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  • Electron microscopy  (160)
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  • Springer  (438)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 15-16 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sex attractants ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Orthosia incerta ; Orthosia cruda ; fruit pest ; Z9-14:Ac ; Z9-14:Ald ; Z11-16:Ac ; Z11-16:Ald
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 159-167 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Ectropis excursaria ; larval dispersal ; colour polymorphism ; phototaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Acht Experimente wurden durchgeführt, um einige der Faktoren zu studieren, die das Wanderverhalten der Larven (Raupen) eines polyphagen Geometriden (Ectropis excursaria (Guenée)) beein-flussen. 1. Larven sind positiv phototaktisch. Die positive Phototaxis ist negativ mit Fasten, Alter und Populationsdichte korreliert. Bei hohen Temperaturen ist sie nicht mehr nachweisbar. 2. Das Wanderverhalten der Larven wird durch die Populationsdichte beeinflußt, wodurch annähernd eine konstante Dichte erhalten bleibt. Das Verhalten der individuellen Larven is dabei nicht statistisch homogen. Es gibt ‘Wanderer’ und ‘Nicht-Wanderer’. 3. Diese Verhaltensunderschiede stehen möglicherweise im Zusammenhang mit physiologischen und morphologischen Faktoren, die den individuellen Fortpflanzungserfolg und das überleben beeinflussen können; ‘Wanderer’ sind dunkler, entwickeln sich schneller und das Gewicht ihrer Puppen ist niedriger als das der ‘Nicht-Wanderer’. 4. Eine der larvalen Farbvarianten zeigte eine Präferenz für einen von zwei angebotenen Hintergründen.
    Notes: Abstract The dispersive behaviour of larvae of a polyphagous, wide-spread geometrid (Ectropis excursaria (Guenée)) was studied by examining responses to environmental and endogenous variables. It was found that differences in behaviour can be affected by environmental factors such as light, temperature, density, and plant background as well as some physiological and morphological features. The implications of these relationships are discussed as adaptative strategies to a varying environment.
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  • 3
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 177-193 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: induction of feeding preference ; host plants ; non-host plants ; Manduca sexta ; Sphingidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Vingt-deux espèces de plantes, dont 10 planteshôtes (Solanées), ont été testés comme plantes alimentaires pour des chenilles de ler stade de Manduca sexta. Sur cet ensemble, seulement 12 plantes (dont 9 plantes hôtes) induisaient la prise de nourriture et permettaient la croissance jusqu'au 5ème stade. La diversité des résultats suggère que les plantes pouvaient être classées en hôtes, non-hôtes acceptables et non-hôtes refusés. En utilisant le test du choix alimentaire préférentiel entre deux rondelles de feuilles, les chenilles néonates de ler stade ont préféré nettement les plantes-hôtes aux autres. Cette préférence initiale pour les plantes-hôtes était préservée quand les cheniles étaient élevées sur plantes-hôtes, mais devenait moins nette ou disparaissait pour des chenilles élevées sur d'autres plantes acceptées. Ainsi l'oligophagie ches M. sexta n'est pas induite, mais doit être héritée. Les chenilles néonates, aussi bien que celles de 5ème stade, présentent des préférences hiérarchisées parmi les plantes hôtes ou non. La seule frontiere nette observée était entre espèces de plantes acceptables ou non. Les hiérarchies préférentielles des chenilles du 5ème stade différaient légèrement lors-qu'elles avaient été élevées sur deux plantes-hôtes différentes. La différence essentielle était l'observation d'une préférence accrue pour l'espèce ayant servi à l'élevage, mais deux autres plantes-hôtes changaient aussi de position hiérarchique. La cause de ces changements de préférence a été approfondie, les chenilles étant élevées sur des feuilles de chaque espèce acceptable (hôte ou non). Leurs préférences alimentaires ont été définies en utilisant des combinaisons diverses (hôte x hôte, hôte x non-hôte acceptable, non-hôte acceptable x non-hôte acceptable). L'induction de la préférence alimentaires a été obtenue dans ces trois associations. Ceci montre que l'induction des choix alimentaires chez M. sexta n'est pas limitée aux plantes-hôtes. Le degré d'induction de la préférence alimentaire variait de très fort à indécelable; il dépendait de l'association examinée. La source de la variabilité de cette induction a été examinée en fonction de la relation entre la force de l'induction et les rapports taxonomiques des plantes associées. La relation obervée était inversée pour M. sexta. L'examen des données de la littérature ont révélé une relation du même type pour les autres espèces de Lépidoptères.
    Notes: Abstract Ten host plant (Solanaceae) and twelve non-host plant species were tested as foodplants for first instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Only nine host and three non-host plant species elicited feeding and supported growth up to fifth instar. The range of acceptability suggested that plants be divided into hosts, acceptable non-hosts, and unacceptable non-hosts. Using the two-choice feeding preference test we found that the initial preference for hosts was preserved when larvae were reared on hosts, but was less strong or absent for larvae reared on acceptable non-hosts. Thus oligophagy in the tobacco hornworm is not induced, but must be inherited. Newly-hatched first instar larvae and fifth instar larvae showed a preference hierarchy among both hosts and non-hosts. Fifth instar larvae reared separately on two different host species showed slightly different preference hierarchies among hosts. The preference for the rearing plant was increased and also two other host species changed positions in hierarchies. Feeding preferences of larvae reared on hosts or acceptable non-hosts were determined using plant combinations of host vs. host, host vs. acceptable non-host, and acceptable non-host vs. acceptable non-host. Induction of feeding preference was found in all three of these categories. This shows that induction of feeding preference in the tobacco hornworm is not restricted to host plant species. The degree to which feeding preferences were induced ranged from very strong to undetectable and dependend on the plant species paired. The strength of induction in the tobacco hornworm was found to correlate inversely with taxonomic relatedness of the plant species paired. Analysis of induction data from the literature revealed a similar correlation for other lepidopteran species.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: method ; dry matter ; budget ; Lepidoptera ; phytophagous ; gravimetry ; area ; accuracy ; precision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les budgets en matière sèche consommée par des lépidoptères ont été comparés par les méthodes gravimétrique et planimétrique. La méthode gravimétrique est basée sur le rapport poids sec/poids frais de feuilles consommées par les chenilles. Avec la méthode planimétrique, la quantité d'aliment proposée aux chenilles est déterminée par les tracés de la surface des feuilles et le contenu de matière sèche par unité de surface des feuilles. La méthode de planimétrie permet l'utilisation de plus grands rameaux de feuilles et de cages d'élevage extérieures en gaze. Il n'y avait pas de différence appréciable dans les éléments du budget (croissance, ingestion et déjection), ni aucune différence dans la variabilité observée des données attribuable à la méthode utilisée. Cependant, la variabilité attendue d'après la précision des mesures avec la méthode gravimétrique est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. Des éléments expérimentaux, inhérents à la méthode gravimétrique, introduisent une variabilité dans les mesures que l'on n'a pas avec la méthode planimétrique. 30–60% de la variabilité dans la consommation ont été attribués à des paramètres internes à la chenille, même quand elles provenaient toutes de la même ooplaque.
    Notes: Abstract Gravimetric and a combination areal-gravimetric methods for determining dry matter budgets for leaf eating Lepidoptera were compared. The gravimetric method is based on dry weight/live weight ratios of the leaves fed to the larvae. In the areal-gravimetric method, the quantity of food offered to the larvae is determined from the area of leaf tracings and the dry matter content per unit area of the leaves. The areal-gravimetric method permits the use of larger leaf sprays and an open, gauze enclosed rearing chamber. There were no consistent differences in budget factors (growth, ingestion or egestion), nor were there any differences in the observed variability of the data attributable to the method used. However, the expected variability based on instrument precision for the gravimetric method is less than for the areal-gravimetric method. Experimental factors inherent in the gravimetric method introduce variability to the measurements that are not present in the areal method. Thirty to 60% of the variability in budget factors was attributed to intrinsic properties of the larvae, even though the larvae were taken from the same egg masses.
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  • 5
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    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 273-277 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Secondary metabolite ; Allelopathy ; Photosynthesis ; Electron transport ; Thylakoids ; Herbicides ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyanobacterin is a secondary metabolite produced by the cyanobacterium, Scytonema hofmanni. Highly purified cyanobacterin was found to inhibit the growth of many cyanobacteria at a minimum effective dose of 2 μg/ml (4.6 μM). The antibiotic had no effect on eubacteria including the photosynthetic Rhodospirillum rubrum. The site of action of cyanobacterin was further investigated in the unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. Electron micrographs of antibiotic-treated Synechococcus cells indicated that cyanobacterin affects thylakoid membrane structure. The antibiotic also inhibited light-dependent oxygen evolution in Synechococcus cells and in spheroplasts. These data support our conclusion that cyanobacterin specifically inhibits photosynthetic electron transport. This activity is similar to herbicides such as 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU). The anhydro analog of cyanobacterin had no biological activity.
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  • 6
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    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 265-270 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: EcoRI ; EcoRI-DNA complexes ; EcoRI* activity ; Recognition sites ; Frequency of binding ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electron microscopy of negatively stained isolated restriction enzyme EcoRI revealed particle projections with triangular or square outlines, indicating that the enzyme, in its tetrameric state, is tetrahedron-like. The two dimers making up the tetramer appear to be arranged in two planes orthogonal to each other. Complexes formed by EcoRI with the plasmids pBR322 or pGW10 were investigated by electron microscopic spreading techniques. In the presence of Mg2+, EcoRI was bound to the DNA molecules to form pearl necklace-like aggregates. The number of bound EcoRI particles was much higher as the sum of EcoRI-and 5′..AATT..3′ sites (with exceptions, the 5′..AATT..3′ sites may function as one type of EcoRI* sites) along the DNAs, indicating unspecific binding. In the absence of Mg2+, EcoRI was bound to the DNA only at the recognition site for EcoRI and the sites where the tetranucleotide sequence 5′..AATT..3′ was present. A direct correlation of the local concentrations of the bases A and T within the flanking sequences of the binding sites with the frequency of EcoRI to the DNA was observed. Dimers and tetramers of the enzyme was found to bind to the DNA. Tetramers occasionally exhibited two binding sites for DNA as indicated by the observation of DNA loops originating at the sites of bound tetrameric EcoRI particles.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; small-tree thinnings ; temperature ; precipitation ; wind ; attraction distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mean catches of spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), moths were not significantly different among four small-tree thinning treatments of young spruce-fir-hemlock regeneration. Significant inverse relationships were found between trap catches and distances to nearby spruce-fir-hemlock overstory. Prevailing wind directions indicated that moths were attracted anemotactically to upwind pheromone sources. No definite trends were detected between catches and temperature or precipitation.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones ; ovipositionEphestia kuehniella Zeller [syn.Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller)] ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Nemeritis canenscens (Grav.) [syn.Venturia canescens (Grav.)] ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative activities of sixteen 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones from the larval mandibular glands ofEphestia (=Anagasta) kuehniella Zeller in causing the parasiteNemeritis (=Venturia) canescens (Grav.) to make oviposition movements are reported.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Resistance ; mating disruption ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z)-7 ; 11-hexadecadienyl acetate ; (Z,E)-7 ; 11-hexadecadienyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; pink bollworm ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; cotton ; pheromone collection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract After an extensive examination of the release rates and blend ratios of pheromonal components emitted by field-collected femalePectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), we find no evidence of resistance to pheromones applied to cotton fields to disrupt mating. Females from fields with 3–5 years of exposure to disruptant pheromones as well as those from fields with only minimal exposure to disruptant pheromones emitted (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate at a rate of ca. 0.1 ng/min and (Z,E)7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate at ca. 0.06 ng/min. The ratio of pheromonal components was much less variable than the measured emission rate and was centered about a 61:39Z, Z to Z,E ratio. In contrast to the blend ratio emitted by females, the composition of the pheromonal blend used in monitoring populations and disrupting mating is centered about 50:50 Z,Z to Z.E. In general there was a remarkable consistency in the release rate and blend ratio among populations of females throughout southern California and those from a laboratory colony. It would appear that, although resistance to theP. gossypiella pheromone is still a very real possibility when it is used heavily in pest management as a mating disruptant, there are current agricultural practices and conditions which would hinder its development.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Structure-activity relationships ; single-cell recordings ; turnip moth ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; molecular shape ; dipole moments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of an antennal receptor cell of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, was recorded during stimulation with a series of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate analogs with structural variations of the acetate group. The investigated receptor cell is known to be highly selective to (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate. All parts of the acetate group were found to be of great importance for full biological activity. The results indicate very strict requirements on the shape of the polar functional group, as well as on its electron distribution for a successful interaction with the antennal receptor cell.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Danaus plexippus ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; monarch butterflies ; Asdepias speciosa ; Asclepiadaceae ; milkweeds ; ecological chemistry ; plant-insect interactions ; chemical ecology ; chemical defense ; coevolution ; thin-layer chromatography ; cardenolide fingerprints ; cardenolides ; cardiac glycosides ; desglucosyrioside ; labriformin ; labriformidin ; syriogenin ; uzarigenin ; emetic potency ; emesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of variation in gross cardenolide concentration of 111Asclepias speciosa plants collected in six different areas of California is a positively skewed distribution which ranges from 19 to 344 μg of cardenolide per 0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 90 μg per 0.1 g. Butterflies reared individually on these plants in their native habitats ranged from 41 to 547 μg of cardenolide per 0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 179 μg. Total cardenolide per butterfly ranged from 54 to 1279 μg with a mean of 319 μg. Differences in concentrations and total cardenolide contents in the butterflies from the six geographic areas appeared minor, and there were no differences between the males and the females, although the males did weigh significantly more than females. The uptake of cardenolide by the butterflies was found to be a logarithmic function of the plant concentration. This results in regulation: larvae which feed on low-concentration plants produce butterflies with increased cardenolide concentrations relative to those of the plants, and those which feed on high-concentration plants produce butterflies with decreased concentrations. No evidence was adduced that high concentrations of cardenolides in the plants affected the fitness of the butterflies. The mean emetic potencies of the powdered plant and butterfly material were 5.62 and 5.25 blue jay emetic dose fifty units per milligram of cardenolide and the number of ED50 units per butterfly ranged from 0.28 to 6.7 with a mean of 1.67. Monarchs reared onA. speciosa, on average, are only about one tenth as emetic as those reared onA. eriocarpa. UnlikeA. eriocarpa which is limited to California,A. speciosa ranges from California to the Great Plains and is replaced eastwards byA. syriaca L. These two latter milkweed species appear to have a similar array of chemically identical cardenolides, and therefore both must produce butterflies of relatively low emetic potency to birds, with important ecological implications. About 80% of the lower emetic potency of monarchs reared on A. speciosa compared to those reared onA. eriocarpa appears attributable to the higher polarity of the cardenolides inA. speciosa. Thin-layer Chromatographie separation of the cardenolides in two different solvent systems showed that there are 23 cardenolides in theA. speciosa plants of which 20 are stored by the butterflies. There were no differences in the cardenolide spot patterns due either to geographic origin or the sex of the butterflies. As when reared onA. eriocarpa, the butterflies did not store the plant cardenolides withR f values greater than digitoxigenin. However, metabolic transformation of the cardenolides by the larvae appeared minor in comparison to when they were reared onA. eriocarpa. AlthoughA. eriocarpa andA. speciosa contain similar numbers of cardenolides and both contain desglucosyrioside, the cardenolides ofA. speciosa overall are more polar. ThusA. speciosa has no or only small amounts of the nonpolar labriformin and labriformidin, whereas both occur in high concentrations inA. eriocarpa. A. speciosa plants and butterflies also contain uzarigen, syriogenin, and possibly other polar cardenolides withR f values lower than digitoxin. The cardenolide concentration in the leaves is not only considerably less than inA. eriocarpa, but the latex has little to immeasurable cardenolide, whereas that ofA. eriocarpa has very high concentrations of several cardenolides. Quantitative analysis ofR f values of the cardenolide spots, their intensities, and their probabilities of occurrence in the chloroform-methanol-formamide TLC system produced a cardenolide fingerprint pattern very different from that previously established for monarchs reared onA. eriocarpa. This dispels recently published skepticism about the predictibility of chemical fingerprints based upon ingested secondary plant chemicals.
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  • 12
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    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 945-956 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cardenolide ; uscharidin ; metabolism ; monarch butterfly ; Danaus plexippus ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; milkweed ; Asclepias ; N-demethylation ; mixed function oxidase ; monooxygenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Midgut and fat body homogenates of monarch butterfly larvae,Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera:Danaidae), were examined for microsomal monooxygenase activity usingp-chloro-N-methylanilineN-demethylation and for the ability to metabolize a milkweed (Asclepias spp.) cardenolide (C23 steroid glycoside), uscharidin. All homogenates tested had bothN-demethylation and uscharidin biotransformation activities. Both transformations required NADPH. The monooxygenase inhibitors sesamex, SKF525A, and carbon monoxide inhibitedN-demethylation but not uscharidin biotransformation. Subsequent subcellular fractionation revealed the uscharidin biotransformation occurs in the soluble fraction and not the microsomal fraction, whileN-demethylation occurs in the microsomal fraction and not the soluble fraction. The larval NADPH-dependent microsomal monooxygenase apparently is not involved in the metabolism of uscharidin.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogonia ; Spermatocytes ; Carbohydrates ; Guppy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) spermatogonia and spermatocytes has been studied using electron microscopy. The spermatogonia, situated at the apex of the seminiferous tubule, are almost all surrounded by a network of Sertoli cells; they have very diffuse chromatin and one or two large nucleoli. The cytoplasm contains relatively few organelles, although annulate lamellae are found. The mitochondria have few cristae and are concentrated at one pole of the cell; they are sometimes found with intermitochondrial cement. These spermatogonia are separated from each other, having no intercellular bridges or inclusion in Sertoli cells, and are relatively undifferentiated; they correspond to stem cells. The spermatogonia beneath the apex are organized into cysts. First-generation spermatogonia are more dense and heterogeneous, their nuclei becoming smaller and their chromatin becoming denser during successive generations. In spermatocytes, the synaptinemal complex exists as a modified form until metaphase. The concentration of organelles in the cytoplasm increases and the organelles become more diversified as spermatogenesis progresses. Many cytoplasmic bridges are observed (several per cell), indicating that the cells remain in contact after several divisions. These changes in germ cell structure have been related to some of the characteristic features of spermatogenesis in guppy, e.g. the large number of spermatogonial generations and the complexity of spermiogenesis.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 413-416 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peroxisomes ; DAB-cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Liver, amphibian ; Gymnophiona ; Ichthyophis glutinosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of hepatic peroxisomes was investigated in Ichthyophis glutinosus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona), employing perfusion fixation and the diaminobenzidine (DAB) technique for the visualization of catalase. The majority of peroxisomes is circular or rod-shaped, although elongated particles occasionally occur. They contain a finely granular matrix, lightly stained after the DAB procedure. Their mean diameter is approximately 0.25 μm. Serial sections reveal that the circular and rod-shaped peroxisomal profiles are cross and oblique sections of highly tortuous, tubular organelles exceeding 2 μm in length. In addition to tubular profiles, elongated, rectangular particles, as well as straight dumbbell-shaped organelles with distinct marginal plates are observed. They range from 900 to 1650 nm in length (mean = 1200 nm). In the flattened, thin central portion of the dumbbell-shaped particle, the peroxisomal membranes form a cisterna enclosing one or two uniformly thick marginal plates, which display a definite substructure with a periodicity of 10 nm. These findings indicate that peroxisomes in the liver of Ichthyophis exhibit a complex organization. It is suggested that the organelles undergo a specific differentiation process, morphologically characterized by the formation of enlarged segments of unusual shape.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovulation (rabbit) ; Graafian follicle ; Perfusion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated ovaries from untreated, sexually mature rabbits were introduced into an in vitro perfusion system and perfused with a chemically defined medium containing albumin. The ovaries were perfused for up to 15 h (mean 11.5 h) and then processed for morphological investigation. Both at the light- and electron-microscopical levels, most of the ovaries exhibited a normal structure comparable with ovaries in situ. In two cases, however, marked accumulations of bacteria were found, although not inside the follicles. Since ovulation in the rabbit normally occurs between 9.5–13 h after mating or human chorionic gonadotrophin treatment, this model seems adequate for studies of ovulation in vitro. It is, however, important to study the ovaries microscopically after the perfusion to detect artifacts, e.g., bacterial infection, that may have influence on the process of ovulation.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tannic acid ; Acetylcholine receptors ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spinal cord neurons from 9-day chick embryos were maintained in culture for up to 35 days and then fixed in 4% cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde containing 2% tannic acid. After about 15 days in culture a small percentage of the synaptic specializations present were characterized by striking electron-dense striations averaging 15 nm in width, oriented perpendicular to the postsynaptic membrane. These structures increased in frequency with time in culture (to a maximum of about 10% of all synapses in the oldest cultures); they were asymmetrical, protruding approximately 8 nm into the synaptic cleft, and more deeply (approximately 15–18 nm), into the postsynaptic cytoplasm. On the basis of earlier work by Sealock (1980) they are interpreted as concentrations of acetylcholine receptors. Similar membrane differentiations were also seen associated with active-zone areas of a few presynaptic membranes, and the possibility that these represent presynaptic acetylcholine receptors is discussed. Additional observations reported are (1) the presence of striations resembling those seen at the postsynaptic membrane in the membranes of some postsynaptic vesicles, and (2) filamentous links between the striations and cytoskeletal elements of the postsynaptic cell.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoamine-containing cells ; Taste bud ; Paracrine cells ; Mechanoreceptors ; Electron microscopy ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The taste buds on the barbels in three species of teleosts (Cyprinus carpio, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Parasilurus asotus) were studied by means of fluorescence and electron microscopy. Intensely yellow-fluorescent cells, which are disk-shaped and located exclusively in a basal position, are observed in the barbel-buds of all fishes examined. The basal cells contain a large number of small clear vesicles approximately 40–60 nm in diameter, which show a tendency to aggregate in the cytoplasm facing the junction of the nerve terminals; chemically transmitting synapses are seen in the latter region. It is suggested from the present observations that the basal cells in the barbel-bud may originate from Schwann cells and have a dual function both as mechanoreceptors and paracrine elements. Since the administration of 5,6-DHT results in an appearance of small dense vesicles among the small clear vesicles, the possibility exists that the basal cell may be capable of taking up monoamines and storing them in the small clear vesicles.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Calcium pool ; Calcium release ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary In an attempt to identify a cellular Ca2+-pool, from which calcium is released when secretagogues are applied, tissue fragments of the rat exocrine pancreas were incubated and fixed with glutaraldehyde in the presence of calcium. By means of this procedure electron-dense deposits were found on plasma membranes. X-ray microanalysis showed that these deposits contain calcium. Stimulation of tissue fragments with the use of the secretagogues carbachol or cholecystokinin reduced the number of deposits by about 80%. When the antagonist atropine was applied after carbachol stimulation, deposits reappeared on cell membranes, which then disappeared again after a second stimulation with cholecystokinin. In the presence of procaine, carbachol was inhibited and only slightly reduced the Ca2+-deposits on the plasma membranes. These results suggest that a calcium pool, from which calcium is released to induce enzyme secretion on stimulation, is located in the cell membrane
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chloride cells ; Acid stress ; Gill ; Electron microscopy ; Fathead minnow
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, were exposed for 129 days to Lake Superior water acidified with sulfuric acid by means of a flow-through toxicant injection system. The effects of chronic acid stress (pH 6.5, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0) on gill histology were examined. Most of the histological effects were seen at pH 5.5 and 5.0 and were confined primarily to changes in numbers, distribution, and morphology of chloride cells. At low pH levels there tend to be more chloride cells in the gill epithelium and an increased percentage of these cells in the secondary lamellae. In contrast to normal chloride cells, chloride cells from fish exposed to low pH frequently had apical pits while some had bulbous apical evaginations. The occurrence of structural changes in chloride cells during exposure to acid water suggests that chloride cells may be involved in acclimation to acid stress.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lactating cell ; Lipid droplets ; Secretory vesicles ; Mitochondria ; Intracellular associations ; Electron microscopy ; Milk secretion
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    Notes: Summary The size, cellular location, and identity of surface-associated components were determined for lipid droplets in lactating cells. Transmission electron-microscopic measurements were made involving 3801 droplets in approximately 211 cells from three rats and 1197 droplets in 66 cells from a mouse. For the purposes of droplet evaluation, cells were divided into seven locations ranging from basal to secreting positions. Droplets were also categorized with respect to contact with other droplets, basolateral plasma membrane, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, and endoplasmic reticulum-cytoplasm (ERC). Data on droplet size showed that droplet growth occurs mainly in the secretory position, confirming previously published findings. Lipid droplets from mouse tissue, although somewhat smaller in size showed similar growth trends to those of the rat. Data on numbers of droplet contacts and percentages of droplet circumferences involved in associations with other cell components showed that the dominant interaction of lipid droplets was with the ERC. However, intimate association of droplets with mitochondria was noted in all cellular locations. In addition, nursed animals exhibited a greater proportion of droplet surface association with secretory vesicles and less in contact with mitochondria in comparison to those not nursed. The significance of these relationships to milk synthesis and secretion is discussed.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 249-255 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocyte ; Nucleolus ; Silver staining ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nucleoli of dictyate-stage growing oocytes in rat ovaries were examined both with routine electron microscopy and electron microscopy after silver nitrate and ammoniacal silver nitrate (Ag-AS) staining. The nucleoli of the unilaminar follicular oocytes consist of twisted strands of dense fibrillar components, aggregates of granular components, and small fibrillar centers. After Ag-AS staining, silver grains are numerous on the dense fibrillar strands, fewer on the fibrillar centers, and very sporadic on the granular aggregates. The same stainability of three nucleolar components with the Ag-AS method was also confirmed in the nucleoli segregated by actinomycin D. During the transition of growing oocytes from bilaminar to plurilaminar follicle stage, the nucleolar dense fibrillar strands gradually conglomerate and are transformed into large and compact spherules. The stainability of dense fibrillar components with the Ag-AS method was lost along with this nucleolar transformation. These results may provide some new clues on the functional significance of AgAS-positive proteins in the nucleoli.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroid glands ; Electron microscopy ; Light microscopy ; Quantitative histology ; Mongolian gerbil
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stereology and semi-automatic image analysis were used with the aim of comparing the structure of parathyroid glands from untreated adult Mongolian gerbils fixed by immersion with those fixed by perfusion. Subclassification of the chief cells based upon the staining affinity or electron density of the cytoplasm was readily performed only in glands fixed by immersion, and so-called atrophic cells were observed only in these glands. The atrophic cells were often surrounded by “light” chief cells. In glands fixed by perfusion, “light” chief cells were only rarely encountered. A significant difference between glands fixed by immersion and those fixed by perfusion was found only with regard to the form of cells and nuclei, those fixed by perfusion being more spherical. When comparing individual cells within glands fixed by immersion, “light” chief cells were more spherical and had a significantly larger nuclear and cellular size, and a lower mitochondrial volume density than the “intermediate”/“dark” chief cells. Otherwise there were no significant differences in any of the parameters investigated. These data indicate that occurrence of socalled “light” chief cells and atrophic cells is a result of improper fixation. The results of this study do not favour the concept of a functional cycle with a simultaneous occurrence of active and inactive cells within parathyroid glands.
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bovine ; Interdigitating cell ; Lymphoid tissues ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron-microscopic studies of lymphoid tissues from bovine fetuses and from calves disclosed a non-lymphoid cell type in the thymus-dependent zones of secondary lymphoid tissues and in the thymus that is distinguishable from reticulum cells, epithelial and endothelial cells, and macrophages. Based on morphological and topographical criteria, the cell is identified as the interdigitating cell. In addition, studies of the tissues of normal and virus-challenged fetuses, and of conventionally reared calves, indicated that the interdigitating cells originate from monocytoid cells, which undergo differentiation in the thymus-dependent zones during an immune response.
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gap junction ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze fracture ; Cell-to-cell communication
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gap junctions exist in the septa between the segments of the lateral giant axons in the ventral nerve cord of the crayfish Procambarus. A large increase in the resistance (uncoupling) of these gap junctions was brought about by mechanical injury to the axonal segments. Both thin sections and freeze-fracture preparations were used to monitor the morphological changes which occurred up to 45 min after injury. There was no apparent change in the organization (a loose polygonal array) of the intramembrane particles which make up the junctional complex up to 45 min after injury. In some instances, however, the intramembrane particles appeared to have moved away from the junctional area. Other junctional regions were internalized and appeared similar to what have been called annular gap junctions. Also at this time (20–25 min after injury), a dense cytoplasmic plug formed in uninjured axon near the junctional region. It is concluded that the gap junctions that exhibit a loose polygonal organization of the intramembrane particles may be either in a state of low resistance (coupled) or a state of high resistance (uncoupled).
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  • 25
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    Keywords: Ovulation ; Perfusion ; Graafian follicle (rabbit) ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Ovulation was induced in rabbits by intravenous administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), and 4–5 h later the ovaries were isolated and introduced into an in-vitro perfusion system containing synthetic medium with albumin. Rupture of follicles occurred in vitro within the physiological time range (mean 11.3 h after injection of HCG), although with a reduced frequency. Preovulatory and ruptured follicles were studied in detail by light and electron microscopy. In the granulosa layer of ruptured or preovulatory follicles cytoplasmic blebbing activity, disappearance of CallExner bodies and differentiation toward luteinized cells were found. Perhaps the most important sign of normal preovulatory development in vitro was that the basement membrane surrounding the granulosa layer was penetrated by projections of granulosa cells. In the absence of this penetration phenomenon the granulosa layer prolapsed out of the follicle. Immediately before rupture, follicles showed marked degeneration, restricted to the outer layers of the apical wall, which is compatible with the hypothesis that degradative enzymes are released close to the surface of preovulatory follicles. Although the majority of follicles that ovulated under in-vitro conditions showed the same kind of morphological alterations as can be seen in vivo, occasional atypical ruptures occurred without any overt signs during perfusion. Also technical manipulations of the perfusion system, e.g., nonphysiological increase of perfusion pressure, could force follicles to rupture. This illustrates the importance of careful morphological study of all ovaries perfused in vitro before conclusions are drawn.
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland, pars distalis ; Innervation ; Synaptoid contacts ; Electron microscopy ; Rana temporaria L
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pars distalis of the hypophysis of adult Rana temporaria, three types of nerve-fiber profiles were found at two distinct sites, in both lateral parts of the bordering regions of the anterior lobe with the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis. The first type of nerve-fiber profile consists of bundles of very fine axonal elements (diameter: 〈0.7 μm). The second type is formed by larger nerve fibers (diameter up to 4 μm) containing a few neurosecretory granules of approximately 100 nm. The third type of nervefiber profile resembles the second type but these nerve fibers make synaptoid contacts on at least two different types of glandular cells. The possible functional significance of these nerve fibers in the pars distalis is discussed. No nerve fibers were found (1) in the central part of the bordering region of the pars distalis with the intermediate lobe, (2) at the bordering region with the median eminence and (3) with the neurohypophysial stalk, and (4) in all other parts of the pars distalis.
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 165-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mesonephros ; Pig embryo ; Glomerulus ; Microvasculature ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vascularization of the pig mesonephros was investigated in embryos 5–8 cm in length. Vascular injections with microfil were cleared and dissected; corrosion casts were studied under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Perfusion-fixed tissue was used for SEM and transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies, including freeze-fracture specimens. The branches of one mesonephric artery carry up to 15 glomeruli. Several glomeruli occupy the same arterial branch, with very short afferent arterioles proper. The efferent vessels, frequently 2–5, leave the extensive vascular pole opposite the entering arteriole and split into peritubular capillaries radiating towards the superficial veins. These capillaries form vascular regions in the shape of flattened pyramids. Along its course, one nephron is supplied by vessels derived from 4–7 glomeruli. The nephrons have less vascular contact than in the definitive kidney. The ultrastructure of the single mesonephric vessels matches the metanephric counterparts. Epithelioid cells with renin granules are common in afferent arterioles, larger arteries, and efferent vessels. The lobulated glomeruli are up to 750 μm long and flattened, showing the usual features of podocytes, mesangial cells, and an attenuated endothelium with fenestrations between 50 and 250 μm. It partially retains its own basement membrane. There is no proximal mesangium.
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 387-394 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pacinian corpuscles, cat ; Denervation ; Atrophy ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Pacinian corpuscles of the cat located in the crural region and innervated by the interosseous nerve was studied 1 to 14 months after denervation. Both the Pacinian inner core and capsule remained well preserved one month after denervation. However, the denervated inner cores underwent progressive atrophy and wasting, which resulted in a gradual reduction of the amount of inner-core cells and lamellae, widening of interlamellar clefts, formation of empty spaces in the axial region and a considerable increase in the number of collagen fibrils. In spite of the wasting, the inner core still survived 14 months after denervation, but at least half of its volume became occupied by collagen fibrils which surrounded the remaining inner-core cells and lamellae. Collagen fibrils assembled in the denervated core were markedly thinner than those found in the capsule, as is also the case in normal Pacinian corpuscles. In the capsule, discrete focal degeneration, occasional pyknosis of the innermost capsular cells and macrophage infiltration were observed from the first month after nerve section onward, but the number of capsular layers remained within the normal range (30–40) up to 14 months after denervation.
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  • 29
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Hapaline ; Hapale ; Phymatarum ; Bucephalandra ; Flora of Borneo ; East Malaysia ; Sarawak
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of newly collected and cultivated material full descriptions and illustrations are presented forHapaline appendiculata Ridl. andPhymatarum borneense M. Hotta.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 67-71 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Veronica fridericae spec. nova ; V. acrotheca ; V. farinosa ; V. armena ; V. multifida ; V. jacquinii ; V. caucasica ; V. filifolia ; V. oltensis ; Flora of Turkey
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    Notes: Abstract Veronica fridericae spec. nova, described from the type locality in the S.E. Turkish province Van, is related toV. acrotheca andV. farinosa, both endemic to W. Iran. All 8 perennial species with pinnatifid leaves in S.W. Asia are presented in a key.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 149-150 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Campanulaceae ; Campanula schimaniana spec. nova ; Flora of Afghanistan and of Pakistan
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Campanula schimaniana is a new species of sect.Campanula subsect.Rupestres, distributed in the westernmost mountains affected by monsoon.
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  • 32
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 151-153 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Asteraceae-Heliantheae ; Calea ; Chromosome numbers ; polyploidy
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    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers are reported for six taxa ofCalea, among them tetraploidC. septuplinervia, the only known polyploid inCalea s. str. The base chromosome number ofCalea is interpreted as x = 19.
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  • 33
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 155-163 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Fabaceae ; Caesalpinioideae ; Mimosoideae ; Faboideae ; Phaseolus coccineus ; Serological systematics ; seed proteins ; phytohaemagglutinin ; vicilin ; phaseolin
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    Notes: Abstract An immunosystematical research was conducted on the seed proteins of 32 species ofFabaceae. By comparing all immunelectrophoretic patterns with the self reaction of a reference system (Phaseolus coccineus) all proteins detected have been identified and their distribution within the family has been analyzed. Half of the proteins identified inP. coccineus gave positive cross reactions with proteins present in all other species. Among this group are “protein I” and “phaseolin”. This result supports the homologization between phaseolin and vicilin. Among the other proteins, three are irregularly distributed throughout the family, and only three are restricted to a few taxa. This last group includes phytohaemagglutinin, which does not present any cross reaction outside the tribePhaseoleae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 209-220 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum ; Elytrigia ; wheat ; Evolution ; genome ; karyotype
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    Notes: Abstract The lengths of the A, B, and D genomes of common wheat,Triticum aestivum, were measured from the karyotype. Relative to the B genome, standardized as length 1.000, the lengths of the A and D genomes were 0.835 and 0.722, respectively. The lengths of the chromosome arms in the A and D genomes were then multiplied by the appropriate constants so that the total lengths of each genome also equalled 1.000. These calculations revealed that homoeologous chromosomes in wheat, with a few exceptions, have similar sizes and arm ratios. The arm lengths of the three homoeologues in each homoeologous group were then averaged. These average chromosomes turned out to be remarkably similar, in size and arm ratio, to their homoeologues in the E genome ofElytrigia elongata. This evidence and data on cross-compatibility and morphological characteristics suggested that the genusTriticum is a result of adaptive radiation from the perennial genusElytrigia, specifically from the complex of species possessing the E genome or one closely related to it.
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  • 35
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 307-314 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Erodium ; Monsonia ; Geranium ; Taxonomic revision ; Flora of Egypt
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A key is provided for the 14Erodium species of the Egyptian flora. The important differential chracters of leaf, inflorescence, flower, and fruit are discussed and illustrated.
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  • 36
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 315-320 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Lupinus palaestinus ; L. pilosus ; Breeding system ; insect induced self pollination
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    Notes: Abstract Significant increase of pod production occurs inLupinus palaestinus Boiss. andL. pilosus Murr. following insect visits. The cause of this increase is investigated through (1) examination of the biology of pollination, (2) examination of pod production under various pollination conditions, (3) examination of cross pollination by genetical markers. All data strongly suggest that “Insect Induced Self Pollination” is the main factor in the increase of pod production of these species in nature.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops longissima ; Cytogenetics ; homoeologous relationships ; chromosome substitutions ; translocations
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    Notes: Abstract The relationships of three wheat-Aegilops longissima chromosome addition lines A, C, and D with homoeologous wheat chromosomes were studied in PMC meiosis. Substitutions of alien chromosome A for wheat chromosome 6 B, chromosome C for 1 B and chromosome D for 4 B were obtained. The production of 4 BS/C and 7 BS/D chromosome translocations indicated cytogenetic relationships of C partially to homoeologous wheat chromosomes of group 1 and 4, and D partially to homoeologous wheat chromosomes of group 4 and 7.
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  • 38
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    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 15-28 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Gramineae ; Hordeum spontaneum ; Wild gene pool ; factor analysis ; numerical taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Samples from 11 populations of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum, from Israel, were examined for morphological variation in a “common garden” plot design. Earliness traits had the highest between population variation of all traits studied. No relationship was found between dimensions of leaves and size of seeds.—Using numerical taxonomy methods, four races were found, which correspond to the geographical and environmental range of the species in Israel. It is concluded thatH. spontaneum shows a well developed tendency toward formation of highly adaptive races rather than exhibiting clinical variation.
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  • 39
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Porcelia goyazensis ; Annona reticulata ; Winteraceae ; Drimys brasiliensis ; Giemsa C-banding ; structural heterozygosity ; karyotype evolution in tropical woody plants
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    Notes: Abstract InPorcelia goyazensis (2n = 18) Giemsa C-banding patterns differ from those ofAnnona reticulata (2n = 14) and reveal structural heterozygosity. The amplitude of karyological variation in theAnnonaceae is greater than expected for a “primitive” woody family. In a comparison with other tropical angiosperm groups, the highly differentiated karyotype ofDrimys brasiliensis (2n = 86) is interpreted as being the end-point of numerous karyological changes.
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  • 40
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    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 55-77 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Bignoniaceae ; Bombacaceae ; Caesalpiniaceae ; Caryocaraceae ; Chrysobalanaceae ; Fabaceae ; Lobeliaceae ; Lythraceae ; Malvaceae ; Marcgraviaceae ; Mimosaceae ; Musaceae ; Onagraceae ; Orchidaceae ; Passifloraceae ; Proteaceae ; Rubiaceae ; Solanaceae ; Tiliaceae ; Zingiberaceae ; Flower nectar ; amino acids ; sugars ; evolutionary significance ; pollination biology
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    Notes: Abstract Individual amino acids and sugars from flower nectar of 32 plant species with different pollination systems were quantified and compared. Data show that there is no correlation between sugar and amino acid concentration. Furthermore there is no correlation between composition and concentration of amino acids and evolutionary advancement, nor any direct relation with pollination systems. However, higher sugar concentrations are often linked with more advanced morphological characters. Nectars from pierced or damaged flowers or nectars contaminated with pollen exhibit modifications and increases in amino acid composition. The presence of proline probably indicates such pollen contamination. Most pollinating animals depend on flower nectar in their energetic requirements, yet innumerable alternative amino acid and protein sources exist. Future research has to consider the relationship between nutritional requirements of pollinating animals and dependence on flower nectars.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 135-153 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Senecio vulgaris ; S. vernalis ; Autotetraploidy ; self-compatibility ; annual weeds
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Senecio vulgaris L. (2n = 40) is suggested to be of autotetraploid origin fromS. vernalis Waldst. & Kit. (2n = 20). This conclusion is based on results obtained from experimental hybridisations and cytological observations, and the consideration of morphological affinities, patterns of geographical distribution and hybrid formation under natural conditions. The morphological differences between the two species are related to a difference in the breeding system. WhilstS. vernalis is self-incompatible,S. vulgaris is self-compatible and strongly self-pollinating. Equally, other self-pollinating taxa traditionally associated withS. vulgaris are shown to have evolved independently from outbreeding relatives. Within a narrow frame of relationship, annual weeds have evolved in different cytotaxonomic circumstances.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 165-168 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Datura innoxia ; Haploidy ; diploidy ; triploidy ; tetraploidy ; hexaploidy ; amino acid composition
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    Notes: Abstract In haploid, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes of the scopalamine-yieldingDatura innoxia, the amino acid profiles were studied. The results suggest that the amino acid composition is influenced quantitatively by increasing ploidy levels, but in an irregular way.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 183-191 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Saxifragales ; Cunoniales ; Brunelliaceae ; Brunellia comocladiifolia ; B. mexicana ; Theales ; Caryocaraceae ; Caryocar brasiliense ; C. microcarpum ; C. villosum ; Karyosystematics ; paleopolyploidy ; tropical woody plants
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    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers are polyploid, 2n = 28 inBrunellia comocladiifolia andB. mexicana, and 2n = 46 inCaryocar brasiliense, C. microcarpum andC. villosum. The chromosome are small in both genera, with a length of ca. 1,6-0,4µm. Interphase nuclei correspond to the prochromosomal and the chromocentric type, respectively. This is in conformance with the systematic placement ofBrunelliaceae intoCunoniales, and ofCaryocaraceae intoTheales. Brunellia exhibits affinities to various other orders ofRosidae (andHamamelididae), and is suggested to be primarily apetalous. On a comparative basis, the chromosome numbers found in both families are interpreted as paleopolyploid (4 x and 6 x). This apparently is in correspondence with their rather primitive features, systematic isolation, relatively depauperate status, and evidently great age.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 193-201 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Aconitum ; Seed morphology ; seed coat SEM microcharacteristics ; taxonomic importance ; adaptative ecological significance
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    Notes: Abstract The seed coat morphology, investigated in taxa representative of the main European groups ofAconitum, are in good agreement with the current taxonomy of the genus. The seed coat microcharacteristics (warty epidermal cells) are very constant. There is a trend for the reduction of longitudinal wings on the edges concomitant with the development of ridges and transverse wings on the faces. Another morphological progression leads from smooth to rugulose and eventually to transverse wing-bearing seed faces. A working hypothesis suggests an ecological adaptative significance to these changes.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 223-226 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Theaceae ; Camellia japonica ; Allozymes ; polyploidy ; origin of cultivars
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    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic examination of allozymes from 189Camellia japonica cultivars revealed some banding patterns not explainable by codominant diploid genetics. At several loci encoding dimeric enzymes, 5 and 6 banded patterns were observed in 7 cultivars. These patterns are interpreted as resulting from triploidy or aneuploidy, where three variant alleles code for products which are electrophoretically distinguishable and associate to form three homodimers and three heterodimers. The presence of allozyme multiplicity in these clones suggests a sexual rather than a somatic mode of triploid origin.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 243-258 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris ; Canalized numbers ; additive polygenes ; evolutionary genetics ; pappus parts ; leaf shape ; isoenzymes
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    Notes: Abstract CrossingMicroseris pygmaea (10 pappus parts) withM. bigelovii (5 pappus parts) results in hybrids with variable pappus part numbers between 5 and 10. Previous work has shown that a system of four additively acting genes determines the average pappus part numbers of these hybrids. In hybrid B87 two genes have a 10-determining and a 5-determining allele each, two others a 5-determining and a null (inactive or missing) allele. Genetic linkage of one of the latter with the enzyme geneEsterase-1 and the leaf shape genespatulate leaves has been demonstrated. Here we demonstrate linkage between one of the two 10-determining genes and the enzyme locusEsterase- Y/B. The genotypes in the pappus part system of many specimens can now be fully determined. This is a major advance for the analysis of the evolution of this additive polygenic system.
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  • 47
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene latifolia ; S. alba ; S. pratensis ; Geographic variation ; racial differentiation ; clines ; morphological variation ; flavone glycosylation genes ; principal components analysis ; cluster analysis ; Flora of Europe
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    Notes: Abstract Morphological and biochemical data were analysed from 30 greenhouse-grown populations of EuropeanSilene latifolia. Six separate character sets (flavones, seed, pollen, capsules, male and female flower morphology) were used in the analyses. There was broad-scale congruence between trends of geographic variation in most character sets, with the populations being assigned to western (or southern and western) and eastern clusters. The eastern and western clusters abut along a transition zone that runs roughly from Belgium to the northern Balkans; this zone represents a region of relatively rapid change and contains populations intermediate between the eastern and western clusters. Variation in flower morphology was weak and discordant with variation in the other character sets. The origin and maintenance of the variation pattern is discussed in terms of migrational history and “hybrid zones”.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 291-309 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cruciferae ; Brassicaceae ; Biscutella variegata complex ; B. laevigata complex ; Chromosome numbers ; variation ; aneuploidy and polyploidy ; chromosomal imbalance ; protogyny ; inbreeders and outbreeders
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    Notes: Abstract Chromosome counts were determined for 46 populations ofBiscutella representing 28 taxa. The genus was found to contain diploid taxa with 2n = 12, 16 and 18, tetraploid taxa with 2n = 36 and hexaploid taxa having 2n = 54.B. laevigata L. s. l. consists of diploid and tetraploid populations which are poorly differentiated morphologically. TetraploidB. laevigata s. l. and hexaploidB. variegata Boiss. & Reuter (s. l.) are characterized by chromosomal instability. The variation in chromosome numbers and the occurrence of polyploidy is discussed in relation to the taxonomy of the genus. An investigation of the breeding system showed that most of the annual species were self-compatible and partly inbreeding and most of the perennial species self-incompatible and, therefore, outbreeding, while one annual species,B. cichoriifolia Loisel., showed both systems.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Hyacinthaceae ; Scilla peruviana ; Gene mapping ; restriction enzymes ; ribosomal RNA genes ; rRNA/DNA hybridization ; polyploidy
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    Notes: Abstract Scilla peruviana biotypes have different chromosome numbers due to changes in the nucleolar chromosomes and polyploidy. We have examined two diploid (2n = 15 and 2n = 16) and two tetraploid biotypes (2n = 28 and 2n = 32). From the results of rRNA/DNA filter hybridizations it appears that rDNA percentages of the diploid biotypes are, approximately, 2.2-fold higher than those of the tetraploid biotypes. To examine the rRNA gene structure we have utilizedSouthern blot hybridization after DNA digestions with three restriction enzymes: Eco RI, Hind III and Bam HI. From the band analysis of both single and double digestions it has been possible to reveal the presence, in the diploid biotypes, of three gene types, heterogeneous both for length and for nucleotide sequences in the external spacer. The three rRNA genes are 12 600, 12 700, and 12 800 base pairs long and they have a different position of the Hind III sites in the external spacer. On the other hand, a single gene type of 12 600 base pairs, identical to the first type of the diploid biotypes, surprisingly exists in the tetraploid biotypes. Considerations on the rRNA gene regulation and evolution are made.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 13-30 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Chromosome number ; karyotaxonomy ; base number ; karyotype variation ; literature critique
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    Notes: Abstract Detailed chromosome counts have been made in 61 species, belonging to 33 genera ofRutaceae. 30 of these species are reported here for the first time. For 18 species at least one previous publication gives a chromosome number differing from that reported here. Such discrepancies are, in most cases, due to errors in counting or identification of the material. By critically reviewing the literature on each particular case, it appears possible to eliminate most of the false data. On the basis of the present results, the base number x = 10 is proposed for the genusRuta.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 47-55 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Chromosomes ; polyploidy ; karyosystematics ; cytotaxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Information and illustrations on somatic chromosomes, structure of interphase nuclei and hair development are presented for 9 genera and 14 species ofAnnonaceae. A few suggestions tend to improve the unsatisfactory current classification. The spectrum of polyploids found in the family ranges from neo- to meso- and paleopolyploids.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 87-104 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Sisyrinchieae ; Tigridieae ; Trimezieae ; Basic numbers ; chromosome size ; karyotypes ; polyploidy ; karyotypic asymmetry ; bimodality ; DNA increase ; chromosome evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Although the South AmericanIridaceae are cytologically diverse, three tribes are distinguishable on the basis of karyotype morphology. TheSisyrinchieae andTrimezieae have variable basic numbers, ploidy levels and chromosome sizes, while theTigridieae are characterized by a relatively uniform basic number and bimodal karyotype. Changes in chromosome size within genera may suggest fluctuations in their DNA amount with latitude and altitude, particularly inSisyrinchium. The results are considered in terms of opportunities for more detailed research.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 117-121 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Embryology ; megagametophyte ; antipodals proliferation
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    Notes: Abstract The structure of the grasses megagametophyte is considered to be characteristic enough as to deserve a particular place in the megagametophyte typology. Furthermore, it is compared with those of other Monocotyledonous families to point out embryological affinities.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 105-116 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtales ; Oliniaceae ; Olinia ; Embryology ; reproductive anatomy ; systematics
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    Notes: Abstract Two of the five species ofOliniaceae (Olinia emarginata andO. ventosa), a monotypic and problematic family of theMyrtales, were investigated embryologically.Oliniaceae clearly agree with otherMyrtales in their basic embryological characteristics, and are characterized further by having an ephemeral endothecium, a campylotropous ovule, and a thick, three-five-layered, outer integument. A combination of these three characteristic features is unknown elsewhere inMyrtales, so that embryological features do not support a close relationship with any other member of the order. Shared distinctive anther characteristics (i.e. ephemeral endothecium) suggest thatOliniaceae are derived from the common ancestor ofCrypteroniaceae s. str.,Rhynchocalycaceae, Alzateaceae, andPenaeaceae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 141-143 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lamiaceae ; Salvia tuxtlensis spec. nova ; Flora of Mexico
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    Notes: Abstract Salvia tuxtlensis, sp. n., is immediately recognized by its semipersistent bracts and yellow flowers. Its affinities are not clear. It is endemic to the Soteapan area in the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas, in Veracruz, Mexico.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 123-139 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Rochelia ; Rochelia disperma ; Gynoecial development ; fruit development ; pseudomonomery ; systematics ; evolutionary trends
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    Notes: Abstract The ontogeny of the gynoecium ofRochelia disperma has been investigated by LM and SEM. From the floral apex only one carpel primordium arises abaxially and eventually shifts into a subterminal position. Neither an initial stadium of a second carpel nor an adaxial vascular strand in gynobase and style could be observed. InR. stylaris two vascular strands run through the style and two undifferentiated lobes in adaxial position may be regarded as rudimentary mericarps. Only from comparison with related taxa the conclusion can be drawn thatRochelia is really pseudomonomerous, more so inR. disperma than inR. stylaris. The primary gynoecial bulge splits up into three parts inR. disperma: style/stigma, nutlets with gynobase, and disc. While the mericarps originate in mostBoraginoideae from the symplicate region and the ascidiate one is restricted to the very basal parts, inR. disperma the ascidiate part extends and forms the nutlets. The hood-shaped mouth of the carpel (the plicate zone) is closed to a triangular slit in lateral position, the stigma. The nutlets are triangular with broad base and do not surround the adaxial part of the gynobase inR. disperma, R. persica, R. bungei, R. stylaris, andR. macrocalyx. In contrast,R. peduncularis, R. cardiosepala, andR. cancellata have nutlets clasping the gynobase; they may be more closely related than was assumed up to now. The glochids ofRochelia are fascicled unicellular hairs (with different shapes) and not emergences as in theCynoglosseae. There is an evolutionary trend towards fruit formation with only one mericarp, especially inR. disperma.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 171-179 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rosaceae ; Fragaria ; Restitution ; microsporogenesis ; polyploidy ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Double restitution has been observed cytologically for the first time in microsporogenesis of a F1 hybridFragaria virginiana ×F. chiloensis ♂. Restitution is probably due to irregularities affecting the spindle mechanism. Single or double restitution may depend upon the duration of the effect or upon the stage of meiosis affected. The occurrence of triades is indicative of a possible intracellular diversity. Although the reason which may cause restitution remains to be ascertained, maternal inheritance indicates an extrachromosomal cause.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 181-195 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtales ; Penaeaceae ; Penaea ; Saltera ; Embryology ; reproductive anatomy ; systematics
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    Notes: Abstract Two species ofPenaeaceae (Penaea mucronata andSaltera sarcocolla), a unique South African family ofMyrtales, were investigated embryologically.Penaeaceae clearly agrees with otherMyrtales in its basic embryological characteristics, and further is characterized by its highly specialized features: ephemeral endothecium, 16-nucleatePenaea-type embryo sac, and unique ovular form. A wider range of affinities of families includingPenaeaceae, Oliniaceae, Rhynchocalycaceae, Alzateaceae, andCrypteroniaceae sensu stricto, as well as a possible common divergence from an ancestral line leading toLythraceae and/orMelastomataceae, are discussed on embryological and other grounds.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 197-214 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cactaceae ; Epidermis ; parallelocytic stomata ; stomatal types ; classification ; survey
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    Notes: Abstract The stomatal types (i.e. the arrangement of epidermal cells in the vicinity of a stomatal pore in superficial view) have been examined in more than 150 taxa ofCactaceae, mostly using documented material. Preparations have been made by mazerating pieces of tissue with modified Jeffrey's Solution and staining with chlore-zinc-jodine.—The examined members of the subfamilyCactoideae showed parallelocytic stomata with only minor deviations in a number of cases. Members of the subfamiliesPereskioideae andOpuntioideae show parallelocytic stomata on the leaves, but the stomatas of the stem represent a different type, which apparently is not yet described. It is termed opuntioid here. In most cases the stomata are superficial but a few taxa show markedly sunken or “hidden” stomata.—In taxa of the subfamiliesPereskioideae andOpuntioideae the stomata are generally oriented parallel to the stem axis with only minor deviations. The stomata of taxa of the subfamilyCactoideae do in general not show a particular orientation with the notable exception of a number of epiphytic genera from the tribeHylocereeae.—The results of these investigations in general coincide well with the generic classification of theCactaceae byHunt (1967). A few cases where stomatal characters suggest a differing classification merit further investigations.—Additionally, the possibilities to distinguish between paracytic and parallelocytic stomata are discussed and an amended definition for the latter is given.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 265-267 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Loranthaceae ; Phthirusa adunca ; Anther wall ; endothecial thickenings
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    Notes: Abstract The thickenings in the anther wall ofPhthirusa adunca are confined to the endothecium. This observation resembles the previous report onP. pyrifolia.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 225-248 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Campanulaceae ; Canarina ; Isoplexis ; Bird pollination ; ornithophily ; Flora of Macaronesia ; Canary Islands
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    Notes: Abstract (1) On the Canary Islands and Madeira typical bird-flowers occur in at least twelve species of six genera, although true flower-birds are absent. This inconsistency is in part elucidated by field observations on exotic and wild plants of Tenerife. —(2) In the Botanical Garden of Orotava it could be observed that various ornithophilous plants, which were introduced there, were visited by indigenous birds for nectar and in one case (Orthostemon) for food tissue. Of the three bird species involved, an endemic race of Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita) and resident Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) exploit, and pollinate, flowers legitimously, while the Wild Canary (Serinus canaria) is predominantly a destructive nectar robber. —(3) The insular Chiffchaff also proved to be a regular pollinator in the wild, at least ofCanarina canariensis andIsoplexis canariensis, two ornithophilous paleoendemics. Ornithophily, thus, is naturally practised on the island, though by birds basically insectivorous. —(4) A list of Macaronesian plants bearing the more or less complete ornithophilous syndrome is presented, including newly recognizedTeucrium heterophyllum andScrophularia calliantha. —(5) On biogeographical and faunistic grounds it is presumed that the modern visitors of Canarian bird flowers are secondary rather than the original partners of the continental tertiary flora in which these plants originated. Palearctic immigrants, when becoming resident on the islands during and since the Pleistocene, adopted facultative nectar feeding, entering an “orphaned” food niche. Casual flower visits in Europe suggest a certain predisposition of the Chiffchaff and the Blackcap for the exploitation of flowers. — (6) The ability of unspecialized birds to acquire nectardrinking spontaneously and to pass this habit on to their offspring, is demonstrated by a population of Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus) which have visited ornithophilousKniphofia (Liliaceae) in Berlin for several years.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 1-27 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Gramineae ; Dispersal ; hygroscopic movements ; trypanocarpy ; diaspore ecology ; cerrado vegetation ; Flora of Brazil
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    Notes: Abstract 28 grass species from one hectare of cerrado vegetation in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, were studied with regard to the morphology and dispersal of their fruits. 13 species have dispersal units with smooth surfaces which are predominantly dispersed by big herbivorous mammals or birds which swallow them together with their food, e.g., during grazing (accidental endozoochory). On the other hand, smaller animals, including birds, also feed directly on the grains; some of them may escape trituration and digestion or may be even stored (synzoochory). 11 species are principally epizoochorous: 8 of these are ± exclusively adapted to epizoochory, adhering to the animals by scabrid awns or sharply pointed calli, while the rest behave as epizoochores and anemochores. 4 other species are predominantly anemochorous with their dispersal units bearing soft hairs, sometimes together with very small scabrid awns; in a wet state they also can adhere to animals (occasional epizoochory). Beside this, most grass fruits can behave as passive ballists, as passing animals, wind and rain may cause their dispersal units to fall to the ground (passive autochory). — Among the 28 species, 12 have dispersal units which are awned. In 7 of them the awns are spirally twisted; the base of the dispersal unit runs out into a sharply pointed callus and has harpoone-like hairs. These awns show hygroscopical movements which may lead to a drilling of the basal part of the dispersal unit into the sandy cerrado soil. This trypanocarpy is important for establishment but without function for dispersal.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 55-61 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Bombacaceae ; Malvaceae ; Hampea nutricia ; Seed morphology and anatomy ; aril
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    Notes: Abstract The mature seeds ofHampea nutricia are glabrous, ovoid, arillate and dark tan in colour. Longitudinal streaks on the seed surface correspond to the underlying integumentary vascular strands. Testa and tegmen are derived from the outer and inner integuments, respectively. The outer epidermis of the tegmen forms a palisade-like macrosclereid layer, the inner epidermis a fringe layer. The endosperm is single-layered and also fills the space between the two cotyledons. The embryo is nearly straight, gland-dotted; it has asymmetrical and folded cotyledons, and gossypol ducts. Systematic position ofHampea is discussed and its placement inMalvaceae is supported.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 63-78 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Exine morphology ; origin of sporophytic self-incompatibility ; palynology ; pollen wall
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    Notes: Abstract In angiosperm pollen the reticulate-perforate exine sculpturing is associated with sporophytic self-incompatibility (S.S.I.) and imperforate and microperforate exine sculpturing is associated with gametophytic self-incompatibility. The earliest unequivocal angiosperm pollen conforms to exine morphology of pollen from plants with S.S.I. The orgin of S.S.I. is hypothesized to have coincided with the appearance of what is now the earliest recognizable angiosperm pollen. Other angiosperm characteristics correlated with S.I., functional stigmatic areas, large showy flowers (or aggregated inflorescences), and passive seed dispersal, provide some insight into the biological aspects of the earliest angiosperms.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 79-90 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Onagraceae ; Oenothera hookeri ; Oe. suaveolens ; Megasporogenesis ; inheritance of callose pattern and polarity of embryo sac development ; embryology
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    Notes: Abstract The pattern of callose formation in meiotic cell walls and the order of megaspore degeneration and polarity during embryo sac development are investigated in F2-plants ofOe. hookeri ×suaveolens and the reciprocal cross. All investigated characters are variable between the ovules in the same ovary. Plants differ in the frequency of the types of callose pattern and polarity of the embryo sacs. In segregating progenies different combinations of both characters are found. The genetic basis of the polarity phenomena during the embryo sac development is discussed. In our material no correlation can be seen between the callose pattern in the surrounding wall of the meiotic cell and the development of polarity in the later stages.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 103-118 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Limonium ; Plumbaginaceae ; Numerical taxonomy ; variation ; agamospermy
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    Notes: Abstract A taxometric analysis ofLimonium species in Western Europe has provided evidence for the subgeneric groupings proposed by other authors. A cluster analysis suggests that the origin of sexual and agamospermous species has taken place separately. Sexual and agamospermous species are usually clustered separately. The lack of a sexual process in many agamospermous species, as indicated by the distribution of incompatibility morphs and by very low pollen fertility, suggests that the evolution of sexual and agamospermous taxa has been by different processes. It is suggested that following the origin of agamospermous species or species groups by hybridisation, subsequent evolution in the agamospermous taxa has occurred by asexual means. Evidence from the distribution of pollen/stigma incompatibility morphs, especially the existence of self-compatible agamospermous species supports this hypothesis.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 91-102 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Onagraceae ; Clarkia xantiana ; Electrophoresis ; isozymes ; phylogenetic models
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    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic variation in isozymes coded by 40 loci was examined in two self-pollinating populations, one with white and the other with pink flowering plants, and four outcrossing populations ofClarkia xantiana (Onagraceae) native to California. The study was carried out to test theMoore & Lewis (1965) hypothesis that the pink selfer originated from the sympatric outcrossing population and then gave rise to the white selfer. The hypothesis could be rejected if one or the other selfer was more similar genetically to an allopatric population than to the sympatric one. Both selfers were monomorphic at all loci whereas the outcrossing populations were polymorphic at nearly half of them. The two selfers had the same genes at 32 loci but had different ones at eight loci. The pink selfer was not more similar to the allopatric populations than to the sympatric one, consistent with theMoore & Lewis model. The evidence also supported their proposal that the white selfer originated from the pink one and not independently. The electrophoretic evidence was valuable because it permitted qualitative comparisons (presence versus absence of particular alleles) between the selfer and the several outcrossing populations; such analysis was not previously possible because the latter populations are morphologically and cytologically similar.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 119-123 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Melastomataceae ; Nodal and petiolar vascularization ; common gap and split laterals ; flank bridge ; cortical bundles
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    Notes: Abstract The nodal anatomy inMelastomataceae is variable. The (two times) unilacunar one trace type is wide-spread. In addition, species ofHeterocentron and ofTribouchina exhibit one pair of common gaps with split laterals. Others possess a distinct “flank bridge” of vascular tissue. Species with internodes quadrangular and four-winged in transsect exhibit up to five concentric cortical bundles per wing; they are involved in both petiolar vascularization and formation of flank bridges.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 125-131 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Betulaceae ; Betula ; Alnus ; Carpinus ; Corylus ; Wood anatomy ; vascular tracheids
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    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of vascular tracheids inBetula, Alnus, Carpinus andCorylus is reported. It is established that the cells are a consistent feature in early and late wood where they are associated with vessel elements in radial multiples. The possible function and taxonomic importance of these cells are briefly considered.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 167-175 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Saxifragaceae ; Bergenia cordifolia ; Gynoecium ontogenesis ; meristem incorporation ; meristem fusion
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    Notes: Abstract Scanning electron microscopical investigations of flower buds of the perennial herbBergenia cordifolia (Haw.)A. Br. (Saxifragaceae) reveal a primitive gynoecium. During ontogenesis the margins of the carpel lamina transgress on the apical cone of the axis by meristem incorporation and finally fuse with the margins of the opposite carpel. These processes of meristem incorporation and fusion first lead to gamophylly and furthermore to carpel peltation, as is demonstrated by SEM-photographs (ring-shaped dike and common septum of the two carpels). As a result of carpel peltation, the lowest point of the septum deliminates the synascidiate zone. Above this point, the symplicate and, eventually, the plicate zone follows (vid. ventral suture). The margins of the carpel lamina merely touch each other without being coalesced. The preparation of a window in the carpel's dorsal side permits a look at a massive lateral placenta (Leinfellner 1951) developing the ovules. In the lower third—in lateral position at the placenta's margin—the first ovules are seen, the next ones follow in acropetal and basipetal direction, as well as to the periphery of the placenta.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Limnanthaceae ; Limnanthes ; Biosystematics ; allozyme variation ; cluster analysis ; population divergence ; breeding system
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    Notes: Abstract Sixty-one populations ofLimnanthes sect.Reflexae were surveyed for variation at 19 allozyme loci and reassessed for their morphological diversity and biosystematic relationships. Cluster analysis of allozyme data at individual population level provided evidence for a fairly good fit with the earlier systematic work on this genus but both morphological and allozyme data together defined some new clusters as well as exceptional entities. For example, only var.rosea of the fourL. douglasii varieties described byMason (1952) on the basis of geographical distribution, flower color and leaf morphology, remained as a distinct entity; the others were realigned along new geographic boundaries.L. striata appeared to have two well-developed subgroups, one of which was closely related to theL. douglasii complex. Further ecogeographic and hybridization studies are needed to fully describe these new phenetic findings in the context of phylogenetic inference. SectionInflexae was readily distinguished from sect.Reflexae by several diagnostic loci, thus supporting the validity of this division. Interspecific variation levels and population differentiation inLimnanthes were high when compared to other plant taxa, possibly indicating highly dynamic evolutionary processes for which variable habitats and extreme subdivision within species have been suggested as explanations.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 189-203 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ericaceae ; Onagraceae ; Mimosaceae ; Musaceae ; Ultrastructure ; function of pollen connecting threads and viscin threads ; palynology ; pollination ecology
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Viscin threads and other pollen connecting threads of some angiosperm families were investigated, especially those ofEricaceae. According to the definition adopted, viscin threads are ± long exinous processes which consist of exinous material and connect pollen grains or tetrads. Such viscin threads are found within theOnagraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Ericaceae, andMimosaceae only. While they differ in structure and composition, they always consist of sporopollenin and exhibit a very strong stickiness, even after all viscid substances have been removed by acetolysis. In contrast, the pollen connecting scleroprotein threads ofOrchidaceae and the cellular threads ofStrelitzia reginae Aiton. (Musaceae) are not connected with the exine surface, are destroyed by acetolysis, and thus do not correspond to viscin threads.
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  • 73
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Pelargonium ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; microsporogenesis ; karyogeobotany ; karyotaxonomy ; karyotype evolution ; basic number
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    Notes: Abstract The chromosome numbers of the 24 species of sect.Pelargonium were determined from field collected and cultivated plants of known localities in S. Africa. Twelve species are diploid (2n = 22), eight tetraploid (2n = 44), one hexaploid (2n = 66), and three octoploid (2n = 88). The chromosome numbers correlate well with the proposed subdivision of sect.Pelargonium. Its chromosomes are relatively small (1.0–1.5 µm) in comparison to most of the other sections, and its diploid karyotype is considered to be primitive. The occurrence of the basic number x = 11 in this section, in other sections of the genus, and in related genera (Monsonia, Sarcocaulon) leads to the conclusion that x = 11 probably is basic for the whole genus. — The pollen meiosis, microsporogenesis and pollen fertility of the diploid species is normal, with the exception of one, possibly young taxon from the Greyton Nature Reserve. The tetraploid species could be of autoploid origin, the higher polyploids exhibit a mixed auto-alloploid nature. — The 20 diploid and tetraploid species have a relatively small distribution range, most of them occur in the SW. Cape Province of South Africa. This area may therefore be considered as the centre of origin of the genus. Three of the four high polyploid species occupy rather large areas.
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  • 74
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 227-236 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Festuca ; Vulpia ; Hybridization ; introgression ; polyploid complex ; genome homology
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    Notes: Abstract The chance backcrossing to hexaploidFestuca rubra of a natural pentaploid hybridFestuca rubra ·Vulpia fasciculata to produce a hexaploid plant is described. The hexaploid derivative, unlike the pentaploid hybrid, shows a reasonable degree of fertility and is morphologically very close to normalFestuca rubra. Its existence provides a mechanism for the continued introgression ofVulpia fasciculata intoFestuca rubra, so increasing the variability of the latter. It also shows that pairing betweenFestuca rubra andVulpia fasciculata chromosomes must have taken place either in the pentaploid hybrid or in its hexaploid derivative. A possibly similar pattern of introgression involvingVulpia bromoides is also described.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris ; Pappus part number ; meristic characters ; canalized numbers ; quantitative genetics ; evolutionary genetics ; marker enzymes
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    Notes: Abstract Microseris strain C34 is a hybrid between the Chilean speciesM. pygmaea (10 pappus parts) and the CalifornianM. bigelovii (5 pappus parts). The plants are propagated by selfing from the original hybrid specimen. Each plant has from 5 to 10 pappus parts per achene with an average value that is additively determined by four unlinked quantitatively acting genes. Single-gene heterozygote sublines have been obtained for two of these,pp-1 (shown to be linked to a modifier of acid phosphatase-1) andpp-4. Sublines homozygous for all four additive genes show residual genetic variation influencing pappus part number. At least one additional gene can be demonstrated by its linkage with leucine aminopeptidase-1. Lines for the further characterization of these hypostatic genes are selected.
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  • 76
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 237-252 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cucurbitaceae ; Cucumis ; Interspecific crossability ; chromosome pairing ; pollen fertility ; phylogenetic relationship ; karyomorphology
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    Notes: Abstract Investigations on interspecific crossability in 8Cucumis species (2n = 24) and chromosome pairing and pollen fertility of their hybrids from 15 combinations have been utilized for tracing the phylogenetic relationships among these taxa and factors responsible for their differentiation. A collective evaluation of data suggests that there are three broad groups of species, one of the spiny fruited interfertile species, whose hybrids show varying degree of chromosome associations and low to high pollen fertility; the second of species with non-spiny fruits, which are completely incompatible with the former but weakly compatible with the cultivated species,C. melo L. to produce partly developed seeds, and the third group ofC. metuliferus E. Mey. exSchrad. andC. melo and its different botanical varieties. The species with spiny fruits can be further divided based on karyomorphological similarities and/or on relative genomic affinity, indicated by chromosome pairing and hybrid pollen fertility.
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  • 77
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 253-266 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lauraceae ; Meliponinae ; Pollination ; dispersal ; reproductive biology ; dichogamy ; dioecy ; Neotropics
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    Notes: Abstract In hermaphrodite neotropicalLauraceae a highly evolved dichogamous system is present which represents a kind of temporal dioecy. This system involves the existence of two flower morphs which are characterized by reciprocal phases of receptivity of the stigmas and pollen release. In some genera (Persea, Cinnamomum), nectar is produced as a reward for the flower visitors, while in other genera (Aniba, Clinostemon, Licaria), nectar is absent and pollen seems to be the only reward. This implies that in this case the flowers in the female stage must be deceptive flowers. In dioecious species of the generaOcotea andNectandra, both the male and female flowers attract the visitors with nectar. The pollen-ovule ratio of theLauraceae is comparatively low. — The type of reproductive system that characterizes theLauraceae, comprising functional dioecy, small, inconspicuously coloured flowers, pollination by small bees, and large, one-seeded fruits dispersed by birds, is quite prominent among trees of various families in the tropical lowland forest. The relationship between the different modes of flowering within theLauraceae and the causes for the correlation of their reproductive traits are discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Dilleniaceae ; Hibbertia stricta ; Lasioglossum (Halictidae) ; Pollination ecology ; melittophily ; pollen flowers ; Solanum Type flowers
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    Notes: Abstract The exines of pollen grains ofHibbertia stricta (DC.)R. Br. exF. Muell. (Sect.Pleurandra) wear an oily, yellow pollen coat that stains positively for lipids. The pollen is collected by asocial bees, exclusively. The most common floral foragers are members of the genusLasioglossum (subgenusChilalictus;Halictidae) and they harvest pollen via thoracic vibration. As these bees cling to the inflated anthers their pollen smeared bodies come in contact with either of the two wet, nonpapillate stigmas. The stigmas respond positively to cytochemical tests for the presence of esterase immediately following expansion of the corolla, indicating the effective pollination period. The foraging patterns of the bees are narrowly to broadly polylectic. AsH. stricta flowers are nectarless, it is not surprising that bees bearing mixed pollen loads always carry the pollen of at least one nectariferous, coblooming plant. The pollination biology ofH. stricta is compared with otherHibbertia spp. and with “pollen flowers” in general.
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  • 79
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 279-288 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Bromeliaceae ; Tillandsia subg.Diaphoranthema ; new species:T. brealitoensis ; T. caliginosa ; T. cotagaitensis ; T. hirta ; new subspecies:T. gilliesii subsp.polysticha ; Flora of Bolivia and Argentina
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    Notes: Abstract 5 new taxa are described and illustrated; their position within the subgenus is discussed:T. hirta W. Till & L. Hromadnik,T. cotagaitensis L. Hromadnik,T. caliginosa W. Till, andT. gilliesii Baker subsp.polysticha W. Till & L. Hromadnik are members of a group includingT. myosura Grisebach exBaker,T. mandonii E. Morren exMez in DC.,T. retorta Grisebach exBaker em.Grisebach andT. andicola Gillies exBaker. T. brealitoensis L. Hromadnik is related toT. angulosa Mez in DC. but distinct and possibly of hybrid origin.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Uvularia ; Chromosome arrangement
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    Notes: Abstract Chromosome arrangement in interphase has been inferred from an analysis of the relative positions of the chromosomes and the chromosome arms in untreated haploid pollen grain metaphases ofUvularia grandiflora. The distances between centromeres forming the smallest possible circle were measured in 43 metaphases. The relative positions of the chromosomes did not differ significantly from randomness. Neither did similar-sized chromosome arms show any tendency to be next to each other. The results thus disagree both with the hypothesis ofComings (1968) that each chromosome occupies a definite position in the interphase nucleus and with the claim ofBennett (1982) that similar-sized chromosome arms lie next to each other.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 323-326 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Tetrameranthus ; Sporoderm ; exine ; intine ; aperture
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    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural and micromorphological investigations of the sporoderm ofTetrameranthus duckei pollen confirm the interpretation of this genus as being isolated within theAnnonaceae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 327-328 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Linaceae ; Linum ; L. hologynum ; L. monogynum ; Flora of Australia and Europe
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    Notes: Abstract The diploid chromosome number for the EuropeanLinum hologynum and the haploid number for the AustralianL. monogynum is 42 and appears to establish a new and distinctive base number for sect.Linum. The possession by these two species and by the AustralianL. marginale of multiporate pollen and united styles, a unique combination of features in sect.Linum, may warrant the establishment of a new subsection in that section to accommodate the three species.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 19-23 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Guatteriella ; G. campinensis ; spec. nova ; Guatteria ; Guatteriopsis ; Flora of Brazil
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    Notes: Abstract The investigation of new collections allow a more accurate circumscription of the genusGuatteriella which can be maintained as being closely allied toGuatteria andGuatteriopsis. A new species,G. campinensis, is added to the, so far, monotypic and little known Amazonian genus.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 25-33 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Pisum ; Karyology ; polytene chromosomes ; endopolyploidy
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    Notes: Abstract The experiments on cultured pea roots (Pisum sativum cv. ‘Alaska’ and ‘Dwarf Telephone’) are summarized in Table 1. Nuclear growth and mitosis occurred mainly in cultures in which the medium of Torrey and Shigemura was supplemented with 6 p.p.m. 2,4-D and 1 p.p.m. kinetin. The greatest reaction was observed in 16-day cultures of cv. ‘Alaska’. Nuclei had increased in size, and prophases diploid and polyploid, with normal chromosomes, diplochromosomes or larger bundles of chromatids were visible. Metaphases which ranged from 2 n to an estimated 32 n had normal chromosomes with two chromatids. Polytene chromosomes, in diploid, rarely in tetraploid number, occurred in numerous cortex cells. They did not show banding, and their telomeres, spread into individual chromatids, were attached to the nuclear membrane. In some cells the polytene chromosomes were condensed into spherical structures, obviously a stage in their falling apart; the last stage of this process is a polyploid metaphase.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Solanum tuberosum ; Allozyme variability ; polyploidy ; phylogeny
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    Notes: Abstract Gene frequencies at 13 isozyme loci were determined in three South American taxa of cultivated potatoes [the diploid group (gp.) Stenotomum, the diploid subgroups (subgp.) Goniocalyx, and the tetraploid gp. Andigena ofS. tuberosum], in the diploid weed speciesS. sparsipilum, and in most of the main cultivars now raised in the Northern Hemisphere (the tetraploid gp. Tuberosum ofS. tuberosum). High levels of genetic variability (mean number of alleles per locus, percentage of polymorphic loci, and mean heterozygosity) were detected, being higher in tetraploid potatoes. An equilibrium among the evolutionary factors which increase genetic variability and artificial selection for maximum yield would explain the high uniformity of heterozygosity values we observed in both Andigena (0.36 ± 0.02) and Tuberosum (0.38 ± 0.01) cultivars.—The low value of genetic distance (D = 0.044) between Stenotomum and Goniocalyx does not support the status of species forS. goniocalyx.—In most isozyme loci, the electromorphs of gp. Andigena were a combination of those found in both gp. Stenotomum andS. sparsipilum, suggesting an amphidiploid origin of gp. Andigena from that two diploid taxa. The presence in Andigena of unique electromorphs, which were lacking in both gp. Stenotomum andS. sparsipilum, suggests that other diploid species could be also implied in the origin of tetraploid Andean potatoes. Furthermore, since Andigena were more related to Stenotomum (D = 0.052) than toS. sparsipilum (D = 0.241), the autopolyploidization of Stenotomum individuals and the subsequent hybridization with gp. Andigena may also have occurred. Thus, our study suggests a multiple origin (amphidiploidy, autoploidy, and hybridization at tetraploid level) of gp. Andigena.—Most of the electromorphs of gp. Tuberosum were also found in gp. Andigena; both the direct derivation of that group from the Andean tetraploid potatoes and the repeated introgression provided by breeding programmes could explain this result. However, the allele c of Pgm-B, present in 30 out of 76 Tuberosum cultivars from Northern Hemisphere as well as in 3 Chilean Tuberosum cultivars, lacks in the 258 Andigena genotypes sampled, suggesting that Chilean germplasm could have taken part in the origin of at least the 39% of the potato cultivars from Europe and North America analyzed here.—The distanceWagner procedure provides an estimate of a 30% of heterogeneity in the evolutionary divergence shown by different groups of cultivated potatoes. Diploid groups show a higher (22.5%) evolutionary rate than tetraploids, which can be attributed to both tetrasomic inheritance and facultative autofecundation that exists in Andigena and Tuberosum groups. Thus, artificial selection acting since 10000 years has not resulted in a higher rate of molecular evolution at the isozyme level in the tetraploids.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 89-102 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus ; R. cantoniensis ; R. chinensis ; R. silerifolius ; Cytotaxonomy ; cytotypes ; hybridization ; polyploidization ; fertility ; species structure ; speciation
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    Notes: Abstract Both diploid and tetraploid experimental interspecific hybrids betweenRanunculus silerifolius (2x) andR. chinensis (2x) exhibit normal bivalent pairing. However, microspores of diploid hybrids do not undergo mitosis and their pollen grains are highly sterile, whereas tetraploid hybrids form good pollen grains after microspore division. Evidence is forwarded for the assumption thatR. cantoniensis (4x) has originated by hybridization between these two diploid parental species and by polyploidization of the diploid hybrids. Parallelisms between the different karyotypes ofR. cantoniensis (4x) andR. silerifolius (2x) suggest that the former is a species of polyphyletic origin.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 119-134 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Crocus ; C. speciosus ; Embryo sac ; intraspecific hybrids ; chromosome numbers ; karyotypes
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    Notes: Abstract A detailed description of female reproductive structures inCrocus is given, using three different techniques: wax embedding and sectioning, SEM, and observation of cleared ovules by interference contrast microscopy. The results of this examination, and a chromosomal investigation of the intraspecific hybrids obtained by crossing specimens ofC. speciosus of different karyotypes, are used to test the hypothesis thatCrocus is apomictic. Although facultative diplospory cannot be entirely ruled out, it is suggested that apomixis is an unlikely explanation from the unusual amount of chromosomal variation found in some species ofCrocus, and alternative causes are discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris ; Heterocarpy ; organ differentiation ; polygenic inheritance
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    Notes: Abstract Microseris B87 is derived from a single hybrid specimen betweenM. pygmaea with few, weakly hairy peripheral achenes and aM. bigelovii with many, strongly hairy peripheral achenes. Offspring through the F4 and F5 generations obtained by spontaneous selfing were analyzed for the segregation of quantitative and qualitative characters relating to achene dimorphism. The phenotypic effects of two previously identified unlinked genes determining the relative number of outer achenes are characterized in partially and completely homozygous sublines. We show that two morphological markers genetically linked to one of these genes are themselves regulated by the system inducing heterocarpy. Not more than two more unlinked genes are involved in the genetic basis of the heterocarpic response. The interaction of these genes in determining the heterocarpy phenotypes is discussed in the framework of a model postulating genes for a morphogen gradient across the capitulum and genes responding to this gradient.
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    Protoplasma 119 (1984), S. 48-54 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Marine alga ; Membrane contrast ; Osmium-azole complexes ; X-ray microanalysis
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    Notes: Summary Addition of certain heterocyclic nitrogen-carbon compounds to standard osmium tetroxide solutions used as secondary fixative resulted in an enhanced general membrane contrast in cells of the marine algaEmiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Kamptner. Ultrastructural cell morphology and the contrast distribution were compared between cells treated according to a standard secondary fixation procedure and cells post-fixed when above mentioned heterocyclic compounds were introduced; in both cases some of the ultrathin sections were post-stained. Different compounds were tested: 1,2,4-triazole (TRA), 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (A-TRA), 5-amino-tetrazole (A-TEA) and 2,4,6-tri-amino-1,3,5-triazine (melamine). The results were interpreted to indicate the possible bonding types arising from interaction of the heterocyclic compounds with osmium tetroxide and with membrane constituents. Interpretations were partly inspired by considerations from coordination chemistry. All above tests which did not include post-staining of thin sections could be performed at alkaline pH, and consequently calcified structures were preserved. The enhanced osmium accumulation at membranes was verified with X-ray microanalysis, which also showed that in the cases where membranes were visibly contrasted, localization of probable sites of intracellular non-crystalline calcium was facilitated.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gentianaceae ; Nodal anatomy ; leaf base vascularization
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    Notes: Abstract As a rule,Gentianaceae exhibit a “double” unilacunar nodal pattern. Upon leaving the lacun, the complex leaf trace divides first into three branches, and then into five or more bundles which become the leaf veins. OnlyGentiana lutea (andG. punctata) as well asMenyanthes trifoliata differ from all other species investigated by their multilacunar nodes. BothCentaurium andOrphium within the cortex form a completely closed bundle ring around the nodal flanks from smaller bundles which depart from the lateral branches of the complex leaf traces.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Allium ; N. American species ; Giemsa C-banding ; karyotypes ; species relationships N. America ; Europe
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    Notes: Abstract The somatic karyotypes of six North AmericanAllium species and the EuropeanA. scorzonerifolium have been investigated using a Giemsa C-banding technique. All species have a chromosome number of 2n = 14. InA. scorzonerifolium and the three North American speciesA. dichlamydeum, A. fibrillum andA. unifolium C-bands are restricted to two pairs of nucleolar chromosomes. Each chromosome has a band proximal to the nucleolar constriction and a positively banded satellite. InA. acuminatum, in addition to the bands associated with the nucleolar constrictions, all chromosomes also have pericentromeric bands.A. cernuum exhibits a distinctive banding style: two chromosome pairs with bands adjacent to the nucleolar constrictions and four pairs with telomeric bands on their short arms. In the karyotype ofA. geyeri neither C-bands nor nucleolar chromosomes were found.—A comparison of the banding styles together with other cytological and morphological characters of these species with old world members ofAllium reveals:A. cernuum closely resembles species within subgenusRhizirideum, whereas the other species studies exhibit many similarities with subgenusMolium. Their sectional grouping and their relationships with Old World species are discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Plumbaginaceae ; Aegialitis annulata ; A. rotundifolia ; Plumbago rosea ; Monomorphic pollen ; exine sculpturing ; systematic position
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    Notes: Abstract Light and first SEM observations on the pollen ofAegialitis indicate that the two species of the genus are clearly distinguishable from all other genera of the tribeStaticeae to whichAegialitis presently is relegated. Intraspecific exine or aperture dimorphism which appears frequently in this tribe, is not recorded in this genus.A. annulata andA. rotundifolia have distinct monomorphic pollen and show a great resemblance in exine features with the tribePlumbagineae, particularly species ofPlumbago. Considering these and other features, separate subtribal status forAegialitis within thePlumbagineae is proposed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 83-97 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Onagraceae ; Oenothera hookeri ; Oe. suaveolens ; Oe. biennis ; Megasporogenesis ; megaspore competition ; starch deposits ; callose pattern ; polarity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract New data on the development of polarity in the ovules during megasporogenesis and early stages of embryo sac development inOenothera-hybrids are presented. It is confirmed that allOe. hookeri-hybrids show a strong tendency to form heteropolar tetrads, with the micropylar megaspore developing into an embryo sac. This preference is seen in the delay of the second meiotic division on the chalazal side, the absence of callose in the lateral wall of the micropylar megaspore, and the accumulation of starch in this megaspore. However, homopolar tetrads, chalazal preference, and ovules with two developing embryo sacs are also observed with considerable frequency. Quantitative data on the frequency of the different developmental types are compared with earlier genetic results about competition in the haplophase. There is sufficiently good agreement to support the hypothesis ofRenner that there is a correlation between the developmental processes in the megaspore tetrad and the genetic phenomena of competition in the haplophase.
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  • 94
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 165-177 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliales ; Annonaceae ; Cytotaxonomy ; somatic chromosome numbers ; original basic chromosome number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers of 42 species and 3 varieties from 24 genera of theAnnonaceae have been determined (Table 1); reports for 15 of the genera are new. Among Asian genera 2n = 14 occurs only in the specializedMezzettia, while 2n = 16 is wide-spread and also has been found inAnaxagorea with some primitive characters. 2n = 18 is reported for 11 genera, and tetraploidy (2n = 36) has been observed inPolyalthia. Therefore, an original basic number of x = 8 or x = 9 is suggested at least for the Asian genera of theAnnonaceae.—Cytotaxonomical notes on the critical speciesPolyalthia rumphii andP. affinis are given, and the new combinationNeouvaria parallelivenia (Boerl.)Okada & Ueda is proposed.
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  • 95
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 221-240 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Commelinaceae ; Gibasis ; G. speciosa ; G. rhodantha ; G. graminifolia ; Robertsonian fusion ; F1 hybrids ; autosyndesis ; preferential pairing ; chromosome evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three closely related species of theG. linearis group are differentiated by their basic numbers and ploidy levels. The change in basic number involves Robertsonian fusion, but the species also differ by interchange and cryptic structural changes revealed by meiotic pairing in F1 hybrids.
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  • 96
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 277-290 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Pandanaceae ; Freycinetia reineckei ; Pteropus samoensis ; Aplonis atrifuscus ; Columba vitiensis castaneiceps ; Floral ecology ; chiropterophily ; ornithophily ; pollination ; dioecism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Samoa, field observations, experiments, and SEM micrographs of hair and feather samples indicate the dioecious lianaFreycinetia reineckei to be both chiropterophilous and ornithophilous with the principal pollinators being an endemic flying fox,Pteropus samoensis, and an endemic starling,Aplonis atrifuscus. Nutritional analysis of staminate and pistillate inflorescenses indicate qualitative and quantitative differences between the rewards offered by the two sexes. No nectar is presented, the principal pollinator rewards being fleshy bracts and pollen. As a result, staminate and bisexual inflorescenses sustain higher levels of pollinator damage, a factor which may tend to maintain dioecism within the population.
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  • 97
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 291-305 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Alliaceae ; Allium cepa ; A. fistulosum ; A. ×proliferum ; Nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) ; silver staining ; ribosomal DNA ; movable genetic elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract NORs and interphase nucleoli have been silver stained inAllium cepa, A. fistulosum, reciprocal crosses between both species, and in different strains of top onions which originated from hybridization betweenA. cepa andA. fistulosum. The variability observed in size, number, and position of active NORs and correspondingly in number (and size) of interphase nucleoli is at least in part strain-specific. These data are taken to indicate that NORs inAllium behave like movable genetic elements.—With respect to the staining specifity of silver nitrate, it was found that AgNO3 labels (1) nucleoli, (2) NORs (i.e., actively transcribed “ribosomal genes”) inside the achromatic secondary constrictions, and (3) sometimes (but less pronounced) centromeres; Giemsa banding labels heterochromatin surrounding the NOR but not the nucleolus organizing secondary constriction.
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  • 98
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 127-137 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adenylate pool ; Biomass volume ; CO2 evolution ; Chitin ; DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Enzymes ; Fluorescent antibody ; Fumigation-respiration ; Fungi Histochemistry ; Imunofluorecence ; Jones-Mollison technique ; Microcosms ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Oxygen consumption ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxins ; Plate counts ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Sulphur ; Xenobiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There is an immense literature on biological and biochemical analyses of soils. Such analyses have revealed the enormous richness of species in soil and their vast range of metabolic potentials and ecological diversity. Accordingly, the approaches used to investigate the soil biota and its biochemistry usually have to be modified or adapted depending upon the purpose of the investigation. Studies of micro-organisms in the soil environment, are complicated because microbial cells are commonly attached to surfaces where they live side-by-side with other populations in consortia usually containing different morphological and physiological types. Such assemblages of organisms cannot be described quantitatively using cultural techniques, such as plate counts, which underestimate both cell numbers and viable biomass. The development of more powerful observational and staining techniques has improved our knowledge of the diverse morphological and biochemical composition of soil micro-communities. Such findings have been amplified at a grosser level by laboratory studies with multi-component systems (microcosms) to mimic field situations and to assess the range of biochemical potentials of microbial consortia. But despite notable advances in analytical methods we are still, with a few exceptions, unable to detect or identify those microorganisms which carry out specific biochemical transformations or determine whether particular cells are alive, dormant or dead at the time of observation. Considerable work has been done to define some of the fundamental ecological attributes of microbial assemblages in soil. Productive work on the metabolic activities of the soil microbiota, specially geochemical transformations of C, N, S and P, has been under way for more than a century. But only in more recent years have more sensitive and reproducible analytical methods become available to measure viable biomass in soil. This will enable some insight to be gained into the role that microbial biomass plays as a labile source and sink for plant nutrients.
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  • 99
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 319-337 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aggregates ; Aluminium ; Bacterial mucilage ; Binding agents ; Calcium ; Cation bridges ; Complexing agents ; Dispersion ; Electron microscopy ; Electrophoretic mobility ; Fungal hyphae ; Glues Iron ; Management Periodate ; Polysaccharides ; Rhizosphere ; Roots ; Slaking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The stability of pores and particles is essential for optimum growth of plants. Two categories of aggregates macro- (〉 250 μm) and micro- (〈250 μm) depend on organic matter for stability against disruptive forces caused by rapid wetting. Dispersion of clay particles from microaggregates is promoted by adsorption of complexing organic acids which increase the negative charge on clays. The acids are produced by plants, bacteria and fungi. However, the dispersibility of clay in microaggregates is offset by the binding action of polysaccharides, mainly mucilages produced by bacteria, but also by plant roots and fungal hyphae. The stability of microaggregates is also enhanced by multivalent cations which act as bridges between organic colloids and clays. Macroaggregates are enmeshed by plant roots, both living and decomposing, and are thus sensitive to management, and increase in number when grasses are grown and the soil is not disturbed. Lack of root growth,i.e. fallow, has the opposite effect. Various implications for management of soil structure are discussed.
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  • 100
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    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; preflight male behavior ; (+)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane ; (+)-dis-parlure ; wing-fanning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.) in a wind tunnel at 24° respond to decreasing dosages (1 μg to 0.1 pg) of (+)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane with a decrease in probability of wing-fanning, an increase in wing-fanning latency, and an increase in the number of behaviors (body jerks, antennal twitches, steps, and wing tremors) preceding fanning. Males initiating any behavior prior to wing-fanning had a 70% probability of wing-fanning and 97% of the males that wing-fanned eventually flew. The sequence of behaviors from quiescence to flight is not organized in a hierarchy, as this concept is used in ethology, nor is it dependent upon the concentration of pheromone. The time-average threshold concentration of pheromone for response of ca. 90% or more quiescent males is ca. 1.9 × 10−17 g/cm3 over 〈 0.3 min.
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