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  • phosphorus  (206)
  • Springer  (206)
  • Amsterdam: Elsevier
  • Oxford University Press
  • 1990-1994  (206)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Historical changes in sediments of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA: consequences of changes in the water balance of a terminal desert lake (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 12 (1994), S. 87-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678089
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental impact of fertilizing soils by using sewage and animal wastes (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: animal slurries and manures ; applications to soils ; carbon- ; nitrogen- ; phosphorus ; contamination ; crop production ; dissemination ; hazardous organics ; heavy metals ; inputs ; macro- and micronutrients ; pathogens ; sewage sludges ; survival- ; transfer- ; transport and adsorption rates in soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The European Community is producing annually about 300 × 106 tons of sewage sludges as well as about 150, 950,160 and 200 tons of domestic, agricultural, industrial and other wastes (street litter, dead leaves etc.). About 20–25% of the German sewage sludges, which contain in average about 3.8,1.6, 0.4, 0.6, 5.3% DM−1 N, P, K, Mg and Ca, 202, 5, 131, 349, 53, 3 and 1446 mg kg−1 DM Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Hg, Zn as well as ca. 37 and 5 mg kg−1 Dm polychlorinated hydrocarbons and biphenyls, are recycled annually as fertilizer. In addition environmental impacts on the arable land of Germany may derive from 76,19.2, 64.7, 33.6, 7.8 and 0.1 kg ha−1 a−1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Cu added as animal manures. Besides heavy metals and hazardous organics pathogens are disseminated with organic wastes. Crop production and soil fertility generally profit from the considerable amounts of plant nutrients and carbon in sewage sludges, animal slurries and manures, but the physicochemical soil properties, the composition of microbial, faunal and plant communities as well as the metabolic processes in the soil-, rhizo- and phyllosphere are changed by organic manuring. Consequences for the soil carbon-, nitrogen-and phosphorus-cycle are discussed. Impacts of heavy metals and hazardous organics on the soil biomass and its habitat as well as on transport mechanisms and surival times of disseminated pathogens in soils are reviewed with emphasis on the German situation. A proposal for future strategies (landscape recycling) is made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750669
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land application of poultry litter and water quality in Oklahoma, U.S.A. (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Animal manure ; eutrophication ; ground water ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; surface runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Oklahoma, U.S.A., more litter is applied to farm land. Thus, information is required on the impact of applications on regional soil and water resources. The effect of soil and poultry litter management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and subsurface flow from four 16 m2 plots (Ruston fine sandy loam, 6 to 8% slope) was investigated under natural rainfall. Plots under Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) received 11 Mg litter ha−1, which amounts to contributions of approximately 410 kg N and 140 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In spring, litter was broadcast on 3 of the plots; the upper half of one and total area of the other two. One of the total-area broadcast plots was tilled to 6 cm, the other remained as no till. The fourth plot served as a control. Relative to the control, litter application increased mean concentrations of total N and total P in runoff during the 16-week study for no-till (15.4 and 5.8 mg L−1) and tilled treatments (16.7 and 6.1 mg L−1). However, values for the half-area application (5.6 and 2.0 mg L−1) were similar to the control (5.7 and 1.3 mg L−1). Interflow (subsurface lateral flow at 70 cm depth) P was not affected by litter application; however, nitrate-N concentrations increased from 0.6 (control) to 2.9 mg L−1 (no till). In all cases, 〈 2 % litter N and P was lost in runoff and interflow, maintaining acceptable water quality concentrations. Although litter increased grass yield (8518 kg ha−1) compared to the control (3501 kg ha−1), yields were not affected by litter management. An 8-fold increase in the plant available P content of surface soil indicates long-term litter management and application rates will be critical to the environmentally sound use of this nutrient resource.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750462
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of ensete (Ensete ventricosum W.) to mineral fertilizers in southwest Ethiopia (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ensete ventricosum ; fertilizer response ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748551
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of phosphate on the sorption, desorption and plant-availability of selenium in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: interaction ; isotopic exchange ; phosphorus ; plant-availability ; selenium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphate, applied at 5µg P cm−3, decreased selenite sorption by from 30–70% in three soils studied. Both maximum sorption (Xm) and the binding-energy of sorption as indicated by the binding-energy related constant (k) or the molar free energy (ΔG) of the sorption reaction derived from the Langmuir equation were considerably decreased. On the other hand, phosphate sorption was decreased by increasing concentration of selenite from 0.2µg Se cm−3 to 1.0µg Se cm−3 in the initial solution. The competitive sorption of phosphate with selenite was likely the main mechanism involved in the P-Se interactions. The competitively sorbed selenite exhibited much larger desorption in 0.01M CaCl2 solution, more readily extractable to 0.5M NaHCO3 and significantly higher isotopic exchangeability compared to that sorbed without the competing anion. Results from pot trial using ryegrass indicated that phosphate application increased more efficiently the plant-availability of applied fertilizer Se than that of indegeneous Se in soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750246
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus and nitrogen limitation of algal biomass across trophic gradients (1994)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 16-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chlorophyll-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; lake ecosystem ; nutrient limitation ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regression results based on data from 46 northern temperate lakes show that total phosphorus (TP) is the best predictor for phytoplankton (as chl-a) at lower trophic levels, TP 〈 200 mg · m−3. A regression including both TP and TN as regressors is the best predictor for lakes with TP 〉 200 mg · m−3. However, the good correlation is probably due to a high correlation between lake average chl-a (all years observed) and lake average TP and TN. Within single hypereutrophic lakes, TN alone is the best predictor. It was not possible to identify a medium trophic domain where TN and TP in combination was the best predictor for chl-a. The ratio TN:TP in the water decreases from about 40 to about 5 with increasing trophic level. Optimum TN:TP ratio for algal species with high abundance during late summer and autumn reflects this decreasing ratio, but within a lesser range, i.e., 20 to 5. In contrast, TN:TP ratios for species abundant during the early vernal period showed no, or an inverse, relation to the TN:TP ratio of the water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877432
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus by precipitation in the drainage basin of the Santillana Reservoir (Madrid) (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 23 (1994), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Precipitation collector ; Nutrients rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus due to precipitation constitutes the second most important route after superficial runoff. The sampling carried out during a two-year period by means of a precipitation collector allows us to determine the contribution of this route both qualitatively and quantitatively. Nitrogen is mainly supplied in an inorganic form, while phosphorus is principally supplied as orthophosphate. During the period of this study (March 1986–February 1988) it was found that in the Santillana Reservoir Watershed the level of nitrogen supplied by precipitation constitutes an average of 4.87% and the level of phosphorus constitutes 8.01%. The contribution of nitrogen varies in inverse ratio to precipitation and the contribution of phosphorus varies in direct ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00766982
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of suspended matter in the distribution of dissolved inorganic phosphate, iron and aluminium in the Ems estuary (1994)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 28 (1994), S. 383-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Ems estuary ; phosphorus ; iron ; fluorescence ; aluminium ; adsorption ; suspended matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In winter 1992/1993, a persistent local maximum in fluorescence, dissolved iron, dissolved aluminium and dissolved inorganic phosphate was found, upstream of the turbidity maximum in the freshwater zone of the Ems estuary (The Netherlands — Federal Republic Germany; western Europe). Upstream of this local maximum values ranged from 6 to 9 rel. units fluorescence, 0.9 to 2.4 μmol dm−3 iron, 0.5 to 0.7 μmol dm−3 aluminium and 0.6 to 2.3 μmol dm−3 dissolved inorganic phosphate. Within the maximum peak values of 24 rel. units fluorescence, 5.8 μmol dm−3 iron, 1.4 μmol dm−3 aluminium and 8.3 μmol dm−3 dissolved inorganic phosphate were observed. Downstream, fluorescence (indicator of dissolved organic carbon) showed conservative mixing with sea water, whereas dissolved iron, aluminium and dissolved inorganic phosphate did not. Dissolved aluminium and iron were quickly removed from solution to reach values of ∼100 nmol dm−3 aluminium and ∼0.3 μmol·dm−3 Fe at salinities of approximately 7 PSU. Further seaward iron concentrations gradually decreased to levels below 0.04 μmol dm−3. Dissolved aluminium first decreased to ∼20 nmol dm−3 at 29 PSU and increased again to concentrations of 30–44 nmol dm−3 at higher salinities. Dissolved inorganic phosphate, however, first decreased to upstream concentrations before reaching a secondary peak in the mid-estuarine reaches. At salinities 〉25 PSU dissolved inorganic phosphate mixed conservatively with sea water. It is hypothesized that adsorption-desorption equilibria are responsible for the local maximum values of fluorescence (DOC), iron, aluminium and dissolved inorganic phosphate. The similarity between the observed curves suggests a common underlying process, possibly related to the adjustment of new equilibria between suspended matter of marine and riverine origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02334208
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of orthophosphate in highly saline waters (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 3 (1994), S. 159-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: phosphorus ; orthophosphate ; phosphomolybdenum blue ; salt effect ; hypersaline ; saline ; lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Standard methods for the determination of phosphorus as phosphate ion are now well established for fresh and marine waters. In highly saline waters, however, salt effects due to ionic strength, or to particular ions present, may result in method interferences. Three methods of analysis of phosphate based on the formation of phosphomolybdenum blue complexes have been evaluated here for hypersaline waters. Stannous chloride reduction in aqueous media exhibits a substantial salt effect and its use is not recommended. Stannous chloride reduction following extraction into non aqueous solvents shows a significant salt effect (up to 30 per cent) in solutions of salinity 〉100 g L−1. Dilution of hypersaline waters to below this salinity may overcome the salt effect but the method suffers from other disadvantages involving resource constraints and health and safety considerations. Ascorbic acid reduction, catalysed by antimony (III) ions, appears to offer the most promise for hypersaline waters. Turbidity in samples having high salinity (〉 100 g L−1) and high phosphorus concentrations (〉 500 μg P L−1) changes the spectral characteristics of solutions but linear calibration curves still result for concentrations in the range 400 to 1,000 μg P L−1. The occurrence of turbidity is also affected by the ionic composition of hypersaline waters since solutions made from sea salt give different results to those made from sodium chloride. Dilution of samples, to give salinities less than 100 g L−1 prior to reduction is recommended to avoid turbidity. The salt effect in these lower salinity waters is less than 3 per cent up to 100 g L−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990492
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and elemental content of several sagebrush-steppe species in unburned and post-wildfire soil and plant effects on soil attributes (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; revegetation ; silica ; succession ; shrubland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fire is the principal means of stand renewal in big sagebrush-steppe communities of western North America. Plant growth following fire may be influenced by heat-induced changes in the nutrient status of the soil. Moreover, post-wildfire pioneer plant species may alter soil properties, and thereby, impact subsequent plant recruitment. Our study compared the growth and elemental content of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), grown under greenhouse conditions in post-wildfire and similar unburned soil. We also examined soil attributes following plant growth. Cheatgrass and squirreltail, grown in post-wildfire soil, had significantly (p≤0.05) greater aboveground mass than plants grown in unburned soil. As compared with unburned soil, post-wildfire soil engendered the following significant (p≤0.05) differences in leaf elemental content: 1) big sagebrush had higher levels of P and lower levels of Mn; 2) squirreltail accumulated more P and N; and 3) all grass species had higher SiO2 content. Following harvest of plants, post-wildfire soil generally contained significantly (p≤0.05) more KCl-extractable ortho-P, NH inf4 + , and SO 4 − , than unburned soil. Plant growth in both burned and unburned soils fostered a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the bicarbonate-extractable pool of P as compared with unplanted controls. Soil Kjeldahl-N was significantly (p≤0.05) greater after plant growth in burned treatments as compared with the control. This study demonstrates that post-wildfire soil can have a stimulatory effect on plant growth for some species. Squirreltail deserves consideration as a post-wildfire revegetation species. Furthermore, pioneer plant growth following wildfires can attenuate soil properties and therefore influence plant succession.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010108
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subterranean clover decline in permanent pastures in north-eastern Victoria (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 231-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: phosphorus ; root disease ; soil acidity ; subterranean clover ; yield decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experimental sites were established at two locations in north-eastern Victoria to define factors limiting the establishment and growth of Trifolium subterranean L. (subterranean clover). Liming the soil, seed inoculation and fungicide application were used in renovating subterranean clover pasture on two acidic soils (Longwood: brown/grey sandy loam DY 3.14 and Seymour: grey brown light clay DY 3.22, Northcote classification) with mean annual rainfall of 650 mm and 600 mm respectively. Soil acidity, low available soil phosphorus and plant disease were identified as factors limiting clover yield on these soils. Significant yield responses to lime (35–140%) were obtained with subterranean clover at both sites, with corresponding decreases in Al in the 0–10 cm soil horizon. Liming the soil, when combined with seed inoculation, increased the number and effectiveness of root nodules at both sites. Soil P available for plant growth was low at both sites (6.1 and 8.4 μg g−1) resulting in sub-optimal P concentrations in the clover herbage (45 mmol kg−1 at Longwood). Levels of root disease were low but Aphanomyces euteiches and Phytophthora clandestina (causal agents of lateral and tap root rot) were detected frequently on roots. Application of fungicide resulted in higher dry matter yields (p=0.05) at both sites. An assessment of the relative contributions of these limiting factors and the benefits to be obtained from better management would provide a clearer picture of the profitability and sustainability of this farming system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010075
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus depletion in the rhizosphere as influenced by soil moisture (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 159 (1994), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: concentration gradient ; diffusion ; phosphorus ; rhizosphere ; soil moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the influence of soil moisture on phosphorus (P) depletion in the rhizosphere, maize (Zea mays cv. Trak) was pre-grown in vermiculite filled-PVC tubes for 9 days and then the plants with the tubes were transplanted into soil columns maintained at two soil moisture levels (θ) of 0.14 and 0.20 cm3 cm−3 for 10 days. The soil columns were separated at 1 cm depth by a nylon screen of 53 μm inner mesh size, into 1 cm soil layer above and 3 cm soil column below screen. A root mat developed over the screen, but root hairs only could penetrate it. Regardless of the soil moisture level in the columns, and adequate and equal water and nutrients supply was maintained via wicks from an external nutrient solution to the plant roots in vermiculite. After 10 days, the soil columns were separated from the root mats, quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and sliced into thin layers (0.2mm) using a refrigerated microtome to give soil samples at defined distances from the root mats for analyses. Lower soil moisture (θ=0.14) resulted in narrower and steeper depletion profile of 0.5 M NaHCO3 extractable P (NaHCO3-Pi) as compared to higher soil moisture (θ=0.20). Depletion of P in soil solution in the immediate vicinity of root mats did not differ much but the extension of the depletion zones was 0.10 cm at θ=0.14 and 0.20 cm at θ=0.20. The depletion up to 0.05cm with θ=0.14 and up to 0.07 cm with θ=0.20 was uniform, and may be attributed to the depletion in the root hair zone. Beyond the root hair zones, the theory of diffusion and mass flow was able to explain the observed differences in shape and extent of the P depletion profiles at the two soil moisture levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009283
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of elevated CO2 on mycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbohydrates ; ectomycorrhizae ; elevated CO2 ; phosphorus ; Pinus taeda L. ; Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and phosphorus supply on mycorrhizal colonization rates were investigated using loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings from Florida and coastal North Carolina. Seedlings from both populations were grown in greenhouses maintained at either 35.5 Pa or 71.0 Pa CO2. In both CO2 treatments, seedlings were grown in a full factorial experiment with or without mycorrhizal inoculum and with an adequate or a limiting supply of phosphorus. Seedlings were harvested 60, 90 and 120 days after emergence and at each harvest root subsamples were examined to determine the percent of fine roots that were mycorrhizal. Additionally, root carbohydrate and nutrient levels were measured at each harvest. Root starch, sugar and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations were increased by growth in elevated CO2 and decreased by mycorrhizal colonization. Phosphorus stress decreased root starch concentrations, increased root sugar concentrations and did not significantly affect TNC concentrations. However, despite significant effects on root carbohydrate levels, there were generally no significant treatment effects on mycorrhizal colonization. Additionally, at all harvests, root starch and sugar concentrations were not correlated with percent of fine roots that were mycorrhizal. These results suggest that although elevated CO2 may significantly increase root carbohydrate levels, the increases may not affect the percent of fine roots that are mycorrhizal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009965
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced root system C-sink activity, water relations and aspects of nutrient acquisition in mycotrophic Bouteloua gracilis subjected to CO2 enrichment (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: blue grama ; Bouteloua gracilis ; C4 grass ; CO2 enrichment ; mycorrhizae ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; VAM ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to better elucidate fixed-C partitioning, nutrient acquisition and water relations of prairie grasses under elevated [CO2], we grew the C4 grass Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) lag ex Steud. from seed in soil-packed, column-lysimeters in two growth chambers maintained at current ambient [CO2] (350 μL L−1) and twice enriched [CO2] (700 μL L−1). Once established, plants were deficit irrigated; growth chamber conditions were maintained at day/night temperatures of 25/16°C, relative humidities of 35%/90% and a 14-hour photoperiod to simulate summer conditions on the shortgrass steppe in eastern Colorado. After 11 weeks of growth, plants grown under CO2 enrichment had produced 35% and 65% greater total and root biomass, respectively, and had twice the level of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection (19.8% versus 10.8%) as plants grown under current ambient [CO2]. The CO2-enriched plants also exhibited greater leaf water potentials and higher plant water use efficiencies. Plant N uptake was reduced by CO2 enrichment, while P uptake appeared little influenced by CO2 regime. Under the conditions of the experiment, CO2 enrichment increased root biomass and VAM infection via stimulated growth and adjustments in C partitioning below-ground.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009970
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth response and phosphorus uptake of rye with long and short root hairs: Interactions with mycorrhizal infection (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efficiency ; Glomus intraradices ; phosphorus ; root hair ; rye ; Secale cereale L. ; VA mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant growth and phosphorus (P) uptake of two selections of rye (Secale cereale L.) differing in length of root hairs, in response to mycorrhizal infection were investigated. Rye plants with short root hairs (SRH) had a greater length of root infected by Glomus intraradices (up to 32 m pot−1) than those with long root hairs (LRH) (up to 10 m pot−1). Application of P decreased the percentage of root length infected in both selections. In low-P soil, mycorrhizal infection increased shoot and root P concentration, especially in LRH plants. Generally, LRH had higher shoot dry weight than SRH plants. P uptake was increased both by LRH and by mycorrhizal infection. Differences in specific P uptake and P utilization efficiency between SRH and LRH plants were observed in non-mycorrhizal plants. With low P supply, P utilization efficiency (dry matter yield per unit of P taken up) of LRH plants increased with time. However, mycorrhizal infection reduced P utilization efficiency, particularly of SRH plants. SRH plants, which were agronomically less efficient (i.e. low dry matter yield at low P supply) were more responsive to either mycorrhizal infection or P addition than the LRH plants. No interaction was observed between mycorrhizal infection and root hair length.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007951
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient uptake in eastern deciduous tree seedlings (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 160 (1994), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gaps ; ion uptake ; nitrogen ; nutrient acquisition ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tree seedlings that colonize large treefall gaps are generally shade-intolerant species with high potential relative growth rates. Nutrient availability may be significantly elevated in disturbance-induced gaps, however, little is known about the role of differences in nutrient uptake capacities of different species in structuring the community response to gap openings in eastern North American deciduous forests. Seven tree species were grown from seed under both a high and a low nutrient regime, and uptake kinetics of phosphate, ammonium, and nitrate were studied. Yellow birch, a species with intermediate shade tolerance and relative growth rate, had the highest maximum rates of uptake of all ions, while tulip tree, a gap-colonizing species with high relative growth rate, had the lowest rate of phosphate uptake and intermediate rates of ammonium and nitrate uptake. Beech and hickory, which have low relative growth rates and are not gap-colonizing species, had intermediate levels of nutrient uptake. There was no evidence that species with the highest maximum uptake rates measured at high supply concentrations had relatively low uptake at low nutrient supply concentrations. Although birch increased phosphate absorption capacity when grown under a low nutrient regime, this pattern did not hold for nitrate or ammonium uptake, and other species showed no change in nutrient uptake capacity according to nutrient growth regime. Clearly, factors other than nutrient absorption capacity, such as nutrient use efficiency or allocation to root vs. shoot biomass, underlie differences in species' capacities to colonize and maintain a high relative growth rate in canopy gaps.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010145
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  • 17
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    Carbon cost of root systems: an architectural approach (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon cost ; phosphorus ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; root architecture ; root growth ; root simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root architecture is an important component of nutrient uptake and may be sensitive to carbon allocational changes brought about by rising CO2. We describe a deformable geometric model of root growth, SimRoot, for the dynamic morphological and physiological simulation of root architectures. Using SimRoot, and measurements of root biomass deposition, respiration and exudation, carbon/phosphorus budgets were developed for three contrasting root architectures. Carbon allocation patterns and phosphorus acquisition efficiencies were estimated for Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings with either a dichotomous, herringbone, or empirically determined bean root architecture. Carbon allocation to biomass, respiration, and exudation varied significantly among architectures. Root systems also varied in the relationship between C expenditure and P acquisition, providing evidence for the importance of architecture in nutrient acquisition efficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009972
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  • 18
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    Effects of growth period, plant age and changes in solution aluminium concentrations on aluminium toxicity in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; growth period ; phosphorus ; plant age ; root length ; root width ; solution culture ; techniques ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of growth period (time between transplanting and harvesting), plant age at which aluminium (Al) was added to solution, changes in Al concentration, and solution culture techniques (monitoring and adjusting solution Al concentrations thrice weekly or weekly replacement of the solutions) were investigated using a low ionic strength (2.7×10−3 M) solution culture technique. The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Waalt (Al-tolerant) and Warigal (Al-sensitive), or the near isogenic lines bred from these cultivars (RR for the Al-tolerant line and SS for the Al-sensitive line) were grown. In all experiments and treatments, Al additions were required to maintain the nominal concentration. The decline in solution Al concentrations was partially attributed to formation of an Al-hydroxy-phosphate precipitate with an Al:P molar ratio of 2.8 to 4.0. Increasing the growth period from 14 to 28 days increased Al sensitivity in Warigal but not in Waalt. When plants were exposed to Al for the same time, increasing the age of the plants that Al was added to solution decreased sensitivity to Al. Differential Al tolerance between the two lines was evident when solutions were monitored thrice weekly or replaced weekly. However, the Al concentration required to reduce relative yield by a given amount when the solutions were replaced weekly was about twice that when the solutions were monitored. With a constant growth period of 28 days, increasing solution Al concentrations for 3 or more days resulted in decreased yields at harvest. The exact effect depended on the cultivar, plant part (tops or roots), when solution Al concentrations were increased and the duration of the increase. For example, increasing Al concentrations from 5 μM to 20 μM for 10 days reduced yield in the RR line by approximately 50% in the tops and 30% in the roots beyond the effect of 5 M but had no effect in the SS line due to yields already being low at 5 μM. Adding 10 μM Al to solution for 6 days at the beginning of the experiment reduced yield by 25% in the RR line and 50% in the SS line. In contrast, adding 10 μM Al for 6 days in the middle of the growth cycle had no effect on the RR line but reduced yield by approximately 25% in the SS line. These results show that growth period, the age of the plants at which Al is added and the technique used (monitored or weekly replacement) all need to be considered when comparing results from different experiments. These results also show that the Al concentrations in solution need to be regularly monitored in long term experiments.
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  • 19
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    Colonisation of wheat by VA-mycorrhizal fungi was found to be higher on a farm managed in an organic manner than on a conventional neighbour (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 160 (1994), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: organic agriculture ; phosphorus ; rock phosphate ; VA-mycorrhizas ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Levels of colonisation by vesicular-arbuscular (VA)-mycorrhizal fungi were compared between adjacent farms, one operated in a conventional manner and the other run according to organic farming principles. Wheat grown on the organic farm was found to have VA-mycorrhizal colonisation levels consistently 2 to 3 times higher than wheat on the conventional farm. Glasshouse and field trials indicated that the lower colonisation levels on the conventional farm were due to continual use of fertiliser containing soluble phosphorus (P). The fertiliser appeared to have an immediate negative effect on the rate of colonisation, and also appeared to have a long term negative effect through maintaining higher levels of soluble P in the soil, and by decreasing inoculum levels. Use of the relatively insoluble reactive rock phosphate fertiliser on the organic farm did not decrease levels of VA-mycorrhizas. Colonisation levels did not vary between wheat varieties, and herbicides and seed dressings were also not found to be having any significant effect on levels of colonisation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00150343
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  • 20
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    Nutrient balances and phytoplankton dynamics in two agriculturally loaded shallow lakes (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 359-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agriculture ; blue-green algae ; eutrophication ; internal loading ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The impact of agriculture was estimated on two shallow, eutrophic lakes, Lake Kotojärvi and Lake Villikkalanjärvi in southern Finland. The main emphasis was on phosphorus and nitrogen budgets and on the phytoplankton dynamics. Special attention was paid to internal P loading and blue-green algal blooms. The mean Tot-P load from agricultural land was 1.2 kg ha-1 a-1 in both basins and Tot-N loads were 19 kg ha-1 a-1 in L. Villikkalanjärvi and 12 kg ha-1 a-1 in L. Kotojärvi. The Tot-P input to L. Kotojärvi was on an average 0.62 g m-2 a-1 (per lake surface area), and the Tot-N input 9.1 g m-2 a-1. The corresponding inputs to L. Villikkalanjärvi were 3.1 and 57 g m-2 a-1, respectively. The annual variation followed the runoff volumes. About half of the Tot-P and one third of the Tot-N load was retained in L. Kotojärvi. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the retention was only 24% for Tot-P and 19% for Tot-N. The difference was very probably due to a longer theoretical retention time in L. Kotojärvi. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the mean concentration of Tot-P was 120 µg 1-1 and that of Tot-N 1700 µg 1-1 and the corresponding figures in L. Kotojärvi 67 and 990 µg 1-1, respectively. The mean chlorophyll a concentration was, however, higher in L. Kotojärvi (26 µg 1-1) than in L. Villikkalanjärvi (20 µg 1-1). This was probably due to an internal P load in L. Kotojärvi: in 1988 the internal load of dissolved P was estimated to be as much as twofold the external load. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the internal dissolved P load was only up to 50% of the external input. In L. Kotojärvi the high internal P load coupled with a low DIN:DIP ratio resulted in a strong blue-green algal bloom in the summer of 1988. In L. Villikkalanjärvi blue-green algae were observed only in small amounts. Even in August 1990, when the DIN:DIP ratio was low enough to favor the occurrence of blue-green algae, they contributed only up to 10–15% of the total phytoplankton biomass.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026726
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  • 21
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    A diatom-phosphorus transfer function for shallow, eutrophic ponds in southeast England (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 391-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: diatoms ; phosphorus ; palaeolimnology ; transfer function ; United Kingdom ; shallow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shallow ponds in southeast England are often eutrophic with high phosphorus concentrations. The aim of this study was to develop a diatom-phosphorus ‘transfer function’ to enable past phosphorus levels in such waters to be inferred from the sediment record. A water chemistry survey of 123 randomly chosen, shallow, artificial ponds in southeast England was carried out. Principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that phosphorus was an important environmental variable. A subset of 31 sites was selected along a total phosphorus (TP) gradient (winter TP range 7–1123 µg 1-1), in order to explore the relationship between the surface-sediment diatom assemblages and the contemporary water chemistry using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Annual mean TP was the most significant variable in explaining the variance in the diatom species data. Weighted averaging (WA) regression and calibration techniques were used to generate a transfer function, enabling annual mean TP (range 25–646 µg 1-1) to be inferred from the diatom species TP optima of 102 common taxa in the dataset (r 2 = 0.79; RMSE = 0.161; RMSE(boot) = 0.279; n = 30). The model was applied to fossil diatom assemblages in a sediment core from Marsworth Reservoir, Hertfordshire, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), with currently high TP levels of 476 µg 1-1, to reconstruct past epilimnetic annual mean TP concentrations. The study shows that artificial, shallow waters can be suitable for palaeolimnological research and that it is possible to reliably infer lake water TP using the WA technique, across a large range of phosphorus concentrations. This method has the potential to provide limnologists, conservationists and water quality managers with an estimate of pre-enrichment phosphorus concentrations and an indication of the onset and development of eutrophication at a site. This information is essential for lake management strategies and restoration programmes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026729
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  • 22
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    Nutrient metabolism (C, N, P, and Si) in the trophogenic zone of a meromictic lake (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 277 (1994), S. 17-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: carbon ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; silica ; sedimentation ; mineralization ; meromixis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of seston and dissolved elements in a meromictic lake with high concentrations of manganese and iron in the monimolimnion were studied through an annual cycle. This publication presents results for assimilation, sedimentation and recovery of nutrients (C, N, P, and Si) in the trophogenic zone. Phosphorus deficiency kept the productivity of the diatom dominated phytoplankton at an oligotrophic level. High concentrations of iron in influent streams and redistribution followed by precipitation of iron during periods of partial turnover removed phosphorus from the water. High concentrations of manganese and sulfate did not have the anticipated fertilizing effect, and recovery of nutrients from the depth of the lake was negligible. Mass balance calculations indicate that liberation of phosphorus from the sediments in the trophogenic zone was most important for the maintenance of primary production. 75% of carbon, 80% of nitrogen and 25% of phosphorus assimilated by the phytoplankton was mineralized in the trophogenic zone. Silica was effectively regenerated from the littoral zone during the decline of diatom blooms. Nitrogen and silica retention was 45% of the external load compared to 66% for phosphorus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023983
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  • 23
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    The importance of avian-contributed nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to Lake Grand-Lieu, France (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 279-280 (1994), S. 133-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; birds ; lake ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; eutrophisation ; oiseaux ; lac ; azote ; phosphore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le plus grand lac de plaine français, Grand-Lieu, est actuellement largement eutrophisé. Le but de cette étude est d'estimer l'importation annuelle de N et P par les fientes des oiseaux qui s'alimentent à l'extérieur du lac, et de la comparer avec les apports des rivières alimentant le lac. Deux années sont comparées: 1981–82 et 1990–91. Les populations nicheuses (jusqu'à 956 couples de hérons cendrés et 136 couples de grands cormorans et 30 000 canards) et hivernantes (jusqu'à 17 000 canards, 1100 grands cormorans, 15 000 goélands et 2,4 millions d'étourneaux) ont respectivement importé 5800 kg de N total en 1981–82 et 7640 en 1990–91, soit 0,7% et 0,4% des entrées totales du système, et 2000 à 2530 kg de P total soit 2,4 et 6,6% des entrées. Les étourneaux sont responsables des trois quarts des apports d'azote par les oiseaux, et les canards de l'essentiel du reste, tandis que la part des étourneaux baisse pour le phosphore (36% en 1981–82 et 41% en 1990–91), au profit des Canards et des Hérons (respectivement 35% et 27% en 1981–82, 22% et 24% en 1990–91). Mais pendant la phase de croissance végétale (avril–septembre), la part des oiseaux monte jusqu'à 37% des entrées totales de phosphore. L'action localisée des colonies d'oiseaux piscivores est significative, avec une teneur de phosphore 42 fois plus grande dans l'eau sous la colonie qu'à l'extérieur des colonies. A l'échelle du l'ac, l'action actuelle globalement mineure des oiseaux sur les apports totaux d'azote et de phosphore est largement due à l'augmentation catastrophique des apports d'origine humaine (agriculture intensive et stations d'épuration). La teneur moyenne des rivières atteint désormais 10 mg l−1 de N (jusqu'à 23 mg en crue) et 394 mg m−3 de P (jusqu'à 468 mg en crue). Avant cette pollution généralisée, l'eau des rivières bretonnes ne contenait dans les années 1960 que 0,1 à 1,1 mg l−1 de N et 1 à 5 mg m−3 de P lors des périodes de débits maximum. A cette époque, les oiseaux représentaient probablement jusqu'à 36% des apports de N et 95% des apports de P dans les entrées du système lacustre.
    Notes: Abstract The largest natural lake in France, Grand-Lieu, has suffered eutrophication. The objective of the study was to estimate the annual input of nutrients (N, P) resulting from avian excrement, deposited by birds feeding out of the lake and returning to its waters for breeding or roosting, as compared to the input by the rivers that enter in the lake. Two years are compared: 1981–82 and 1990–91. About 1600–2000 breeding herons and cormorants, 20 000–33 000 wintering ducks, gulls and cormorants and 1–2.4 million starlings deposited about 5800 kg total N in 1981–82 and 7640 kg in 1990–91. Respectively, 2000 and 2530 kg total P were deposited over the same time periods. These represent 0.7% and 0.4% of the total N input of the lake and 2.4 and 6.6% of the total P input in 1981–82 and 1990–91. Starlings account for 74% of the N and mallards most of the rest. P input by starlings (36% in 1981–82, 41% in 1990–91), and by mallards and herons (35% and 27% in 1981–82 and 22% and 24% in 1990–91 respectively) plays an appreciable role among birds. During the plant growing period (April–September), the contribution by birds can increase to 37% of total P input of the lake. Piscivorous bird colonies concentrate Phosphorus 42 times more within the colony than outside the colony. Overall, the role birds play in total N and P input is relatively small due to very high inputs from human sewage and agriculture run off. The monthly mean concentration of the water of the two rivers reaches currently 10 mg l−1 of N (to 23 mg during peak floods) and 394 mg m−3 of P (to 468 mg during peak floods). Earlier, for example in the 1960's, water in Brittany only contained 0.1 to 1.1 mg 1−1 of N and 1 to 5 mg m−3 of P during the maximum flow period. At this time, birds could probably have represented annually up to 37% of the N input and up to 95% of the P input to the lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027848
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  • 24
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    Different responses to changes in phosphorus, P, among lakes. A study of slopes in chl-a = f(P) graphs (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 286 (1994), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Lake ; eutrophication ; phytoplankton ; phosphorus ; non-linear interpolation ; chlorophyll-a
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The least squares estimator of a linear regression coefficient βL will give an overall expression for the change in Δ with Δx. In fresh water ecology, however, subgroups, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiuaSGaci% 4Aaaaa!37BE!\[P\operatorname{k}\], of a parent population may have slopes which differ from the overall slope, βκ ≠ βL. By constructing frequency histograms for the set of angles: Arctang % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4uaSGaam% yAaiaadQgaaaa!38AE!\[\operatorname{S} ij\],% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4uaSGaam% yAaiaadQgaaaa!38AE!\[\operatorname{S} ij\]= para sa y and x% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadM% faliaadMgakiabgkHiTiaadMfaliaadQgakiaacMcacaGGVaGaaiik% aiaadIhaliaadMgakiabgkHiTiaadIhaliaadQgakiaacMcaaaa!42F0!\[(Yi - Yj)/(xi - xj)\], i 〈 j, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaSGaam% yAaOGaeyiyIKRaamiEaSGaamOAaaaa!3BAB!\[xi \ne xj\], peaks in the distribution may be identified and related to ecological phenomenon. To identify peaks we fit Gaussian distributions to the frequency histograms. For a set consisting of 142 observations of chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus (nutrient) concentrations (TP) from 16 lakes we found four Gaussian peaks corresponding to four subgroups, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiuaSGaci% 4Aaaaa!37BE!\[P\operatorname{k}\]k = 1,4. One group identified a response of chl-a to changes in TP which correspond approximately to the average slope found by least square regression (the slope was 0.49). The second group consisted of steeper response than the average (1.28). A third group showed that there is an enhanced proportion of cases where chl-a does not respond to TP (zero slope, all the three deep lakes 〉 10 m, included in the date set contributed to this group). The size of the last group, spanning a wide range of slopes, suggested that about 30% of the inter annual changes in chl-a is unrelated to TP. The results are compared to result obtained by simple least squares regression and to the Theil non-parametric slope estimator.
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    Chlorophyll-phosphorus relationship in acidified lakes of the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 274 (1994), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; phosphorus ; mountain lakes ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (CHLA) were measured in 28 lakes in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) from 1983 to 1990. The relationship between log CHLA and log TP in the Tatra lakes is similar to relationships developed for lakes in other regions, but variation is higher. A part of this variation is caused by acidification of the lakes. In the lakes with pH between 4.9 and 6.3 the CHLA concentrations are often extremely low while TP concentrations decreased, but not as drastically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014640
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    Nutrient cycling in shallow, oligotrophic Lake Kvie, Denmark (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 267-276 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; redox potential ; sediment ; rhizosphere ; macrophyte ; lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The importance of isoetids for the exchange of phosphorus between sediment and water was studied in the shallow Lake Kvie, Denmark. Vegetated sediments from the littoral zone (55% of lake area) were compared to unvegetated sediments from the littoral and profundal zone. Porewater concentration of soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) was in general low, however, different distributions were found in the three sediments. The vegetated littoral sediment showed highest conc. of SRP just below the surface and decreasing conc. with sediment depth. The SRP release was low on all stations ( 〈 40 µmol m-2 d-1). The observed release of SRP on the vegetated station was much lower than the calculated diffusional flux probably due to assimilation of P by isoetids and binding of SRP to oxidized Fe. The high redox potential in the rhizosphere was probably caused by oxygen excretion from roots. The annual P release from vegetated sediments were only 5% of the P requirements of the macrophytes. The efficient plant assimilation of SRP from the porewater resulted in a small SRP pool with a very fast turnover of P of 500–900 times per year. Both the effects of isoetids on the P cycle in littoral sediments and on the P budget of the entire lake indicate that this plant group is important for keeping lakes in an oligotrophic state.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026717
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    Can Chara control phosphorus cycling in Lake Łuknajno (Poland)? (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 277-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; eutrophication ; Chara aspera ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Waters of Lake Łuknajno (623 ha, 3 m max. depth postglacial basin in Masurian Lakeland) are of meso-eutrophic type in spite of an intensive land impact and substantial phosphorus loading. The reason of this peculiarity is an abundance of 4 species of charophytes (Chara aculeolata, C. aspera, C. contraria and C. tomentosa) which dominate the submerged vegetation of the lake and yielded 417 g m-2 dry biomass in summer 1991. The plants have high potential for phosphorus uptake and accumulation as was checked in laboratory experiments. Due to this potential Chara can outcompete planktonic algae in mixed cultures at different mineral P supplies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026718
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    Phosphorus fluctuation in water and deposition into sediment within an emergent macrophyte stand (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; sediment ; lake littoral ; Equisetum fluviatile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal fluctuation of phosphorus in water, and total phosphorus and different inorganic P fractions (extracted by NH4Cl, NH4F, NaOH and H2SO4) and organic P fraction (residual P) in surface sediment, were measured in the littoral of oligotrophic Lake Pääjärvi (southern Finland). After the emergence of Equisetum fluviatile L. shoots in mid June, water exchange between the littoral and pelagial area diminished and phosphorus concentrations in water and in surface sediment increased in the inner and mid littoral zones. Phosphorus pool in flocculent, ‘easily resuspensible’ sediment composed on average 62% of inorganic phosphorus and 38% of organic phosphorus. 63% of the inorganic phosphorus, on the average, was extracted from ‘apatite-P fraction’ 29% from ‘iron-P fraction’ 7% from ‘aluminum-P fraction’ and less than 1% from ‘loosely-bound P fraction’. During the growing season, net accumulation of sediment and phosphorus was measured only in the inner littoral zone whereas the outer littoral zones acted rather as a source of phosphorus for the pelagic area. The results of this study indicated that nutrient dynamics in littoral environment was through changes in flow environment greatly governed by the macrophytes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026719
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    Recent palaeolimnology of three shallow Danish lakes (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 411-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: diatoms ; phosphorus ; weighted averaging ; lake sediments ; carbonates ; radionuclides ; mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent eutrophication histories of three shallow lakes (mean depths 〈3 m) were studied using palaeolimnological methods. Freeze-cores were dated using 210Pb, 137Cs, 134Cs and 241Am. Resultant chronologies were problematical at two sites (Væng Sø and Vesterborg Sø) due to sediment-water interface mixing, indicated by uniform 137Cs profiles over the surface 20–30 cm. Sediments at Langesø and Vesterborg Sø have a high carbonate content, which together with the high mixing rate have resulted in diatom dissolution below 30 cm at Vesterborg Sø. Diatom stratigraphy indicates relatively small biological changes at both Væng Sø and Langesø both lakes have been eutrophic for at least the last 150–200 years. Væng Sø is dominated by planktonic diatoms together with high percentages of benthic Fragilaria spp., and Langesø by planktonic diatoms, especially Cyclostephanos dubius and Stephanodiscus parvus. Epilimnetic phosphorus concentrations were inferred using weighted averaging; at Væng Sø the diatom-inferred TP (DI-TP) concentrations were close to observed values in the early 1980s, but failed to record the post-biomanipulation decrease to 55 μg l-1 after 1988, presumably due to the smoothing of the sediment record by resuspension and mixing. At Langesø two increases in DI-TP suggest a two-phase enrichment of the lake, initial eutrophication ∼ 1880, and hypertrophy after 1950. The recent DI-TP values are lower than the annual observed values, and reasons for this are discussed. Despite problems associated with sediment mixing, the sediment records of these shallow systems can still be used for monitoring and for environmental reconstructions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026730
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    High resolution measurements of sediment resuspension above an accumulation bottom in a stratified lake (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 284 (1994), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment ; resuspension ; lakes ; optical measurements ; transmissometer ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A detailed record of suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations in the benthic boundary layer (BBL) 1.5 m above an accumulation bottom and 13.5 m below the surface was obtained from frequent (30 min interval) beam attenuation measurements made with a Sea Tech transmissometer in the main basin of Lake Erken, a moderately deep (mean depth 9 m, maximum depth 21 m) dimictic lake in central Sweden. Concentrations of SPM (g m−3) were not as strongly correlated to the beam attenuation coefficient (c, [m−1]), as were concentrations of the inorganic SPM fraction. Apparently, this was caused by large optically inactive organic particles which significantly affected the measurements of SPM, but had little effect on the attenuation of light. When the water column was thermally stratified, SPM concentrations in the BBL showed a seasonal increase which was related to an increase in the thermocline depth. As the epilimnion deepened, there was also a marked increase in the occurrence of rapid and large changes in SPM concentration. After the loss of stratification, the amount of SPM and the temporal variability in its concentration was reduced. Since surface waves could not influence sediment resuspension at the depth of measurement, these data show the importance of internal waves in promoting sediment resuspension in areas of sediment accumulation. The relatively short period in each summer, when the thermocline reaches a sufficient depth to allow for resuspension over accumulation bottoms, can have important consequences for both the redistribution of lake sediments and the internal loading of phosphorus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005730
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    Bioavailability of phosphorus in agriculturally loaded rivers in southern Finland (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 287 (1994), S. 179-194 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agriculture ; phosphorus ; bioavailability ; bioassays ; isotherms ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The potential bioavailability of phosphorus in agriculturally loaded rivers of southern Finland was determined by an algal bioassay and the release of the potentially bioavailable particulate P was estimated by sorption studies. According to the bioassay 0 to 13.2 per cent (mean 5.1%) of the particulate P in river water samples was potentially bioavailable. Dissolved reactive P (DRP) in river waters appeared to be totally bioavailable whereas the dissolved unreactive P appeared not to be utilized by algae. In addition to river waters two lake sediment samples were also assayed. In these samples 0 and 2.6% of the P was bioavailable. The potential bioavailability of particulate P in agriculturally loaded rivers obtained in this study was lower than that reported in studies from other countries. The difference was assumed to arise partly from methodological factors and partly from the nature of the Finnish soils. The EPC (equilibrium phosphate concentration) values indicated that during the period when most of the agricultural loading enters the lakes in Finland, potentially bioavailable P is not released from the particles because of the relatively high DRP concentration in the receiving waters. However, during the algal production period the DRP concentration in lakes decreases below the EPC and potentially bioavailable particulate P is desorbed. The increase in pH during this period may further enhance the desorption of P.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010733
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    Scion-rootstock relationships with respect to height growth and foliar concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in reciprocal grafts of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (1994)
    Springer
    New forests 8 (1994), S. 71-79 
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    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: foliage ; grafting ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; rootstock ; scion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Both scion and rootstock clones significantly influenced scion elongation and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the scion foliage. Scion clone was the more important determinant. Scion clone × rootstock clone interactions were not significant. The ability of a clone to elongate as a scion was not correlated with its capacity to promote or retard scion elongation when used as a rootstock. Genetic differences in foliar nutrient concentrations appeared to reflect levels of nutrient demand, rather than the ability of roots to absorb nutrients. Nutrient demand of the rootstock can also explain negative correlations between nitrogen levels in rootstock clones and levels of both nitrogen and phosphorus in the scions. There was no significant relationship between scion elongation and foliar nitrogen concentrations of either rootstock or scion. The weak relationship between scion elongation and concentration of phosphorus in the rootstock apparently resulted from tissue dilution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034132
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    Assessment of nutrient availability and limitation using macroalgae (1994)
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    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 3 (1994), S. 27-34 
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    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; critical tissue concentrations ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; macroalgae ; biomonitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Discs of the macroalga,Ulva lactuca L., were transplanted around an ocean outfall and at a reference site in Køge Bay, Denmark, to assess the influence of the outfall on the nutrient availability. At 2-wk intervals, samples were collected and analyzed for growth, nitrogen, and phosphorus content. The tissue concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased with distance to the outfall, showing that the tissue concentrations are suitable for monitoring nutrient availability in coastal areas and provide a time-integrated measure of the nutrient availability. The lowest tissue concentrations of nitrogen were recorded at the reference station, where the internal concentrations generally were below the critical concentration level, showing that nitrogen limited the growth. At the station located close to the outfall, the flux of nitrogen was sufficient to maintain the maximum growth rate. The tissue concentrations of phosphorus were only below the critical concentration level on one occasion, and the result showed a net uptake throughout the study period. It was concluded that in the Køge Bay, nitrogen was the main limiting factor for macroalgae growth during the summer. The applicability of tissue concentrations for assessment of nutrient availability is discussed and it is considered that the method, when evaluated against established critical concentrations, provides a valuable tool for assessing ecosystem health with regard to eutrophication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045154
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    Variable rates of phosphate uptake by shallow marine carbonate sediments: Mechanisms and ecological significance (1994)
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    Biogeochemistry 25 (1994), S. 127-146 
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    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: carbonate sediments ; phosphate adsorption ; phosphorus ; phosphorus limitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We determined phosphate uptake by calcareous sediments at two locations within a shallow lagoon in Bermuda that varied in trophic status, with one site being mesotrophic and the other being more eutrophic. Phosphate adsorption over a six hour period was significantly faster in sediments from the mesotrophic site. Uptake at both sites was significantly less than that reported for a similar experiment on calcareous sediments in an oligotrophic lagoon in the Bahamas. The difference in phosphorus adsorption between our sites did not appear to be related to sediment characteristics often cited as important, such as differences in surface area (as inferred from grain size distributions), total organic matter content, or iron content. However, the sediment total phosphorus contents were inversely related to phosphorus uptake at our sites in Bermuda, and at the previously studied Bahamas site. We hypothesize that phosphate uptake in these calcareous sediments is a multi-step process, as previously described for fluvial sediments or pure calcium carbonate solids, with rapid initial surface chemisorption followed by a slower incorporation into the carbonate solid-phase matrix. Accordingly, sediments already richer in solid phase phosphorus take up additional phosphate more slowly since the slower incorporation of surface-adsorbed phosphate into the carbonate matrix limits the rate of renewal of surface-reactive adsorption sites. Although carbonate sediments are a sink for phosphate, and thereby reduce the availability of phosphorus for benthic macrophytes and phytoplankton in the shallow overlying water, phosphate uptake by these sediments appears to decrease along a gradient from oligotrophic to eutrophic sites. If our result is general, it implies a positive feedback in phosphorus availability, with a proportionately greater percentage of phosphorus loading being biologically available longer as phosphorus loading increases. This pattern is supported by the significantly higher tissue phosphorus content of the seagrass,Thalassia testudinum, collected from the eutrophic inner bay site. Over time, this effect may tend to cause a shift from phosphorus to nitrogen limitation in some calcareous marine environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000882
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    Mycorrhizal dependency of micropropagated argan tree (Argania spinosa): II. Mineral nutrition (1994)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 27 (1994), S. 67-77 
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    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Argania spinosa ; micro-elements ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; V.A. mycorrhization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de la mycorhization V.A. sur la nutrition minérale de 2 clones d'Arganier (Argania spinosa) a été étudiée sur des plantules micropropagées in vitro poussant en conditions contrôlées. L'inoculation (qui augmentait la production de matière sèche d'un facteur 4,5) accroit également la teneur des plantes en phosphore, notamment dans les feuilles, et les plantes mycorhizées mobilisent 15 fois plus de phosphore que les plantes non inoculées. La teneur en azote est légèrement plus faible chez les plantes mycorhizées mais au total ces dernières exportent 3 fois plus d'azote. L'absorption des micro-éléments est aussi affectée par l'inoculation, qui accroit les teneurs des plantes en Fe, Zn et Cu. La nutrition minérale des deux clones étudiés semble affectée par le rapport racines/parties aériennes et d'autres caractéristiques génétiques, comme l'efficacité de translocation du fer. Ces résultats nous permettent de comprendre en quoi son système racinaire profond et mycorhizé permet à l'Arganier non seulement de pousser dans des zones arides aux sols pauvres, mais aussi d'améliorer la fertilité des couches supérieures du sol par l'effet litière.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of V.A. mycorrhization on mineral nutrition of 2 clones ofArgania spinosa was studied with in-vitro micropropagated plantlets grown in confined medium under controlled conditions. Inoculation, which increased dry matter production by a factor of 4.5, also increased P concentration in the plant, especially in the leaves, and the mycorrhizal plants mobilized 15 times more P than control plants. N concentration was slightly lower in mycorrhizal plants, but total N content was 3 times higher. Uptake of micro elements was also affected, inoculation increasing plant Fe, Zn and Cu content. Mineral nutrition in the test clones seemed affected by root/shoot ratio and other genetically-related characteristics, such as Fe translocation efficiency. These results help us to understand how its deep mycorrhizal root system might allowArgania spinosa not only to grow in infertile arid areas but also to improve top-soil fertility by a litter effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704835
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    Influence of small river conditions on the abundance of Tubificidae (1994)
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    Hydrobiologia 278 (1994), S. 129-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: small rivers ; water contamination ; Tubificidae ; bacteria ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two small rivers, the Yerik and Nezhegolyok, were studied seasonally in 1979–1980. Increase in concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the river water as well as proliferation of enterococci and enterobacilli favoured the abundance of Tubificidae while, at the same time, their numbers were reduced by chironomids and leeches.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00142320
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    Assessment of eutrophication in Loch Lomond by desk analysis (1994)
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    Hydrobiologia 290 (1994), S. 51-52 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Loch Lomond ; Scotland ; eutrophication ; phosphorus ; loss coefficients ; chlorophyll
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus and chlorophyll a levels were predicted for Loch Lomond from desk-derived P loss coefficients and flushing rates related according to existing eutrophication models. These were in close keeping with measured values.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008952
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    Nutrient uptake in mycorrhizal symbiosis (1994)
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    Plant and soil 159 (1994), S. 89-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper ; ectomycorrhizas ; hyphal uptake ; phosphorus ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of mycorrhizal fungi in acquisition of mineral nutrients by host plants is examined for three groups of mycorrhizas. These are; the ectomycorrhizas (ECM), the ericoid mycorrhizas (EM), and the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM). Mycorrhizal infection may affect the mineral nutrition of the host plant directly by enhancing plant growth through nutrient acquisition by the fungus, or indirectly by modifying transpiration rates and the composition of rhizosphere microflora. A capacity for the external hyphae to take up and deliver nutrients to the plant has been demonstrated for the following nutrients and mycorrhizas; P (VAM, EM, ECM), NH4 + (VAM, EM, ECM), NO3 - (ECM), K (VAM, ECM), Ca (VAM, EM), SO4 2- (VAM), Cu (VAM), Zn (VAM) and Fe (EM). In experimental chambers, the external hyphae of VAM can deliver up to 80% of plant P, 25% of plant N, 10% of plant K, 25% of plant Zn and 60% of plant Cu. Knowledge of the role of mycorrhiza in the uptake of nutrients other than P and N is limited because definitive studies are few, especially for the ECM. Although further quantification is required, it is feasible that the external hyphae may provide a significant delivery system for N, K, Cu and Zn in addition to P in many soils. Proposals that ECM and VAM fungi contribute substantially to the Mg, B and Fe nutrition of the host plant have not been substantiated. ECM and EM fungi produce ectoenzymes which provide host plants with the potential to access organic N and P forms that are normally unavailable to VAM fungi or to non mycorrhizal roots. The relative contribution of these nutrient sources requires quantification in the field. Further basic research, including the quantification of nutrient uptake and transport by fungal hyphae in soil and regulation at the fungal-plant interface, is essential to support the selection and utilization of mycorrhizal fungi on a commercial scale.
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    Desorption and plant-availability of phosphate sorbed by some important minerals (1994)
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    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 89-97 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: desorption ; phosphorus ; rice ; variable-charge mineral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to study the desorption characteristics and plant-availability of phosphate sorbed by some important variable-charge minerals including kaolinite, goethite and amorphous Al oxide. Phosphate desorption from the complexes of goethite-P, kaolinite-P and Al oxide-P by equilibration with 0.02M KCl, resin or some commonly used chemical extractants was slow compared to desorption from a permanent-charge mineral (montmorillonite). However, rice plants were not observed under P deficiency in a pot trial with a phosphate-mineral complex as the only P source for both the permanent-charge mineral and the variable-charge minerals at either 50% or 100% sorption saturation with the exception of goethite-P at 50% saturation. In the exceptional goethite-P treatment, plant P concentration (1.0 g kg−1) was on the threshold of P deficiency. From 15% to 31% of the applied P was recovered by the plants within a growing period of three months, depending on sorption saturation and mineral type. Both the dry matter yield and P uptake decreased with decreasing sorption saturation for all the tested complexes except for Al oxide-P100 (100% saturation). In the case of Al oxide-P100, Al toxicity may have occurred, for poor root growth and high Al concentration in the plants were observed. The effect of sorption saturation on the yield and P uptake of plant was obvious for kaolinite and goethite but not very significant for montmorillonite. Based on the recovery of applied P, the plant-availability decreased in the following order: kaolinite-P100 〉 goethite-P100 〉 Al oxide-P50 〉 montmorillonite-P100 〉 montmorillonite-P50 〉 kaolinite-P50 〉 goethite-P50. Fractionation of the sorbed P before and after plant uptake showed that most of the P uptake originated from the resin-exchangeable P fraction in montmorillonite-P complex, but came mainly from NaOH-extractable fractions in goethite-P complex, whereas all the resin-P, NaHCO3-P and NaOH-P fractions in kaolinite- and amorphous Al oxide-P complex made a contribution to P uptake.
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    Selection for improved adaptation of white clover to low phosphorus and acid soils (1994)
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    Euphytica 77 (1994), S. 243-250 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Acid soils ; phosphorus ; selection ; Trifolium repens ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A total of 490 white clover genotypes were grown in competition withAgrostis tenuis and repeatedly defoliated, in a glasshouse trial. The percentage change in shoot yield from the first to the last harvest (harvest 6) was negatively correlated with the soil-P level from which ecotypes were collected. High- and low-yielding genotypes were selected from this study and compared in a field trial on a low-P soil (12 mg Olsen P/kg soil), in a grazed mixed species sward. Over the first year there was no significant difference in spread into the sward, and over three years no significant difference in persistence. Selection in glasshouses for yield is unlikely to improve edaphic stress tolerance in the field. In a field study in New Zealand, comparison of six ecotype populations showed that after one year the highest-spreading population had been collected from a low-P soil while the lowest spreading population came from a high-P soil, although the correlation between spread and soi-P from which ecotypes were collected was not significant (r=−0.67 p〉0.05). However, in another field trial in England it was shown that populations collected from low-P soils not only outyielded those, collected from high-P soils but that they also responded less to added P. It was concluded that populations collected from low-P soils will be a useful source of germplasm to identify genotypes adapted to low-P soils. Successful identification of such genotypes is most likely to be made in the field rather than in controlled more artificial environments.
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    Hydrology of the Peel-Harvey estuary catchment (1993)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: hydrology ; water balance ; phosphorus ; Streamflow ; Peel-Harvey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the land types, hydrologic characteristics and processes, and the major modification of these, in relation to mechanisms and magnitude of phosphorus losses to drains and riverine systems which discharge to the Peel-Harvey estuary. About 75% of the coastal plain part of the catchment is cleared of native vegetation and used for dryland, dairy and beef grazing. There are small areas devoted to irrigated pasture and commercial horticulture. Seventy-five percent of the soils of the catchment are sandy surfaced with a poor capacity to retain phosphorus. Though the area is flat, catchment water yields are high because of a large winter rainfall excess and low soil storage capacity. Drainage schemes have been constructed in much of the catchment to remove excess water quickly. This was required initially to allow agricultural expansion and is now important for protecting a growing infrastructure which serves the most populous region of Western Australia.
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    Fertilization of millet cv. Souna III in Senegal: dry matter production and nutrient uptake (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 35 (1993), S. 217-226 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ; dry matter distribution ; fertilizer ; harvest index ; magnesium ; manure ; millet ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Senegal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a fertilizer and manure experiment, millet was grown under four treatments (no fertilizer or manure, farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer, and both). Grain yield and total aboveground biomass production of the unfertilized plot were relatively high. The observed differences in total dry matter production must be attributed to differences in nutrient availability, as amount of rainfall and its distribution were favourable. Results show only small differences in distribution of dry matter among the various plant organs between the best and the non-fertilized treatments. Nutrient supply from natural sources, defined as crop content of N, P, and K at maturity without fertilizer application, amounted to 104, 16 and 103 kg ha−1, respectively, which are very high values. Total uptake of calcium and magnesium is related to that of potassium, as the combined content of these three elements is linearly related to total aboveground biomass production. Minimum removal of nitrogen and phosphorus per ton grain dry matter amounts to 29 and 4kg, respectively, and 9 kg potassium per ton total aboveground dry matter. A possible double function of phosphorus as element of structural biomass and for maintenance of electro-neutrality is discussed.
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    Fertilizers and eutrophication in southwestern Australia: Setting the scene (1993)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 95-103 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: eutrophication ; phosphorus ; fertilizer ; Peel-Harvey estuary ; algal blooms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An excess of plant nutrients has caused serious eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems of southwestern Australia manifested by excessive growth and accumulation of green and bluegreen algae. Phosphorus is generally the limiting nutrient for algal growth and phosphatic fertilizers applied to nutrient-deficient, leaching, sandy soils are the main source of P, supplemented by rural industry point sources. Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient in marine embayments with little drainage from the land. Measures to reduce the load of P delivered to drainage include basing fertilizer application rates on soil testing for P and the use of less soluble P fertilizers. Catchment management plans are being implemented with community involvement to reduce P loads and maintain agricultural production. This introductory paper reviews the history of eutrophication in southwestern Australia and of studies into its causes, principally in the large Peel-Harvey estuary. It briefly summarises other papers in this special issue concerned with different aspects of the problem: how to fertilize the land without causing eutrophication.
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    Phosphorus retention and release from sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment (1993)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; retention ; release ; sandy soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to manage phosphorus (P) losses from soils to waterbodies, knowledge of the mechanisms through which P is retained or released from the soil is essential. Sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment (Western Australia) were subjected to a range of environmental and management factors in the laboratory and field in order to gain an understanding of the mechanisms that affect the magnitude of P losses. Sandy soils accumulated P, despite having little sorption capacity, and this accumulation could be monitored by measuring an acid-extractable fraction. The potential, short-term P loss could be estimated by determination of water-soluble soil solution P prior to winter rains. An annual cycle of the change in arbitrarily defined soil-P pools is discussed in relation to environmental and management factors. Laboratory experiments indicated that P rundown and potential annual P loss in the absence of P fertilizers could be estimated using bicarbonate extractable P. Phosphorus losses were decreased by the application of fertilizers with a low content of water-soluble P. The low ability of sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey coastal catchment to retain P, when compared to other Western Australian soils, is because of low contents of clay minerals and iron and aluminium hydrous oxides.
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    What controls levels of dissolved phosphate and ammonium in surface waters? (1993)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 132-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; uptake ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nutrient pools are small relative to particulate pools, and dissolved pools turnover rapidly. It has been observed that pools change little from day to day on the sampling scales usually employed. A simple model is presented where uptake and regeneration rates balance to cause a local steady state concentration for dissolved inorganic nutrients. Enrichment and dilution perturbation experiments with lake water support the idea of steady state nutrient concentrations. Although inorganic nutrient concentrations are often controlled by biota, the absolute concentrations present tell little about the activity of that biota.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877441
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    Sowing date and phosphorus utilization by wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 297-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efficiency ; phosphorus ; sowing time ; vernalization ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The uptake and utilization of phosphorus (P) by cereal crops is influenced by the growing period of the crop. In this article the effect of sowing date on the utilization of P by wheat crops grown in southern NSW is reviewed. Crops sown early in the accepted sowing period require smaller inputs of P fertilizer to reach the maximum yield but produce grain with a higher concentration of P than crops sown late in the sowing season. For later sowings a higher rate of applied P is required to achieve the yield potential but this is not associated with a high grain P concentration or a high rate of removal of P from the soil. If grain with a high P concentration is required as seed for subsequent crops, then sowing early, even with little or no applied P fertilizer, is preferable, although crops sown early in the season are likely to remove more P from the soil than the amount applied in fertilizer.
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    Mycorrhizal responses of barley cultivars differing in P efficiency (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley cultivars ; efficiency ; Glomus etunicatum ; Hordeum vulgare ; low temperature ; phosphorus ; response ; VA mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate how barley cultivars which are different in dry matter yield at low phosphorus (P) supply (i.e. they differ in agronomic P efficiency) respond to mycorrhizal infection. In a preliminary experiment, six mycorrhizal fungi were tested for their ability to colonize barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots at a soil temperature of 15°C. Glomus etunicatum was the most effective species and was used in the main experiment. The main experiment was conducted under glasshouse conditions in which soil temperature was maintained at 15°C. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of 8 barley cultivars, 2 mycorrhiza (inoculated and non-inoculated), and 3 rates of P (0, 10 and 20 mg kg-1). P utilization efficiency (dry matter yield per unit of P taken up) and agronomic P efficiency among the barley cultivars was significantly negatively correlated with mycorrhizal responses. However, the response to mycorrhizal infection was positively correlated with response to P application. Poor correlation was observed between P concentration when neither mycorrhiza nor P were supplied and the percentage of root length infected. The extent of mycorrhizal infection among the barley cultivars in soil without P amendment varied from 8.6 to 28.6%. Significant interactions between cultivar and P addition, and between mycorrhiza and P addition were observed for shoot dry weight but not root dry weight.
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    Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the location and function of plant nutrients in vivo (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 45-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: compartmentation ; cytoplasm ; 39K NMR ; maize ; nitrogen ; 14N NMR ; 15N NMR ; pea ; phosphorus ; potassium ; 31P NMR ; vacuole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The cytoplasmic and vacuolar pools of ammonium, inorganic phosphate and potassium can be studied non-invasively in plant tissues using high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The techniques that allow these pools to be discriminated in vivo are described and their application to plants is reviewed with reference to the phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium nutrition of root tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024983
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    Preparation of iron oxide-impregnated filter paper for use in the Pi test for soil phosphorus (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 143-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: iron oxide-impregnated filter paper ; phosphorus ; Pi soil test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficiency of recovery of P by iron oxide-impregnated filter paper, as used in the new Pi test for soil phosphorus, was found to depend on the method used for impregnating the paper with iron oxide and could range from as little as 28% to more than 98%. The greatest efficiency of recovery was obtained with filter papers which had been washed with deionised water following iron oxide-impregnation. These filter papers were also found to give the most reproducible results. ei]{gnB E}{fnClothier}
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010795
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    The effect of phytase on the availability of P from myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) for maize roots (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bioavailability ; maize ; myo-inositol ; phosphorus ; phytase ; phytin ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of adding phytase to the root medium of maize plants on the P-availability of added myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytin) has been studied in pot experiments. When 40 mM phytin-P in nutrient solution was incubated in quartz-sand for 15 days in the absence of plants, 80% of it could be recovered from the solution as soluble organic P. Maize plants growing on this mixture assimilated P from phytin at rates comparable to those from inorganic phosphate (Pi). At a lower addition rate (2 mM phytin-P) only 10% was recovered in the soil solution, and plant growth was severely limited by P. At this low phytin level, the addition of phytase (10 enzyme units per kg sand) increased the plants' dry weight yield by 32%. The relative increases of the Pi concentration in the solution and of the amount of P in the plants were even higher, indicating that the observed growth stimulation was due to an increased rate of phytin hydrolysis. The enzyme-induced growth stimulation was also observed with plants growing in pots filled with soil low in P, when phytin was added. However, on three different soils the addition rates of phytin and phytase necessary for obtaining a significant phytase effect were both about 10 times higher than those required in quartzsand. It is concluded that the P-availability from organic sources can be limited by the rate of their hydrolytic cleavage.
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    Mineral nutrient disorders of root crops of the Pacific: Preliminary observations on sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 263-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: critical concentration ; magnesium ; manganese ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; solution culture ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Solution culture was used to characterise deficiencies or toxicities of several essential elements in Ipomoea batatas cv. Wanmun, and to define the critical concentrations of these elements in young mature leaves during vegetative growth. Tentative critical concentrations for deficiency, expressed on the basis of dry weight of leaf blade, were: nitrogen 3.8%, phosphorus 0.17%, potassium 2.4%, magnesium 0.12%, manganese 20μg/g and zinc 10μg/g. For manganese and zinc toxicities it was possible only to designate the range within which the critical concentration occurred. Visible symptoms are briefly described.
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    Phosphorus allocation in P-efficient and inefficient barley cultivars as affected by mycorrhizal infection (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: allocation ; barley ; efficiency ; Glomus etunicatum ; phosphorus ; VA mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A glasshouse experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal infection on the allocation of phosphorus (P) in agronomically P-efficient (i.e. high yields at low P supply) and inefficient barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. Four barley cultivars differing in agronomic P-efficiency were inoculated or not inoculated with Glomus etunicatum. Cultivars did not differ in percentage of root length infected. The concentration of P in roots of the inefficient cultivars was higher than that of the efficient cultivars. However, because of changes in root to shoot dry weight ratio and below-ground productivity, mycorrhizal infection significantly reduced the percentage of total plant P in roots of the inefficient cultivars. The distribution of P between root and shoot of P-efficient cultivars was not affected by mycorrhizal infection. Root to shoot dry weight ratio of the P-efficient cultivars was lower than that of the inefficient cultivars, and the decrease in the ratio following infection was significant in inefficient but not in P-efficient cultivars. This study indicates that mycorrhizal infection alters the allocation of P in inefficient cultivars and effectively improves the efficiency of P utilization with respect to shoot growth.
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    Root characteristics of native plant species in relation to the benefit of mycorrhizal colonization for phosphorus uptake (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: benefit ; mycorrhizas ; phosphorus ; revegetation ; root characteristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We aimed to relate the root characteristics of native plants, with their benefit from mycorrhizal colonization, to assist in developing criteria for predicting plant response to mycorrhizal fungi in revegetated soils. The response of four plant species to VA mycorrhizal fungi was measured at increasing applications of phosphorus (P). The benefit of colonization for all species was large at low rates of P, but declined rapidly for some species at moderate P deficiency. Only then were length and fineness of roots and characteristics of root hairs useful in predicting relative benefit.
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    Phosphorus requirement and sources of nitrogen in three soybean (Glycine max) genotypes, Bragg, nts 382 and Chippewa (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mutant ; 15N isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen (N) use efficiency ; nodules ; phosphorus ; phosphorus (P) use efficiency ; roots ; supernodulator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of different levels of soil phosphorus on nodulation, N2 fixation and growth of supernodulating soybean mutant, nts 382, its parent, Bragg, and soybean cultivar, Chippewa, were compared in a greenhouse study. The P rates were, 0, 30, 60 and 90 mg kg−1 soil (P0, P1, P2 and P3, respectively). The reduced shoot growth of nts 382 (25% at P0 and 17% at P3) could not be attributed to P deficiency, as nts 382 achieved near maximum yield at a lower P rate (P1) than Bragg (P2). The P response of Chippewa that produced the lowest shoot yield, was similar to that of Bragg. Root growth of nts 382 was more retarded than shoot growth (on average 50% that of Bragg), and yet absorbed a similar amount of total P as Bragg. Also, Chippewa that had the lowest root dry matter accumulated the highest P in the shoots. The data indicate that plant growth was influenced by differences in P use efficiency rather than differences in total P. In contrast to plant growth, nts 382 accumulated 26% more N than Bragg, and Chippewa accumulated a similar amount of N as Bragg. Thus again, Bragg used N most efficiently for growth. Soil N uptake was not governed by root biomass, and Chippewa absorbed more N from soil than both Bragg and nts 382 which absorbed similar amounts of soil N. Nodulation in nts 382 was significantly enhanced, being 528 and 892% greater than Bragg at P0 and P3, respectively, and nts 382 was the only cultivar whose nodulation was consistently enhanced by P addition. The percentage of N derived from fixation (% Ndfa) was not affected by supernodulation, but because of a greater accumulation of total N in nts 382, amount of N fixed (Ndfa) was on average 30% higher in nts 382 than Bragg. Also, while % Ndfa in either nts 382 or Bragg was not influenced by P addition, total N and consequently, Ndfa increased. However, for Chippewa which fixed the lowest N, both % Ndfa and Ndfa were increased by P addition. We conclude that although supernodulation had an adverse effect on shoot and root growth, these reductions could not be attributed to a reduced uptake of the two major plant nutrients, N and P, neither was there evidence that the mutation had caused a greater demand for these nutrients, other than for the greater requirement of P for nodulation. ei]{gnR O D}{fnDixon}
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    The ability of 16 ectomycorrhizal fungi to increase growth and phosphorus uptake of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and E. diversicolor F. Muell. (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 155-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ectomycorrhizal fungi ; eucalypts ; growth response ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of 16 fungal isolates in forming ectomycorrhizas and increasing the growth and phosphorus uptake of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and E. diversicolor F. Muell. seedlings was examined in the glasshouse. Seedlings were grown in yellow sand at 2 phosphorus levels (4 and 12 mg P kg-1 sand). At the time of harvest (100 days), the non-inoculated seedlings and seedlings inoculated with Paxillus muelleri (Berk.) Sacc. and Cortinarius globuliformis Bougher had a low level of contamination from an unknown mycorrhizal fungi. Seedlings inoculated with Thaxterogaster sp. nov. and Hysterangium inflatum Rodway had developed mycorrhizas of the superficial type whereas Hydnangium carneum Wallr. in Dietr., Hymenogaster viscidus Massee & Rodway, Hymenogaster zeylanicus Petch, Setchelliogaster sp. nov., Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex. Fr.) Berk., Scleroderma verrucosum (Vaillant) Pers., Amanita xanthocephala (Berk.) Reid & Hilton, Descolea maculata Bougher and Malajczuk and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch formed typical pyramidal ectomycorrhizas. The dry weight of non-inoculated and inoculated E. globulus seedlings at 12 mg P kg-1 sand did not differ, whereas several isolates caused growth depression of E. diversicolor. By contrast, at 4 mg P kg-1 sand growth increases ranged from 0–13 times above that of non-inoculated seedlings. P. tinctorius produced the largest growth increase on both eucalypt species. In general, isolates which developed more extensive mycorrhizas on roots produced the largest growth responses to inoculation. Isolates which increased plant growth also increased phosphorus uptake by the plant. Seedlings inoculated with L. laccata and S. verrucosum retained more phosphorus in their roots than plants inoculated with the other fungal isolates.
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    Mycorrhizal responses of barley cultivars differing in P efficiency (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley cultivars ; efficiency ; Glomus etunicatum ; Hordeum vulgare ; low temperature ; phosphorus ; response ; VA mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate how barley cultivars which are different in dry matter yield at low phosphorus (P) supply (i.e. they differ in agronomic P efficiency) respond to mycorrhizal infection. In a preliminary experiment, six mycorrhizal fungi were tested for their ability to colonize barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots at a soil temperature of 15°C.Glomus etunicatum was the most effective species and was used in the main experiment. The main experiment was conducted under glasshouse conditions in which soil temperature was maintained at 15°C. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of 8 barley cultivars, 2 mycorrhiza (inoculated and non-inoculated), and 3 rates of P (0, 10 and 20 mg kg-1). P utilization efficiency (dry matter yield per unit of P taken up) and agronomic P efficiency among the barley cultivars was significantly negatively correlated with mycorrhizal responses. However, the response to mycorrhizal infection was positively correlated with response to P application. Poor correlation was observed between P concentration when neither mycorrhiza nor P were supplied and the percentage of root length infected. The extent of mycorrhizal infection among the barley cultivars in soil without P amendment varied from 8.6 to 28.6%. Significant interactions between cultivar and P addition, and between mycorrhiza and P addition were observed for shoot dry weight but not root dry weight.
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    Genotypic differences in phosphorus efficiency of wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 293-296 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efficiency ; genotypic differences ; phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to evaluate whether breeding and selection for high yielding capacity did change the P requirements of modern wheat cultivars, the response of two wheat cultivars to different levels of P supply was investigated. A traditional cultivar ("Peragis") and a modern cultivar ("Cosir") were cultivated in a C-loess low in available P and high in CaCO3 in 120 cm high PVC pots. Shoot and root growth at different developmental stages was compared. The grain yield of the modern cultivar Cosir was higher at limiting and non-limiting P supply and, therefore, this cultivar can be considered as more P-efficient than the traditional cultivar. From the results it can be concluded that the main factors contributing to the higher P efficiency of the modern cultivar are (i) efficient use of assimilates for root growth characteristics which enhance P acquisition: smaller root diameter, and longer root hairs, (ii) efficient remobilization of P from vegetative plant organs to the grains, and (iii) lower P requirement for grain yield formation because of lower ear number per plant but higher grain number per ear.
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    Effect of phosphorus fertilization on water stress in Douglas fir seedlings during soil drying (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: droguth tolerance ; phosphorus ; photosynthesis ; plant nutrition ; plant water relations ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; stomatal conductance ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine if P fertilization to enhance the P nutrition of otherwise N and P deficient Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] seedlings reduces water stress in the seedlings during drought periods. Seedlings were grown in pasteurized mineral soil under well-watered conditions and fertilized periodically with a small amount of nutrient solution containing P at either of three levels: 0, 20, or 50 mg P L-1. By age 6 mo, leaf nutrient analysis indicated that N and P were deficient in control (0 mg P L-1) seedlings. The highest level of P fertilization, which doubled leaf P concentration, did not affect plant biomass, suggesting that N deficiency was limiting growth. When these seedlings were subjected to drought, there was no effect of P fertilization on leaf water potential or osmotic potential. Furthermore, P fertilized seedlings had lower stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis rate. These results indicate that enhanced P nutrition, in the presence of N deficiency, does not reduce water stress in Douglas fir seedlings during drought periods.
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    Accumulation of cadmium and selected elements in flax seed grown on a calcareous soil (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calciaquoll ; FeEDDHA ; iron ; Linum usitatissimum L. ; manganese ; phloem mobility ; phosphorus ; post-flowering N stress ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) grown on calcareous and neutral soils sometimes accumulates relatively high concentrations of Cd. The influence of a post-flowering application of NH4NO3 (115 mg N kg-1), CdSO4 (1 mg Cd kg-1), FeEDDHA (2 mg Fe kg-1), NaH2PO4 (120 mg P kg-1) and ZnSO4 (8 mg Zn kg-1) on seed accumulation of Cd, Fe, N, Mn, P and Zn by flax grown on a Calciaquoll was studied in two experiments under greenhouse conditions. Seed yields were increased by the N and Zn treatments, and the N×Zn interaction was positive. Zinc deficiency delayed flowering and boll formation by up to 20 days and reduced seed size. In the absence of added Cd, seed accumulated up to 0.33 mg Cd kg-1. This Cd accumulation was reduced by approximately 50 and 17% by added Zn and Fe, respectively, but was little affected by P fertilizer and post-flowering N stress. In the presence of added Cd, seed Cd exceeded 3.3 mg Cd kg-1, and the antagonistic effects of Fe and Zn on seed Cd were absent. Seed N, P, Fe and Zn concentrations were increased on average by 10, 45, 31 and 97% by the N, P, Fe and Zn fertilizer treatments, respectively. FeEDDHA reduced seed Mn concentration by approximately 58%. However, seed Mn concentration was much less than that found in vegetative tissue at flowering. Soil-applied Zn may reduce seed Cd concentration in flax under field conditions, and may increase marketability of flax for food use.
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    Minimizing the effect of mineral nitrogen on biological nitrogen fixation in common bean by increasing nutrient levels (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bean ; 15N isotope ; nitrogen fixation ; N fertilizer ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Rhizobium tropici ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has good potential for N2 fixation, some additional N provided through fertilizer usually is required for a maximum yield. In this study the suppressive effect of N on nodulation and N2 fixation was evaluated in an unfertile soil under greenhouse conditions with different levels of soil fertility (low=no P, K and S additions; medium = 50, 63 and 10 mg kg−1 soil and high = 200, 256 and 40 mg kg−1 soil, respectively) and combined with 5, 15, 60 and 120 mg N kg−1 soil of 15N-labelled urea. The overall average nodule number and weight increased under high fertility levels. At low N applications, nitrogen had a synergistic effect on N2 fixation, by stimulating nodule formation, nitrogenase activity and plant growth. At high fertility and at the highest N rate (120 mg kg−1 soil), the stimulatory effect of N fertilizer on N2 fixation was still observed, increasing the amounts of N2 fixed from 88 up to 375 mg N plant−1. These results indicate that a suitable balance of soil nutrients is essential to obtain high N2 fixation rates and yield in common beans.
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    Phosphorus fractions in soil solution: Influence of soil acidity and fertiliser additions (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 148 (1993), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; fertiliser ; fractionation ; pH ; phosphorus ; soil ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of soil acidity and phosphorus fertilization on phosphorus fractions and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solution was quantified experimentally in an iron humus podzol. Soil solution was isolated by centrifugation from top- and sub-soil samples. Total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and DOC increased as soil pH and P status increased. DOP was the fraction present at the highest concentration (0.080–0.464 mg P L−1) for the majority of samples. DOC and DOP concentrations which remained relatively constant down the soil profile were also highly correlated. Soluble organic P compounds may make a significant contribution to plant available soil P particularly for soils with low fertility levels. The relatively high DOP concentrations (ca 0.227 mg P L−1) found throughout the soil profile have important consequences with regards to P leaching and plant nutrition.
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    The relative importance of biological and chemical processes in the release of phosphorus from a highly organic sediment (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment ; phosphorus ; release ; anaerobiosis ; bacteria ; pH ; dystrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les bactéries peuvent jouer un rôle considérable dans le relargage anaérobiques du phosphore, soit en catalysant la réduction des hydroxydes de fer, soit comme source directe d'orthophosphates. On a étudié leur importance dans la libération de phosphore à partir des sédiments d'un lac du bouclier canadien, très riches en matière organique. Le relargage de phosphore et de fer a été mesuré en condition aérobique et anaérobique, avec ou sans stérilisation, et à différents pH. On a également mesuré l'évolution du nombre et de l'activité des bactéries dans les sédiments. Le relargage de P après stérilisation peut être expliqué par la lyse cellulaire. Comparativement à la stérilisation, les changements dans la concentration en oxygène ou l'acidification ont peu ou pas d'effet sur le relargage du P. Les mouvements du fer et du phosphore se produisent indépendament à partir de ces sédiments. La plus grande partie du fer total dissous semble lié aux acides humiques, ce qui n'est pas le cas du phosphore.
    Notes: Abstract Bacteria can play an important role in the process of anaerobic phosphorus release: they can act as a direct source of orthophosphates, or as a catalyst of iron hydroxyde reduction. We studied their influence on phosphorus release from highly organic sediments of a Canadian shield lake. Phosphorus and iron release were measured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with or without sterilization, and at different pH. We measured also the abundance and activity of bacteria in sediments. The increased P release after sterilization can be explained by cell lysis. Compared to sterilization, changing oxygen concentrations or acidification had little or no effect on P release. In these sediments, phosphorus and iron movements were independent. Most of the total dissolved iron seemed to be linked to humic acids, but not phosphorus.
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    Iron content of sediment and phosphate adsorption properties (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 311-317 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; sediment ; iron ; aluminum ; adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus can occur in sediments in different forms and accordingly its availability varies. The distinction between the phosphorus fractions is made with two chemical extraction methods; an ammonium oxalate-oxalic acid extraction and an extraction according to Hieltjes & Lijklema (1980). The iron and aluminum liberated with the ammonium oxalate-oxalic acid extraction method is linearly correlated (r 2 = 0.73) with the phosphorus liberated in the first two steps of the Hieltjes and Lijklema extraction by: P = 0.035 (Fe + Al) + 0.001 (P, Fe and Al in mmol g−1). The iron and aluminum (hydr)oxides are very important fractions in the sediment adsorption capacity for phosphorus. The phosphorus sorption capacity (PSC) is 0.080 mol P (mol (Fe + Al))−1 and the adsorption constant (k) is 11.9 µmol P l−1. Here it is assumed that iron and aluminum (hydr)oxide have the same affinity for phosphorus.
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    A comparison of sedimentary and diatom-inferred phosphorus profiles: implications for defining pre-disturbance nutrient conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 357-366 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: weighted averaging ; calibration ; phosphorus ; diatoms ; palaeolimnology ; Northern Ireland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Interpreting sedimentary phosphorus profiles in terms of changes in the historical P load is difficult due to variable retention and post-depositional diagenesis. An alternative approach is to use diatom assemblages in surface sediments and derive a transfer function for epilimnetic SRP and total P concentrations using weighted average regression and calibration. The obtained relationship can then be applied to down-core changes in sedimentary diatom assemblages and diatom-inferred P (DI-P) used to assess historical changes in epilimnetic P-concentrations. A diatom-phosphorus calibration data set for 43 eutrophic lakes in Northern Ireland has been constructed and applied to two small eutrophic lakes (Lough Mann, White Lough). DI-total P (i.e. predicted) is highly correlated with observed TP (r 2 = 0.75) for the surface-sediment training data-set. The resultant changes in DI-P derived from application of the transfer function to down-core changes in diatom assemblages are compared to sedimentary P concentrations. The latter are highly variable, presumably due to redox-derived effects, while DI-P profiles are more readily interpretable, and agree with other stratigraphic records of lake eutrophication. The method offers a good possibility of defining pre-disturbance (i.e. natural) phosphorus concentrations in lakes with associated implications for lake-restoration programmes.
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    Detritus and nutrient dynamics in the shore zone of lakes: a review (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 49-58 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lake littoral ; detritus ; macrophytes ; decomposition ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The importance of detritus varies greatly among shore zones of lakes, but in a large majority of these regions detrital pathways prevail. Aside from a great spatial and seasonal variability, macrophytes and bottom sediments appear to be dominant stores of nutrients in these habitats. Macrophytes hold a central position in nutrient cycling in the shore-littoral lake zones. They are the main source of autochthonous detritus as they prevail in the total biomass of littoral organisms, and they are only rarely available as direct food of consumers. Various processes and interactions determine the role of macrophytes in nutrients dynamics. These are: the intensity of nutrient uptake and translocation, release of nutrients by healthy plants and from decomposing plants, exchange of elements between macrophytes and their periphyton, as well as interception of seston by macrophyte stands. Particular plant species differ in their time of dying and susceptibility to decomposition. The changes in decomposing material (size structure of particles and nutrient content) mean that detritus in various stages of decomposition differs in its role in trophic dynamics of shore-littoral lake zones. Several types of shore regions as regards detritus sources and retention level are discussed.
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    Frost formation in the ecotonal zone and its role for release of nutrients (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 65-72 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Frozen littoral ; frost heave ; nutrient release ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In winter, the littoral substrate of ecotonal zones along north Swedish rivers and lakes freezes. Even if the littoral is flooded at freeze-up, the ice freezes solid to the shore substrate due to low temperature combined with a gradual decrease in water level during winter. Frost conditions were studied during an 8-year period along eight littoral transects in the River Vindelälven and adjacent riverside lagoons. Heavy frost heave with formation of needle ice was observed in several places. Nutrient release was suggested to take place due to the frost process. Sediment was taken to a laboratory experiment where samples with sediment and water were kept under unfrozen and frozen conditions during six months. N (total-N) and Ca were significantly released to the water, while P (total-P) did not show any clear movement from the frozen sediment. The results indicate that frost processes in ecotonal zones are involved in the movement of nutrients between sediment and water.
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    Extracellular phosphatase activity in sediments of the Breitenbach, a Central European mountain stream (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 207-216 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: stream ; sandy sediment ; phosphorus ; extracellular enzymes ; phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Activity of extracellular phosphatases (phosphomonoesterases) was measured in sandy streambed sediments of the Breitenbach, a small unpolluted upland stream in Central Germany. Fluorigenic 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate served as a model substrate. Experiments were conducted using sediment cores in a laboratory simulation of diffuse groundwater discharge through the stream bed, a natural process occurring in the Breitenbach as well as many other streams. Streambed sediments contained high levels of particulate phosphorus, but concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in the interstitial water were 3 to 4 orders of magnitude lower. These interstitial concentrations were similar to those in the stream and groundwater. Extracellular phosphatase activity was high in the streambed sediments. These enzymes probably contribute significantly to the flux of phosphorus in sediment by hydrolyzing phosphomonoesters, making free phosphate available to the sediment microorganisms. Factors influencing the kinetic parameters V max (maximum activity) and apparent K m (enzyme affinity) of phosphatase were discharge rates of water through the sediment, water quality (ground- or stream water), and substrate (phosphomonoesters) as well as dissolved ortho-phosphate concentrations. Enzymes are supposed to be effective at limiting substrate concentrations, where, in this study, changes in discharge rates had little influence on rates of hydrolysis. Higher V max and lower K m values were found during percolation of groundwater through the sediment cores, compared with stream water. This indicates that rates of hydrolysis were higher with groundwater, both at substrate limitation and at substrate saturation. This was probably a consequence of the lower levels of dissolved ortho-phosphate in the groundwater.
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    The effect of deposition of organic matter on phosphorus dynamics in experimental marine sediment systems (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 83-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: organic matter ; phosphorus ; sandy marine sediment ; macrofauna ; boxcosms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of deposition of organic matter on phosphorus dynamics in sandy marine sediments was evaluated using an experimental system (boxcosms) and three different strategies: (1) no supply (2) one single addition (3) weekly additions of a suspension of algal cells (Phaeocystis spec.). Macrofauna (3 species, 6 individuals of each) were added to half of the boxes. Both in the case of the single and weekly additions a clear effect of increased organic matter loading on phosphorus dynamics was found. Following the organic matter addition, porewater phosphate concentrations in the upper sediment layer increased, phosphate release rates from the sediment increased by a factor 3–5 and in the boxes to which a single addition was applied NaOH-extractable phosphorus increased substantially. The increase in phosphate release rates from the sediment was attributed to mineralization of the added material and to direct release from the algal cells. No clear effect of the presence of macrofauna on sediment-water exchange of phosphate could be discovered. The macrofauna were very effective at reworking the sediment, however, as illustrated by the organic carbon profiles. It is hypothesized that the sediment-water exchange rates of phosphate were regulated by the layer of algal material which was present on the sediment surface in the fed boxes. In the boxes to which the single addition was applied porewater phosphate concentrations were lower and NaOH-extractable phosphorus was higher in the presence of macrofauna, suggesting that macrofauna can stimulate phosphate binding in the sediment.
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    The role of microorganisms in mobilization and fixation of phosphorus in sediments (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 103-121 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bacteria ; phosphorus ; phosphorus cycling in lakes ; sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cycling of phosphorus (P) at the sediment/water interface is generally considered to be an abiotic process. Sediment bacteria are assumed to play only an indirect role by accelerating the transfer of electron from electron donors to electron acceptors, thus providing the necessary conditions for redox-and pH-dependent, abiotic sorption/desorption or precipitation/dissolution reactions. Results summarized in this review suggest that (1) in eutrophic lakes, sediment bacteria contain as much P as settles with organic detritus during one year (2) in oligotrophic lakes, P incorporated in benthic bacterial biomass may exceed the yearly deposition of bioavailable P several times (3) storage and release of P by sediment bacteria are redox-dependent processes (4) an appreciable amount of P buried in the sediment is associated with the organic fraction (5) sediment bacteria not only regenerate PO4, they also contribute to the production of refractory, organic P compounds, and (6) in oligotrophic lakes, a larger fraction of the P settled with organic detritus is converted to refractory organic compounds by benthic microorganisms than in eutrophic lakes. From this we conclude that benthic bacteria do more than just mineralize organic P compounds. Especially in oligotrophic lakes, they also may regulate the flux of P across the sediment/water interface and contribute to its terminal burial by the production of refractory organic P compounds.
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    Sedimentation of phosphorus in limnetic and estuarine environments in the River Öre system, northern Sweden (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 233-248 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; iron ; organic carbon ; sedimentation ; estuary ; lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sedimentation of phosphorus was studied during the spring flood in April and May 1991 in Lake Örträsket and the Öre Estuary, northern Sweden. Lake Örträsket has an area of 7.3 km2 and a mean depth of 22 m and is located 100 km from the coast halfways along the course of the River Öre. The river ends in a semi-closed low salinity estuary with an area of ca. 50 km2 and a mean depth of 16 m. Sedimentation of phosphorus, iron and organic carbon were measured with sediment traps in Lake Örträsket and in the Öre Estuary. Characterization of particulate phosphorus in river water, sediment trap material and sediments were performed by the sequential extraction procedure proposed by Hieltjes & Lijklema (1980). Apart from being an efficient trap for suspended particles including particulate phosphorus, Lake Örträsket was shown to serve as a source for particulate material during spring 1991. The Öre Estuary, on the other hand, constitutes an efficient trap for the total supply of river-borne phosphorus during the spring flood period. Phosphorus was shown to be closely related to iron in particulate material in both the lake and the estuary. Adsorption of phosphorus on settling inorganic particles seems to be an important process, which is particularly pronounced in the estuary.
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    Sulfate control of phosphorus availability in lakes (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 275-280 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; iron ; sulfate ; lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During summer stratification large amounts of phosphorus (P) accumulate in anoxic bottom waters of many lakes due to release of P from underlying sediments. The availability to phytoplankton of this P is inversely related to the Fe:P ratio in bottom waters. Using data from 51 lakes, we tested the hypothesis that sulfate concentration in lake water may be critical in controlling the Fe:P ratio in anoxic bottom waters. Results showed that Fe:P ratios in bottom waters of lakes were significantly (p〈0.001) related to surface water sulfate concentrations. The higher Fe:P ratios in low sulfate systems is due not only to higher iron concentrations in anoxic bottom waters but also to lower P concentrations in anoxic waters. Thus, our results suggest that anthropogenically induced increases in sulfate concentrations of waters (e.g. from fossil fuel burning) may have a double effect on P cycling in lakes. Higher sulfate concentrations can both increase the magnitude of P release from sediments as well as increase the availability of P released from sediments into anoxic bottom waters.
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    Eight years of internal phosphorus loading and changes in the sediment phosphorus profile of Lake Søbygaard, Denmark (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 345-356 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; retention ; sediment ; release ; fractionation ; iron:phosphorus ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During each of the first 8 years following an 80–90% reduction in external phosphorus loading of shallow, hypertrophic Lake Søbygaard, Denmark in 1982, phosphorus retention was found to be negative. Phosphorus release mainly occurred from April to October, net retention being close to zero during winter. Net internal phosphorus loading was 8 g P m−2 y−1 in 1983 and slowly decreased to 2 g P m−2 y−1 in 1990, mainly because of decreasing sediment phosphorus release during late summer and autumn. The high net release of phosphorus from Lake Søbygaard sediment is attributable to a very high phosphorus concentration and to a high transport rate in the sediment caused by bioturbation and gas ebullition. Sediment phosphorus concentration mainly decreased at a depth of 5 to 20 cm, involving sediment layers down to 23 cm. Maximum sediment phosphorus concentration, which was 11.3 mg P g−1 dw at a depth of 14–16 cm in 1985, decreased to 8.6 mg P g−1 dw at a depth of 16–18 cm in 1991. Phosphorus fractionation revealed that phosphorus release was accompanied by a decrease in NH4Cl-P + NaOH-P and organic phosphorus fractions. HCl-P increased at all sediment depths. The Fe:P ratio in the superficial layer stabilized at approximately 10. Net phosphorus release can be expected to continue for another decade at the present release rate, before an Fe:P ratio of 10 will be reached in the sediment layers from which phosphorus is now being released.
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    Release rates and biological availability of phosphorus released from sediments receiving aquaculture wastes (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 367-372 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: algae ; aquaculture ; phosphorus ; sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aquaculture is an increasingly significant user of freshwater resources in Scotland. In 1989, the total fish biomass produced in Scottish freshwater amounted to 7000 t. 50% of this total was reared in floating cage systems situated in lochs (lakes). Both solid (mainly in the form of uneaten feeds and faecal matter) and dissolved byproducts of the production cycle enter the limnetic environment untreated. Much solid waste material accumulates directly on the sediments beneath the cage systems. This leads to a localised enrichment in nutrient elements of the sedimentary environment. The experiments served to quantify rates of total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) release from undercage and control sites, and to relate such releases to the biological availability of the released P. Results indicate significantly higher levels of NH4Cl-extractable P in sediments affected by waste deposition from fish cages. TP and DRP release, and greater growth of Chla are obtained from undercage cores compared with control sites. No link between extractable-P content of sediments, or release rate and Chla production was established.
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    Transport and retention of matter in riparian ecotones (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 95-101 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Land/stream ecotones ; bank runoff ; aerial drift ; retention ; carbon ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ‘stream’ ecosystem is described as a three-layered system, vertically as well as horizontally. The land/stream ecotone is defined as the area where lotic and edaphic characters overlap at the time of observation. The study site — ‘Oberer Seebach’, near the Biological Station Lunz — and the methods employed are described. Only a surprisingly small fraction (less than 10 %) of total imports is transported across the surface ecotones. The driving variables determining bank runoff and aerial drift are described and discussed. The importance of channel areas which are periodically flooded is stressed.
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    The trophic history of Enäjärvi, SW Finland, with special reference to its restoration problems (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 268 (1993), S. 147-162 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; sediments ; palaeolimnology ; phosphorus ; diatoms ; chironomids ; lake restoration ; Finland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The eutrophicated Enäjärvi was studied by paleolimnological analyses and sediment mapping. The sedimentary record indicates that the lake nutrient balance had deteriorated due to lowering of the lake water level in the year 1928. From that event onwards Chironomus plumosus and Cyclotella astraea characterize the chironomid and diatom communities. The concentrations of sedimentary total and mobile phosphorus show that since then the internal load of phosphorus has controlled the nutrient cycle of the lake. The areal distribution of mobile phosphorus can be explained by dominant wind directions and wind resuspension of the sediment is the key factor in the nutrient cycle. Restoration of Enäjärvi must be based on actions which stabilize the surface sediment and improve its natural phosphorus-binding capacity. They include the regulation of lake water to as high a level as possible and the removal of the majority of roach.
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    Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on amount and nutrient content of litterfall in a regrowth eucalypt forest (1993)
    Springer
    New forests 7 (1993), S. 33-47 
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    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: eucalypt ; regrowth forest ; litter ; litterfall ; fertilizer ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of fertilizer treatment on nutrient transfers to the forest floor were examined in regrowth Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell. forest. Dry weight and nutrient content of leaf litterfall and total litterfall were measured for 3 years in a stand to which two levels of N (0, 200 kg ha-1 year-1) were applied each year at each of three levels of a single initial application of P (0, 30, 200 kg ha-1). Annual accessions of litter to the forest floor were significantly increased by additions of both N (by 17%, 18% and 21% in the 3 years) and 200 kg P ha-1 (by 8%, 8% and 4% in the 3 years) but there was no interaction between effects of N and P treatments. Fertilizer application also had a significant effect on the nutrient content of leaf litterfall and total litterfall. Concentration of N in leaf litterfall was 9% to 23% greater on plots treated with N fertilizer compared to untreated plots. The amounts of N in litterfall were about 30% greater on N-treated compared to untreated plots. On plots treated with 200 kg P ha-1, P concentrations in leaf litter were 50% to 100% greater than in litter from plots receiving no P. Application of 200 kg P ha-1 increased the amounts of P in annual litterfall by 32% to 87%. The greatest increase in P accessions occurred soon after fertilizer treatment. The amounts of Ca, K, and Na in litterfall were also significantly increased by fertilizer application. For Ca and K this was due partly to increases in element concentrations in litterfall following application of treatments. The effect of fertilizers on internal recycling of plant nutrients and on litter accumulation and nutrient dynamics in forest floor litter is discussed.
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    Transport of groundwater-borne phosphorus to Lake Bysjön, South Sweden (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 211-216 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; ecotone ; groundwater ; lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lake Bysjön is a hypertrophic seepage lake, with groundwater as a main external source of phosphorus. Twelve groundwater samples from the vicinity of the lake were high in phosphate (0.4 to 11 mg l−1, mean value 2.57 mg l−1 PO4-P), both within the riparian zone and in two shallow wells located upstreams the lake in the nearby village. Phosphorus sorption capacity of four sand samples measured with the Langmuir isotherm method was low (7.3 to 121,1 mg kg−1 PO4-P), with the lowest values found within the riparian zone. It is suggested that the phosphorus originates from garden fertilizers and other human sources, and that the low absorption capacity of the soils is caused by the leaching of calcium from the watershed, a process which started some 3000 years ago. Riparian zone itself has almost no retention capacity, and processes within it (e.g., redox-related) have only secondary importance for the transport of phosphorus to the lake.
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    The effect of herbivorous crustacean zooplankton on epilimnetic carbon and phosphorus cycling (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 254 (1993), S. 21-34 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: biomanipulation ; microcosms ; carbon cycle ; phosphorus ; primary production ; sedimentation ; plankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plastic limnocorrals (LCs; volume 70 m3) in oligo-mesotrophic Lake Lucerne, Switzerland were used to manipulate planktonic communities by (1) removing large zooplankton at the start of the experiment, and (2) adding phosphate during experiments of two weeks duration. Primary production (14C-assimilation), chlorophyll, standing crops and sedimentation of particulate organic carbon (POC) and of particulate phosphorus, as well as plankton composition were assessed simultaneously in two to four differently treated LCs. Carbon and phosphorus mass balances were calculated from assimilation, temporal change in standing crop of particulate matter, and sedimentation. A quick elimination of crustaceans by screening hardly increased primary production, but decreased sedimentation and mineralisation of particulate organic carbon, and thus significantly enhanced the standing crop of POC, but decreased POC turnover. The exclusion of crustaceans increased the mean residence time of total phosphorus by a reduced P loss by sedimentation. Increased grazing pressure during the experiment showed little grazing induced effect on plankton composition and primary production except at the very end. We conclude that in an oligo-mesotrophic lake, buffering mechanisms attenuate the impact of changing grazing pressures on primary production.
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    Retention of nitrogen and phosphorus in a Danish lowland river system: implications for the export from the watershed (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 123-135 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: retention ; core-sampling ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; resuspension ; export
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a Danish lowland river system intensive measurements were made, in four 80 m reaches, of the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stored in the stream sediment. The results were used for calculation of the total retention in the river system during two summers (June to August). In addition, the mobilization of nutrients from the stream bottom in autumn 1987 was compared with the export from the watershed. During the study period (June 1987 to September 1988) the amounts of N and P stored in stream reaches were determined fortnightly using a core-sample technique. In reaches dominated by submersed macrophytes, 25–40 g N m−2 and 20–30 g P m−2 were stored during two summers, against only 10–15g N and P m−2 for sandy and gravely reaches. In riparian zones with emergent macrophytes the retention was even higher than in the submersed macrophytes. Gross retention exceeded net retention by a factor of two to three. Net retention of P in the river system during the summer of 1987 was equal to the summer export from the watershed. On an annual basis, retention in the summer constituted 20% of the P export. In contrast, retention in the summer of 1988 amounted to 60% of the total P export during the same period (38% reduction) and 22% in comparison with the annual export. The corresponding figures for N were lower, showing reductions of 16% and 12% of the export of total N in the two summer periods, and about 1% of the annual exports. In September 1987 6.4% of the total N export and 65% of the total P export from the watershed consisted of resuspended material. In 1987 the N and P retained during the summer was almost completely resuspended during storm events during September to November.
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    Supply of phosphorus to the water column of a productive hardwater lake: controlling mechanisms and management considerations (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 61-72 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: calcium ; lake management ; phosphorus ; sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Onondaga Lake is a hypereutrophic, industrially polluted lake located in Syracuse, NY. High hypolimnetic concentrations of H2S that develop after anoxia restrict the accumulation of total Fe2+ due to the formation of FeS, and may limit Fe-PO4 interactions. High water column concentrations of Ca2+ and high rates of CaCO3 deposition occur due to inputs of Ca2+ from an adjacent soda ash manufacturing facility. Patterns of P concentration and other water chemistry parameters in the lower waters, and results from chemical equilibrium calculations, suggest that Ca-PO4 minerals may regulate the supply of P from sediments to the water column in Onondaga Lake. These findings have important management implications for Onondaga Lake. First, declines in water column Ca2+ concentrations due to reductions in industrial CaCl2 input may result in conditions of undersaturation with respect to Ca-PO4 mineral solubility and increases in the release of P from sediments to the water column. Second, introduction of O2 from hypolimnetic oxygenation, as a lake remediation initiative, may enhance P supply from sediments, because of increased solubility of Ca-PO4 minerals at lower pH.
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    Sorption of phosphate by sediments as a result of enhanced external loading (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 249-261 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; sediments ; adsorption ; dispersion ; solid-phase diffusion ; Al-hydroxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In artificial test ditches, originally poor in nutrients, the effects of enhanced external loading with phosphorus were studied. An important term in the mass balance of phosphorus is retention by sediment. Parameters concerning the uptake of phosphorus by the sandy sediment of a ditch have been measured or were obtained from curve-fitting and were used in a mathematical model to describe diffusion into the sediment and subsequent sorption by soil particles. On a time scale of hours uptake of phosphorus from the overlying water by intact sediment cores could be simulated well with a simple diffusion-adsorption model. Mixing of the overlying water resulted in an enhanced uptake rate caused by an increased effective diffusion coefficient in the top layer of the sediment. Laboratory experiments revealed that after a fast initial adsorption, a slow uptake process followed that continued for a period of at least several months. This slow sorption can immobilize a substantial part of the phosphorus added. It may physically be described as an intraparticular diffusion process, in which the adsorbed phosphate penetrates into metaloxides, probably present as sand grain coating, and thereby reaches sorption sites not immediately accessible otherwise. The total sorption capacity of the soil particles is ca. 3.3 times the maximum instantaneous surficial adsorption capacity.
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    Transpiration by an emergent macrophyte: source of water and implications for nutrient supply (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 271 (1993), S. 97-108 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Myriophyllum aquaticum ; parrotfeather ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; mass flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of sediment interstitial water and the water column to the transpiration stream of Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vellozo) Verdcourt was determined to estimate the significance of mass flow in supply of sediment nutrients for plant growth. Sediment interstitial water accounted for about 2% of the water transpired over a 37 day period. Because of the small volume of water that originated in the sediment we concluded that mass flow did not significantly enhance nutrient supply to the roots of M. aquaticum. Relative growth rate (RGR) of adventitious, water roots was greater than whole plant RGR, and RGR of sediment roots was not significantly different from zero, indicating a shift in the biomass allocation after emergence of the apical meristem into the air. Water use, measured by the transpiration coefficient, averaged 260 ml H2O mg DW-1, which is similar to C-4 terrestrial plants. M. aquaticum has leaf characteristics commonly associated with xerophytic habitats. These characteristics may be necessary if a high transpiration rate and a mechanical requirement for high cell turgor pressure, required by a reliance upon hydrostatic pressure for support of the aerial stems, are mutually exclusive because of morphological constraints on hydraulic conductivity.
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    The role of Gloeotrichia echinulata in the transfer of phosphorus from sediments to water in Lake Erken (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 123-129 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; cyanobacteria ; Gloeotrichia echinulata ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The abundance of Gloeotrichia echinulata colonies in the sediments of Lake Erken and their phosphorus content were investigated to determine the contribution of Gloeotrichia colonies to total sediment phosphorus. Moreover, the potential size of the algal inoculum and the migration to the water during summer were estimated. The surplus phosphorus content of the resting colonies in the sediment was about 45% of total phosphorus, which maximized at 8.5 µg P (mg dw)−1 or 81 ng P colony−1. The C:P ratio (by weight) in the early colonies appearing in the lake water was 50:1, while the ratio stabilized at 150 during the major migration period. The internal supply of surplus phosphorus was used during the pelagic growth of the colonies. The internal phosphorus loading to the epilimnion of Lake Erken due to Gloeotrichia migration could, from the measurements of the increase in particulate epilimnetic phosphorus, be estimated at 40 mg P m −2 or 2.5 mg P m−2 d−1 in late July and early August. Determination of the number of colonies in the sediment before and during the migration verified this value to be a conservative estimate of the internal phosphorus loading due to Gloeotrichia migration to the epilimnion in Lake Erken. The sediment P content calculated from the P concentration in early epilimnion colonies resulted in a value of 35 µg P (g dw)−1 as a maximum. This corresponds to only 3% of the total phosphorus content in Lake Erken sediment.
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    Pore water phosphorus and iron concentrations in a shallow, eutrophic lake — indications of bacterial regulation (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 165-177 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: pore water ; phosphorus ; iron ; bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Peak pore water SRP and iron(II) concentrations were found during summer in surface sediments in the shallow and eutrophic L. Finjasjön, Sweden, and the concentrations generally increased with water depth. The SRP variation in surface sediments (0–2 cm) was correlated with temperature (R2 = 0.82–0.95) and iron(II) showed a correlation with sedimentary carbon on all sites (R2 = 0.42–0.96). In addition, sedimentary Chla, bacterial abundances and production rates in surface sediments (0–2 cm) varied seasonally, with peaks during spring and fall sedimentation. Bacterial production rates were correlated with phosphorus and carbon in the sediment (R2 = 0.90–0.95 and R2 = 0.31–0.95, respectively), indicating a coupling with algal sedimentation. A general increase in sediment Chla and bacterial abundances towards sediments at greater water depth was found. Further, data from 1988–90 reveal that TP and TFe concentrations in the lake were significantly correlated during summer (R2 = 0.81 and 0.76, in the hypolimnion and epilimnion, respectively). The results indicate that the increase in pore water SRP and Fe(II) in surface sediments during summer is regulated by bacterial activity and the input of organic matter. In addition, spatial and temporal variations in pore water composition are mainly influenced by temperature and water depth and the significant correlation between TP and TFe in the water suggests a coupled release from the sediment. These findings support the theory of anoxic microlayer formation at the sediment-water interface.
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    Considerations in modeling the sediment-water exchange of phosphorus (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 219-231 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment ; water ; phosphorus ; models ; temporal scales ; spatial scales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The potential to release accumulated phosphorus from sediments has been the major motive to study and to model the fate of this nutrient in sediments. For the dynamics of the sediment-water interaction the sizes of the pools involved and the rates of conversion/transport from one pool to another are of primary interest. As the sediment pools for phosphate are generally much larger than the pools in the water column, a rather slow adjustment of the sediment to management measures will occur. For the analysis of management measures it is obvious that the gradual change in sediment composition must be taken into account. Only for rather short periods the sediment composition can be assumed to be constant; this may be appropriate for studies of e.g. the annual cycle. The sediment-water interaction is a complex resultant of physical, chemical and biological processes, including: physical processes: advection due to seepage or consolidation, pore-water diffusion, transport and mixing of solids by resuspension, sedimentation and bioturbation. chemical processes: adsorption and desorption, dissolution and (co)precipitation, inclusion. biological processes: mineralization of a wide range of organic compounds by various (micro)organisms, each with their own nutrient requirements and electron acceptors. Aspects which are discussed and need to be considered in application of a model in research or management are the level of aggregation and detail that is required and may still be practical, the spatial and temporal scales which are applicable for the processes mentioned and their influence upon the numerical dispersion and model stability, the availability of data for calibration/validation and the resolution of the analytical techniques. These aspects are not independent however. Frequently models are not functional because they contain details which are either unnecessary or suggest a feigned accuracy which is not justified by analytical and experimental resolution of system characteristics.
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    The third international workshop on phosphorus in sediments (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. xi 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; sediments ; chemistry ; microbiology ; modelling ; lake restoration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Importance of flood zones for nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in the Danube Delta (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 143-148 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Danube Delta ; flood zones ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The change of concentration of total reactive phosphorus (TRP) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was studied in the lower Danube river and in selected lakes situated in the wetland area of the Danube Delta. The differences Danube Delta in nutrient concentration in the river waters entering the delta and the delta in different sites (especially lakes) of the wetland area are considered to reflect retention in the system. The highest retention was found in periods of moderate and low water level when the surface-to-volume ratio of the lakes was high. In these periods the in-lake concentration of TRP and DIN could be as low as 11 and 23% of the values found in the inflowing river.
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    Soil nutrient depletion by agricultural production in Southern Mali (1993)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 79-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: agriculture ; Sahel ; Sudan ; Mali ; cotton ; fertilization ; nutrient ; soil ; soil degradation ; depletion ; nutrient ; nutrient balance ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; acidification ; sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The degree of soil mining by agricultural production in Southern Mali is assessed by calculating nutrient balances: differences between the amount of plant nutrients exported from the cultivated fields, and those added to the fields. Export processes include extraction by crops, losses due to leaching, to erosion, and to volatilization and denitrification. Inputs include applications of fertilizer and manure, restitution of crop residues, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition of nutrients in rain and dust, and enrichment by weathering of soil minerals. Nutrient balances are calculated for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Both pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given. The resulting figures indicate, even when the most optimistic estimates are used, large deficits for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. For the region as a whole, the calculated deficits are -25 kg N/ha,-20 kg K/ha, and -5 kg Mg/ha. Further, acidification is to be expected, in particular in areas where cotton is grown. The deficits are caused by traditional cereal crops, but also by cotton and especially by groundnut. The latter two crops are fertilized, but insufficiently. It is important to note, that the negative figures are not automatic recommendations for application of a specific amount of additional fertilizer. For phosphorus and calcium the balance of the region as a whole appears to be about in equilibrium, but locally large variations may occur. Erosion and denitrification are important causes of nutrient loss, accounting respectively for 17 and 22% of total nitrogen exports. Atmospheric deposition and weathering of minerals in the soil are still important nutrient inputs that contribute as much as nutrients as organic and mineral fertilizer combined. Nutrient depletion is very large in comparison to the amount of fertilizer applied. Drastic options, such as doubling the application of fertilizer or manure, or halving erosion losses, even if feasible, would still not be enough to make up for the calculated deficits. The annual value of withdrawn nutrients, if related to prices of fertilizers, varies between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA/ha (40-60 US $/ha). Since the estimated average gross margin from farming in this area is 34,000 FCFA/ha (123 US $/ha), soil mining appears to provide an amount equal to 40% of farmers' total income from agricultural activities.
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    Eutrophic waters of southwestern Australia (1993)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 105-114 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: eutrophication ; phosphorus ; algae ; cyanobacteria ; seagrasses ; plankton ; benthic fauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Water bodies in coastal areas of southwestern Australia are predisposed to eutrophication. The sandy soils of the catchments retain nutrients poorly, streamflow is highly seasonal, most freshwater wetlands are small and shallow, and the estuaries are poorly flushed. Nearshore waters lack the conventional upwelling of other coastal regions in these latitudes. Consequences include increased macroalgal growth and phytoplankton blooms, especially of cyanobacteria, and loss of seagrasses. Changes to fish and invertebrate populations result both from increased algal production and low oxygen concentrations. Algal toxins and outbreaks of botulism have caused waterbird casualties. Phosphorus is especially important in controlling plant biomass in freshwater wetlands and estuaries, and N in some wetlands and coastal embayments. In the examples reviewed here nutrients are derived mainly from fertilizer applications in catchments and rural industries, and from sewage and individual discharges to coastal waters.
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    The potential use of wetlands to reduce phosphorus export from agricultural catchments (1993)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 157-164 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; wetlands ; nutrient uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Natural and artificial wetlands have the potential to reduce phosphorus (P) loads from dispersed agricultural runoff and from point sources in the Peel-Harvey catchment, Western Australia. Small experimental systems containing wetland plants and substrate have shown significant removal of P from inflowing water, the proportion of P removed being dependent on P concentration and flow rate of water through the system. The use of artificial wetlands to treat diffuse agricultural runoff is limited by the highly seasonal runoff typical of this Mediterranean climate, while use at point sources has so far been unsuccessful because compounds from the effluent clog the wetland ‘filters’. Treatment at point sources may well be feasible after further research. Natural wetlands in the catchment absorb P received in runoff from farmland and, in the absence of any outflow channels to the drainage system, confine this P within the boundaries of the wetland. Disturbance to wetlands may reduce their efficiency in absorbing nutrients and may release P stored in the vegetation and sediment to the water. The conservation of natural wetlands is recommended to maximise nutrient retention in the catchment.
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    Managing nutrient losses from rural point sources and urban environments (1993)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 165-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; nutrient loss ; management ; point sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient loss from rural point sources and urban environments need to be minimised as part of strategies to overcome declining water quality on the Swan Coastal Plain and in the Peel-Harvey estuary in Western Australia. This paper discusses the management of nutrient losses from domestic effluent, urban stormwater runoff, domestic gardens and public open space, intensive animal industries and intensive irrigated agriculture. Measures to minimise nutrient losses from these sources are outlined, using cooperative, technological and regulatory approaches.
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    How do non-differentiating bacteria adapt to starvation? (1993)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 63 (1993), S. 333-341 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: survival ; starvation ; stress ; Vibrio ; carbon ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; protein synthesis ; carbon starvation stimulon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Non-differentiating bacteria adapt to starvation induced growth arrest by a complex turn-on/turn-off pattern of protein synthesis. This response shows distinct similarities with those of spore formation in differentiating organisms. A substantial amount of information on the non-growth biology of non-differentiating bacteria can be derived from studies onVibrio strains. One important result is that carbon rather than nitrogen or phosphorus starvation leads to the development of a starvation and stress resistant cell in these organisms. Hence, we have attempted to characterize the carbon starvation stimulon. By the use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of pulse-labelled cells and transposon mutagenesis, using reporter gene constructs, the identity and function of some members of the carbon starvation stimulon have been elucidated. Moreover, regulatory genes of the starvation response have been identified with these techniques. Current studies primarily address the identity and function of these genes. The role of transcript modification and stability for both long term persistence during starvation as well as the efficient recovery of cells which occurs upon nutrient addition is also addressed. It is suggested that an understanding of the functionality of the translational machinery is essential for the understanding of these adaptive pathways. This contribution also discusses the diversity of the differentiation-like response to starvation in different bacteria and whether a general starvation induced programme exists.
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    Microbial decomposition of freshwater macrophytes in the littoral zone of lakes (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: decomposition ; macrophytes ; microorganisms ; weight loss ; phosphorus ; littoral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition of several lake macrophytes was investigated under field conditions. Data on weight and phosphorus loss, numbers of microbial decomposers and their activity were obtained. Experiments were conducted in the littoral of two lakes with different levels of macrophyte development. Weight loss during 40–60 days of decomposition for fast-decomposing plants was 60–95% and after 365-day of incubation, Potamogeton perfoliatus L. lost nearly 100% of its initial weight. Slow-decomposing plants lost 20–50% of their initial weight after 40–60 days of incubation, and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. lost 84% of its initial weight after 365 days. Total phosphorus content in plants did not decrease at the first stages of decomposition. The number of microbial decomposers utilizing both labile and resistant substrates increased 2–6 times during the first 5–25 days period. During this period the community was morphologically diverse and biochemically active (high level of microbial respiration). It coincided with the highest weight loss. After that period, the number of microorganisms utilizing labile substrates, as well as the rate of decomposition decreased. The part of macrophyte organic matter entering the biological cycle in two lakes made up 3.5% and 26% of phytoplankton primary production. Bacterial production on decomposing macrophytes was calculated at 4% and 51% of bacterioplankton production, respectively, in both lakes.
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    Drainage history and land use pattern of a Swedish river system — their importance for understanding nitrogen and phosphorus load (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: land drainage ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; areal coefficients ; agricultural streams ; riparian ecotones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, approximately 300 km2 of lakes and wetlands, representing 29% of the River Kavlingean catchment in Southern Sweden, were drained to make land available for agriculture. Published accounts of nutrient loads from the catchment indicated that until the mid 20th century, factories and urban point sources were the major contributors of both nitrogen and phosphorus. By the middle of the 20th century, the construction of sewage treatment plants had effectively reduced phosphorus pollution. Concurrently, the land drained in the previous century underwent a more intense cultivation, with productivity being maintained by commercial fertilizers. Subsequently, net nutrient loads from agriculture continued to increase, reaching an annual load of 2652 tons total-nitrogen and 70 tons total-phosphorus for the River Kävlingeån. Whilst high nutrient leakage from agricultural watersheds may be a problem which is only recently recognized, it had its origins in nearly a hundred years of commonly accepted agricultural policy. To assess the importance of agriculture as the major source of nutrients to the River Kävlingeån system, three tributary catchment areas, differing in terms of their land use patterns (high, medium and low intensity of agricultural use), were studied and compared with literature figures. Results indicated that agricultural nutrient loss areal coefficients were substantially higher than the literature figures, demonstrating the role of agriculture as source of nutrients to the River Kävlingeån system. The agricultural land use policies of the last fifty years were revealed to be most important with regard to this role. Of such land use policies, the cultivation of the last 10–15% of land employed for agricultural use (primarily riparian ecotones) may be of most significance. The literature indicates that intense agricultural use of this final 10–15% may account for a ca. 50% increase in nitrogen loss. This suggests that one solution to the problem of agricultural diffuse pollution may lie in the restoration and sustainable management of riparian ecotones of agricultural streams.
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    Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics and retention in ecotones of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 39-47 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agriculture ; algae ; lake ; littoral ; macrophytes ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We are studying present conditions and consequences of material movement from land to water in the Lake Titicaca basin, and how fluxes are affected by human activities. The principal objective of this research is to describe and explain the variability in the Andean Altiplano of (a) water, nutrient and sediment fluxes from land and (b) composition, nutrient limitation and other important features of nearshore lake communities, and compare the effects of different agricultural practices (especially traditional and modern) on these factors. We are focusing on a comparison of the impacts of two forms of agriculture in this region: ancient raised fields currently under rehabilitation, and flat pastures and fields, which are more common. Results of the first year of study indicate there is substantial variability in nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to ecotone complexity (simple vs. intermediate vs. complex). Raised field sites have the beneficial effect of reducing high available nutrient concentrations (nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorus) and sediment load (measured as turbidity) as the water passes through them enroute to the lake. Aquatic vegetation (algae and macrophytes) reflect well ambient total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Experimental nutrient limitation bioassays indicate that nitrogen is the most important limiting nutrient, though there is important spatial variability within the landscape, and phosphorus as well as nitrogen can be limiting.
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    Impact on lake development of changed agricultural watershed exploitation during the last three centuries (1993)
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    Hydrobiologia 251 (1993), S. 297-308 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Palaeolimnology ; ecotones ; watershed structure ; macrophytes ; phosphorus ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The history of the development of Lake Hejrede Sø (Denmark) and the related history of the watershed management were studied based on analyses of macrofossil content, chemical composition and Clostridium perfringens content in sediment cores. Depth-age relations of ecological changes were established through Pb210 analyses, and a systematic search for written sources describing the watershed history was carried out. Lake Hejrede Sø used to be a humic, acid but relatively clearwater lake with an extensive submersed vegetation. Owing to deforestation and reclamation of bogs and meadows, the accumulation of nutrients in these ecotones vanished. Subsequently, in early 1800 the lake developed into a clearwater alkaline lake, and later became more eutrophic which resulted in the decline of the submersed vegetation. At the time the annual sediment phosphorus accumulation increased more than twofold, and influx of mineral matter increased drastically. In mid-1900, submersed vegetation had disappeared. The Clostridium perfringens analysis and the historical evidence show that no sewage was discharged to the lake until mid-1900, which implies that changed agricultural watershed exploitation and ecotone reclamation during the 19th century was the cause of the increased nutrient influx, and the deterioration of the lake. Written historical sources confirm the palaeolimnological interpretations and describe the agricultural practices responsible for the development.
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    Response ofStylosanthes guianensis to endomycorrhizal fungi inoculation as affected by lime and phosphorus applications (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 109-116 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: liming ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; Stylosanthes guianensis ; tropical soil ; vesiculararbuscular mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nutrient concentration in the shoots ofStylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. cultivated in a sterilized acid and dystrophic soil (Quartzipsament) amended with 4 levels of lime (0; 0.27; 0.63 and 1.10 meq Ca2+/100 g soil, as Ca(OH)2), 2 levels of P (0 and 20 mg P kg-1 soil, as KH2PO4) and not-inoculated or inoculated with 3 vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. The effectiveness of the different fungal species in increasing the nutrient concentration in the shoots varied with the different edaphic conditions. In general, mycorrhiza formation was associated with increases in the concentrations of most of the nutrients analyzed. Under the experimental conditions, the increments in nutrient concentration were higher overall in plants inoculated withAcaulospora scrobiculata. Inoculation ofS. guianensis with VA mycorrhizal fungi was also associated with alterations in the ratios of nutrients in the shoots, which might be important in understanding and explaining the tolerance of mycorrhizal plants to nutritional stresses such as Al and Mn toxicity.
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    Productivity and adaptive capacity of winter wheat landraces and modern cultivars grown under low-fertility conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; landrace ; semidwarf ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; fertilization ; genetic improvement ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In recent decades, most winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding in the United States has been done in field nurseries in which the soil receives ample fertilization. To determine the effects of these breeding efforts on productivity under low-fertility conditions, we evaluated twenty-nine winter wheat genotypes (seven Asian landraces; thirteen standard-height U.S. cultivars released between 1874 and 1971; and nine semidwarf cultivars released between 1977 and 1988) under severe fertility stress at three Kansas, USA locations. Experiments included fertilized and unfertilized treatments. The modern, semidwarf cultivars yielded 18% and 20% more, on average, than landraces and standard-height cultivars under low and high fertility, respectively; however, only the latter difference reached the 5% significance level. At only one location (Hays) was there a significant genotype X fertility interaction: there, 89% of the semidwarf cultivars, only 8% of the standard cultivars, and 57% of the landraces responded to fertilization. The regression coefficient of mean grain yield (unfertilized) on year of introduction or release for standard and semidwarf cultivars was zero, indicating that a century of breeding has produced no genetic improvement in performance under these low-fertility conditions. Although we found that the usual yield advantage of modern cultivars is not expressed under very low fertility, we saw no evidence that older cultivars are superior under those conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029637
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    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus regulation of nitrogen fixation in a traditional Mexican agroecosystem (1993)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 21 (1993), S. 141-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; agroecology ; natural abundance15N ; nitrogen fixation ; phosphorus ; sustainable agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Although nitrogen is considered to be the nutrient that most commonly limits production of natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems, I propose that phosphorus may regulate productivity in many continuously cultivated agroecosystems that do not receive applications of synthetic fertilizers. One way P may limit agroecosystem productivity is by controlling nitrogen fixation of legume crops, thus affecting nitrogen availability in the overall agroecosystem. I tested this hypothesis in two studies by examining the effect of phosphorus nutrition on nitrogen fixation of alfalfa in traditional Mexican agroecosystems. All farms used in the research relied on alfalfa as the primary nitrogen source for maize cultivation and other crops, and had minimal or no reliance on synthetic fertilizers. In one study, I used the natural abundance of15N to estimate nitrogen fixation in five alfalfa plots with soils representing a wide range of P fertility. I found a correlation of r = 0.85 between foliage P concentrations and nitrogen fixation in the alfalfa plots. Mean nitrogen fixation in alfalfa plots ranged between 232–555 kg ha−1 yr−1 as estimated by the15N-natural abundance method. In a second study, I sampled soils from alfalfa plots on traditional farms located in 5 different physiographic regions of Mexico. Half of each soil sample was augmented with phosphorus in a greenhouse experiment. I grew alfalfa on the fertilized and unfertilized soils from each site and then determined nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) of the Rhizobium on the plant roots. Nitrogenase activity increased in the alfalfa grown on all soils with added phosphorus, with two of the five differences being statistically significant at P 〈 0.01, 0 and one at P 〈 0.05. Foliage P concentrations and nitrogenase activity were 0 positively correlated (r = 0.81,P 〈 0.01).0
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001115
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  • 100
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    Nutrient limitations to plant growth during primary succession in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (1993)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 23 (1993), S. 197-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: chronosequence ; montane tropical forest ; nitrogen ; soil development ; phosphorus ; tropical forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We determined the effects of nutrient amendments on plant growth in three tropical montane rainforest sites representing a sequence of soil ages (〈 30, 200, and ≈ 2000 y). Factorial fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and all other essential nutrients (combined) was applied to the two younger sites; only nitrogen was applied to the oldest one. Nitrogen supply represented the most important limitation to plant growth in the two younger sites; additions of nitrogen caused significant increases in tree diameter increment, height growth, litterfall, and most other growth-related parameters. In contrast, nitrogen additions had no significant effect on plant growth in the oldest site. Phosphorus additions increased extractable soil phosphorus and plant tissue phosphorus, but did not increase plant growth at the young sites. The results are consistent with Walker & Syers' (1976) model for the control of nutrient limitation during soil development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023752
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