the classification described by Glaszmann [9] using isozyme analysis. Subtle differences in the relationships revealed between rice groups using the two types of PCR-based marker led to investigations of their map positions using an intraspecific doubled haploid mapping population. The observation that the chromosomal locations of markers can influence diversity assessments is presented and the significance of this is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009635721319
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    Factors affecting germination of oospores of Peronospora viciae f.sp. pisi in vitro (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 573-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pisum sativum ; host plant exudates ; light ; temperature ; infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of host plant exudates, light and temperature on germination of oospores of Peronospora viciae f.sp. pisi in vitro were investigated. Seed and root exudates did not increase percentage germination, whereas light inhibited germination. The first germ tubes appeared after 4, 7, and 14 days of incubation at 15, 10 and 5 °C, respectively. The eventual level of germination was highest and had similar values at 5 and 10 °C. At 20 °C germination was poor and at 25 °C no germination was observed. Oospores placed on membrane filters were incubated on soil. When oospores were retrieved from the membrane filters after six days and placed in water at 10 °C, they germinated within 2 days. On soil significantly less oospores germinated than in water. Germinability of oospores stored in the dark at 5 or 20 °C at 30 or 76% RH was studied over a two-year period. Germinability generally increased over time, but fluctuations were observed indicating the occurrence of secondary dormancy. Time courses of germinability were generally similar for oospores stored at several temperatures and humidities. No effect of light on time course of germinability was found when oospores were exposed to alternating light-dark periods or stored in continuous dark for 140 days. Percentage germination observed in a germination assay was correlated with percentage infection determined in a bioassay.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008607100742
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    Inhibition of pre-penetration development of blast fungus during the infection of resistant rice cultivars (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 747-750 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Appressoria ; fungitoxicity ; Magnaporthe grisea ; Oryza sativa ; partial resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008650104357
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    Genetic analysis of semidwarf mutants induced in indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; non-allelic ; segregation ; semidwarfism ; sd1 gene ; dwarf ; mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mode of inheritance of five semidwarf (SD) mutants and allelic relationship with DGWG (sd1) locus was studied. The five SD mutants viz., Basmati 370 (SD1), Basmati 370 (SD2), Basmati 370 (SD3), TCA 2 (SD) and TCA P2-5 (SD) when crossed with their tall parents exhibited monogenic inheritance of 3 tall: 1 semidwarf in the F2 progenies. The SD mutants were also crossed with semidwarf varieties (DGWG and Bala) possessing sd1 gene. Crosses between Basmati 370 (SD1) × Bala, Basmati 370 (SD3) × Bala and TCA 2 (SD) × DGWG produced tall F1 hybrids and in F2 generation, modified dihybrid ratios (9 : 6 : 1 and 9 : 7) were observed indicating that the mutants Basmati 370 (SD1), Basmati 370 (SD3) and TCA 2 (SD) are non-allelic to sd1 gene. Whereas, the mutants Basmati 370 (SD2) and TCA P2-5 (SD) when crossed with Bala produced semidwarf F1 hybrids and in F2 generation, segregation for plant height was not observed indicating that these mutants are allelic to sd1 gene. The three non-allelic SD mutants identified in the present study can be used in rice breeding as alternative gene sources for semidwarfism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002970021399
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    Mineralisation of nitrogen from an incorporated catch crop at low temperatures: experiment and simulation (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 188 (1997), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: catch crop ; mineralisation ; nitrogen ; simulation model ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The release of nitrogen from incorporated catch crop material in winter is strongly influenced by soil temperatures. A laboratory experiment was carried out to investigate this influence in the range of 1-15 °C. Samples of sandy soil or a mixture of sandy soil with rye shoots were incubated at 1-5-10-15 °C, and samples of sandy soil with rye roots were incubated at 5-10-15 °C. Concentrations of Nmin (NH4 +-N and NO3 --N) were measured after 0-1-2-4-7-10 weeks for the sandy soil and the sandy soil:rye shoot mixture, and after 0-2-7-10 weeks for the sandy soil:rye root mixture. At 1 °C, 20% of total organic N in the crop material had been mineralised after ten weeks, indicating that mineralisation at low temperatures is not negligible. Maximum mineralisation occurred at 15 °C; after ten weeks, it was 39% of total applied organic nitrogen from shoot and 35% from root material. The time course of mineralisation was calculated using an exponential decay function. It was found that the influence of temperature in the range 1-15 °C could be described by the Arrhenius equation, stating a linear increase of ln(k) with T-1, k being the relative mineralisation rate in day-1 and T the temperature (°C). A simulation model was developed in which decomposition, mineralisation and nitrification were modelled as one step processes, following first order kinetics. The relative decomposition rate was influenced by soil temperature and soil moisture content, and the mineralisation of N was calculated from the decomposition of C, the C to N ratio of the catch crop material and the C to N ratio of the microbial biomass. The model was validated first with the results of the experiment. The model was further validated with the results of an independent field experiment, with temperatures fluctuating between 3 and 20 °C. The simulated time course of mineralisation differed significantly from the experimental values, due to an underestimation of the mineralisation during the first weeks of incubation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004255102840
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    Morphology and tissue quality of seedling root systems of Pinus taeda and Pinus ponderosa as affected by varying CO2, temperature, and nitrogen (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 195 (1997), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbohydrates ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; roots ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide, nitrogen deposition and warmer temperatures may alter the quantity and quality of plant-derived organic matter available to soil biota, potentially altering rates of belowground herbivory and decomposition. Our objective was to simulate future growth conditions for an early successional (loblolly) and late successional (ponderosa) species of pine to determine if the physical and chemical properties of the root systems would change. Seedlings were grown for 160 days in greenhouses at the Duke University Phytotron at 35 or 70 Pa CO2 partial pressure, ambient or ambient + 5 °C temperature, and 1 or 5 mMNH4O3. Roots from harvested seedlings were analyzed for changes in surface area, specific root length, mass, total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), and concentrations of macro-nutrients. Surface area increased in both species under elevated CO2, due primarily to increases in root length, and this response was greatest (+138%) in loblolly pine at high temperature. Specific root length decreased in loblolly pine at elevated CO2 but increases in mass more than compensated for this, resulting in net increases in total length. TNC was unaffected and nutrient concentrations decreased only slightly at elevated CO2, possibly from anatomical changes to the root tissues. We conclude that future growth conditions will enhance soil exploration by some species of pine, but root carbohydrate levels and nutrient concentrations will not be greatly affected, leaving rates of root herbivory and decomposition unaltered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004291430748
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    Temperature-induced alteration to root longevity in Lolium perenne (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 190 (1997), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: minirhizotron ; root longevity ; root mortality ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The production and mortality of roots is an important factor determining nutrient and carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the effect of temperature on the longevity of roots is not understood. In this study the impact of changes in temperature on the longevity of Lolium perenne roots was determined. Plants were grown at 15 °C, 21 °C and 27 °C and their roots observed using a minirhizotron system. Major effects of temperature were measured with large reductions in root longevity occurring at higher temperatures. The implications of these data are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004298804353
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    First steps towards a rational use of African rice, Oryza glaberrima, in rice breeding through a ‘contig line’ concept (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 31-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: ‘contig lines’ ; interspecific hybridisation ; genetic resources ; molecular markers ; Oryza glaberrima ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the past, utilisation of African cultivated rice, Oryza glaberrima, in O. sativa breeding was hampered by high sterility in interspecific F1 and in early progenies. Recent development of mapped molecular markers provides the opportunity to rationalise and to monitor introgressions between the two cultivated rice species. Development of such introgressed lines through interspecific hybridisation and backcrossing represents high potential to create new genetic and transgressive variation. We are initiating an original marker-aided backcross program with the aim of producing a set of 100 ‘contig lines’, each one bearing an alien O. glaberrima chromosomal fragment of around 20 cM in the O. sativa genetic background. As a preliminary step, we are now developing a genetic linkage map based on STS and RAPD markers, using an interspecific backcross between O. sativa and O. glaberrima. BC1 plants will then be selected to expedite the production of ‘contig lines’ exhibiting only the target fragment. The interspecific polymorphism is anticipated to be large enough to make this methodology feasible. Many advantages are expected from this approach, such as: (i) systematic assessment of the useful genetic resources displayed by O. glaberrima, (ii) improved and simplified detection of QTLs and (iii) comparative analysis of genomic organisation of O. glaberrima vs. O. sativa. Current work on evaluation of STS and RAPD polymorphism between parents and development of the BC1 population is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003045518236
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    Selection of Al-resistant plants from a sensitive rice cultivar, using somaclonal variation, in vitro and hydroponic cultures (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; aluminium-resistance ; selection ; stress ; in vitro ; hydroponic cultures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A selection procedure is described that isolated Al-resistant individuals from a sensitive rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotype. Somaclonal variation was used as the only source of variability and selection pressures were applied at both callus and regenerated plant levels. When 10 week-old, embryo-derived calli were submitted to different Al stresses for a period of 20 weeks. After this in vitro stress period, selected calli were grown during 18 weeks, without selection pressure, on regeneration media. Selection pressures were applied on regenerated plants (R0), and 9 R0 plants which produced seeds were selected. The transmission of the Al-resistant character to the R1, R2, R3 and R4 generations was then investigated, and three plant lines which had an increased percentage of Al-resistant plants till the fourth generation of self-pollination, were identified. One was from a callus maintained on an Al-free medium. The efficiency of in vitro selection pressures was therefore debated.
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    Plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from primary calli using mature embryos of two Brazilian rice cultivars (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 01-05 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; japonica rice cultivar ; mature embryo ; primary calli ; protoplasts ; green plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A plant regeneration system from rice protoplasts using calli derived from mature embryos was established for the two Brazilian modern rice cultivars IAC-201 and IAC-165. After 30 to 40 days of in vitro culture it was possible to obtain on average 6 million protoplasts per gram of callus. Microscopic selection of embryogenic calli was a key step for protoplast isolation. The production of embryogenic calli increased when L-proline and casein hydrolysate were used in the callus induction medium. The Oc or IR52 nurse cell lines were essential for protoplast division. Different regeneration media were studied and 139 plants were regenerated which set seed. Some of the regenerated plants showed morphological variation such as the presence of awns in spite of the short time of the in vitro culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002962724080
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    Inheritance of photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility and breeding of photoperiod sensitive genic male-sterile lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through anther culture (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; photoperiod sensitive genic male-sterile rice (PSGMR) ; inheritance ; anther culture ; pollen plant ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fertility segregations of F1, F2, BCF1 descended from crosses between PSGMR and japonica varieties, and F1's anther cultured homozygous diploid pollen plant populations (H2) were studied to reveal the genetic mechanism of photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility in PSGMR under natural daylight length at Shanghai. Rate of bagged seed-setting was used as an indicator of fertility. Fifteen F1 showed complete fertility similar to their parents. The ratio of completely sterile plants to fertile plants in fifteen F2 and four BCF1 was 1:15 and 1:3, respectively. The ratio of completely sterile to fertile diploid pollen plants in nine diploid populations (H2) was 1:3. These results demonstrated that the photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility in PSGMR was governed by two pairs of independent major recessive genes. There were no significant fertility segregations in hybrids F1 and selfed F2 between Nongken 58S and its derivatives 7001S, 5088S, 5047S and M105-9S, indicating that the photoperiod sensitive genic male-sterile genes in Nongken 58S were allelic to those in its derivatives. Several photoperiod sensitive genic male-sterile diploid pollen lines were bred from anther cultured homozygous diploid populations (H2) in about a three-year period. Most of these diploid lines showed significant fertility transformation and stable complete sterility from 5 August to 5 September, excellent agronomic traits and high resistance to blast and bacterial leaf blight.
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  • 85
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    Genic analysis of hybrid sterility caused by anther indehiscence between distantly related rice varieties (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 311-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: hybrid sterility ; anther indehiscence ; spikelet sterility ; pollen grain fertility ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hybrid sterility of the cross between Silewah, an Indonesian native variety and Hayakogane, a Hokkaido rice variety in Japan was confirmed to be caused by anther indehiscence, based on a lot of spikelets with fewer numbers than 3 of dehiscent anthers and fewer numbers of pollens poured onto stigma per spikelet in Silewah/Hayakogane F1. In Silewah/Hayakogane//Hayakogane BC1F1, spikelet fertility was correlated with mean number of dehiscent anthers per spikelet. So, genic analyses for hybrid sterility by anther indehiscence were conducted by scoring spikelet sterility in F2, BC1F1s and triple cross. As a result, it was concluded that the hybrid sterility was controlled by complementary action of three dominant genes. Silewah has one of the three genes and Hayakogane has the other two. It was presumed that the two genes which Hayakogane possesses were derived from those of Aikoku, an old native variety in Japan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002963402494
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  • 86
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    Ammonium-inhibited growth of suspension-cultured rice cells as affected by medium pH (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 21 (1997), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ammonium ; cell growth ; medium pH ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possible involvements of a decrease in medium pH and accumulation of ammonium in ammonium-inhibited growth of rice cells were investigated. Ammonium, applied at concentrations ranging from 20 to 50 mM, markedly inhibited cell growth and decreased medium pH. The accumulation of ammonium in rice cells was observed only when ammonium concentration was 40 mM or higher. Ammonium-inhibited growth was alleviated when medium pH was buffered with MES [2-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid]. However, no difference in ammonium level was observed between buffered and unbuffered ammonium-fed rice cells. Succinic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, glutamic acid and glutamine were found to be effective in reversing ammonium-inhibited growth of rice cells and reducing a fall in pH in the ammonium-fed medium. Succinic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid and glutamic acid decreased the level of ammonium in ammonium-fed rice cells. However, glutamine was unable to decrease the ammonium level in ammonium-fed rice cells. The current results suggest that a decrease in medium pH is a factor responsible for growth inhibition of ammonium-fed rice cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005712327305
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  • 87
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    Paraquat toxicity is reduced by polyamines in rice leaves (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 22 (1997), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; paraquat ; putrescine ; spermidine ; spermine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The protective effect of polyamines against paraquat (PQ) toxicity of rice (Oryza sativa) leaves was investigated. PQ treatment resulted in a higher putrescine (PUT) and lower spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) levels in rice leaves. Pretreatment with SPD and SPM, which resulted in a 10- and 20-fold increase in endogenous level of SPD and SPM, respectively, reduced PQ toxicity (30%). Limited reduction of PQ toxicity by exogenous SPD and SPM is most likely due to the fact that they are not readily transported in rice leaf cells and localized to those areas along the cut edges of detached rice leaves [4]. PUT pretreatment did not increase endogenous SPD and SPM levels and had no effect on reducing PQ toxicity. It was found that 1,10-phenanthroline, an iron chelator, treatment reduced the toxicity of PQ (35%) and increased the levels of SPD (27%). The results indicate that reduction of PQ toxicity by SPD and SPM is due to increased activities of catalase (18%) and peroxidase (40%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005890312557
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  • 88
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    A comparative study of the effects of abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate on seedling growth of rice (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 21 (1997), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; growth ; methyl jasmonate ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) on growth of rice seedlings were compared. The lowest tested concentration of ABA and MJ that inhibited seedling growth was found to be 4.5 and 0.9 µM, respectively. Growth inhibition by ABA is reversible, whereas that by MJ is irreversible. GA3 was found to be more effective in reversing inhibition of shoot growth by ABA than by MJ. KCl partially relieved MJ-inhibited, but not ABA-inhibited, growth of rice seedlings. The beneficial effect of K+ on growth of rice seedlings in MJ medium could not be replaced by Li+, Na+ or Cs+. MJ treatment caused a marked release of K+ into the medium. In order to understand whether cell wall-bound peroxidase activity was inversely related to rice seedling growth, effects of ABA and MJ on cell wall-bound peroxidase activity were also examined. Results indicated that both ABA and MJ increased cell wall-bound peroxidase activity in roots and shoots of rice seedlings. Although MJ (4.5 µM) was less effective in inhibiting root growth than ABA (9 µM), MJ was found to increase more cell wall-bound peroxidase activity in roots than ABA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005761804191
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  • 89
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    Ammonium accumulation is associated with senescence of rice leaves (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 21 (1997), S. 195-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; ammonium ; benzyladenine ; leaf senescence ; methionine sulfoximine ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between ammonium accumulation and senescence of detached rice leaves was investigated. Ammonium accumulation in detached rice leaves coincided closely with dark-induced senescence. Exogenous NH4Cl and methionine sulfoximine, which caused an accumulation of ammonium in detached rice leaves, promoted senescence. Treatments such as light and benzyladenine, which retarded senescence, decreased ammonium level in detached rice leaves. Abscisic acid, which promoted senescence, increased ammonium level in detached rice leaves. The current results suggest that ammonium accumulation may be involved in regulating senescence. Evidence was presented to show that ammonium accumulated in detached rice leaves increases tissue sensitivity to ethylene. The accumulation of ammonium in detached rice leaves during dark-induced senescence is attributed to a decrease in glutamine synthetase activity and an increase in reduction of nitrate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005829000952
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  • 90
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    Breeding of widely compatible restorer lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through anther culture (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 253-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: rice ; Oryza sativa ; widely compatible restorer ; fertility restoration ability ; anther culture ; inheritance ; Indica-japonica heterosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Following anther culture of various F1 hybrids of indica restorer (R) lines/wide compatible varieties (WCVs) and japonica R lines/WCVs, the homozygous diploid plants (2n) generated were test-crossed with indica WA type cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile (CMS) line Zhanshan 97A (WA), indica testers Nanjing 11 and Nante, japonica BT CMS line Hanfeng A (BT), and japonica testers Balilla and Akihikari to identify widely compatible restorer lines. The results of this study showed that among the diploid pollen plants generated from F1 hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs, 36.7% and 64.7% possessed normal fertility restoration ability (rate of seed-setting 〉 80%) to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively. 71.3% and 32.3% had normal fertility restoration ability to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively, in diploid pollen plants derived from the japonica R lines/WCVs F1's anther culture. Several widely compatible R lines were selected from anther culture of F1 hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs and japonica R lines/WCVs. These widely compatible R lines derived from diploid pollen plants showed good wide compatibility and restoration ability both to WA and BT type CMS lines. Strong standard heterosis of major agronomic traits and yield traits was observed in F1 test-crosses of widely compatible R lines with Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A. The wide compatibility in widely compatible R lines H17, H158 and H281 was studied by a set of three-way crosses. Segregation of the fertile plants with seed-setting rate 〉 70% and semi-fertile plants with seed-setting rate 〉 69.9% agreed with a ratio of 1:1, indicating that wide compatibility in these widely compatible R lines is governed by a pair of major genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002944827185
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  • 91
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    Trisomic analysis of a strong photoperiod-sensitivity gene E1 in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 301-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: gene location ; heading time ; Oryza sativa ; photoperiod sensitivity ; rice ; trisomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Recent genetic analyses on heading-time of rice indicated that almost all the well-adapted varieties in the temperate zone carry a strong photoperiod-sensitivity gene E1, a dominant allele of E1 locus. In order to identify the chromosome on which E1 is located, a trisomic analysis was made using two primary trisomic series originating from the japonica varieties, Nipponbare and Kinmaze, respectively. The Nipponbare and Kinmaze series were crossed with heading-time tester lines, EG0 and EG3, respectively, both of which did not carry the E1. The F2 populations for chromosome 1, 2, and 3 could not be analyzed due to lack of seed. All the other F2 populations showed distinct segregation into early-type and late-type plants caused by the E1 locus segregation, which suggested that the trisomic analysis for E1 locus could be efficiently made. Both disomic and trisomic groups in the F2 population from the cross of the trisomic line for chromosome 7 × EG0 showed a segregation ratio significantly different at the 1% level from a ratio of 1 [e1e1; early]: 3 [E1e1, E1E1; late]. This suggested that E1 was located on chromosome 7. Subsequently, the linkage analysis was made using three morphological marker genes on chromosome 7. It was recognized that E1 was linked to rfs (rolled fine strip gene) and slg (slender glume gene) with recombination values of 16.3 ± 5.88 and 9.1 ± 4.72%, respectively. From these results, it can be concluded that E1 is most likely to be located on chromosome 7.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003052400082
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  • 92
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    Use of somaclonal variation and in vitro selection for chilling tolerance improvement in rice (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; chilling tolerance ; in vitro selection ; rice ; somaclonal variation ; field performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Embryo-derived calli of four rice varieties cultivated at high altitude in Burundi — Facagro 57, Facagro 76, Kirundo 3 and Kirundo 9 — were submitted to different temperature regimes. The percentage of regenerating calli greatly varied depending on variety, length of culture and callus temperature treatment. The reduction of regeneration percentages induced by low temperature was more pronounced in the more sensitive varieties. Regenerated plants (R0) and their progenies in R1, R2 and R3 were cold-screened together with control plants. In all varieties, significantly higher survival rates were obtained in R3 with in vitro plants than with control plants. Such chilling tolerance improvement was not obtained following a massal selection applied during 3 successive generations onto the control plants. In vitro plants regenerated from calli cultivated either at 25 °C, either at 4 °C, were cultivated at different altitudes in Burundi during two successive generations. For most observed traits, the in vitro plants were characterized by lower means, larger variation and higher maximum values than the control plants. The most chilling-tolerant somaclonal families were most usually characterized by extensive differences in fatty acid composition, chilling-induced electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll fluorescence, compared to the varieties they derived from.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002926421430
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  • 93
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    Inheritance of long grain rice amylograph viscosity characteristics (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; amylograph viscosity characteristics ; inheritance ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Southern United States long grain rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a unique market type characterized by intermediate amylose content, gelatinization temperature, and amylograph viscosity profile characteristics. Rice breeders sometimes use long grain germplasm with differing amylograph viscosity profiles. The inheritance of rice amylograph viscosity profiles has not been ascertained and, thus, was the objective of this study. A six parent diallel (parents plus F1 hybrids) was evaluated at Stuttgart, AR during 1994 and 1995. In 1994, 65 F2 plants from the ‘L-202’ × ‘Newrex’ and L-202 × ‘Katy’ crosses were space planted, and in 1995, the 65 F2:3 lines were planted as hill plots. The inheritance of amylograph viscosity profiles appeared to be controlled by a single locus with genes with additive effects. The results of the diallel analysis also support control by a single locus with genes with additive effects because GCA effects were significant and SCA effects nonsignificant for peak, hot paste, and cool paste viscosities. Intermediate amylose content and intermediate amylograph viscosity profiles were strongly correlated. Selection first for intermediate amylose content followed by reselection for intermediate hot paste viscosities would identify long grain genotypes with southern United States long grain cooking quality in progeny from crosses between southern United States long grain rice genotypes and softer cooking long grain genotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003082930147
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  • 94
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    Complex constitutive nature of Japanese upland rice, Oryza sativa L. (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 98 (1997), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: isozyme ; differentiation ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; upland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two rice ecotypes, the so-called lowland and upland populations, which carry different isozyme genotypes mostly at a single locus, are cultivated in Japan. The aim of this study was to examine the origin and the mechanism for keeping these genetic differences. The upland population is cultivated in upland fields and carries a different allele for a particular isozyme gene, Pgd-1, which has never been found in the lowland population. RFLP markers showed a weak trend for genetic differentiation between the two ecotypes. On the other hand, morphological, and physiological traits showed marked differences between the two ecotypes. Furthermore, based on the genotypic difference, two Japonica subgroups are defined in the upland population. Subgroup I is the minor group and carries key lowland characters, including the genotype for PGD. Subgroup II carries different traits and the genotype for PGD of the alternative subgroup. As an allelic difference for Pgd-1 is known to occur between the two ecospecies, Tropical (Tr) and Temperate (Tm) Japonicas, upland cultivars can be classified by diagnostic characters which distinguish a variety into Tr or Tm type. The upland population consists of three types of cultivars, Tr-, Tm- and intermediate-type. In contrast, the lowland population consists of a uniform Tm type Japonicas. As Japanese upland cultivars still have an isozyme allele specific to the Tr type, the upland population has a rather complex constitution which is presumably now being introgressed by lowland genetic material, but still represents a major difference at some genetic levels. Upland rice carries several stress-resistant genes which would be useful for lowland rice breeding. The genetic difference would be efficient for tagging upland specific traits by upland specific genetic markers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003142817509
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  • 95
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    Mapping and genetic analysis of two fertility restorer loci in the wild-abortive cytoplasmic male sterility system of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 98 (1997), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: fertility restoration ; hybrid rice ; linkage analysis ; Oryza sativa ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hybrid varieties developed by making use of the wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility system account for 90% of hybrid rice produced. Previous inheritance studies have established that the fertility restoration in this system is controlled by two major loci, but the chromosomal locations of the fertility restorer (Rf) loci have yet to be resolved. In this study we determined the genomic locations of the two Rf loci by their linkage to molecular markers. The Rf gene containing regions were identified by surveying two bulks, made of 30 highly fertile and 46 highly sterile plants from a large F2 population of the cross between Zhenshan 97A and Minghui 63, with RFLP markers covering the entire rice genome. The survey identified two likely Rf gene containing regions, located on chromosomes 1 and 10 respectively. This was confirmed by ANOVA using a large random sample from the same F2 population and also with a genome-wide QTL analysis of a test-cross population. The results also showed that both loci have major effects of almost complete dominance on fertility restoration and the effect of the locus on chromosome 10 is larger than the one on chromosome 1. The two loci acted as a pair of classical duplicate genes; a single dominant allele at one of the two loci would suffice to restore the fertility to normal or nearly normal. Closely linked markers identified in this study may be used for marker assisted selection in hybrid rice breeding programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003165116059
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  • 96
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    Identification of two types of differentiation in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) detected by polymorphism of isozymes and hybrid sterility (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Aus ; rice ; hybrid sterility ; isozomes ; varietal diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Magnitudes of genetic variation within each of major varietal groups of cultivated rice were surveyed in terms of isozyme polymorphism and allelic differentiation of hybrid sterility loci, both of which are considered to have litt le selective value. Allelic differences for 20 isozyme loci were examined in a total of 337 accessions, including Indica and Japonica rices. Aus cultivars from India, Javanica cultivars and both landraces and cultivars from China. Eleven out of the 20 isozyme loci were polymorphic. The Aus cultivars contained more alleles per locus than others. The hybrid sterilities in the crosses among Chinese cultivars, Indica and Japonica cultivars were mainly controlled by locus S-5, whereas the hybrid sterilities of Aus cultivars, when they were crossed to Indica, Japonica or Javanica cultivars, were found to be controlled by allelic interaction at hybrid sterility loci S-5, S-7, S-9 and S-15. Also in terms of the number of alleles at S-5 and S-7, Aus cultivars contained more alleles than others. While the Aus group showed an extreme diversity for both hybrid sterility alleles and isozymes, modern cultivars from the south of YangZi River in China were classified into Indica type and those from the north were into Japonica, which were almost the same as those in Japan. On the basis of the measured polymorphism the Indica-Japonica differentiation was explained by founder effects, i.e., through selection and distribution of two original sources each with a unique set of markers. Contrastingly, the continuous and pronounced diversity in the Aus group was attributed to the absence of such a process. The intermediate groups in Yunnan province and Tai-hu Lake region of China are considered to be isolated from such founder effects, retaining an intermediate diversity in terms of isozymes and hybrid sterility genes. Since hybrid sterility hampers the exchange of genes between cultivars of different groups, the understanding of its genetic basis will be important in rice breeding, particularly in hybrid rice breeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002907421839
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    Effect of pre-incubation humidity and temperature treatment on the in vitro germination of avocado pollen grains (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 247-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Persea americana ; avocado humidity ; Greece ; pollen grain germination ; temperature ; fruit-set
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Optimum in vitro germination of pollen grain of the avocado cultivars Fuerte, Nabal, Ettinger, Bacon and Zutano occurred at 25 °C. However, there were significant differences between cultivars in percentage germination and relative humidity (RH) requirements for optimum pollen grain growth. The most sensitive cultivar to relative humidity was Fuerte, in which the germination of pollen grain rose from 11.4%, at 40% RH, to about 50%, after one hour at 100% RH. The germination% of Nabal pollen grain was already high at 40% RH and was not increased by higher relative humidity. Increased relative humidity also helped to sustain the viability of avocado pollen. At 30 °C and 5% RH the pollen grains of Fuerte quickly lost its ability to germinate, at 40% RH for 1 hour, germination was reduced spectacularly compared to pollen kept in saturated with moisture environment where it was not affected the first 24 hours. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on fruit-set and yield of avocado are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002917915386
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    Cytological and morphological variation in hybrid swarms and introgressed population of interspecific hybrids (Oryza rufipogon Griff. × Oryza sativa L.) and its impact on evolution of intermediate types (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 295-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza rufipogon ; Griff ; Oryza sativa ; interspecific hybrid ; hybrid swarms ; cytological abnormalities ; evolution and rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and cytology of selected hybrid swarms of wild and cultivated rices were studied following natural hybridization between the native species Oryza rufipogon Griff and exotic species Oryza sativa L. (var. Thaothabi and Moirangphoe). Similar studies were also conducted on populations developed through artificial hybridization of those two species. The morphological variation in plant height, anthocyanin pigmentation, Kernel and husk colour, sterility, presence of awns and grain shattering habits were similar in both natural (hybrid swarms) and artificially derived populations of interspecific hybrids. The cytological abnormalities such as quadrivalant formation at metaphase I, delayed separation, laggards and bridge formation, unequal separation and chromosomal elimination were also observed in both populations. These results indicated that the evolution of intermediate types had occurred due to genetic introgression from cultivated species to wild species. A systematic extinction of founder population was also noticed due to sudden ecological changes like deep submergence to medium submergence and human interference by growing cultivated species O. sativa L. in the area where wild species were being grown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002983905589
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  • 99
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    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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  • 100
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    RFLP mapping of isozymes, RAPD and QTLs for grain shape, brown planthopper resistance in a doubled haploid rice population (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: DNA markers ; genetic linkage map ; marker-assisted breeding ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have developed an RFLP framework map with 146 RFLP markers based on a doubled haploid population derived from a cross between an indica variety IR64 and a japonica variety Azucena. The population carries 50.2% of IR64 loci and 49.8% of Azucena loci, indicating an equal amount of genetic materials from each parent has been transmitted to the progenies through anther culture. However, some markers show segregation distortion. These distorted marker loci are located on 10 chromosomal segments. Using this map we were able to place 8 isozymes, 14 RAPDs, 12 cloned genes, 1 gene for brown planthopper (BPH) resistance, and 12 QTLs for grain length, grain width and length/width ratio onto rice chromosomes. The major gene for BPH resistance was mapped on chromosome 12 near RG463 and isozyme Sdh-1. Most of the QTLs identified for the three grain characters were closely linked on chromosomes 1, 2, 3 and 10. We concluded that the RFLP framework map presented here will be useful for mapping other genes segregating in this doubled haploid population. Thus rapid generation of doubled haploid lines and their unbiased segregation make it very attractive for gene mapping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009683603862
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