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  • Articles  (112)
  • photosynthesis  (110)
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  • Springer  (112)
  • 1985-1989  (112)
  • Biology  (112)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 9 (1989), S. 383-419 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; reaction centre ; Rhodopseudomonas viridis ; purple bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We first describe the history and methods of membrane protein crystallization, and show how the structure of the photosynthetic reaction centre from the purple bacteriumRhodopseudomonas viridis was solved. The structure of this membrane protein complex is correlated with its function as a light-driven electron pump across the photosynthetic membrane. Finally we draw conclusions on the structure of the photosystem II reaction centre from plants and discuss the aspects of membrane protein structure.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; oxygen evolution ; calcium-binding protein ; multi-gene family ; pea chloroplasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The extrinsic 33 kDa polypeptide of the water-oxidizing complex has been extracted from pea photosystem II particles by washing with alkaline-Tris and purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence has been determined, and specific antisera have been raised in rabbits and used to screen a pea leaf cDNA library in λgt11. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of positive clones revealed an essentially full-length cDNA for the 33 kDa polypeptide, the deduced amino acid sequence showing it to code for a mature protein of 248 amino acids with an N-terminal transit peptide of 81 amino acids. The protein showed a high degree of conservation with previously reported sequences for the 33 kDa protein from other species and the sequence contained a putative Ca2+-binding site with homology to mammalian intestinal calcium-binding proteins. Northern analysis of total pea RNA indicated a message of approximately 1.4 kb, in good agreement with the size of the cDNA obtained at 1.3 kbp. Southern blots of genomic DNA probed with the labelled cDNA give rise to several bands suggesting that the 33 kDa polypeptide is coded by a multi-gene family.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; oxygen evolution ; pea chloroplasts ; thylakoid lumen ; 23 kDa extrinsic polypeptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 23 kDa polypeptide of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II has been extracted from pea photosystem II particles by washing with 1 M NaCl and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence has been determined and specific antisera have been raised in rabbits and used to screen a pea-leaf cDNA library in λgt11. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of two clones provided the nucleotide sequence for the full 23 kDa polypeptide. The deduced amino acid sequence showed it to code for a mature protein of 186 amino acid residues with an N-terminal presequence of 73 amino acid residues showing a high degree of conservation with previously reported 23 kDa sequences from spinach and Chlamydomonas. Southern blots of genomic DNA from pea probed with the labelled cDNA gave rise to only one band suggesting that the protein is encoded by a single gene. Northern blots of RNA extracted from various organs indicated a message of approximately 1.1 kb, in good agreement with the size of the cDNA, in all chlorophyll-containing tissues. Western blots of protein extracted from the same organs indicated that the 23 kDa polypeptide was present in all major organs of the plant except the roots.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: proton channel ; ATP synthase ; CF0 ; photosynthesis ; energy coupling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The proton-driven ATP synthase of chloroplasts is composed of two elements, CF0 and CF1. The membrane bound CF0 conducts protons and the peripheral CF1 interacts with nucleotides. By flash spectrophotometric techniques applied to thylakoid membranes from which about 50% of total CF1 was removed, we have previously determined the protonic (timeaveraged) single-channel conductance of CF0. Being in the order of 1 pS, it was sufficiently large to support the proposed role of CF0 as a low-impedance access for protons to the coupling site in CF0CF1. On the other hand, it was too large to be readily reconciled with current concepts of proton supply to and proton conduction through the channel. We studied the time-averaged single-channel conductance of CF0 under variation of pH, pD, ionic composition, temperature, and water/membrane structure with the following results: (i) CF0 was proton-specific even against a background of 300mm monovalent or 30mm divalent catins. (ii) While the conductance of CF0 was pH/pD-independent in the range from 5.6–8.0, in D2O it was lower by a constant factor of 1.7 than in H2O (iii) Addition of glycerol diminished the conductance and abolished the isotope effect. (iv) The Arrhenius activation energy was 42 kJ/mol and thus intermediate between the ones found for the water-filled pore, gramicidin (30 kJ/mol), and the mobile carrier, valinomycin (65 kJ/mol). The results implied that CF0 is endowed with an extremely proton-specific (107-fold) selectivity filter. Its conductance is very high, and its conduction cycle is not necessarily rate limited by a protolytic reaction. The mechanisms of rapid proton supply to the channel mouth and of proton conduction remained enigmatic.
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  • 5
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    Journal of applied phycology 1 (1989), S. 39-52 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: heavy metal ; photosynthesis ; algae ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One hundred and eighteen algal isolates comprising seven classes were obtained from a range of sites from polluted rivers running through Cu or Zn mining regions, and from unpolluted rivers. All the isolates were tested for photosynthetic activity when exposed to Cu, Cd or Zn. The tolerance levels of Bacillariophyceae, Charophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae to Cu showed significant positive correlations with Cu concentrations in the field. However the distribution of metal sensitivities of the algae from the sites with the same metal concentration was broad. Both Bacillariophyceae and Charophyceae had a number of strains whose sensitivity to Cu differed more widely in relation to Cu levels in the environment than Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Cyanophyceae were sensitive to all three metals, whether or not isolates were obtained from polluted sites, whereas Chlorophyceae tended to have high tolerance even in isolates from unpolluted sites. For Cd and Zn the correlation between tolerance levels and concentrations in the field was not so clear as for Cu. The occurrence of Cu tolerance was shown in 4 diatom species and one Charophyceae, whereas metal resistance occurred in some Chlorophyceae. Cu-tolerant isolates tended also to be Zn-tolerant in Bacillariophyceae, and Cd-resistant isolates tended also to be Zn-resistant in Chlorophyceae.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; herbicide binding ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The time courses of some Photosystem II (PS II) parameters have been monitored during in-vivo and in-vitro photoinhibition of spinach chloroplasts, at room temperature and at 10 °C or 0 °C. Exposing leaf discs of low-light grown spinach at 25 °C to high light led to photoinhibition of chloroplasts in-vivo as manifested by a parallel decrease in the number of functional PS II centres, the variable chlorophyll fluorescence at 77K (F v /F m ), and the number of atrazine-binding sites. When the photoinhibitory treatment was given at 10 °C, the former two parameters declined in parallel but the loss of atrazine-binding sites occurred more slowly and to a lesser extent. During in-vitro photoinhibition of chloroplast thylakoids at 25 °C, the loss of functional PS II centres proceeded slightly more rapidly than the loss of atrazine-binding sites, and this difference in rate was further increased when the thylakoids were photoinhibited at 0 °C. During the recovery phase of leaf discs (up to 9 h) the increases in F v /F m preceded that of the number of functional PS II centres, while only a further decline in the number of atrazine-binding sites was observed. The recovery of variable chlorophyll fluorescence and the concentration of functional PS II centres occurred more rapidly at 25 °C than at 10 °C. These results suggest that the photoinhibition of PS II function is a relatively temperature-independent early photochemical event, whereas the changes in the concentration of herbicide-binding sites appear to be a more complex biochemical process which can occur with a delayed time course.
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  • 7
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    Photosynthesis research 21 (1989), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: 32-kD chloroplast protein ; Lemna gibba ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recovery from photoinhibition of photosynthesis in intact Lemna gibba was studied in presence of the protein synthesis inhibitors chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Exposure to an irradiance of 1000 μmol m-2s-1 in N2 for 90 min induced 80% photoinhibition. The plants recovered photosynthesis when transfered to normal irradiances (210 μmol m-2s-1) and air. Chloramphenicol added to the medium was taken up by the plant and reduced photosynthesis slightly. Recovery from photoinhibition was more inhibited than photosynthesis. Cycloheximide was also taken up by the plants and reduced synthesis of light harvesting chlorophyll protein: however, neither photosynthesis nor recovery were much affected. Synthesis of 32-kD chloroplast protein during recovery was inhibited by chloramphenicol, but not by cycloheximide. Synthesis of 32-kD protein was enhanced by 20–210 μmol m-2s-1 light. The results support the hypothesis that synthesis of 32-kD protein is important for recovery of photosynthesis after photoinhibition.
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  • 8
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    Photosynthesis research 21 (1989), S. 187-195 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: DCMU ; electron transport ; Fe ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inhibition of electron flow from H2O to methylviologen by 3-(3′4′ dichlorophenyl)-1,1 dimethyl urea (DCMU), yields a biphasic curve — an initial high sensitivity phase and a subsequent low sensitivity phase. The two phases of electron flow have a different pH dependence and differ in the light intensity required for saturation. Preincubation of chloroplasts with ferricyanide causes an inhibition of the high sensitivity phase, but has no effect on the low sensitivity phase. The extent of inhibition increases as the redox potential during preincubation becomes more positive. Tris-treatment, contrary to preincubation with ferricyanide, affects, to a much greater extent, the low sensitivity phase. Trypsin digestion of chloroplasts is known to block electron flow between Q A and Q B, allowing electron flow to ferricyanide, in a DCMU insensitive reaction. We have found that in trypsinated chloroplasts, electron flow becomes progressively inhibited by DCMU with increase in pH, and that DCMU acts as a competitive inhibitor with respect to [H+]. The sensitivity to DCMU rises when a more negative redox potential is maintained during trypsin treatment. Under these conditions, only the high sensitivity, but not the low sensitivity phase is inhibited by DCMU. The above results indicate the existence of two types of electron transport chains. One type, in which electron flow is more sensitive to DCMU contains, presumably Fe in a Q A Fe complex and is affected by its oxidation state, i.e., when Fe is reduced, it allows electron flow to Q B in a DCMU sensitive step; and a second type, in which electron transport is less sensitive to DCMU, where Fe is either absent or, if present in its oxidized state, is inaccessible to reducing agents.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: non-ionic detergent ; O2-evolution ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; transformable cyanobacterium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Membranes and PS II particles retaining high rates of O2-evolving activity have been isolated from the transformable cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Membranes from cells grown under red light exhibit rates of O2-evolution ranging from 500–700 μmole O2/mg chl/h. PS II particles are prepared by a simple procedure involving DEAE column chromatography of detergent extracts obtained by simultaneous treatment of membranes with octylglucoside and dodecylmaltoside. The isolated PS II fraction is enriched in polypeptides immunologically cross-reactive with polypeptides present in core reaction center preparations of spinach, exhibits 77 K fluorescence emission maxima at 685 and 696 nm, but not emission and absorption due to phycobilines and is capable of rates of O2-evolution exceeding 1000 μmole O2/mg chl/h.
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  • 10
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    Photosynthesis research 22 (1989), S. 3-10 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: cytochrome ; electron transfer ; laser ; low temperature ; photosynthesis ; quantum mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 11
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    Photosynthesis research 22 (1989), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: charge recombination reaction ; dispersed polaron ; photosynthesis ; Rhodopseudomonas viridis ; semiclassical trajectory ; temperature dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The “dispersed polaron” version of the semiclassical trajectory approach is used to evaluate the quantum mechanical nuclear tunneling effects in the charge recombination reaction, P+Q−→PQ, in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers, The cclculations are based on the crystallographic structure of reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas viridis. They succeed in capturing the temperature dependence of the rate constant without using adjustable parameters. This provides the first example of a microscopic simulation of quantum mechanical nuclear tunneling in a biological system.
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  • 12
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    Photosynthesis research 21 (1989), S. 151-159 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; stomatal conductance ; Theobroma cacao ; transpiration ; water stress ; water-use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of leaf water potential (Ψ) on net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (g), transpiration (E) and water-use efficiency (WUE) was measured for three cultivars of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings during three recurrent drought cycles. Net assimilation varied greatly at high water potentials, but as Ψ dropped below approximately -0.8 and -1.0 MPa, A was reduced to less than 1.5 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The relation between g and A was highly significant and conformed to an asymptotic exponential model, with A approaching maximal values at stomatal conductances of 55–65 mmol H2O m-2 s-1. Net assimilation varied linearly (r=0.95) with transpiration, and the slope of the A-E relation (WUE) was approximately 3.0 μmol CO2 mmol-1 H2O throughout the range of stomatal conductances observed. C i was insensitive to water stress, even though both g and A were strongly affected. Under the experimental conditions used here, mesophyll photosynthesis did not appear to control g through changes in C i. As stress intensified within each drying cycle, WUE of nonirrigated seedlings did not decline relative to that of controls even though CO2 and water vapor exchange rates underwent large displacements. The effect of seed source was highly significant for WUE, and the basis for observed differences among genotypes is discussed.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: bicarbonate transport ; carbonic anhydrase mutant ; Chlamydomonas ; CO2 exchange ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Net CO2 exchange was monitored through a dark-light-dark transition, under 2% and 21% O2 in the presence and absence of CO2, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii wild type and the high-CO2-requiring mutant ca-1-12-1C. Upon illumination at 350 μl/l CO2, ca-1-12-1C cell exhibited a large decrease in net CO2 uptake following an initial surge of CO2 uptake. Net CO2 uptake subsequently attained a steady-state rate substantially lower than the maximum. A large, O2-enchanced post-illumination burst of CO2 efflux was observed after a 10-min illumination period, corresponding to a minimum in the net CO2 uptake rate. A smaller, but O2-insensitive post-illumination burst was observed following a 30-min illumination period, when net CO2 uptake was at a steady-state rate. These post-illumination bursts appeared to reflect the release of an intracellular pool of inorganic carbon, which was much larger following the initial surge of net CO2 uptake than during the subsequent steady-state CO2 uptake period. With the mutant in CO2-free gas, O2-stimulated, net CO2 efflux was observed in the light, and a small, O2-dependent post-illumination burst was observed. With wild-type cells no CO2 efflux was observed in the light in CO2-free gas under either 2% or 21% O2, but a small, O2-dependent post-illumination burst was observed. These results were interpreted as indicating that photorespiratory rates were similar in the mutant and wild-type cells in the absence of CO2, but that the wild-type cells were better able to scavenge the photorespiratory CO2.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: electron transfer ; photochemistry ; photosynthesis ; transient spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have measured the extent of flash-induced electron transfer from the bacteriochlorophyll dimer, P, to the bacteriopheophytin in the M-subunit, HM, in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas viridis. This has been done by measuring the transient states produced by excitation of reaction centers trapped in the PHL −HM state at 90 K. Under these conditions the normal forward electron transfer to the bacteriopheophytin in the L-subunit, HL, is blocked and the yield of transient P+HM − can be estimated with respect to the lifetime of P*. Under these conditions flash induced absorbance decreases of the bacteriochlorophyll dimer 990 nm band suggest that a transient P+ state is formed with a quantum yield of 0.09±0.06 compared to that formed during normal photochemistry. These transient measurements provide an upper limited on the yield of a transient P+ HM − state. An estimate of 0.09 as the yield of the P+ HM − state is consistent with all current observations. This estimate and the lifetime of P* suggest that the electron transfer rate from P* to HM, kM, is about 5 × 109 sec−1 (τM = 200ps). These measurements suggest that the a branching ratio kL/kM is on the order of 200. The large value of the branching ratio is remarkable in view of the structural symmetry of the reaction center. This measurement should be useful for electron transfer calculations based upon the reaction center structure.
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  • 15
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    Photosynthesis research 22 (1989), S. 115-122 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Action-spectrum ; photo-electric ; photosynthesis ; photo-voltage ; thylakoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports data and considerations relevant to the question of what determines the polarity of the voltages induced between electrodes in a suspension of chloroplasts when irradiated with a flash of light from a laser or flash-lamp. We found positive polarity (electrode nearest the light source positive) with excitation by ns pulses at 694, 539 and 530 nm wavelength. This and the earlier finding (Meszéna et al. (1988) Studia Biophysica 126:77–86), confirmed in this work, of negative polarity at 420 nm confirm, in part, the action spectrum reported by Gräber and Trissl (1981 FEBS Let 123:95–99) using 50 μs flashes. Gräber and Trissl also showed that swelling the chloroplasts can reverse the polarity. Negative polarity is expected on the basis of a simple light-gradient in the sample together with what is known about photosynthetic charge movements. The cause of positive polarities has eluded explanation. Duration of flash was suspected. We tried a random series of short flashes averaging about 10 μs apart and found that all simply duplicated the first flash. If there is any effect of light following the first flash it must occur in less than about 10 μs. We suggest that the polarity is determined by a complicated interference pattern of the light in the chloroplast which can focus it onto different parts, front or back, depending upon the wavelength of the light and the structure of the chloroplast.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: O2 evolution ; S-states ; model ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oxygen evolution in Dunaliella tertiolecta under flashing light was measured with a bare electrode, at a 10 Hz frquency. The ‘sigma coefficients’ of the oxygen evolution recurrence law (Thibault (1978) J Theor Biol 73, 271) were determined using groups of nine consecutive points. The S-state transition probabilities were computed from the sigma coefficients and plotted as a function of the flash number of the first of the points used. Low standard deviations over the sigma coefficients resulted from the use of our system (Meunier & Popovic (1988) Rev Sci Instr 59, 486). We observed a linear lowering of the miss probability with time, and a linear rise of the single-hit probability with the same absolute value of the slope. The hypothesis that the slopes were zero was statistically tested and was rejected with a 99.9% confidence interval. Our work demonstrates that, to be accurate, an oxygen evolution model has to take the variations in the properties of S-states into account.
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  • 17
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    Hydrobiologia 173 (1989), S. 107-117 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phytoplankton production ; carbon metabolism ; photosynthesis ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of algal carbon metabolism in the light and the dark were conducted in (1) short-term (3-h) light and dark incubations, (2) a diel (24-h) experiment, and (3) a longer-term (4-d) carbon accumulation experiment to examine the relationship between photosynthetic rates, photosynthetic carbon metabolism in the light, and respiration and carbon metabolism in the ensuing dark period in natural assemblages of freshwater phytoplankton. High rates of photosynthesis and polysaccharide synthesis in the light were followed by high rates of respiration and polysaccharide utilization in the dark. Polysaccharide was the major respiratory substrate in the dark, and small molecular weight metabolites, lipids, and protein were less important sources of metabolic energy. The protein pool accumulated carbon during dark incubations, but more slowly than during active photosynthesis in the light. Because the intracellular macromolecular pools turn over at very different rates (polysaccharide 〉 protein and lipid), patterns of short-term photosynthetic carbon metabolism are not necessarily indicative of the biochemical composition of the phytoplankton.
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  • 18
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    Hydrobiologia 172 (1989), S. 27-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Antarctica ; biofilms ; cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll ; pigments ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; epilithic algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The glacier-fed ephemeral streams of southern Victoria Land (ca. 78° S, 64° E) are colonised by an epilithon dominated by cyanobacterial mats and films. Biomass levels are often high (〉 15 µg Chl a · cm−2). The mat structure, pigment and photosynthetic characteristics of these communities have been investigated on site. The mats in high light environments have a layered structure with high levels of light shielding accessory pigments in the upper layers and elevated chlorophyll a and phycocyanin concentrations in the lower layers. Photosynthetic rates per unit area (0.4–3.5 µg C · cm− 2 · hr−1) fall within the range reported for temperate communities. P vs I curves were used to separate high, intermediate and low light communities. Ik values for high light communities were at or lower than PAR recorded at midnight in the polar midsummer (ca 100 µ E m−2 · s−1). We did not detect photoinhibitory responses at the midday light intensities. In situ continuous nutrient enrichment experiments failed to demonstrate N or P limitation to pigment content or photosynthetic rates. We suggest that the growth of these communities is controlled by factors other than light and nutrients.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Antarctica ; bacteria ; biofilms ; cyanobacteria ; microbial mats ; Nostoc ; Phormidium ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; stream algae ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Water temperatures in southern Victoria Land streams fluctuated over the range 0 to 10 lay close to freezing. In a series of controlled assays at Fryxell Stream, Taylor Valley, the benthic microbial mats showed strongly positive metabolic responses to increases in temperature well above ambient. Rates of polysaccharide and lipid biosynthesis increased with temperature over the range 0 to 25 °C. Between 0 and 10 °C, Q10 values for the cyanobacterial mats were 1.7 to 3.2 for gross photosynthesis, 2.5 to 5.7 for respiration, 2.2 to 2.5 for acetate incorporation into lipid, 1.9 to 3.8 for glucose catabolism, and 1.9 to 2.8 for thymidine incorporation. Respiration accounted for a high percentage of gross photosynthesis, and a net respiratory loss of carbon from three communities was either induced or worsened by an increase in temperature from 0 to 10 °C. The chlorophyll a content of Nostoc disc incubated for one month in darkness decreased by 27% at 5 °C, but by 99% at 25 °C. This set of assays suggests that the cyanobacterial mats contained large amounts of chlorophyll a and carbon associated with inactive or senescing cells. This unusual standing stock could probably not persist under warmer conditions, which would promote both increased respiratory losses and faster rates of bacterial decomposition.
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  • 20
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    Photosynthesis research 20 (1989), S. 35-58 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: excitons ; energy transfer ; resonance ; Förster theory ; photosynthesis ; energy migration ; excited states ; antenna Chls
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present paper is to aid biologists understand the complex physical problems of intramolecular energy transfer, in particular, between antenna (bacterio) chlorophyll molecules in vivo. The author has attempted, in the first part of the paper, to explain complicated processes of excitation transfer in a language understandable to readers with knowledge in fundamentals of general physics, but not in molecular optics. The second part of this paper is a critical review relevant to the specifics of physical theories and their applicability to the problem of energy transfer in antenna (bacterio) chlorophylls ((B) Chls) to reaction centers (RCs) in the photosynthetic organisms.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; genetic variation ; Triticum aestivum L. ; Triticum dicoccoides Korn ; introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intra- and inter-specific variation in CO2 assimilation rate (A) in Triticum spp. is well documented for reproductive growth stages. Research was conducted to characterize early vegetative photosynthetic variation in a diverse set of cultivated hexaploid wheat (T. aestivum L.) germplasm and in wild tetraploid (T. dicoccoides Korn) and hexaploid x tetraploid populations. Choice of hexaploid genotypes was based on maximum genetic distance between cultivars within the HRW and SRW wheat classes of the USA. The tetraploid material was produced by hybridizing two accessions of T. dicoccoides previously shown to differ widely in A and A/Chl but with similar leaf morphology. Genetic variability in the HRW and SRW gene pools was attributed to more recently developed descendent lines and unrelated lines rather than parental lines. Phenotypic distributions for A, stomatal conductance (gs), and internal CO2 concentration (Ci) in the F2 tetraploid population were continuous and showed transgressive segregation, reflecting quantitative inheritance with intermediate heritability. Variability in A was not associated with chlorophyll content or CO2 supply to the mesophyll measured as Ci. Genetic variability in A was also observed in the interspecific backcross population, 2*TAM W-101/PI 428109, thereby providing a germplasm pool to select for high A while restoring the D genome of hexaploid wheat. These results suggest that genetic improvement of vegetative assimilation rate is feasible in hexaploid wheat via homologous transfer from an alien source.
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  • 22
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    Journal of molecular evolution 27 (1988), S. 311-320 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genome composition ; Coding sequences ; Isochores ; Humans ; Murids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The compositional distributions of coding sequences and DNA molecules (in the 50-100-kb range) are remarkably narrower in murids (rat and mouse) compared to humans (as well as to all other mammals explored so far). In murids, both distributions begin at higher and end at lower GC values. A comparison of homologous coding sequences from murids and humans revealed that their different compositional distributions are due to differences in GC levels in all three codon positions, particularly of genes located at both ends of the distribution. In turn, these differences are responsible for differences in both codon usage and amino acids. When GC levels at first+second codon positions and third codon positions, respectively, of murid genes are plotted against corresponding GC levels of homologous human genes, linear relationships (with very high correlation coefficients and slopes of about 0.78 and 0.60, respectively) are found. This indicates a conservation of the order of GC levels in homologous genes from humans and murids. (The same comparison for mouse and rat genes indicates a conservation of GC levels of homologous genes.) A similar linear relationship was observed when plotting GC levels of corresponding DNA fractions (as obtained by density gradient centrifugation in the presence of a sequence-specific ligand) from mouse and human. These findings indicate that orderly compositional changes affecting not only coding sequences but also noncoding sequences took place since the divergence of murids. Such directional fixations of mutations point to the existence of selective pressures affecting the genome as a whole.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: electron transfer ; light-harvesting complex I ; membrane localization ; photosynthesis ; processing site ; transit peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding a phtosystem I polypeptide that is recognized by a polyclonal antibody prepared against subunit II of the photosystem I reaction center. The transit peptide processing site was determined to occur after Met50 by N terminal sequencing. The decuced sequence of this protein predicts that the polypeptide has a net positive charge (pI=9.6) and no membrane spanning regions are evident from the hydropathy plot. Based on these considerations and the fact that subunit II is solubilized by alkali treatment of thylakoids, we concluded that subunit II is an extrinsic membrane protein. The absence of hydrophobic regions characteristic of thylakoid transfer domains furthermore implies that subunit II is localized on the stromal side of the membrane.
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  • 24
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    Photosynthesis research 15 (1988), S. 75-83 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Glycine max ; light acclimation ; stand density ; competition ; leaf area index ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Light-saturated photosynthetic rates at air levels of carbon dioxide were measured about weekly in upper canopy leaves of two soybean cultivars grown at stand densities of 40 and 100 plants per square meter. Early in the season, when leaf area indices differed between stand densities, plants of both cultivars grown at high stand density had photosynthetic rates which averaged 23% lower than plants at low stand density. Later in the season, when there were no differences in leaf area index between stand densities, there were no differences in photosynthetic rates in the cultivar Kent, but rate differences of about 14% persisted in the cultivar Williams. In Williams mainstem leaves emerged into full sunlight later in their development at high than at low stand density. In both cultivars the oldest fully exposed leaves were photosynthetically immature for much of the season, as higher rates could be achieved by lower leaves which were shaded in situ. The results identify shading of young developing leaves and photosynthetic immaturity of fully exposed leaves as factors limiting canopy photosynthesis in soybeans, and indicate cultivar differences in how much high stand density reduces photosynthetic capacity.
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  • 25
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    Photosynthesis research 15 (1988), S. 163-175 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; growth analysis ; photosynthesis ; production ; transpiration ; water-use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations on gas exchange, growth and productivity were investigated on an important grassland species, Trifolium repens L. cv. Blanca. Pure stands of this species were cultivated over an entire growing season in small acrylic greenhouses with an artificial atmosphere of ±367 or ±620 ppm CO2, respectively. Effects on growth and development were examined in a functional growth analysis, while consequences for gas exchange were determined by photosynthesis and transpiration measurements on canopy level. The stands were regularly clipped for production assessment. Canopies grown at high CO2 levels showed an average increase in productivity of almost 75%. Growth analysis indicated development of a larger foliage area as the major cause, particularly in the first days of regrowth after cutting. The growth advantage that began in this stage was maintained or bettered during the following weeks. The difference between gas exchange measurements expressed per unit leaf area and per unit ground area suggested that changes in net photosynthesis and respiration did not contribute to the increase in total yield. Transpiration declined under high CO2 if expressed on a leaf area basis but total canopy transpiration was at least as large as in ambient CO2 due to the larger leaf area. Water-use efficiency calculations on the summer data indicated a 35% improvement with a doubling of CO2 concentration.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Hordeum ; mutants ; nitrogen metabolism ; photosynthesis ; photorespiration ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Manipulation of the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere allows the selection of photorespiratory mutants from populations of seeds treated with powerful mutagens such as sodium azide. So far, barley lines deficient in activity of phosphoglycolate phosphatase, catalase, the glycine to serine conversion, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, 2-oxoglutarate uptake and serine: glyoxylate aminotransferase have been isolated. In addition one line of pea lacking glutamate synthase activity and one barley line containing reduced levels of Rubisco are available. The characteristics of these mutations are described and compared with similar mutants isolated from populations of Arabidopsis. As yet, no mutant lacking glutamine synthetase activity has been isolated from Arabidopsis and possible reasons for this difference between barley and Arabidopsis are discussed. The value of these mutant plants in the elucidation of the mechanism of photorespiration and its relationships with CO2 fixation and amino acid metabolism are highlighted.
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  • 27
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    Photosynthesis research 18 (1988), S. 7-31 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Nicotiana ; chloroplast genome ; photosynthesis ; NADH dehydrogenase ; protein structure ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand more fully chloroplast genetic systems, we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence (155, 844 bp) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. Bright Yellow 4) chloroplast DNA. It contains two copies of an identical 25,339 bp inverted repeat, which are separated by 86, 684 bp and 18,482 bp single-copy regions. The genes for 4 different rRNAs, 30 different tRNAs, 44 different proteins and 9 other predicted protein-coding genes have been located. Fifteen different genes contain introns. Twenty-two genes for components of the photosynthetic apparatus have so far been identified. Most of the genes (except the gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) code for thylakoid membrane proteins. Twenty of them are located in the large single-copy region and one gene for a 9-kd polypeptide of photosystem I is located in the small single-copy region. The gene for the 32-kd protein of photosystem II as well as the gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase have strong promoters and are transcribed monocistronically while the other genes are transcribed polycistronically. We have found that the predicted amino acid sequences of six DNA sequences resemble those of components of the respiratory-chain NADH dehydrogenase from human mitochondria. As these six sequences are highly transcribed in tobacco chloroplasts, they are probably genes for components of a chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase. These observations suggest the existence of a respiratory-chain in the chloroplast of higher plants.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: directed mutagenesis ; photosynthesis ; Photosystem II proteins ; protein complex assembly ; protein function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The presence of four photosystem II proteins, CP47, CP43, D1 and D2, was monitored in mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 that have modified or inactivated genes for CP47, CP43, or D2. It was observed that: (1) thylakoids from mutants without a functional gene encoding CP47 are also depleted in D1 and D2; (2) inactivation of the gene for CP43 leads to decreased but significant levels of CP47, D1 and D2; (3) deletion of part of both genes encoding D2, together with deletion of part of the CP43-encoding gene causes a complete loss of CP47 and D1; (4) thylakoids from a site-directed mutant in which the His-214 residue of D2 has been replaced by asparagine do not contain detectable photosystem II core proteins. However, in another site-directed mutant, in which His-197 has been replaced by tyrosine, some CP47 as well as breakdown products of CP43, but no D1 and D2, can be detected. These data could indicate a central function of CP47 and D2 in stable assembly of the photosystem II complex. CP43, however, is somewhat less critical for formation of the core complex, although CP43 is required for a physiologically functional photosystem II unit. A possible model for the assembly of the photosystem II core complex is proposed.
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  • 29
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    Photosynthesis research 16 (1988), S. 41-63 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; chlorophyll-proteins ; chloroplasts ; assembly of membrane proteins ; cab genes ; gene regulation ; protein sorting ; protein import by organelles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHC II) contains one major (LHC IIb) and at least three minor chlorophyll-protein components. The apoproteins of LHC IIb (LHCP) are encoded by nuclear genes and synthesized in the cytoplasm as a higher molecular weight precursor(s) (pLHCP). Several genes coding for pLHCP have been cloned from various higher plant species. The expression of these genes is dependent upon a variety of factors such as light, the developmental stage of the plastids and the plant. After its synthesis in the cytoplasm, pLHCP is imported into plastids, inserted into thylakoids, processed to its mature form, and assembled into LHC IIb. The pathway of assembly of LHC IIb in the thylakoid membranes is currently being investigated in several laboratories. We present a model that gives some details of the steps in the assembly process. Many of the steps involved in the synthesis and assembly are dependent on light and the stage of plastid development.
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  • 30
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    Photosynthesis research 18 (1988), S. 263-275 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: carboxylation efficiency ; photosynthesis ; Rubisco ; water stress ; willow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The response to drought was compared for willow plants of optimal leaf nitrogen content (100 N) and those of 86% of this content (86 N). Gas exchange measurements revealed that the carboxylation efficiency (CE) of photosynthesis was more sensitive to drought than the photosynthetic capacity in both N regimes. Since the leaf content of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) was found to be much more resistant it is suggested that a decreased specific activity of Rubisco underlies the decreased CE. Although the rate of water consumption was the same for 86 N and 100 N plants the photosynthetic apparatus responded much more rapidly in the 86 N leaves. This increased sensitivity of 86 N leaves was not due to accelerated senescence as judged by comparison with parallel plants subjected to discontinued fertilization; the two categories of treatments resulted in the same loss of leaf nitrogen and Rubisco but drought induced a much more rapid photosynthetic depression. In contrast to the drought situation, 86 N and 100 N plants behaved similarly when compared under short term water stress. First, when single attached leaves were exposed to a sudden drop in air humidity the capacity of CO2 uptake in both N regimes decreased about 20% over 10 min while the leaf water potential remained high. Second, in freely transpiring leaf discs cut from 86 N and 100 N leaves the same relationship between capacity of O2 evolution and extent of dehydration was observed. The possible mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility of 86 N leaves to drought is discussed; the water status of the roots not the leaves is suggested to be the determining factor.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: phosphorus nutrition ; photosynthesis ; ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase ; ribulose bisphosphate ; 3-phosphoglycerate ; O2 partial pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus-deficient spinach plants were grown by transferring them to nutrient solutions without PO4. Photosynthetic rates were measured at a range of intercellular CO2 partial pressures from 50–500 μbar and then the leaves were freeze-clamped in situ to measure ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity and metabolite concentrations. Compared with control leaves, deficient leaves had significantly lower photosynthetic rates, percentage activation of Rubisco, and amounts of ribulose bisphosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate at all CO2 partial pressures. After feeding 10 mM PO4 to the petioles of detached deficient leaves, all these measurements increased within 2 hours. At atmospheric CO2 partial pressure the photosynthetic rate was stimulated in 19 mbar O2 compared with 200 mbar. At higher CO2 partial pressures this stimulation was less but the percentage stimulation in deficient leaves was no different from controls in either CO2 partial pressure. It was concluded that phosphorus deficiency affects both Rubisco activity and the capacity for ribulose bisphosphate regeneration, and possible causes are discussed.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; Digitalis lanata ; intercellular CO2 concentration ; leaf water potential ; photosynthesis ; water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gas exchange and abscisic acid content of Digitalis lanata EHRH. have been examined at different levels of plant water stress. Net photosynthesis, transpiration and conductance of attached leaves declined rapidly at first, then more slowly following the withholding of irrigation. The intercellular partial pressure of CO2 decreased slightly. The concentration of 2-cis(S)ABA increased about eight-fold in the leaves of non-irrigated plants as compared with well-watered controls. A close linear correlation was found between the ABA content of the leaves and their conductance on a leaf area basis. In contrast, the plot of net assimilation versus ABA concentration was curvilinear, leading to an increased efficiency of water use during stress. After rewatering, photosynthesis reached control values earlier than transpiration, leaf conductance and ABA content. From these data it is concluded that transpiration through the stomata is directly controlled by the ABA content, whereas net photosynthesis is influenced additionally by other factors. Possible reasons for the responses of photosynthesis and water use efficiency to different stress and ABA levels are discussed.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mono Lake ; photosynthesis ; salt lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton in hypersaline Mono Lake, California was measured over the three year period, 1983–1985. The maximum chlorophyll-specific rate of carbon uptake (Pm B) and the light-limited slope (alpha) were derived from laboratory measurements of photosynthesis vs. irradiance (P-I) relationships. Annual estimates of primary production were 340–540 g C m-2 yr-1. Production was two to three times higher during the spring of 1983 than in the springs of 1984 and 1985; higher standing biomass of algae occurred in 1983. While Pm B rates followed water temperatures and varied over 40-fold over the year, integral primary production varied less since periods of high Pm B occurred when algal biomass was low. Sixty-eight percent of the seasonal variation in the Pm B was explained by a regression on temperature (53%), chlorophyll a (12%), and the carbon:chlorophyll a ratio (3%). Light-saturated and light-limited rates of photosynthesis generally covaried, evidenced by the strong seasonal correlation between Pm B and alpha. Sixty-one percent of variation in alpha was explained by a regression on Pm B, temperature, grazing, water column stability, and self-shading. There was no correlation of carbon uptake with ambient levels of inorganic nitrogen. The regression coefficient of the dependence of Pm B on the seasonal temperature trend was much larger than that determined from individual samples incubated at several different temperatures; this indicates that uptake is limited by more than low temperatures in the spring. Regression equations including only temperature, chlorophyll and depth were sufficient to estimate patterns of seasonal and year to year variation in integral primary productivity.
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  • 34
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 12 (1988), S. 243-251 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: photomixotrophy ; Euphorbia characias L. ; cell suspension ; oxygen exchange ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; mass-spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of photomixotrophic cell culture of Euphorbia characias L. is described; oxygen exchange rates were measured along this growth cycle using a mass-spectrometric technique. During the exponential and mid-stationary phases, photosynthesis was strongly increasing, the major part of oxygen uptake in the light was due to mitochondrial respiration. In the late stationary phase, gross photosynthesis was decreasing; this could not be explained by an alteration of Rubisco because photorespiratory process could be observed; in addition the Mehler reaction must be called upon to explain whole oxygen uptake in the light.
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  • 35
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    Photosynthesis research 15 (1988), S. 95-114 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; electron transport ; hydrogen metabolism ; nitrogen fixation ; photosynthesis ; respiration
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; herbicide resistance ; D1 protein ; psbA gene ; Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two herbicide-resistant strains of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 are compared to the wild-type with respect to the DNA changes which result in herbicide resstance. The mutations have previously been mapped to a region of the cyanobacterial genome which encodes oneof three copies of psbA, the gene which encodes the 32 kDa Qb-binding protein also known as D1 (Buzby et al. 1987). The DNA sequence of the wild-type gene was first determined and used as a comparison to that of the mutant alleles. A point mutation at codon 211 in the psbA1 coding locus (TTC) to TCC) results in an amino acid change from phenylalanine to serine in the D1 protein. This mutation confers resistance to atrazine and diuron at seven times and at two times the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the wild-type, respectively. A mutation at codon 211 resulting in herbicide resistance has not previously been described in the literature. A second point mutation at codon 219 in the psbA1 coding locus (GTA to ATA) results in an amino acid change from valine to isoleucine in the D1 protein. This mutation confers resistance to diuron and atrazine at ten times and at two times the MIC for the wild-type, respectively. An identical codon change conferring similar herbicide resistance patterns has previously been described in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The atrazine-resistance phenotype in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was shown to be dominant by plasmid segregation analysis.
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  • 37
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 1124-1125 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Exhaust emissions ; highway ; motor vehicles ; Norway spruce ; photosynthesis ; transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six-year-old Norway spruce trees of the same clone were exposed for 10 weeks at the edge of a highway and compared with controls kept in an unpolluted area within 15 km of the first site. Significant differences could be observed with respect to growth, photosynthesis and transpiration rate, all of which were reduced after exposure at the highway.
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  • 38
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    European biophysics journal 14 (1987), S. 385-391 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Protein/lipid interaction ; elastic membrane forces ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The phase transitional behaviour of bilayers of the phospholipid l-α-ditridecanoylphos-phatidylcholine is studied as a function of protein content for the reaction center (RC) and an antenna protein (LHCP) of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus. As membrane and protein are structurally well characterized the experimental results can be quantitatively compared with those of calculations based upon elastic models within the Landaude Gennes-theory. Agreement between theory and experiment demonstrates that dominant elastic forces result from a mismatch of hydrophobic regions of membrane and protein. The data also indicate that RC are present in a monomeric form and LHCP in a highly aggregated form. In addition, the latter protein responds to changes in the lipid environment.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: 31 P-NMR ; respiration ; photosynthesis ; intracellular pH ; polyphosphate ; pH regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The phosphate metabolism of Platymonas subcordiformis was investigated by 31P-NMR spectroscopy with special attention on the effect of external pH. Glycolyzing cells and cells energized by respiration or photosynthesis gave spectra dependent upon their metabolic state. The transition from deenergized to energized states is accompanied by a shift of cytoplasmic pH from 7.1–7.4, an increase of ATP level and-in well energized cells-the appearance of a new signal tentatively assigned to phosphoarginine. The spectra remain stable over a wide range of external pH. Cytoplasmic pH is well regulated in respiring cells for external pH in the range 5.3–12.3. The typical 0.4 units difference of internal pH in energized as compared to deenergized cells is not affected by external pH in the range 6–12. The intensity of a signal attributed to PEP is markedly increased at high external pH. pH regulation is less efficient below external pH of 6 in deenergized cells. Below pH 3.8 oxidative phosphorylation ceases. Upon raising cytoplasmic pH to 7.4 in deenergized cells polyphosphate chains start to disintegrate.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chondrus crispus ; mitochondrial respiration ; Mehler reaction ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour identifier la nature des réactions responsables de la prise d'oxygène sous lumière chez une macroalgue rouge Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales), les effets de quelques inhibiteurs, de l'intensité de la lumière et de la température ont été étudiés en combinaison avec des concentrations de CO2 élevées ou limitantes. Dans ce dernier cas, INH (2, 5 mM) ne modifie pas la prise d'oxygène sous lumière et ne provoque pas l'excrétion ni l'accumulation de glycolate. KCN réduit la vitesse de consommation d'O2 de 76% à CO2 limitant, de 43% à CO2 saturant et supprime pratiquement (à 95%) la production d'oxygène. Avec DCMU (5 μM) qui bloque totalement la chaîne des transporteurs d'électrons, une prise d'oxygène résiduelle est observée de 3,0±0,6 μmol O2 h−1 g−1 P.F. quelle que soit la concentration de CO2. Ajoutés à l'analyse de l'effet de la température ces résultats suggèrent: 1) La respiration mitochondriale et la réaction de Mehler sont actives aux deux concentrations de CO2. 2) La RuBP oxygénase contribue pour 45%, au plus, et la réaction de Mehler pour 20%, au moins, à la prise d'oxygène sous lumière à CO2 limitant.
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the different processes of O2 uptake involved in the light in the red macroalga Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) was investigated. At limiting CO2, INH (2.5 mM) did not alter the O2 uptake rate. Glycolate was not excreted and did not accumulate within the cells. KCN reduced the rate of O2 uptake in the light by 76% at limiting CO2 and by 43% at saturating CO2, but caused 〉 95% inhibition of O2 evolution. DCMU (5 μM) totally blocked the photosynthetic electron transport chain, but allowed a residual O2 uptake of 3.0±0.6 μmol O2 .h−1.g−1 FW, irrespective of the CO2 concentration. In saturating CO2, a high light intensity pretreatment significantly stimulated the rate of O2 uptake compared to net O2 evolution, suggesting the persistence, in the light, of mitochondrial respiration. Irrespective of the CO2 concentration, the optimum temperature for O2 evolution was 17°C whereas dark O2 uptake increased linearly with temperature. In contrast, O2 uptake in the light showed an optimum at 17°C in limiting CO2, and 21–25° C in saturating CO2; its Q10 was 2.4 at limiting CO2, a value close to that of RuBP oxygenase, and 3.1 at saturating CO2, a value close to that of dark respiration. It is concluded that: 1) mitochondrial respiration and Mehler reaction are both involved at all CO2 concentrations, 2) RuBP oxygenase activity cannot account for more than 45%, and Mehler reaction for less than 20%, of the total O2 uptake observed in the light at limiting CO2.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; photosystem 2 ; proteins ; crosslinker ; diagonal-electrophoresis ; nearest neighbour
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nearest neighbour relationships within the LHC2-PS2 complex were investigated by using the reversible crosslinking agent dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) (DSP). This was accomplished by treating PS2-enriched membranes, prepared from chloroplasts of Pisum sativum, with the crosslinker followed by diagonal electrophoresis of the solubilised polypeptides. Analysis of the off-diagonal spot patterns produced by crosslinker cleavage and second dimension electrophoresis was made on the basis of: staining with Coomassie blue or silver, labelling with [35S]-methionine, and sensitivity to 1 M NaCl washing. It was concluded that LHC2 polypeptides crosslinked with several components of the PS2 complex and that the extrinsic polypeptides associated with water oxidation, having approximate molecular weights of 16 and 23 kDa, crosslink to form homodimers. The latter finding suggests that there may be more than one copy of each of these polypeptides per PS2 complex.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: ELISA ; fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase ; photosynthesis ; quantitative determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An immunological method for quantitative determination of photosynthetic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in crude extracts of leaves is proposed. It is based on the ELISA technique, and offers two modifications. A non-competitive technique has a higher sensitivity and is the right option for samples of low fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase content. However, this method is not sufficiently specific when the total protein is higher than 5 μg/cm3; so, despite its lower sensitivity, in these circumstances a competitive technique is more suitable. Thus photosynthetic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase can be measured without interferences from the gluconeogenic cytosolic enzyme of the photosynthetic cell or from a non-specific phosphatase present in the chloroplast.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; photorespiration ; barley ; mutants ; phosphoglycollate ; phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A barley mutant RPr84/90 has been isolated by selecting for plants which grow poorly in natural air, but normally in air enriched to 0.8% CO2. After 5 minutes of photosynthesis in air containing14CO2 this mutant incorporated 26% of the14C carbon into phosphoglycollate, a compound not normally labelled in wild type (cv. Maris Mink) leaves. The activity of phosphoglycollate phosphatase (EC 3.1.1.18) was 1.2 nkat mg−1 protein at 30°C in RPr 84/90 compared to 19.2 nkat mg−1 protein in the wild-type leaves. Phosphoglycollate phosphatase activity was not detected after protein separation by electrophoresis of leaf extracts from the mutant on polyacrylamide gels; on linear 5% acrylamide gels three bands with enzyme activity were separated from extracts of wild type plants. Gradient gel electrophoresis followed by activity staining showed two bands in Maris Mink tracks of MW 86,000 and 96,000, but no bands in 84/90. This is the first report of isozymes of phosphoglycollate phosphatase in barley which were absent in the mutant extracts. Our results confirm an earlier report of isozymes of this phosphatase in Phaseolus vulgaris [18]. The photosynthetic rate of RPr 84/90 in 1% O2, 350 μl CO2 l−1 was 9–12 mg CO2 dm−2 h−1 at 20°C, whereas the wild-type rate was 27–29 mg CO2 dm−2 h−1 at 20°C. In 21% O2, 350 μl CO2 l−1 the rate was 2–3 mg CO2 dm−2 h−1 in the mutant and 20 mg CO2 dm−2 h−1 in the wild type. Genetic analysis has shown that the mutation segregates as a single recessive nuclear gene.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: genotype ; nitrogen ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; rice ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four Indica and five Japonica varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were examined to elucidate their differences in photosynthetic activity and dark respiratory rate as influenced by leaf nitrogen levels and temperatures. The photosynthetic rates of single leaf showed correlations with total nitrogen and soluble protein contents in the leaves. Respiratory rate was also positively correlated with the leaf nitrogen content. When compared at the same level of leaf nitrogen or soluble protein content, the four Indica varieties and one of Japonica varieties, Tainung 67, which have some Indica genes derived from one of its parents, showed higher photosynthetic rates than the remaining four Japonica varieties. At the same photosynthetic rate, the Indica varieties showed lower respiratory rate than Japonica varieties. When the leaf temperature rose from 20°C to 30°C, the photosynthetic rate increased by 18 to 41%, whereas the respiratory rate increased by 100 to 150%. These increasing rates in response to temperature were higher in the Japonica than in the Indica varieties. In this respect, Tainung 67 showed the same behavior as of the other four Japonica varieties.
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  • 45
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    Photosynthesis research 12 (1987), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: oxygen evolution ; photosynthesis ; nitrite ; fluorescence ; spinach chloroplasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The introduction of nitrite ions into the bathing medium of broken spinach chloroplasts causes changes in the properties of these organelles which depend on the concentration of nitrite and the time of exposure. In the presence of 1 mM nitrite, there is an inhibition of the rate of oxygen evolution and an increase in fluorescence emission which suggests a site for nitrite inhibition between the two photosystems. When 5 mM nitrite is present for times longer than 10 minutes, there is a decrease in the PS2 partial reaction rate as indicated by the oxygen burst, an increase in the PS1 partial reaction rate, a decrease in fluorescence emission and an increase in the fluorescence emitted at 729 nm compared with that at 693 nm observed at − 176°C. These changes are consistent with an increase in the proportion of absorbed light energy reaching PS1 caused by prolonged exposure to a sufficient concentration of nitrite ions in the light.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; purple bacteria ; primary electron transfer ; reaction center ; transient absorption techniques
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of absorbance changes related to the charge-separated state, PF, and to the formation and decay of the carotenoid triplet state (CarT) were studied in the LM reaction center subunit isolated from a wild-type strain of the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides (strain Y). The PF lifetime is lengthened (20±1.5 ns) in the LM complex as compared to the intact reaction centers (11±1 ns). The yield of the carotenoid triplet formation is higher (0.28±0.01) in the LM complex than in native reaction centers. We interpret our results in terms of perturbations of a first-order reaction connecting the singlet and the triplet state of the radical-pair state. Our results, together with those of a recent work (Agalidis, I., Nuijs, A.M. and Reiss-Husson, F. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta (in press)) are consistent with a high I to QA electron transfer rate in this LM subunit, which is metal-depleted. The LM complex is considerably more sensitive than the reaction centers to photooxidative damage in the presence of oxygen. This is not readily accounted for simply by the higher carotenoid triplet yield, and may suggest a greater accessibility of the internal structures in the absence of the H-subunit. The lifetime of the carotenoid triplet decay (6.4±0.3 μs) in the LM subunit is unchanged compared to the native reaction centers.
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  • 47
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    Photosynthesis research 13 (1987), S. 143-157 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: surface charge ; chloroplast membrane ; EDTA ; electron transport ; photosynthesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pretreatment of chloroplast with 0.75 mM of EDTA inhibits markedly electron flow at pH above 8.5. This inhibition can be reversed by adding donors to PS II or by addition of salts to the reaction medium. Restoration of electron flow in EDTA-treated chloroplasts by salts depends clearly on the valency of the cation used. The efficiency observed is: C3+〉C2+〉C+, which is indicative of screening of negative charges on the membrane. However, maximal restoration of electron flow depends also on the presence of a relatively low concentration of Cl- which is known to be required at the oxygen evolution site. Charge density in the region of Q was measured in control and EDTA-treated chloroplasts. The calculated charge densities were: -1.1 μC/cm2 and -2.0 μC/cm2 for control and EDTA-treated chloroplasts respectively. It is concluded that EDTA-treatment, by dissipating ° pH and by chelating Mg2+, causes an increase in the negative charge density on the thylakoid membrane which includes a site (or sites) closely related to water donation.
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  • 48
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    Photosynthesis research 14 (1987), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: blue-green algae ; cyanobacteria ; cyclic electron flow ; photoreaction 1 ; photosynthesis ; P700 ; respiration
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence for a cyclic electron flow has been sought by study of the steady-state poise of P700 and rate of photoreaction 1 in three cyanobacteria. Under an actinic light 1 (440 or 680 nm) the rate of photoreaction 1 is limited by the rate of electron supply provided by photoreaction 2 and by all return electron flow from low potential donors such as ferredoxin and NAD(P)H. Plots of p, the steady-state fraction of P700 reduced, versus the reciprocal intensity, 1/I, yield linear segments of slope Ip. From considerations of a simple model the slopes and extrapolated intercepts of the linear segments provide estimates of the rate of return electron flow. Analysis shows that the total return electron flow cannot be large, by one estimate not more than three times the rate of dark respiration. This result leads to a conclusion that cyclic electron flow (and any dependent phosphorylation) is not a significant process in these cyanobacteria at ordinary light intensities.
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  • 49
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    Photosynthesis research 11 (1987), S. 245-251 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Colocasia esculenta ; Xanthosoma sagittifolium ; edible aroids ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; stomatal conductance
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Taro and cocoyam were grown outdoors in either full sun or under 40% shade. Leaves were tagged as they emerged and the effect of leaf age on net CO2 assimilation rate (A) was determined. The effects of shading on A, transpiration (E), stomatal conductance for CO2 (gc) and H2O (gs), and water use efficiency (WUE) were also determined for leaves of a single age for each species. The effect of leaf age on A was similar for both species. Net CO2 assimilation rates increased as leaf age increased up to 28 days with the exception of a sharp decline in A for 21 day-old leaves which corresponded to unusually low temperatures during the period of leaf expansion. A generally decreased as leaves aged beyond 28 days. Cocoyam had higher A rates than taro. Leaves of shade-grown plants had higher rates of A and E for both species at photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) up to 1600 μmol s−1 m−2. Shade-grown leaves of cocoyam had greater leaf dry weights per area (LW/A) and a trend toward higher gc and gs than sun-grown leaves. Shade leaves of taro had greater gc and g3 rates than sun-grown leaves. The data suggest that taro and cocoyam are highly adapted to moderate shade conditions.
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  • 50
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    Photosynthesis research 11 (1987), S. 253-264 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Key words ; drought ; nitrogen content ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; stomata ; water relations
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Bintje) were grown in a naturally lit glasshouse. Laboratory measurements on leaves at three insertion levels showed a decline with leaf age in photosynthetic capacity and in stomatal conductance at near saturating irradiance. Conductance declined somewhat more with age than photosynthesis, resulting in a smaller internal CO2 concentration in older relative to younger leaves. Leaves with different insertion number behaved similarly. The changes in photosynthesis rate and in nitrogen content with leaf age were closely correlated. When PAR exceeded circa 100 W m−2 the rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance changed proportionally as indicated by a constant internal CO2 concentration. The photosynthesis-irradiance data were fitted to an asymptotic exponential model. The parameters of the model are AMAX, the rate of photosynthesis at infinite irradiance, and EFF, the slope at low light levels. AMAX declined strongly with leaf age, as did EFF, but to a smaller extent. During drought stress photosynthetic capacity declined directly with decreasing water potential (range −0.6 to −1.1 MPa). Initially, stomatal conductance declined faster than photosynthetic capacity.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; compensation point ; critical light intensity ; Ecklonia cava ; Eisenia bicyclis ; photosynthesis ; production structure
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cartridge mutagenesis ; DNA sequencing ; photosynthesis
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    Notes: Abstract The Photosystem II protein CP-47 has been hypothesized to be involved in binding the reaction center chlorophyll. The psbB gene, encoding this protein, was cloned from the genome of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803, and sequenced. The DNA sequence is 68% homologous with that of the psbB gene from spinach, whereas the predicted amino acid sequence is 76% homologous. The hydropathy patterns of Synechocystis and spinach CP-47 are almost indistinguishable, indicating the same general CP-47 folding pattern in the thylakoid membrane in the two species. There are five pairs of histidine residues in CP-47 that are spaced by 13 or 14 amino acids and that are located in hydrophobic regions of the protein; these histidine residues may be involved in chlorophyll binding. Interruption of the psbB gene by a DNA fragment carrying a gene conferring kanamycin resistance results in a loss of Photosystem II activity. This indicates that an intact CP-47 is required for a functional Photosystem II complex, but does not necessarily indicate that this protein would house the reaction center.
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  • 53
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 19 (1987), S. 605-624 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Membrane lipids ; phase behavior ; photosynthesis ; chloroplast ; thylakoid membrane
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The phase behavior of the main classes of polar lipids found in the photosynthetic membranes of higher plants and algae is reviewed and compared to that of binary lipid mixtures and total lipid extracts of such membranes. Particular interest is paid to the way in which factors such as temperature and acyl chain saturation influence the phase behavior of these lipids and the implications this has in terms of the ability of photosynthetic membranes to resist environmental stress.
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  • 54
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 19 (1987), S. 691-703 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Galactolipids ; photosynthesis ; chloroplast ; membranes ; structure ; function ; reconstitution ; fusion ; liposomes ; lipases
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic membranes of higher plant chloroplasts are composed primarily of polar, but uncharged, galactolipids unlike most mammalian membranes which contain large amounts of phosphatidylcholine. It is unclear what role(s) the galactolipids play in maintaining the differentiated thylakoid membranes, or in stabilizing the photosynthetically active enzyme complexes. Some of the membrane complexes show no lipid selectivity for maintaining structural or functional integrity. Others are poisoned or dissociated in the presence of high concentrations of a trace lipid class. The efficiency of energy transfer and the reconstitution of protein complexes into liposomes are dependent on the lipid class employed. The lipids are asymmetrically arranged along and across the thylakoid membranes but not as distinctly as the proteins.
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  • 55
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    Photosynthesis research 11 (1987), S. 109-118 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; chloroplast ; chlorophyll fluorescence
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    Notes: Abstract A transient in chlorophyll fluorescence, which is associated with a transient in 9-aminoacridine fluorescence and a perturbation in the rate of oxygen evolution, has been observed in intact spinach chloroplasts. The results indicate that changes in the redox state of Q are, at least partially, responsible for the transient in chlorophyll fluorescence. The size of the transient is highly dependent upon the concentration of inorganic phosphate and upon the pH of the medium. The properties of the transient are consistent with the suggestion that it reflects changes in the levels of stromal intermediates during induction.
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  • 56
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    Photosynthesis research 11 (1987), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: RuBP carboxylase ; wheat leaves ; photosynthesis ; activation ; orthophosphate ; carbon dioxide
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In light and in darkness, exposure of leaf segments to CO2-free atmospheres caused a marked reduction in extractable RuBP carboxylase activity. By contrast, darkness caused a relatively small decrease in carboxylase activity in extracts from leaf segments kept in air containing CO2. Recovery of carboxylase activity in leaves during illumination in air after exposure to CO2-free conditions paralleled recovery of capacity for photosynthesis; in darkness recovery of carboxylase activity in leaves was slower than in the light. Extracts from leaves exposed to CO2-free conditions recovered activity when provided with CO2 and Mg2+; there were clearly, however, substances in the extracts that modified the activity achieved and caused anomalous decreases and increases with time after extraction. Studies of the effect of orthophosphate on the activity of purified wheat carboxylase in vitro were consistent with the view that many of the effects observed on the activity of crude leaf extracts were due to orthophosphate content.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: manganese ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; oxygen evolution ; hydrogen peroxide
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    Notes: Abstract When detergent-derived photosystem II (PSII) membranes are treated with CaCl2 to remove the three extrinsic proteins associated with the O2-evolving complex, the resulting membranes (CaPSII) can still catalyze water oxidation if sufficient Ca2+ and Cl- are present. When CaPSII membranes are exposed to single turnover flashes on an O2 rate electrode, anomalous O2 is produced by the first two flashes. The addition of catalase to the membrane suspension completely inhibits O2 produced by the first two flashes, but not by subsequent flashes. Exogenous H2O2 stimulates anomalous O2 production by the first few flashes in CaPSII membranes, but not in control PSII membranes. Diuron (DCMU) does not inhibit H2O2-stimulated O2 production by the first flash. However, it does inhibit the O2 yield of all subsequent flashes, indicating that all flash-induced O2 signals in CaPSII membranes are dependent on photosystem II electron transport. H2O2 stimulation of O2 yields is inhibited in Tris-, heat-, and EDTA-(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)-treated CaPSII. In the presence of high salt, H2O2 (but not EDTA) treatment of CaPSII, extracts Mn functional in normal photosynthetic O2 evolution. The addition of exogenous Mn2+ reconstitutes anomalous O2 production in Tris-and H2O2/EDTA-treated CaPSII preparations but only in the presence of H2O2. Anomalous H2O2-stimulated O2 production can be observed both with a Clark electrode (steady state) and an O2 rate electrode (flash sequence). The mechanism involves electron donation from H2O2, mediated by free Mn2+, to PSII, and the 33-kDa extrinsic protein under some conditions can block this process. Since H2O2 can remove functional Mn from CaPSII membranes, its presence can convert functional Mn to the Mn2+ mediator state required for anomalous O2 production. EDTA binds Mn in CaPSII disrupted by H2O2 and prevents anomalous O2 evolution.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; electron transport ; lipids ; reaction center
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    Notes: Abstract Extraction of PS II particles with 50 mM cholate and 1 M NaCl releases several proteins (33-, 23-, 17- and 13 kDa) and lipids from the thylakoid membrane which are essential for O2 evolution, dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) reduction and for stable charge separation between P680+ and QA -. This work correlates the results on the loss of steady-state rates for O2 evolution and PS II mediated DCIP photo-reduction with flash absorption changes directly monitoring the reaction center charge separation at 830 nm due to P680+, the chlorophyll a donor. Reconstitution of the extracted lipids to the depleted membrane restores the ability to photo-oxidize P680 reversibly and to reduce DCIP, while stimulating O2 evolution minimally. Addition of the extracted proteins of masses 33-, 23- and 17- kDa produces no further stimulation of DCIP reduction in the presence of an exogenous donor like DPC, but does enhance this rate in the absence of exogenous donors while also stimulating O2 evolution. The proteins alone in the absence of lipids have little influence on charge separation in the reaction center. Thus lipids are essential for stable charge separation within the reaction center, involving formation of P680+ and QA -.
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  • 59
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    Photosynthesis research 14 (1987), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chloroplasts ; O2 evolution ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; sulfite ; SO2 effect
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this report we demonstrate sulfite interaction with oxygen and PSII electron acceptors (ferricyanide and para-benzoquinone) during measurement of oxygen evolution in chloroplasts. Redox potentials of oxygen, ferricyanide and para-benzoquinone allow them to compete for sulfite. Without taking this into account, sulfite inhibition of oxygen evolution can be overestimated, since sulfite consumes oxygen and reduces ferricyanide or para-benzoquinone during the measurement. In order to correctly measure the rate of oxygen evolution in chloroplasts, it is necessary to avoid presence of sulfite during the measurement. After overcoming the artifact, mentioned above, we confirm the sulfite inhibition of oxygen evolution in chloroplasts but at a lesser extent than earlier reported. This, however, is a pretreatment effect.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: carbon metabolism ; chloroplasts ; phosphate ; photosynthesis
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    Notes: Abstract Intact chloroplasts isolated from spinach were illuminated in the absence of inorganic phosphate (Pi) or with optimum concentrations of Pi added to the reaction medium. In the absence of Pi photosynthesis declined after the first 1–2 min and was less than 10% of the maximum rate after 5 min. Export from the chloroplast was inhibited, with up to 60% of the 14C fixed being retained in the chloroplast, compared to less than 20% in the presence of Pi. Despite the decreased export, chloroplasts depleted of Pi had lower levels of triose phosphate while the percentage of total phosphate in 3-phosphoglycerate was increased. Chloroplast ATP declined during Pi depletion and reached dark levels after 3–4 min in the light without added Pi. At this point, stromal Pi concentration was 0.2 mM, which would be limiting to ATP synthesis. Addition of Pi resulted in a rapid burst of oxygen evolution which was not initially accompanied by net CO2 fixation. There was a large decrease in 3-phosphoglycerate and hexose plus pentose monophosphates in the chloroplast stroma and a lesser decrease in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Stromal levels of triose phosphate, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and ATP increased after resupply of Pi. There was an increased export of 14-labelled compounds into the medium, mostly as triose phosphate. Light activation of both fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was decreased in the absence of Pi but increased following Pi addition. It is concluded that limitation of Pi supply to isolated chloroplasts reduced stromal Pi to the point where it limits ATP synthesis. The resulting decrease in ATP inhibits reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to triose phosphate via mass action effects on 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. The lack of Pi in the medium also inhibits export of triose phosphate from the chloroplast via the phosphate transporter. Other sites of inhibition of photosynthesis during Pi limitation may be located in the regeneratige phase of the reductive pentose phosphate pathway.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: monochromatic light ; oxygen concentration ; photoinhibition ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis ; photosystems
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    Notes: Abstract Intact Lemna gibba plants were photoinhibited under anaerobic conditions on illumination with monochromatic light which selectively excited the photosystems. Photoinhibition was less when PS 1 was excited and greatest when mainly PS 2 was excited, which suggests that PS 2 was most damaged by photoinhibition induced in complete absence of O2 and CO2. The illumination of plants with monochromatic light exciting PS 1, at different O2 concentrations (in CO2 deficient conditions), showed that PS 1 photoinhibition was increased at the low O2 concentrations. The damage to PS 1 was more evident at 2% O2 than at the higher O2 concentrations. CO2 as well as O2 at atmospheric concentration, (air), was necessary for complete protection of the plant from photoinhibition when both photosystems were excited either separately or together.
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  • 62
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    Photosynthesis research 12 (1987), S. 73-81 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas ; photosynthesis ; biosynthesis of glutamate ; Fd-glutamate synthase
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetically active vesicles prepared from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii retained a light-dependent glutamate synthase activity which was highly specific for 2-oxoglutarate (Km=2.1 mM) and L-glutamine (Km=0.9 mM) as amido group acceptor and donor respectively. This activity was inhibited by azaserine, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea. Light-dependent synthesis of glutamate was also obtained by coupling Chlamydomonas photosynthetic particles to purified ferredoxin-glutamate synthase, using ascorbate and 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol as electron donor. This system was also specific for 2-oxoglutarate (Km=1 mM) and L-glutamine (Km=0.8 mM) as substrates, and was stimulated by dithioerythritol. Azaserine and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, but not 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea, inhibited the reconstituted activity; high concentrations of 2-oxoglutarate were inhibitory.
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  • 63
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    Photosynthesis research 12 (1987), S. 129-143 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: mathematical model ; oscillations ; photosynthesis ; regulation of metabolism
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    Notes: Abstract The metabolic pathways in photosynthesis are modelled as an interconnected series of chemical reactions representing the electron transfer system, the carbon reduction cycle and starch and sucrose synthesis according to the model of Laisk and Walker [Proc R Soc Lond 227, 281–302 (1986)]. The model is formulated as a set of non-linear differential equations using mass-action kinetics, and stimulated for transient behaviour using an interactive simulation language. The model responses to switched light demonstrate the existence of oscillatory behaviour, similar to that found experimentally in O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence, and explain known transient behaviour. The model is also used to investigate the source of oscillatory behaviour in the phosphate translocator, and other transient phenomena associated with the cyclic electron transfer system.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; carbon dioxide ; water stress ; stomatal conductance ; mesophyll conductance ; Gossypium
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    Notes: Abstract The cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant responds to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 with almost doubled yield. Gas exchange of leaves was monitored to discover the photosynthetic basis of this large response. Plants were grown in the field in open-top chambers with ambient (nominally 350 μl/l) or enriched (nominally either 500 or 650 μl/l) concentrations of atmospheric CO2. During most of the season, in fully-irrigated plants the relationship between assimilation (A) and intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) was almost linear over an extremely wide range of ci. CO2 enrichment did not alter this relationship or diminish photosynthetic capacity (despite accumulation of starch to very high levels) until very late in the season, when temperature was somewhat lower than at midseason. Stomatal conductance at midseason was very high and insensitive to CO2, leading to estimates of ci above 85% of atmospheric CO2 concentration in both ambient and enriched chambers. Water stress caused A to show a saturation response with respect to ci, and it increased stomatal closure in response to CO2 enrichment. In fully-irrigated plants CO2 enrichment to 650 μl/l increased A more than 70%, but in water-stressed plants enrichment increased A only about 52%. The non-saturating response of A to ci, the failure of CO2 enrichment to decrease photosynthetic capacity for most of the season, and the ability of the leaves to maintain very high ci, form in part the basis for the very large response to CO2 enrichment.
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  • 65
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    Photosynthesis research 11 (1987), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll luminescence ; luminometer ; phosphoroscope ; photosynthesis ; delayed fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A newly developed compact instrument is described for the measurement of chlorophyll luminescence induction in plants. The instrument operates with a pulsed light emitting diode (LED) as light source and a photodiode as luminescence detector. A special emitter-detector geometry provides for high irradiance of the sample and efficient collection of luminescence by the detector. With insertion of appropriate filters the same probe is also suited for measuring prompt chlorophyll fluorescence. The instrument shows considerable flexibility with respect to pulse frequency, relative lengths of light/dark intervals and luminescence sampling periods. Due to a selective amplifier system only that part of luminescence is processed which is induced by the individual excitation pulses. By this approach, the problem of “slow phase accumulation”, encountered with conventional phosphoroscopes, is eliminated. Some examples are given for system operation, demonstrating satisfactory performance in measurements with intact leaves and isolated chloroplasts.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: thylakoid ; chloroplast ; ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase ; plastocyanin ; photosynthesis ; electron transport
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    Notes: Abstract A method is described for the isolation and purification of ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR, E.C. 1.18.1.2) and plastocyanin from spinach thylakoids. FNR is recovered from pools which are loosely and tightly bound to the membrane, with minimal disruption of pigment-protein complexes; yields can thus be higher than from procedures which extract only the loosely bound enzyme. Washed thylakoid membranes were incubated with the dipolar ionic detergent CHAPS (3-(3-cholamidopropyl-dimethylammonio)-1-propane-sulfonate). This provided an extract containing FNR and PC as its principal protein components, which could be rapidly separated from one another by chromatography on an anion-exchange column. FNR was purified to homogeneity (as judged from sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and the ratio between protein and flavin absorption maxima), using chromatography on phosphocellulose followed by batchwise adsorption to, and elution from hydroxylapatite. Plastocyanin was further purified on a Sephadex G-75 molecular sieve column. A typical yield, obtained in 3–4 days from 1 kg of deveined spinach leaves, was 7 mg of pure FNR (a single protein of Mr=37,000) and 3.5 mg of plastocyanin.
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  • 67
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    Aquatic ecology 20 (1986), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; primary production ; carbohydrate dynamics ; growth rate ; diurnal rhythms ; photosynthesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diurnal changes in carbohydrate content of natural phytoplankton populations differed from those found for cyanobacteria grown in continuous cultures. The carbohydrate accumulation rate was not constant during the light period. Also in contrast to results obtained using continuous cultures the photosynthetic characteristics changed during the light period. A close correlation was observed between changes in carbohydrate accumulation rate and the efficiency of photosynthesis over 24 hours. Seasonal changes in carbohydrate consumption rate over the dark period were proportional to changes in growth rate.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; fluorescence quenching ; fluorometer ; Kautsky effect ; photosynthesis
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    Notes: Abstract A newly developed fluorescence measuring system is employed for the recording of chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics (Kautsky-effect) and for the continuous determination of the photochemical and non-photochemical components of fluorescence quenching. The measuring system, which is based on a pulse modulation principle, selectively monitors the fluorescence yield of a weak measuring beam and is not affected even by extremely high intensities of actinic light. By repetitive application of short light pulses of saturating intensity, the fluorescence yield at complete suppression of photochemical quenching is repetitively recorded, allowing the determination of continuous plots of photochemical quenching and non-photochemical quenching. Such plots are compared with the time courses of variable fluorescence at different intensities of actinic illumination. The differences between the observed kinetics are discussed. It is shown that the modulation fluorometer, in combination with the application of saturating light pulses, provides essential information beyond that obtained with conventional chlorophyll fluorometers.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: energy transfer ; fluorescence kinetics ; photosynthesis ; Porphyridium cruentum ; spillover ; state transitions
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    Notes: Abstract Excitation energy distribution in Porphyridium cruentum in state 1 and state 2 was investigated by time resolved 77 K fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The fluorescence rise times of phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin (in cells in state 1 and state 2) were very similar in contrast to the emission from chlorophyll a (Chl a) associated with the two photosystems. In state 2 photosystem II (PSII) Chl a fluorescence emission rose faster than the PSI Chl a emission and decayed more rapidly, and the converse was observed in state 1. These kinetic data support the concept of increased energy transfer from PSII Chl a to PSI Chl a in state 2 in P. cruentum.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: CO2-accumulation ; luminescence ; photosynthesis ; Scenedesmus obliquus
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    Notes: Abstract In experiments with the unicellular green algae Scenedesmus obliquus a correlation was found between the presence of the CO2-accumulating mechanism and the appearance of polyphasic luminescence decay kinetics. A potentiometric titration method was used to measure and calculate photosynthetic carbon uptake. Polyphasic luminescence decay kinetics was found when the algae showed photosynthetic characteristics typical of algae adapted to low-CO2 conditions. When high-CO2 grown algae were transferred to low-CO2 conditions they gradually developed polyphasic decay kinetics during the first 25–30 minutes. When low-CO2 grown algae were transferred to high-CO2 conditions the polyphasic decay kinetics disappeared. To account for these results a working hypothesis is presented on the basis of the energy requirement for a CO2-accumulating mechanism.
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  • 71
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    Photosynthesis research 10 (1986), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: electron transfer ; photosynthesis ; bacterial photosynthesis ; reaction center ; vibronic coupling
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper points out that the orientations of the porphyrins, bacteriochlorophyll and bacteriopheophytin, in the reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas viridis, as shown by the new X-ray determined structure, have a peculiar orientation towards each other: electron donors are broadside toward the acceptors and acceptors are edgeon toward donors. Vibronic coupling which is the mechanism of converting free-energy loss in electron transport to vibrational energy is examined as a possible explanation. Preliminary calculations do not support this as an explanation of the orientations but suggest strongly that the non-heme iron atom has the function of promoting vibronic coupling in the electron transfer from bacteriopheophytin to menaquinone. It is further suggested that the system of electron transport from the special pair of bacteriochlorophyll to the bacteriopheophytin is arranged to keep virbonic coupling to a minimum to match the very small electronic free-energy loss in this region.
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  • 72
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    Photosynthesis research 8 (1986), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: light stress ; photosynthesis ; RuP2 carboxylase ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Measurement of the changes in CO2 uptake by single leaves following the abrupt onset of darkness were made on sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) and (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) The shape of the CO2 dark response curve was analyzed with respect to the reaction kinetics of CO2, RuP2 and RuP2 carboxylase. It was concluded that the net uptake of CO2 in the dark from a 1% O2 atmosphere can be approximately related to the pool size of the RuP2 substrate in the chloroplasts of C3 plants. This information was combined with CO2 levels and decay rates of the response curves to infer changes in carboxylase activity. Preliminary data are presented showing the relative concentration changes in RuP2 as light intensity decreases and as water stress increases. The method may prove useful in studies of plant response to environmental stresses.
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  • 73
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    Photosynthesis research 8 (1986), S. 257-265 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: light adaptation ; photosynthesis ; polar lipids ; thylakoid membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The polar acyl lipid composition was determined for samples of chloroplast thylakoids isolated from Pisum sativum plants grown at light intensities of 50 and 300 μE·m-2·s-1 and from Aesculus hippocastanum leaves taken from shade or sun environments. Lighting conditions had no major effect on lipid class composition except for a small increase in the amount of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol relative to other lipids in low compared with high light and shade compared with sun conditions. The thylakoids from low light and shade environments also had, relative to those from high light and sun conditions, a substantial decrease in the level of trans-hexadecenoic acid in phosphatidyglycerol. In parallel with this there were lower lipid to chlorophyll ratios, higher overall fatty acid unsaturation, lower chlorophyll a to b ratios and increased relative levels of light harvesting chlorophyll a/b polypeptides as expected for an increase in the degree of thylakoid appression. With this in mind, our results on lipid class composition and content of trans-hexadecenoic acid are discussed in the context of the lateral distribution of lipids within the plane of membrane.
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  • 74
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    Photosynthesis research 9 (1986), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: charge recombination ; electron transfer ; photosynthesis ; photosystem I ; reducing conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new phase of charge recombination between the oxidized primary electron donor of photosystem I (P700+) and a reduced acceptor has been detected by flash absorption spectroscopy in PS I particles at low temperature. It occurs under highly reducing conditions (the secondary electron acceptors FA and FB and one or possibly two ‘more primary’ acceptors being prereduced) with a t1/2 of about 20 μs between 10 and 80 K.
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  • 75
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    Hydrobiologia 131 (1986), S. 149-153 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: duckweed ; photosynthesis ; pH ; soluble carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The relative importance of inorganic carbon assimilation from the gas vs. aqueous phase by the floating duckweed Spirodela polyrrhiza was studied. It was found that carbon assimilation from the aqueous phase amounted only up to 5% of that from the air. No direct effect of pH on this process was detected. The experimental technique and the results are discussed with respect to those of previous studies, and possible sources of error are pointed out.
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  • 76
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    Photosynthesis research 9 (1986), S. 135-147 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: blue-green algae ; eyanobacterium ; cytochrome C553 ; electron transport ; photosynthesis ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum steady-state redox conditions were monitored in vivo for cytochrome (δ+c553) and P700 versus intensities of an actinic light 1 or light 2 (mainly absorbed by photosystems, and 2, respectively). Parallel measurements of O2 evolution were used to calibrate intensities for rates of electron transfer. Results show that the quality of actinic light (as light 1 or light 2) depends on intensity as well as wavelength. The contribution of electron flow from respiration is confirmed by observations of relative rate of photoreaction 1 estimated from Ip (intensity × fraction of P700 reduced). With 3,- (3,4-dichlorophenyl-1, 1-dimethylurea) (DCMU) the rate of photoreaction 1 depends upon, and is sensitive to small changes in, the rate of dark respiration. Very slow transient dark reductions of Cyt (f+c553) and P700 following any low intensity actinic light 1 are attributed to respiratory electron flow. Cyclic electron flow around photoreaction 1 cannot be large compared to dark respiration and cannot vary significantly with light intensity.
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  • 77
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    Photosynthesis research 9 (1986), S. 197-210 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: hydrazine ; hydroxylamine ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; water oxidation ; protons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic water oxidation proceeds by a four-step sequence of one-electron oxidations which is formally described by the transitions S0 → S1, S1 → S2, S2 → S3, S3 → (S4) → S0. State S1 is most stable in the dark. Oxygen is released during S3 → (S4) → S0. Hydroxylamine and hydrazine interact with S1. They cause a two-digit shift in the oxidation sequence as observed from the dark equilibrium, i.e. from S1 → S2 : S2 → S3 : S3 → (S4) → S0 : S0 → S1 :... in the absence of the agents, to S1 * → S0 : S0 → S1 : S1 → S2 : S2 → S3 :... in the presence of hydroxylamine or hydrazine. We measured the concentration dependence of this two-digit shift via the pattern of proton release which is associated with water oxidation. At saturating concentrations hydroxylamine and hydrazine shift the proton-release pattern from OH+(S1 → S2) : 1H+(S2 → S3) : 2H(S3 → S0) : 1H+(S0 → S1) :... to 2H+(S1 * → S0) : 1H+(S0 → S1) : OH+(S1 → S2) : 1H+(S2 → S3) : 2H+(S3 → S0) :... The 2H+ were released upon the first excitation with a half-rise time of 3.1 ms, both with hydroxylamine and withydrazine. The concentration dependence of the shift was rather steep with an apparent Hill coefficient at half saturation of 2.43 with hydroxylamien (Förster and Junge (1985) FEBS Lett. 186, 53–57) and 1.48 with hydrazine. The concentration dependence could be explained by cooperative binding of n≥3 molecules of hydroxylamine and of n≥2 molecules of hydrazine, respectively. Tentatively, we explain the interaction of hydroxylamine and hydrazine with the water-oxidizing complex (WOC) as follows: Two bridging ligands, possible Cl- or OH-, which normally connect two Mn nuclei, can be substituted by either 4 molecules of hydroxylamine or 2 molecules of hydrazine when the WOC resides in state S1.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: control ; measurement ; photosynthesis ; vapour pressure difference
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    Notes: Abstract A system for measurement of leaf gas exchange while regulating leaf to air vapour pressure difference has been developed; it comprises an assimilation chamber, leaf temperature controller, mass flow controller, dew point controller and personal computer. A relative humidity sensor and air and leaf temperature sensors, which are all used for regulating the vapour pressure difference, are mounted into the chamber. During the experiments, the computer continuously monitored the photosynthetic parameters and measurement conditions, so that accurate and intenstive measurements could be made. When measuring the light-response curve of CO2 assimilation for single leaves, in order to regulate the vapour pressure difference, the leaf temperature and relative humidity in the chamber were separately and simultaneously controlled by changing the air temperature around the leaf and varying the air flow rate through the chamber, respectively. When the vapour pressure difference was regulated, net CO2 assimilation, transpiration and leaf conductance for leaves of rice plant increased at high quantum flux density as compared with those values obtained when it was not regulated. When measuring the temperature-response curve of CO2 assimilation, the regulation of vapour pressure difference was manipulated by the feed-forward control of the dew point temperature in the inlet air stream. As the vapour pressure difference was regulated at 12 mbar, the maximum rate of and the optimum temperature for CO2 assimilation in rice leaves increased 5 μmolCO2 m−2 s−1 and 5°C, respectively, as compared with those values obtained when the vapour pressure difference took its own course. This was reasoned to be due to the increase in leaf conductance and the decrease in transpiration rate. In addition, these results confirmed that stomatal conductance essentially increases with increasing leaf temperature under constant vapour pressure difference conditions, in other words, when the influence of the vapour pressure difference is removed. This system may be used successfully to measure inter- and intra-specific differences and characteristics of leaf gas exchange in plants with a high degree of accuracy.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: flag leaf ; grain filling ; photosynthesis ; SDW index ; senescence onset ; wheat
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    Notes: Abstract The relationships between photosynthetic capacity and dry matter accumulation during the grain filling period have been studied in flag leaves of Triticum aestivum L., cv. Kolibri grown in Mediterranean field conditions. Particular importance has been given to assimilate accumulation in relation to the onset of senescence. During grain filling, the time course of specific dry weight (SDW) was similar in the blade and in the sheath. Variations in SDW were about six times larger in the sheath than in the blade. Minimum blade SDW values occurred during heading and at anthesis. Maximum blade SDW values were observed two weeks after anthesis. After this, SDW values decreased sharply. The dry matter increase per grain in the period from two weeks after anthesis to the end, was only about 25% of final grain dry weight. The importance of environmental constraints on maximum SDW values are discussed. Maximum SDW values occurred at the beginning of the period of rapid decline in blade net CO2 assimilation rate and leaf nitrogen content, that is, at the beginning of senescence. On the other hand, the stomatal resistance to CO2 and the development of senescence are not apparently related. The maximum blade dry weight increase (considering a value of zero at heading) was about 60 mg dry weight per g fresh weight. The possible relationships between dry matter accumulation and senescence onset are discussed.
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  • 80
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    Photosynthesis research 9 (1986), S. 261-272 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; fluorometer ; fluorescence quenching ; Kautsky effect ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A newly developed modulation fluorometer is described which operates with 1 μsec light pulses from a light-emitting diode (LED) at 100 KHz. Special amplification circuits assure a highly selective recording of pulse fluorescence signals against a vast background of non-modulated light. The system tolerates ratios of up to 1:107 between measuring light and actinic light. Thus it is possible to measure the “dark fluorescence yield” and record the kinetics of light-induced changes. A high time resolution allows the recording of the rapid relaxation kinetic following a saturating single turnover flash. Examples of system performance are given. It is shown that following a flash the reoxidation kinetics of photosystem II acceptors are slowed down not only by the inhibitor DCMU, but by a number of other treatments as well. From a light intensity dependency of the induction kinetics the existence of two saturated intermediate levels (I1 and I2) is apparent, which indicates the removal of three distinct types of fluorescence quenching in the overall fluorescence rise from F0 to Fmax.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: fluorescence induction ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; Triticum
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    Notes: Abstract The fluorescence of the chlorophyll associated with photosystem II was studied in seedling and flag leaves of Triticum species. Seedling leaves of the diploid species T. urartu had higher values of t (the normalised area over the fluorescence induction curve of DCMU treated leaves) than those of the other species studied which included hexaploid T. aestivum. However this difference was not evident when leaves were grown in a low light intensity (40 µmol quanta of photosynthetically active radiation m−2 s−1). The smaller total number of chlorophyll molecules per photosystem II reaction centre (chl/RCII) in T. urartu (177) as compared with the other species (mean 234) was deduced from the observed differences in t. As a consequence of its lower chl/RCII, despite slightly lower chlorophyll content (mg m−2), T. urartu had a greater density of reaction centres than the other species (2880 cf 2230 nmol m−2 of leaf). Consistent with the lower chl/RCII of T. urartu, it had a higher chlorophyll a/b ratio than the other genotypes. Seedling leaves of T. urartu had higher light saturated rates of photosynthesis than those of the other species, when grown at high light, a difference associated with reaction centre density. In flag leaves, when the complications due to variable development and senescence patterns were eliminated, t of the diploid species including T. urartu was lower than that of T. aestivum. The lower apparent chl/RCII of T. urartu arose partly because the molar extinction coefficient of the chlorophyll in the leaves of T. urartu was greater than in T. aestivum. However, the density of PS II reaction centres was slightly lower for the diploid species studied because their chlorophyll contents were lower than the hexaploids. The validity of the method for estimating chl/RCII from fluorescence transients is discussed. The possibility is considered that the difference in apparent chl/RCII of flag and seedling leaves of R. urartu as compared to the other five genotypes is a consequence of its different adaptive response to the spectral quality of the light.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; cytochrome c 553 ; ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase ; photosynthesis ; plastoquinone ; respiratory chain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dark and light oxidation of NADPH was measured in Spirulina maxima thylakoid membranes. The dark reaction was more cyanide sensitive than the light reaction. In light, 83% of the electrons from NADPH produced H2O2 on reducing oxygen, whereas in the dark this number was only 36%. These results are explained by assuming the presence of an electron transport segment common to the photosynthetic and the respiratory chains, so that electrons flowing through the cyanide sensitive oxidase in the dark are diverted to the photosytem (PS) I reaction center (P700). In addition, cytochrome (cyt) c 553 was found to be an electron donor for both cyt oxidase and P700. Half maximum reduction rates were obtained with 7 μM cyt c 553. The intrathylakoidal concentration of cyt c 553 was determined to be 83 μM. About 60% of the respiratory NADPH oxidation activity was lost by extracting the membranes with pentane and was restored by adding plastoquinone (the main photosythetic quinone). NADPH oxidation activity was also inhibited upon washing the membranes with a low salt buffer. This activity was restored by adding partially purified ferredoxin-NADP+ oxido-reductase (FNR). A model for the electron transport in thylakoids, in which cyt c 553, plastoquinone and FNR participate in both photosynthesis and respiration is proposed.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chilling ; chloroplast ; CO2 fixation ; electron transfer ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Exposure of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Floramerica) to chilling temperatures in the dark for as little as 12 h resulted in a sizable inhibition in the rate of light- and CO2-saturated photosynthesis. However, when photosynthesis was measured at low light intensity, the inhibition disappeared and the quantum yield of CO2 reduction was diminished only slightly. Chilling the tomato plants under strong illumination caused an even more rapid and severe decline in the rate of light- and CO2-saturated photosynthesis, accompanied by a large decline in the quantum efficiency. Sizeable inhibition of photosystem II activity was observed only after dark exposures to low temperature of grater than 16 h. No inhibition of photosystem I electron transfer capacity was observed even after 40 h of dark chilling. Chilling under high light resulted in a rapid decline in both photosystem I and photosystem II electron transfer capacity as well as in significant reaction center inactivation. Regardless of whether the chilling exposure was in the presence or absence of illumination and regardless of its duration, the electron transfer capacity of thylakoid membranes isolated from the treated plants was always in excess of that necessary to support light- and CO2-saturated photosynthesis. Thus, in neither case of chilling inhibition of photosynthesis does it appear that impaired electron transfer capacity represents a significant rate limitation to whole plant photosynthesis.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: acclimation ; Leucaena leucocephala ; neutral shading ; photosynthesis ; stomatal conductance
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological and physiological measurements on individual leaves of Leucaena leucocephala seedlings were used to study acclimation to neutral shading. The light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Pn max) ranged from 19.6 to 6.5 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 as photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) during growth decreased from 27 to 1.6 mol m−2 s−1. Stomatal density varied from 144 mm−2 in plants grown in high PPFD to 84 mm−2 in plants grown in low PPFD. Average maximal stomatal conductance for H2O was 1.1 in plants grown in high PPFD and 0.3 for plants grown in low PPFD. Plants grown in low PPFD had a greater total chlorophyll content than plants grown in high PPFD (7.2 vs 2.9 mg g−1 on a unit fresh weight basis, and 4.3 vs 3.7 mg dm−2 on a unit leaf area basis). Leaf area was largest when plants were grown under the intermediate PPFDs. Leaf density thickness was largest when plants were grown under the largest PPFDs. It is concluded that L. leucocephala shows extensive ability to acclimate to neutral shade, and could be considered a facultative shade plant.
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    Photosynthesis research 10 (1986), S. 75-92 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chloroplast ; heat-stress ; photobleaching ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of electron transport activity point to the occurrence of major changes in the organisation of the photosynthetic apparatus of heat-stressed chloroplasts. One of the consequences of these changes is shown to be a greatly increased susceptibility of chlorophyll to photobleaching. Despite the fact that the threshold temperature for this photobleaching coincides closely with that for the inhibition of PSII activity, the bleached components were found to be specifically associated with PSI. This increased susceptibility of PSI pigments to photobleaching is shown to be a direct consequence of an interruption of the flow of reductants from PSII to PSI that would normally protect PSI from photooxidation.
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    Photosynthesis research 10 (1986), S. 101-112 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: light ; Panicum species ; C3 ; C4 ; C3/C4 ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Species in the Laxa and Grandia groups of the genus Panicum are adapted to low, wet areas of tropical and subtropical America. Panicum milioides is a species with C3 photosynthesis and low apparent photorespiration and has been classified as a C3/C4 intermediate. Other species in the Laxa group are C3 with normal photorespiration. Panicum prionitis is a C4 species in the Grandia group. Since P. milioides has some leaf characteristics intermediate to C3 and C4 species, its photosynthetic response to irradiance and temperature was compared to the closely related C3 species, P. laxum and P. boliviense and to P. prionitis. The response of apparent photosynthesis to irradiance and temperature was similar to that of P. laxum and P. boliviense, with saturation at a photosynthetic photo flux density of about 1 mmol m-2 s-1 at 30°C and temperature optimum near 30°C. In contrast, P. prionitis showed no light saturation up to 2 mmol m-2 s-1 and an optimum temperature near 40°C. P. milioides exhibited low CO2 loss into CO2-free air in the light and this loss was nearly insensitive to temperature. Loss of CO2 in the light in the C3 species, P. laxum and P. boliviense, was several-fold higher than in P. milioides and increased 2- to 5-fold with increases in temperature from 10 to 40°C. The level of dark respiration and its response to temperature were similar in all four Panicum species examined. It is concluded that the low apparent photorespiration in P. milioides does not influence its response of apparent photosynthesis to irradiance and temperature in comparison to closely related C3 Panicum species.
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    Photosynthesis research 8 (1986), S. 31-40 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: CO2 assimilation ; Fragaria ananasa ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; thermal acclimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Relative importance of short-term environmental interaction and preconditioning to CO2 exchange response was examined in Fragaria ananasa (strawberry, cv. Quinault). Tests included an orthogonal comparison of 15 to 60-min and 6 to 7-h exposures to different levels of temperature (16 to 32°C), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 200 to 800 μE m2 s-1), and CO2 (300 to 600 μl/l) on successive days of study. Plants were otherwise maintained at 21°C, 300 μE m2 s-1 PAR and 300–360 μl/l CO2 as standard conditions. Treatment was restricted to the mean interval of 14 h daily illumination and the first 3–4 days of each test week over a 12-week cultivation period. CO2 exchange rates were followed with each step-change in environmental level including ascending/descending temperature/PAR within a test period, initial response at standard conditions on successive days of testing, and measurement at reduced O2. Response generally supported prior concepts of leaf biochemical modeling in identifying CO2 fixation as the major site of environmental influence, while overall patterns of whole plant CO2 exchange suggested additional effects for combined environmental factors and preconditioning. These included a positive interaction between temperature and CO2 concentration on photosynthesis at high irradiance and a greater contribution by ‘dark’ respiration at lower PAR than previously indicated. The further importance of estimating whole plant CO2 exchange from repetitive tests and measurements was evidenced by a high correlation of response to prior treatment both during the daily test period and on consecutive days of testing.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; physiology ; insect-plant interactions ; Liriomyza trifolii ; celery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les conductances des stomates et du mésophylle, la transpiration et la photosynthèse varient considérablement suivant la position des feuilles dans un pied de céleri (Apium graveolens L.) mais ces paramètres sont identiques pour des folioles opposées. En utilisant de telles folioles comparables, une réduction singificative de l'activité photosynthétique du céleri a été observée lors des dégâts alimentaires par les larves et les adultes de Liriomyza trifolii Burg. (Dipt. Agromyzidae). Dans des essais en champ où des populations de L. trifolii ont été contrôlées avec des insecticides, les nombres de pétioles et de folioles et la hauteur des plantes étaient significativement plus élevés là où les traitements avaient entraîné de faibles densités de mineuses. Dans les parcelles où L. trifolii avait été avantagé, la récolte avait été retardée jusqu'à 3 semaines. Des essais parallèles au laboratoire ont montré que les insecticides utilisés dans ces essais au champ, n'avaient ni accéléré, ni retardé la croissance du céleri. Aucun des paramètres physiologiques mesurés après 1,5 heure ou 7 jours après le traitement n'avait été modifié.
    Notes: Abstract Stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis varied considerably by within-plant locations on celery (Apium graveolens L.), but specific opposite leaves proved equivalent. Using such comparable leaves, feeding damage by Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) larvae or adults was found to reduce significantly the capacity of celery for photosynthetic activity. In field trials where populations of L. trifolii were manipulated with pesticides, numbers of leaves, plant height, and numbers of petioles per plant were significantly greater in treatments with low leafminer densities. In treatments where L. trifolii was encouraged, harvest was delayed by up to 3 weeks. Related laboratory studies indicated that the pesticides used in the field trial neither promoted nor slowed celery growth. None of the physiological parameters measured at either 1.5 h or 7 days post-treatment was significantly affected.
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    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 521-528 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chloroplast ; Organelle genetics ; photosynthesis ; Plastome mutant ; ATP synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a plastid genome (plastome) mutation of Oenothera hookeri, at least two of the plastome-coded polypeptides (the β and ε subunits) of the chloroplast ATP synthase are directly affected. As in other plastid chromosomes, the genes for the β and ε subunits are located next to each other on the Oenothera ptDNA molecule and are cotranscribed. Immunoanalysis and peptide mapping of in vivo products suggests that a fusion of the two genes may have occurred in the plastome mutant. In contrast to the in vivo data, in vitro translation of the RNA using a heterologous system results in polypeptides which cannot be distinguished from those of wild-type. In addition, neither the mRNA sizes nor plastid DNA restriction fragment patterns differ from wild-type. To reconcile the paradox of these results, it is suggested that either a defect in a translational signal or some other post-transcriptional event is responsible for the mutant phenotype.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscles ; Ultrastructure ; Exercise ; Glycogen ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distribution of glycogen particles in semithin and ultrathin sections of biopsy samples from human muscles subjected to either short- or long-term running were investigated using PAS and Periodic Acid-ThioSemiCarbazide-Silver Proteinate (PA-TSC-SP) staining methods. Glycogen particles were predominantly found immediately under the sarcolemma or aligned along the myofibrillar Iband. After long-term exhaustive exercise type-1 fibers with a few or no glycogen particles in the core of the fibers were frequently observed. The subsarcolemmal glycogen stores of these “depleted” type-1 fibers were about three times as large as after exhaustive short-time exercise. Another indication of utilization of subsarcolemmal glycogen stores during anaerobic exercise was that many particles displayed a pale, rudimentary shape. This observation suggests fragmental metabolization of glycogen. Thus, depending on type of exercise and type of fiber differential and sequential glycogen utilization patterns can be observed.
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    Hydrobiologia 124 (1985), S. 251-261 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aliphatic amines ; freshwater ; periphyton ; photosynthesis ; pollution ; textile industry effluent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The design and performance of a simple, community level ecotoxicological testsystem is reported. Samples of periphyton communities, established on artificial substratum in natural streams were used to study effects on photosynthetic activity in short-term experiments. Photosynthesis was measured as light-dependent oxygen evolution or as 14CO2-incorporation. The variability in photosynthetic activity between samples collected at the same time, expressed as coefficient of variation, was ca 20%. The variation in sensitivity of periphyton photosynthesis as dependent on sampling season was less than threefold for the two long-chained aliphatic amines and the textile industry effluent studied. Effects of the amines on periphyton from five different streams were also investigated. The ratio between maximum and minimum values of sensitivity was 5.6. It is concluded that the variation in sensitivity between different periphyton communities is similar to or less than that observed for fresh-water algal species. Some advantages with regard to ecological realism of using periphyton communities as test systems are discussed.
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    Hydrobiologia 123 (1985), S. 69-79 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Antarctic lakes ; phytoplankton ; light ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of phytoplankton populations to seasonal changes in radiation flux in two Antarctic lakes with extensive winter ice-cover are described. A phytoplankton capable of photosynthesis was found throughout the year in both systems. During winter, low incident radiation combined with thick layers of snow and ice prevented in situ photosynthesis becoming detectable. The beginning of spring was marked by a reduction in snow cover which resulted in a considerable increase in surface penetrating radiation. Planktonic algae rapidly adapted to utilise these increased levels efficiently, though they still showed characteristics of strong shade adaptation. Loss of ice cover at the start of the short open water period further increased the radiation levels and a summer population developed which was much less shade adapted. Saturation and photoinhibition effects were widespread during this period as the algae proved unable to utilise high radiation levels efficiently. They were however effective at the radiation fluxes prevalent in the lower part of the rapidly circulating water columns.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: PCR cycle enzymes ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis ; pigeonpea ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf water potential was decreased by withholding irrigation to provide three levels of stress described as mild ({ie69-1}) moderate ({ie69-2}) and severe ({ie69-3}). The specific activity of NADP linked glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, aldolase, phosphogluco-isomerase and RuBP carboxylase decreased under mild stress, but the activity of phosphoglucomutase showed an increase whilst ribulose-5-phosphate kinase was least affected. With further decrease in water potential, the activity of NADP linked glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase showed a decrease, whereas, the activities of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphogulcomutase and RuBP carboxylase increased. Net CO2 fixation decreased sharply with stress, whereas, respiration and photorespiration increased in moderate stress, but decreased under severe stress. Stomatal resistance also increased with decrease in water potential. It seems that in vitro enzyme activities of PCR cycle are not responsible for decreased photosynthesis in pigeonpea under short term water stress.
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  • 94
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    Photosynthesis research 7 (1985), S. 127-135 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: lowland rice ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; upland rice ; water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf gas exchange of upland and lowland rice cultivars were measured during late vegetative and during grain filling stages in the field under upland and lowland growth conditions. The rate of photosynthesis and water use efficiency (the rate of photosynthesis/the rate of transpiration) under upland conditions decreased with ageing, but generally varied little among four cultivars. At mid-grain filling under lowland conditions, upland cultivars showed lower rates of photosynthesis and transpiration than the lowland cultivars with concomitant reduction in whole plant conductance. At this stage, water use efficiency was higher under upland conditions than under lowland conditions, particularly in the upland cultivars. Water stress reduced the rate of photosynthesis without altering water use efficiency.
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  • 95
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    Photosynthesis research 7 (1985), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: CO2-enrichment ; conductance ; cotton ; photosynthesis ; starch accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of long-term exposure to elevated levels of CO2 on biomass partitioning, net photosynthesis and starch metabolism was examined in cotton. Plants were grown under controlled conditions at 350, 675 and 1000 μl l-1 CO2. Plants grown at 675 and 1000 μl l-1 had 72% and 115% more dry weight respectively than plants grown at 350 μl l-1. Increases in weight were partially due to corresponding increases in leaf starch. CO2 enrichment also caused a decrease in chlorophyll concentration and a change in the chlorophyll a/b ratio. High CO2 grown plants had lower photosynthetic capacity than 350 μl l-1 grown plants when measured at each CO2 concentration. Reduced photosynthetic rates were correlated with high internal (non-stomatal) resistances and higher starch levels. It is suggested that carbohydrate accumulation causes a decline in photosynthesis by feedback inhibition and/or physical damage at the chloroplast level.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: nibulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activation ; Arabidopsis ; rubisco activase ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) (rubisco) must be fully activated in order to catalyze the maximum rates of photosynthesis observed in plants. Activation of the isolated enzyme occurs spontaneously, but conditions required to observe full activation are inconsistent with those known to occur in illuminated chloroplasts. Genetic studies with a nutant of Arabidopsis thaliana incapable of activating rubisco linked two chloroplast polypeptides to the activation process in vivo. Using a reconstituted light activation system, it was possible to demonstrate the participation of a chloroplast protein in rubisco activation. These results indicate that a specific chloroplast enzyme, rubisco activase, catalyzes the activation of rubisco in vivo.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Thylakoid ; membrane ; lipid fluidity ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; spin label ; electron paramagnetic resonance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used three doxyl stearic acid spin labels to study the transverse hetero-geneity in lipid fluidity in thylakoids, photosystem II (PS II) preparations, and thylakoid galactolipid vesicles. This comparative study shows that spin labels incorporated into the membrane of the PS II preparation experience far more immobilization than do the same spin labels incorporated into either thylakoids or vesicles prepared from the polar lipids extracted from thylakoids. The spin label immobilization found in the PS II preparation is manifest even near the center of the bilayer, where lipid mobility is normally at its maximum. Analysis of the lipid content of the PS II preparation, relative to chlorophyll, suggests that the PS II preparation may be lipid depleted. This lipid depletion could explain the results presented. However, electron microscopy [Dunahay et al. (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 764:179–193] has not indicated that major delipidation has occurred, and so it remains possible that the immobilization found in the PS II preparation is due primarily to the normal (but close) juxtaposition of adjacent PS II complexes and the cooperative immobilization of their surrounding lipids. Based on the results presented, we conclude that highly mobile lipids are not required for oxygen evolution, the primary photochemistry or the secondary reduction of exogenously added quinones. Unfortunately, the relationship between the plastoquinone pool and the fluidity of the membrane in the PS II preparation remains ambiguous.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: CO2 ; growth ; Lemna gibba ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight and Relative Growth Rate of Lemna gibba were significantly increased by CO2 enrichment up to 6000 μl CO2 l−1. This high CO2 optimum for growth is probably due to the presence of nonfunctional stomata. The response to high CO2 was less or absent following four days growth in 2% O2. The Leaf Area Ratio decreased in response to CO2 enrichment as a result of an increase in dry weight per frond. Photosynthetic rate was increased by CO2 enrichment up to 1500 μl CO2 l−1 during measurement, showing only small increases with further CO2 enrichment up to 5000 μl CO2 l−1 at a photon flux density of 210 μmol m−2 s−1 and small decreases at 2000 μmol m−1 s−1. The actual rate of photosynthesis of those plants cultivated at high CO2 levels, however, was less than the air grown plants. The response of photosynthesis to O2 indicated that the enhancement of growth and photosynthesis by CO2 enrichment was a result of decreased photorespiration. Plants cultivated in low O2 produced abnormal morphological features and after a short time showed a reduction in growth.
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  • 99
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    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chilling ; chloroplast ; photosynthesis ; stomates ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The overall success of a plant in coping with low temperature sensitivity of photosynthesis is dependent not only on the maximum extent of inhibition suffered for a given time of low temperature exposure but also on the persistence of the inhibition after normal growth temperatures are restored. Thus the capacity of recovery and the speed with which a plant can recover from the effects of chilling exposure are important parameters in determining how devastating the chilling event will be on season-long growth and yields. We have studied the recovery of CO2-saturated photosynthesis from the injury caused by exposing intact tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Floramerica) or detached tomato leaves to a temperature of 1°C in the dark for varying periods of time. We found that net photosynthesis was fully recovered within 12 h after returning the plants to 25°C in the dark, even after chilling exposures as long as 45 h. This was true for intact plants as well as for detached leaves that were supplied with water. When chilling took place in the light (4°C, 1000 μE · m-2 · s-1, PAR) inhibition of photosynthesis was more severe and appeared more quickly and the recovery was slower and incomplete. A 12 h chilling exposure in the light resulted in injury to net photosynthesis that was not fully recovered even after 50 h. Chilling damage to photosynthesis developing in the light was distinguished from chilling in the dark by the decreased photosynthetic quantum yield. Not only did high intensity illumination enhance chilling damage of photosynthesis but bright light subsequent to the chilling exposure also delayed the recovery of photosynthesis. At none of the three ambient CO2 concentrations investigated (300, 1500 and 5000 μ1.1-1) did the recovery of photosynthesis depend on stomatal conductance.
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  • 100
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    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 133-145 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; diffusion ; fluorescence ; photosynthesis ; plastoquinone ; thylakoid membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using isolated pea thylakoids, the relative rate of QA - oxidation has been estimated under various conditions, from the restoration of the induction curves following a dark period and from light 1-induced changes in modulated chlorophyll fluorescence excited by light 2. Alterations of QinfA sup− oxidation rates were observed under conditions which affected the degree of thylakoid stacking, the lipid fluidity and the integrity of the membranes. The results are discussed in terms of the interactions between QA - and the plastoquinone pool with particular emphasis on lateral diffusion.
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