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  • 1
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10949 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:57:52 | 10949 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This is the Salmonid & Freshwater Fisheries Statistics for England & Wales 1992 produced by the National Rivers Authority (NRA) in 1994. This report is focused on the maintenance, improvement and development of fisheries of England and Wales. This report is the fourth compilation of salmon and migratory trout catch statistics for England and Wales published by the National Rivers Authority. For the years 1983-88, these statistics were published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), Directorate of Fisheries Research in their Data Report Series. Other than for rod catches, the 1992 data have been presented in a broadly similar format to those of 1991, Presentation of the rod data however has changed considerably due to the introduction in January 1992 of the first National Rod Fishing Licence. This report makes a general review of different catches: Northumbria, Yorkshire, Anglian, Thames, Southern, Wessex, South West, Severn-Trent, Welsh and North West.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Wales ; Northumbria ; Yorkshire ; Anglian ; Thames ; Southern ; Wessex ; South West ; Severn-Trent ; Welsh ; North West ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Fishery management ; Fishery data ; Fish catch statistics ; Migratory species ; Licensing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 51
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  • 2
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10950 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:57:26 | 10950 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This is the Salmonid & Freshwater Fisheries Statistics for England & Wales 1994 produced by the National Rivers Authority (NRA) in 1995. This report is focused on the maintenance, improvement and development of fisheries of England and Wales. This report is the sixth compilation of salmon and migratory trout catch statistics for England and Wales produced by the National Rivers Authority. For the years 1983-88, these statistics were published by the Ministry o f Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), Directorate of Fisheries Research in their Data Report Series. The 1994 data have been presented in a broadly similar format to those of 1993.This report makes a general review of different catches: Northumbria, Yorkshire, Anglian, Thames, Southern, Wessex, South West, Severn-Trent, Welsh and North West.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Wales ; Northumbria ; Yorkshire ; Anglian ; Thames ; Southern ; Wessex ; South West ; Severn-Trent ; Welsh ; North West ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Fishery management ; Fishery data ; Fish catch statistics ; Migratory species ; Licensing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 57
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  • 3
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    National Rivers Authority | Warrington, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10961 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:55:26 | 10961 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This is the Acid waters in North West England: The effect of liming agricultural land on the chemistry and biology of the River Esk, North West England report produced by National Rivers Authority in 1992. This report focuses on the study of Acid Waters in the North West Region of England, UK, which began in 1982 and sampling was completed in October 1990. This work was initiated because of the observation of the simultaneous mortality of adult and juvenile salmon and sea-trout in both the River Esk and adjacent River Duddon in June 1980. Investigations at that time indicated that an "acid episode" was the most likely cause of this mortality. A land use study indicated that a reduction in agricultural liming may have been a major factor in the development of acid episodes and consequent fish kills in the River Esk and River Duddon. However there was no evidence that the mortalities of salmonids in the early 1980's were due to a reduction in agricultural liming. They were due to some other phenomenon such as a period of intense acid deposition.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: +appendices
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; North West ; Esk ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Freshwater pollution ; Freshwater fish ; Migratory species ; Fish counter data ; Mortalities ; Invertebrates ; Acid Waters ; Water quality
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 31
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  • 4
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11036 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:41:04 | 11036 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: This is the Wetland resource evaluation and the NRA's role in its conservation: Resource assessment report produced by the National Rivers Authority in 1995. This R&D document provides a strategy for the assessment of the wetland resource of England and Wales. As a first step the report defines wetlands in their UK context. The following working definition is suggested: Wetland is land that has (or had until modified) a water level predominantly at, near, or up to 1.5 m above the ground surface for sufficient time during the year to allow hydrological processes to be a major influence on the soils and biota. These processes may be expressed in certain features, such as characteristic soils and vegetation. The report also summarises a hydrotopographical classification of wetlands. The report then develops a strategy for the establishment of a wetland resource Inventory based on a geographical information system (GIS) as a means of storing and manipulating site data from across England and Wales.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; UK ; England ; Wales ; Inland waters ; Wetland ; GIS ; Resource ; Survey ; Classification ; Inventory ; Definition ; Hydrotopography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 76
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  • 5
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11035 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:41:14 | 11035 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: This is the Wetland resource evaluation and the NRA's role in its conservation: Classification of British wetlands report produced by the National Rivers Authority in 1995. This R&D document provides a clear classification for wetlands in England and Wales. The classification incorporates many of the existing ideas on the subject but avoids some of the problems associated with other classifications. A two-layered 'hydrotopographical' classification is proposed. The first layer identifies situation-types, i.e. the position the wetland occupies in the landscape, with special emphasis upon the principal sources of water. The second layer identifies hydrotopographical elements, i.e. units with distinctive water supply and, sometimes, distinctive topography in response to this. This system is seen as an independent, basic, classification upon which it is possible to superimpose additional, independent classifications based on other features (e.g. base-status, fertility, vegetation, management etc.). Some proposals for such additional classifications are provided.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Wales ; Inland waters ; Wetlands ; Resource ; Classification ; Key ; Hydrotopography ; Survey
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 106
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  • 6
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    National Rivers Authority | UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10876 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:49:07 | 10876 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: This is the River Dart, Spawning 1992 report produced by the National Rivers Authority. It contains details on the hydrological conditions and redd sighting locations on the River Dart, as well as kelts presence data. It also contains two basic diagrams showing the location of the sightings.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives South West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; South West ; River Dart ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Salmon fisheries ; Spawning ; Environmental monitoring ; Population dynamics.
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 7
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    National Rivers Authority | UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10909 | 1256 | 2013-03-21 13:05:20 | 10909 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: This is the Cheshire Meres 1995, May – June Surveys Report from the National Rivers Authority, 1995. The report focuses on the surveys of ten Cheshire Meres in November 1994 and then again in May-June 1995 as part of a rolling program examining the water quality of this group of still waters. The ten meres surveyed were: Betley, Budworth, Combermere, Hatchmere, Oak mere, Pick mere, Redes, Rostheme, Tabley, and Tatton. This report discusses the results of the May-June survey before making a comparison between these and the November survey results. The section on results contains information about suspended solids (S.S.) and volatile suspended solids (V.S.S.); Nitrate and Nitrite; Ammonia; ortho-Phosphate; Silicate and Soluble reactive Silica; and total Phosphorus.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + appendices
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cheshire ; Environmental assessment ; Survey ; Eutrophication ; Inland waters ; Pollution ; Lakes classification
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 16
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  • 8
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10982 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:51:31 | 10982 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This is the report on Lakes – Classification and Monitoring, a strategy for the classification of lakes by the National Rivers Authority.This report describes a scheme for the assessment and monitoring of water and ecological quality in standing waters, greater than about 1ha in area, in England and Wales although it is generally relevant to Northwest Europe. Thirteen hydrological, chemical and biological variables are used to characterize the standing water body in any current sampling. Statistical testing on the chemical variables showed that at least six samples during a year would be needed to produce a representative sampling mean; but in this scheme the choice of variables minimizes logistic cost by not using boat sampling and time costs by not demanding extensive taxonomic work. Standing waters are classified in a state-changed system in which the contemporary values of the variables are compared with a reference baseline state and then placed in categories of percentage change from this baseline. The scheme is presently designed for use at about five year intervals on all lakes greater than 2ha area plus additional lakes of significant amenity or conservation interest.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Wales ; Lake classification ; Monitoring ; Eutrophication ; Acidification ; Infilling ; Water quality ; Ecological quality ; State-changed schemes ; Export coefficient models ; Nutrients ; Aquatic plants
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 100
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  • 9
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    National Rivers Authority | UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10911 | 1256 | 2013-03-21 13:06:32 | 10911 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-02
    Description: This is the Cheshire stillwaters. Summary results of 1997 data Oak Mere, Betley Mere and Marbury Big from the National Rivers Authority, June 1998. In May 1997, a Stillwaters meeting was held to discuss the way forward in stillwaters monitoring. It decided upon the establishment of a three year rolling programme, in which three stillwaters would be monitored three times a year, every third year. The stillwaters where chosen due to water quality (i.e potential polluted / sensitive waters), fisheries and ecological interests. The Still waters chosen for the first year (1997) were Oak Mere, Betley Mere and Marbury Big Mere. The surveys were aimed to produce a comprehensive study of the still water through monitoring a variety of parameters. Algal, zooplankton and water chemical samples were taken three times a year, (April, July and September). In addition, fisheries surveys were taken in July and marginal invertebrate surveys taken in September.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + appendices
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cheshire ; Environmental assessment ; Environmental monitoring ; Survey ; Eutrophication ; Inland waters ; Pollution ; Lakes classification ; Fisheries surveys
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 15
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  • 10
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8378 | 1256 | 2012-03-07 14:44:30 | 8378 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-02
    Description: The overall purpose of this guide is to provide a manualfor the collection and interpretation of sea trout scales. Abrief introduction considers the advantages anddisadvantages of using scales to determine age and growth.To ensure that scales are interpreted in a consistentmanner, all major terms are defined and a standard systemfor age notation is proposed. The methodology for thecollection, mounting and interpretation of scales isdescribed in detail, and this is followed by a section on the back-calculation of lengths at different ages. Each topic is discussed critically. The final part of this guide is an atlas illustrating scales from a wide range of sea trout and including not only excellent "type-scales" but also difficult and impossible scales.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; Scales ; Tagging ; Salmo trutta ; Scale reading ; Age ; Animal morphology ; Length
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
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    Format: 63
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  • 11
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    National Rivers Authority | UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11029 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:42:10 | 11029
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: This is the River Gowy rapid corridor survey July 1995: Ecology South Mersey report produced by the National Rivers Authority North West Region in 1995. This report looks at the survey carried out by the South Mersey Ecology Team prior to routine deweeding operations on the main River Gowy at the end of July, 1995. The survey covered Flood Defence Stretch References RGOW03 to RGOW16. These stretches were further divided into a series of 43 stretches, each one being approximately 500m in length for ease o f mapping by Ecology. Recommendations for each length have been cross-referenced with the Bill of Quantities where possible, e.g. retention o f margins. In Flood Defence stretch RGOW03, the South West Winter Wetland forms an important habitat for birds. In stretches RGOW04 to RGOW05, the Gowy Meadows and Ditches have been designated a Grade A, Site of Biological Importance, by Cheshire County Council due to the nature of the acidic grassland and diverse ditches. In stretches RGOWIO to RGOW11 the left bank forms Hockenhull Platts, Grade A Site of Biological Importance and County Trust Reserve. In stretches RGOW15 to RGOW16, the area from Mill Farm to the Shropshire Union Canal is a Grade A Site of Biological Importance. These sites are very sensitive and detailed recommendations for working practices can be found in the relevant sections o f the survey.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: +appendices
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Mersey ; River Gowy ; Inland waters ; Flood Defence stretch references ; Macrophytes ; Macroinvertebrates ; Freshwater fish ; Water quality
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
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    Format: 65
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  • 12
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11034 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:41:24 | 11034 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: This is the NRA's role in wetland conservation report produced by the National Rivers Authority in 1995. This document is the third of a series of three R&D Notes produced as part of an integrated research programme addressing aspects of the NRA's role in wetland management and conservation. Chapter 1 considers the nature of the wetland resource and its definition. Chapter 2 presents the NRA's current legislative and policy framework relating to its role in wetland conservation. National and international legislation and agreements are considered, and particular attention is afforded to the potential implications of the 'Habitats Directive'. Chapter 4 presents key examples of operational casework involving wetlands. Differences in approach and external perceptions of the NRA's current and likely future role in wetland conservation are discussed within Chapter 5. Other issues highlighted in this report are: policy guidance required on NRA’s role in land drainage; standard of flood defence service for wetlands; cost-benefit analysis; strategies for halting and reversing the decline and degradation of wetland resource; and Catchment Management Planning.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Inland waters ; Wetland definition ; Wetland management ; Wetland conservation ; Water management ; Legislation ; Policy ; Strategy ; Survey ; Restoration
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 114
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  • 13
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    National Rivers Authority | UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10875 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:50:15 | 10875 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: This is the River Dart, Weir and Fish Pass Survey 1992 report produced by the National Rivers Authority.It goes through the general condition of Weirs and fish passes to determine the extent of problems associated with the upstream and downstream migration of salmonids. It considers solutions where problems exist and investigates the exact use of the resource. It looks at the following Weirs: Totnes, Staverton, Hood, Kilbury, Buckfast, Holne, Mardle (River Mardle), Holybrook (Holybrook), Jordan (West Webburn), Swincombe Intake (River Swincombe), Blackbrook, West Dart, Cowsic (Devonport Leat), Kingfisher Press (Bidwell Brook) and Bagpark (East Webburn). It also contains location maps of the weirs and individual fact sheets along detailed pictures and diagrams.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives South West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; South West ; River Dart ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Migratory species ; Salmon fisheries ; Fishery surveys ; Fish passes ; Environmental assessment
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 57
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  • 14
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    National Rivers Authority | UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10919 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:59:17 | 10919 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-02
    Description: This is the Cheshire Meres 1994 November surveys report produced by the National Rivers Authority in 1995. The report focuses on some of Cheshire meres, which were showing evidence of increasing eutrophication, commonly due to anthropogenic inputs. Concern for the deterioration of the water quality of still waters has been translated by incorporating these priorities into the NRA North West Regional Environmental Strategy for Stillwaters. The meres were also being investigated as possible polluted waters under the EC Nitrate Directive.The ultimate aim is to formulate lakes management options in order to help preserve North West still waters and minimise future restoration programmes. For such pro-active work to be carried out, sufficient background data must be available. It should then be possible to fully assess the current status of these lakes, identify seasonal trends and detect significant point/diffuse pollution inputs. These surveys were the first of a series, and it was intended to repeat similar surveys in Summer and Autumn 1995, and include a further 20 meres.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + appendices
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cheshire ; Environmental assessment ; Survey ; Eutrophication ; Inland waters ; Pollution ; Lakes classification ; Nitrate Directive ; Lakes management
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 5
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  • 15
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10938 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:59:55 | 10938 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-02
    Description: This is the Species management in aquatic Habitats WRc Nov 1993 produced by the National Rivers Authority (NRA) in 1993. This report identified key rare and nuisance species of interest to the NRA and prioritised research needs to develop conservation strategies for these species. The NRA has in the past adopted a habitat maintenance and protection approach to conservation paying less attention at individual species. There is a risk that conservation based on a habitat management policy will no further the conservation of certain species. In addition, certain ‘nuisance’ species cause problems for conservation by having a negative impact on more valued species or ecosystems. Through the combination of the review of current legislation and literature and consultation with NRA staff, this project identified key rare and nuisance species of interest to the NRA and prioritised research needs to develop conservation strategies for these species.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + appendices
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; UK ; Conservation ; Species management ; Rare species ; Nuisance species
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 16
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10937 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:58:19 | 10937 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-02
    Description: This is the Species management in aquatic Habitats WRc Dec 1993 produced by the National Rivers Authority in 1993. This report is focused on the Phase 1 of the Species Management in Aquatic Habitats, based on the Development of priority lists of rare and nuisance species for the National Rivers Authority (NRA). Certain ‘nuisance’ species cause problems for conservation by having a negative impact on more valued species or ecosystems. This project was initiated as part of a programme of research to develop strategies for the management of both rare and nuisance species. This project identified key rare and nuisance species of interest to the NRA and prioritised research needs to develop conservation strategies for these species. A combined provisional list of almost a thousand rare species, a priority list of 58 species of potential interest and a priority list of nine nuisance species was developed by a process of literature review and from suggestions by NRA conservation staff.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; UK ; Conservation ; Species management ; Rare species ; Nuisance species ; Biomarkers
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 99
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  • 17
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    National Rivers Authority | Lowestoft, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10947 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:58:11 | 10947 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This is the Salmonid & Freshwater Fisheries Statistics for England & Wales 1989 produced by the National Rivers Authority (NRA) in 1989. This report is focused on the maintenance, improvement and development of fisheries of England and Wales. This report is the first on salmon and migratory trout catch statistics for England and Wales published by the National Rivers Authority (NRA). From 1989 onwards, these statistics will appear each year as NRA fisheries statistics reports replacing the Data Report Series which was published by the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF) Directorate of Fisheries Research. This report makes a general review of different catches: Northumbria, Yorkshire, Anglian, Thames, Southern, Wessex, South West, Severn-Trent, Welsh and North West.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Wales ; Northumbria ; Yorkshire ; Anglian ; Thames ; Southern ; Wessex ; South West ; Severn-Trent ; Welsh ; North West ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Fishery management ; Fishery data ; Fish catch statistics ; Migratory species ; Licensing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 18
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10948 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:58:02 | 10948 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This is the Salmonid & Freshwater Fisheries Statistics for England & Wales 1990 produced by the National Rivers Authority (NRA) in 1992. This report is focused on the maintenance, improvement and development of fisheries of England and Wales. This report is the second compilation of salmon and migratory trout catch statistics for England and Wales published by the National Rivers Authority (NRA). Before 1989, these statistics were published by the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF) Directorate of Fisheries Research in their Data Report Series. The 1990 data have been presented in a broadly similar format to those of 1989. However, two further NRA regions, four in all, provided effort data for rod fisheries in 1990. This report makes a general review of different catches: Northumbria, Yorkshire, Anglian, Thames, Southern, Wessex, South West, Severn-Trent, Welsh and North West.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Wales ; Northumbria ; Yorkshire ; Anglian ; Thames ; Southern ; Wessex ; South West ; Severn-Trent ; Welsh ; North West ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Fishery management ; Fishery data ; Fish catch statistics ; Migratory species ; Licensing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 19
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    National Rivers Authority | Marlow, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8061 | 1256 | 2012-02-24 12:32:41 | 8061 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: There is a need to determine quantitative relationships between fishery status and water quality in order to make informed judgements concerning fishery health and the setting of environmental quality standards for fishery protection. Such relationships would also assist in the formulation of a system for classifying fisheries. A national database of fisheries and water quality has been collated from the archives of pollution control authorities throughout the UK. A number of probable and potential water quality effects on fish populations have been identified from a thorough analysis of the database, notwithstanding large confounding effects such as habitat variation and fish mobility, and the generally sparse nature of water quality information. A number of different approaches to data analysis was utilised, and the value of each has been appraised. Recommendations concerning the integration of water quality assessment approaches have been made and further research on fishery status, and its measurement, in relation to water quality has been suggested.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; UK ; Fish Populations ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Water quality ; Standards ; Fishery management ; Environment management ; Data collections
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 178
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  • 20
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    National Rivers Authority
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8069 | 1256 | 2012-02-29 14:18:44 | 8069 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This document is a collection of legislative documents relating to fisheries, especially Statutory Instruments, with special regards to the county Cumbria in the north of England. This includes Orders on salmon and trout spanning the years 1950-1993.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; England ; Cumbria ; Fishery regulations ; Inland fisheries ; Fishing rights ; Salmon fisheries ; Collected papers
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 21
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8064 | 1256 | 2012-02-25 12:02:18 | 8064 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This report considers the development of environmental quality standards (EQSs) for the salmonid fishery, cyprinid fishery, migratory fishery, commercial harvesting of marine fish for public consumption and commercial harvesting of shellfish for public consumption uses of controlled surface waters. Previous reports have been used to identify those parameters necessary for the maintenance of these five uses. Each water use is considered in a separate section within which identified parameters are discussed and standards proposed, a summary of the proposed standards is presented at the beginning of the relevant section. For salmonid, cyprinid and migratory fisheries, EQSs for substances in water have been proposed for the protection of these fisheries. For the commercial harvesting of marine fish and shellfish for public consumption uses 'Warning Levels' of substances in waters have been proposed. These 'Warning Levels' have been proposed by considering data on bioaccumulation and food standards and aim to prevent acceptable intake values and concentrations in fish/shellfish flesh exceeding statutory or recommended levels. For the commercial harvesting of marine fish for public consumption it has been concluded that the current EQSs for most List II substances for the protection of salt water life should be adequately stringent to protect this use, however for the commercial harvesting of shellfish for public consumption, these List II EQSs do not appear adequate to protect this use and more stringent 'Warning Levels' have been proposed. For all five uses considered in this report there has been found to be limited information on a number of the parameters considered and in general for indigenous species, this has been found to be especially so when considering migratory fisheries and the commercial harvesting of marine fish and shellfish.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Environment ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; UK ; Fisheries ; Environment management ; Standards ; Water quality ; Legislation ; Environmental assessment
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    Type: monograph
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  • 22
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    National Rivers Authority | Levens, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/7931 | 1256 | 2012-02-10 21:29:29 | 7931 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: During 1993, a comprehensive data set of scale readings, length and weight measurements was established for migratory salmonids on the River Lune. This information was collected using three methods of fish capture: 1. The Lune estuary commercial nets. 2. River Lune Forge weir fish trap. 3. River Lune rod catch scale returns. Additional information was contributed by the Kent, Leven and Duddon rod and commercial fisheries. The data shows that the salmon stock in 1993 was dominated by two year old smolts. This varies from year to year.The sea trout population displays a normal population curve in terms of numbers of fish in each age and weight class. The growth rate of salmon and sea trout is very similar even though salmon have the benefit of high sea feeding.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; England ; Lune Catchment ; Salmo salar ; Salmo trutta ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Salmon fisheries ; Fishery surveys ; Kelt ; Stocking density ; Distribution ; Spawning populations
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 23
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8529 | 1256 | 2012-12-21 15:22:29 | 8529 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: Fish tracking is a valuable technique for the provision of detailed information on thebehaviour patterns of individual fish especially during estuarine and riverine migration.2. Tracking studies help in the provision of a comprehensive description of the variety offishbehaviour patterns in response to factors such as water flow, obstructions and waterquality.3. There are advantages to be gained by complementing fish tracking studies with datacollected from fish counters and vice versa.4. An overall evaluation of NRA fish tracking projects is presented in the wider context ofNRA strategic research objectives.5. The requirement for future development of tracking equipment, improved data analysistechniques, better communication and more immediate report preparation is identified.6. Individual project evaluation is given for NRA (or the appropriate Water Authoritypredecessor) tracking studies conducted on the Ribble estuary, the River Tamar, RiverTorridge, Rivers Test and Itchen, River Lodden, the Welsh River Dee, River Glaslyn,River Taff, River Tawe, River Tywi, River Usk, Rivers Avon and Stour and the RiverFrome.7. An outline for future strategic research is provided which identifies particular areas forstudy:-i) Identification of environmental factors which control the entry of fish into rivers.ii) Improvement of the understanding of the relationship between water flow andupstream movement of salmonids.iii) Examination of the detailed movements and behaviour of fish in relation toobstructions.iv) Closer definition of water quality requirements for salmonid fish.v) Definition of habitat preferences of salmonids in rivers.vi) Subsidiary topics such as the movements of non-salmonid fish and the downstreammigration of kelts and juvenile salmonids.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; UK ; Rivers ; River fisheries ; Salmo salar ; Salmo trutta ; Stream flow ; Tracking ; Water quality ; Fishery management
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  • 24
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8556 | 1256 | 2021-02-27 19:44:35 | 8556 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: The study began on the 7th January 1991 and was completed in June 1991. Two reports have been produced. This report published as R&D Note 33 describes NRA trackingstudies, tracking techniques and fish counter technology. The second report published as R&D Note 34 evaluates NRA tracking studies and recommends future research. The latterwill be used solely for NRA management purposes. This report briefly outlines the programme of the NRA, placing the Fisheries programme in the context of the work of the NRA as a whole, and viewing the tracking work against thebroader requirements of the NRA Fisheries research programme. Two techniques currently exist for studying the detailed timing and extent of movements of adult salmon: tracking of individually identifiable fish, and counting the numbers of fish moving past a fixed point in the river. Further details of these techniques and their development are given in Sections 2 and 3. Section 4 summarises and assesses completed and current NRA tracking Studies. Completeproject descriptions for the studies are contained in Appendix A. Section 5 discusses the scientific content of these studies in relation to similar work carried out elsewhere in the UK. Section 6 details the future development of tracking techniques. Tracking work on migratory salmonids has tended to concentrate largely upon the movements of adult salmon. Much of this report will therefore be concerned with salmon trackingstudies. NRA studies involving sea trout are referred to where appropriate. The methodological problems of sea trout tracking studies are summarised in Section 2.1.3.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; UK ; Rivers ; River Fisheries ; Salmo salar ; Salmo trutta ; Migratory species ; Tracking ; Tagging ; Fish counters ; Stream flow ; Water quality
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  • 25
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    National Rivers Authority | Bristol, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8571 | 1256 | 2012-12-20 20:51:52 | 8571 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: In Britain, many birds eat fish in fresh waters but only three species, cormorant, red-breasted merganser and goosander, are commonly perceived to present serious problems for freshwater fisheries. Complaints are mainly that cormorants eat large fish and that all three bird species eat so many juvenile fish, that there are subsequently fewer fish to be harvested or angled, but alsothat persistent predation by birds changes fish behaviour so that they are less 'catchable'.To this end, this report reviews existing information on the current status, foraging ecology, and population biologyof the three bird species as background to their potential impact on fisheries. Discusses fish population dynamics within the context of predation effects. Reviews existing experimental evidence for impacts on fish populations and fisheries; and describes current legislation, discusses potential criteria for serious damage to a fishery, andsuggests ways forward for NRA policy and research.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: R and D Project Record 461/8/N and Y
    Keywords: Environment ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; Great Britain ; Europe ; River fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Predators ; Predator control ; Fish populations ; Environmental assessment
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 411-431 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cells in secretory glands of globiferous pedicellariae from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) were studied with the electron microscope and subjected to preliminary light microscopic, histochemical analysis. Specimens for electron microscopic observation were fixed with chilled 2% glutaraldehyde in sea water postfixed in cold 1.33% osmic acid, and embedded in Araldite 502 epoxy resin Samples for histochemical analysis were fixed in the same manner, and then embedded in n-butylmethacrylate.Secretory cells line and fill partially bifurcated, muscular gland sacs located peripherally on each of three jaw elements comprising the pedicellarial head. Cells from venom glands are typically mucoid in appearance, possessing small volumes of basally displaced, vesiculated cytoplasm and an extensive system of vacuoles dominating the apical nine-tenths of each cell. These vacuoles enclose ground substances of various densities and staining affinities. Despite their extensive vacuolation, gland cells contain numerous cytomembrane complexes indicating metabolic activity just prior to fixation. Deciduous endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, large vacuoles, and various species of vesicles associated with these membrane systems are found in spatial proximity which indicates an apparent biosynthetic association.Preliminary histochemical tests on sections embedded in acrylic plastic indicate vacuolar products may consist of protein and nonsulfated acid mucosubstances.Gland cells are probably holocrine in function, releasing their vacuolar complement upon constriction of the muscular gland sac. There is no evidence indicating delivery of non-membrane bounded, granular secretion to an acellular lumen within the gland sac.
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrate the stimulatory effect of synthetic salmon calcitonin on the fine structure of fibroblasts and on collagen formation in cutaneous wounds experimentally induced in rabbits. Long-term administration of calcitonin enhances fibroblast growth and collagen synthesis. The fibroblasts hypertrophy and exhibit a highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), several polyribosomes, large nuclei, hypertrophic Golgi complex, and many dense granules and lysosomes. Mitochondria are elongate and ramify; intracellular as well as extracellular synthesis of collagen increases. Fibrils appear tightly packed, in large heaps or spicula, with a characteristic periodicity and striation.Scanning electron micrographs of topography and relationships with collagen fibers and fibrils and cells surface changes demonstrate an extensive network of fine fibrils between collagen fibers, marked ruffling of cell membranes as well as numerous blebs on the cell surface. The latter are significant in collagen formation and egestion.
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sperm enter the anterior vas deferens individually in the spider crab male. There they become surrounded by secretion products from the cells of the vas deferens, and are compartmentalized into spermatophores of varying size. The anterior vas deferens can be divided into three regions. The epithelium of the anterior vas deferens varies regionally from low to high columnar. The cytoplasm contains vast arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes but few mitochondria. Intercellular spaces contain septate junctions, gap junctions and vesicles.Once the spermatophores have been formed in the anterior vas deferens, they are moved posteriorly to the middle vas deferens where they are stored and surrounded by seminal fluids. The epithelial cells of the middle vas deferens contain large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. Numerous micropinocytotic vesicles appear, forming at the cell surface and within the apical cytoplasm. Their suggested function is the resorption of secretion products of the anterior vas deferens which initiated compartmentalization of the spermatozoa into spermatophores.The posterior vas deferens functions primarily as a storage center for spermatophores until they are released at the time of copulation. Seminal fluid surrounding the spermatophores is produced in this region as well as in the middle vas deferens. The cells of this region contain vast arrays of vesicular rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. The cells are multinucleate. Microtubules are numerous throughout the length of the cells and appear to insert on the plasma membrane.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 21-75 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Basicranial anatomy of mammalian carnivores is significant in the determination of carnivore evolution. One of the least understood yet most often studied features of the basicranium is the auditory bulla, a bony capsule enclosing the middle ear. Although previously believed to be formed by a tympanic bone alone, or by tympanic and entotympanic, it is shown here that the carnivore bulla is formed by three and in some cases four ontogenetic elements: tympanic, rostral entotympanic, caudal entotympanic(s). These elements in Carnivora appear to correspond to bulla elements discovered over 50 years ago by Van der Klaauw in representative species of several other orders of mammals.Increased auditory sensitivity appears to have been attained in various carnivore lineages by increase in the volume of the middle ear cavity, principally by hypertrophy of the caudal entotympanic, but also by different yet less common anatomical strategies such as invasion of the mastoid bone by the middle ear space. Five basic types of bulla among living Carnivora can be recognized, based largely on the relationship of the caudal entotympanic to the other bulla elements.Closely associated with the bulla in the auditory region are the median and promontory branches of the internal carotid artery. These branches exhibit a precise relationship to the bulla elements, particularly the rostral entotympanic. The promontory branch is much reduced or completely lacking in all living carnivores. Reduction or loss of the median branch is explained as the result of the development of arterial retia on the anastomotic artery in the orbital region. Reduction of the median branch is particularly characteristic of the aeluroid Carnivora, in which a greater proportion of the cerebral blood supply passes to the brain in the external carotid artery via the anastomotic branch, and is cooled in the orbital region by a countercurrent heat exchange mechanism formed by arterial retia closely associated with venous blood in surrounding sinuses. The arctoid and cynoid Carnivora are characterized by only rudimentary development of retia along the anastomotic artery, and the median branch is much better developed than in the aeluroids. Among arctoids, ursids parallel the aeluroids in the development of a countercurrent mechanism but employ the median branch of the internal carotid rather than the anastomotic branch of the external carotid artery.Bulla structure and nature of the carotid circulation in the auditory region can be determined from fossil Carnivora as well as for living forms. This study attempts to define basicranial anatomical patterns characteristic of living Carnivora which then can be used to trace the evolution of lineages in the fossil record.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 77-105 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The termite gut flagellates are of interest because of their unusual motile organelles, their ability to digest cellulose, and their symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes inhabiting the insect gut. This report provides a detailed ultrastructural description of Pyrsonympha from the hind-gut of Reticulitermes flavipes.The motile axostyle is composed of 2,000-4,000 microtubules connected by cross-bridges. At its anterior end, the axostyle is associated with a “primary row” of microtubules which is associated with a fibrous network. The “primary row” is embedded in a large mass of amorphous, electron-dense material occupying the furthest anterior end of the cell. The basal bodies of the eight flagella are also embedded in this presumptive microtubule-organizing center. The flagella are associated with the cell surface throughout their length. Isolation and reactivation of the axostyle has demonstrated that although ATP dependent motility is inherent in the structure of the axostyle, its proper control may be mediated by the attachment of the axostyle to structures at the anterior end of the cell.Pyrsonympha lacks morphologically distinguishable mitochondria and Golgi complexes. The cell surface is covered by unique, previously underscribed, tubular specializations. Symbiotic microorganisms are observed associated with the cell surface and within the cytoplasm.Wood particles are taken up from the gut fluid by large phagocytic vacuoles formed at the posterior end of the cell. Even during the process of breakdown, the wood is always enclosed within the membrane of the phagocytic vacuole.The Pyrsonympha from Reticulitermes flavipes are not attached to the lining of the hind-gut and do not contain an attachment organelle, unlike the Pyrsonympha from other species of Reticulitermes.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 121-165 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gecko ear was studied in 36 species belonging to 24 genera. This receptor has attained an advanced level of structure and performance in this group of lizards, but there are many variations among species. To a large extent these variations follow subfamily lines as represented in Kluge's system of classification.Brief consideration is given to features of the outer and middle ear, but chief concern is with inner ear structures and their relations to auditory sensitivity as represented by the cochlear potentials.The auditory papilla is segmented, with a dorsal portion whose hair cells have their ciliary tufts attached to a tectorial membrane, and a ventral portion in which these cells form tow assemblages, one with tectorial connections and the other with connections to a line of sallets.The dorsal segment varies greatly in length and in the form of ciliary orientation. In Eublepharinae and most Gekkoninae the ciliary orientation is unidirectional, and the degree of sensitivity relates to the length of this segment. In Diplodactylinae and Sphaerodactylinae the orientation is bidirectional, and this segment functionally hardly differs from the ventral segment.Auditory sensitivity as measured in terms of the cochlear potentials shows close relations with subfamily groupings, except for the Gekkoninae in which considerable diversity is found.The evidence from structural differentiation, along with that derived from the forms of the cochlear potential functions, leads to the suggestion that these ears possess a high degree of pitch discrimination and capability for the analysis of complex sounds.
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mature mouse and cat peripheral nerve fibers have been examined in vitro by time-lapse photography. Some Schmidt-Lanterman clefts which were open at the start closed later; other were seen to open and then to close, some of them more than once. The implications of these movements are considered, especially in regard to the question of the passage of materials from the endoneurial connective tissue spaces to the axon.Myelin movements other than those occurring at the Schmidt-Lanterman clefts consisted primarily of the development and frequent regression of indentations of the myelin sheath. A single evagination was seen to develop and then to recede. These myelin movements suggest that previously described invaginations and evaginations of the myelin sheath, including flaps of “redundant myelin”, are not static but rather that they are in a state of movement, forming and regressing at intervals.The possible functional significance of the development and regression of myelin sheath indentations in relationship to axoplasmic flow is discussed.
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 187-245 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The authors describe the spermiogenesis of Polyxenus lagurus, a diplopod, in the male genital ducts and the transformations the spermatozoon successively undergoes in the spermatheca.The spermatozoon in the male genital ducts looks like a little barrel devoid of centriole and of any kind of rudimentary flagellum whatever. The organelles are markedly modified; cross sections present an elongated, flattened nucleus, an X-shaped body running parallel to it on the opposite side and two longitudinal mitochondrial strips interposed between them. The rest of this barrel-shaped spermatozoon is filled with peculiar Golgi formations, the spongy chambers, which open outwards through little vents.In the spermatheca the spermatozoon is quite different: it is shaped like a long ribbon. The basic structure of the spermatozoon is formed by the double folding of part of the cortical layer of the barrel-shaped spermatozoon. On the central part of this endo-skeleton are longitudinally ranged the nucleus and the acrosome flanked on both sides by a thread of mitochondria. Even in this phase the sperm has no flagellum.
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 247-257 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several secretory and nonsecretory enzymes were localized histochemically in the main venom gland of 13 viperid snakes. All secretory cells show the intracellular oxidative enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase. The granular reactions obtained for both enzymes resemble mitochondria in distribution. Distinctive cells with a very high succinate dehydrogenase activity are dispersed among the secretory cells of all species except Atractaspis.Nonspecific acid phosphatase activity is found in the supranuclear region of the secretory cells in species that do not secrete this enzyme and throughout the cytoplasm in snakes that secrete the enzyme. Nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity occurs in the secretory cells of those snakes whose venom shows this activity. Leucine amino peptidase (aryl amidase) activity is found in the venom and in the secretory cells of all the species.In Vipera palaestinae both the venom and the secretory cells of the main venom gland contain nonspecific esterase, L-amino acid oxidase and phosphodiesterase activities. The localization of phosphodiesterase and L-amino acid oxidase do not show major differences between glands at different intervals from an initial milking.Adenosine-monophosphate phosphatase activity is localized in the supranuclear region of the secretory cells in the glands of Vipera palaestinae and Aspis cerastes. Its activity is found in the venom of Aspis only.
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 285-305 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The three dorsal ocelli of worker honeybees have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Each ocellus has a single flattened spheroidal lens and about 800 elongated retinular cells. Retinular cells are paired and form a two-part plate-like rhabdom between their distal processes. Each rhabdomere comprises parallel microvilli projecting laterally from the apposed retinular cells. Primary receptor cell axons synapse within the ocellus with ocellar nerve fibers of two different calibers. Each ocellus has eight thick fibers ca 10 m̈m in diameter and several thinner ones less than 3 m̈m in diameter. Fine structural evidence suggests that retinular axons end presynaptically on both types of ocellar nerve fibers. Since all retinular cells apparently synapse repeatedly with the thick fibers this involves a convergence of about 100:1. Thick fibers always terminate postsynaptically within the ocellus while thin fibers terminate presynaptically on other thin fibers, thick fibers or retinular axons. Structural evidence for synaptic polarization indicates that retinular cells and thick fibers are afferent, thin fibers efferent. Thus complex processing of the ocellar visual input can occur before the secondary neurons of the three ocelli converge to form the single short ocellar nerve which runs to the posterior forebrain.
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  • 38
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 307-335 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The functional morphology of the forelimbs of the following African Viverridae was studied, Atilax paludinosus, Bdeogale crassicauda, Civettictis civetta, Genetta genetta, G. tigrina, Helogale parvula, Herpestes ichneumon, H. sanguineus, Ichneumia albicauda, Mungos mungo, Nandinia binotata. Their locomotory behaviour has been previously studied and described and is related to morphological differences. The osteology of all the species and the myology of three species is described. The species have been assigned to primary locomotor categories on the basis of their locomotion. These are 1, climbing, arboreal walking; 2, arboreal and terrestrial walking and jumping; 3, general terrestrial walking and scrambling; and 4, trotting. In the climbing arboreal walking category the most distinctive morphological adaptations are powerful flexors and extensors as well as a flexible plantigrade manus with retractile claws. In the arboreal and terrestrial walking category the shoulder, elbow and carpal joints are flexible and the manus has retractile claws, though the flexor and extensor musculature is insufficiently developed for controlled climbing. The trotting category is characterised by a high humero-radial index and a rigid antibrachium. The foot is digitigrade with the claws short and stout. Species in the general walking and scrambling category show many differences in the morphology of their feet, even though the proximal parts of the forelimb appear similar. Due to the restricted nature of the adaptations, these species have been assigned to secondary locomotor categories. Morphological characters typical of the locomotor categories are summarized in the discussion.
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  • 39
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 285-299 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gastric mucosa of both the echidna and platypus is aglandular and the lining epithelium is stratified squamous. The latter exhibits three principle layers: stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum. The cytoplasm of cells composing the first two strata of both species shows bundles of tonofibrils and numerous free ribosomes. Cells of the stratum spinosum in the platypus also show numerous dense granules limited to the peripheral cytoplasm. The stratum spinosum of both species is comprised of fusiform-shaped cells whose adjacent cell membranes show extensive interlocking. The stratum spinosum of the echidna in addition shows numerous intercellular bridges. Cells of the stratum corneum become flattened and elongate and in the echidna nuclei near the surface appear to degenerate. Cells comprising the stratum corneum of the platypus exhibit well preserved nuclei and contain scattered large granules of varying electron density. Prior to sloughing, cells near the surface of both species show a separation of adjacent cell membranes. True keratinization is not found in the gastric lining epithelium of either species and the epithelium lining of the stomach of the echidna more closely represents a form of parakeratosis. Delicate papillae containing capillaries extend considerable distances into the overlying epithelium of both species and are thought to contribute to its nutrition.
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    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 301-319 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epidermis of Eisenia is covered by a cuticle and rests on a basement lamella. The cuticle, which is resistant to a variety of enzymes, is composed of non-striated, bundles of probable collagen fibers that are orthogonally oriented and are embedded in a proteoglycan matrix. The basement lamella consists of striated collagen fibers with a 560 Å major periodicity. Proximity and morphology suggest that the epidermis may contribute to both the cuticle and the basement lamella  -  that is, the single tissue may synthesize at least two types of collagen. The epidermis is a pseudostratified epithelium containing three major cell types (columnar, basal and gland) and a rare fourth type with apical cilia. The esophagus is lined by a simple cuticulated epithelium composed predominantly of a single cell type, which resembles the epidermal columnar cell. Rare gland cells occur in the esophageal epithelium, but basal cells are lacking.
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    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 42
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    Journal of Morphology 144 (1974), S. 143-165 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cuticle of five species of Oligochaeta, chosen to represent differences in size and a variety of biotopes, was studied electron microscopically after fixation with the acrolein-TAPO-osmium tetroxide method. Five distinct layers in the cuticle of all studied species were found. Staining with lead and uranyl ions or with silver proteinate visualized basically the same structural components of the cuticle, but the degree of electron opacity and the distribution of the electron-opaque stain in these components differed according to the staining method used. Since the acrolein-TAPO-osmium tetroxide method visualized the cuticular zones preferentially stained by Thiéry's silver proteinate method, it was concluded that the TAPO method may be considered suitable for the visualization of polysaccharides. Staining with phosphotungstic acid provided some information on the composition of the cuticle of Oligochaeta not obtained by staining ultrathin sections with lead and uranyl ions nor with silver proteinate. The conclusion is that phosphotungstic acid binds to polysaccharides which do not contain vicglycol groups nor active sites responsible for the positive reaction with lead and uranyl salts. Structural components in the cuticle of the oligochaetes studied were characteristic for each species. The taxonomic value of such components, however, must be confirmed by examination of a larger number of species of oligochaetes.
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Laboratory-reared outgrowths of the freshwater sponge Corvomeyenia carolinensis Harrison were examined using histological and histochemical techniques, supplemented by phase contrast observations of cellular behavior. The tissue and cellular components of the spongillid outgrowth region were defined in terms of function and morphogenic state. Archeocytes differ considderably, in both histochemical and morphological characteristics, from other cell types of the adult sponge, being histochemically similar to stem cells reported from a variety of developmental series. Archeocytes exhibit cytological characteristics of unspecialized cells capable of high levels of synthetic activity while other cell types of C. carolinensis, for the most part, can be characterized as fully differentiated cells displaying more restricted synthetic capabilities but often accumulating neutral mucoproteins. The presence of aggregates of amebocytes, not identifiable as archeocytes and possibly engaged in gemmule formation, is discussed in terms of current concepts of gemmulation and cellular developmental capabilities in sponges.
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    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 1-1 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 337-347 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy revealed spores of Nosema apis and Thelohania fibrata to be egg-shaped, but only the mature spore of T. fibrata was shown to possess a horseshoe-like concavity at the posterior pole. Freezeetched preparations indicated that this concavity was due to a thin area of the spore coat. Freeze-etching studies also show spores of N. apis do possess an umbrella-shaped polaroplast, and a polar filament which is arranged in a double layer with over 30 coils. The spore of T. fibrata contains a pear-shaped arrangement of the polaroplast membrane, and a polar filament arranged in a single layer of 22 coils.
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    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
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    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 351-363 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gill development begins on the sixth day of incubation at 10°C and is complete by 31 days (hatching). Gill arches are formed by fusion and perforation of ectoderm and endoderm across the pharyngeal wall. A primary branchial artery forms within each arch and a second branchial artery forms as a branch from its ventral end. A series of filament loop vessels forms connecting the two arteries and when several are patent a unidirectional blood flow is established via afferent (second) branchial artery, filament loop vessels to efferent (primary) branchial artery. Part of the efferent branchial artery just above its junction with the afferent branchial artery constricts and occludes. It is suggested that this change in the pattern of blood flow is dependent on differences in resistance of the two branchial arteries. A later extension of the gill ventrally is thought not to be homologous with similar regions in elasmobranchs and Acipenser.
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    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies were conducted on the antennal sensory sensilla of the hymenopteran parasitoid, Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, of the family Braconidae. Distinct morphological differences were found between the chemoreceptors of the male and female. Curved, non-fluted, thin-walled sensilla were found to be very abundant on the male and restricted in location and number on the female. Trichoid, placoid and fluted basiconic sensilla were numerous on the antennal flagella of both sexes. Smooth basiconic sensilla were restricted in number to one per flagellar segment in both sexes. Behavioral data suggest that bent-tipped, thick-walled sensilla unique to the female are involved in detecting a chemical(s) emitted from the host, Heliothis virescens (Fab.).
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Well preserved transitional cells were found between differentiated cells and horny cells of the frog epidermis, thus facilitating the study of the sequential events involved in horny cell formation. Autolysosomes appear to play an important role in the formation of horny cells. These structures preferentially digest those cytoplasmic components which are not necessary constituents of the terminal horny cell. The release of the contents of the small mucous granules into the intercellular spaces is one of the initial events in horny cell formation. Filaments and large mucous granules seem to be resistant to the lytic digestion and contribute to the bulk of the horny cell. Loss of fluids through the plasma membrane and consolidation of the remaining constituents, results in a flattened horny cell. The appearance of a thickened membrane around the horny cell signifies the completion of the transformation process.
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    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fiber constituents and connections of the calyces  -  the input-receiving regions  -  of the corpora pedunculata (“mushroom bodies”) were studied in reduced silver preparations from the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). In the outer synaptic layer of the calyces five fiber classes were distinguished, the first three of which arise outside the mushroom body. (1) Four highly similar neurons with somata near the optic lobe branch into different parts of the ipsiateral protocerebrum, including both calyces. Their fibers are highly constant in arrangement and position and contain small nucleus-like bodies. (2) The tractus olfactorio-globularis (sensu lato) emits fiber groups which course along the calycal walls as “calycal tracts” before ultimately dissipating into the synaptic layer. Variability within these tracts is described. (3) Fibers of undertermined origin outside the mushroom body radiate from the calycal center outwards through the synaptic layer. (4) From the inner calycal layer of neurites belonging to intrinsic mushroom-body neurons, perpendicular collaterals enter the synaptic layer. (5) Intrinsic-neuron somata near the calycal rim emit fibers which course tangentially within the synaptic layer from calycal rim to center. These fibers form a special peripheral zone in the pedunculus.The predominant presumably afferent calycal fiber class is that derived from the tractus olfactorio-globularis. No evidence was found for tracts from optic lobe to calyces. On this basis, and in light of the experimental and comparative anatomical literature, it is suggested that the corpora pedunculata of P. americana and other pterygotes are fundamentally second-order antennal sensory processing centers.Conflicting observations in earlier reports are critically discussed.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974) 
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    Notes: Die räumliche Anordnung der Polymermoleküle in einem Gegenstand ist von größter Wichtigkeit für sein mechanisches Verhalten. Es gibt inzwischen Verfahren, um die Polymermoleküle räumlich zu orientieren, z. B. das Verstrecken von Folien und das Spritzgießen in Formen mit rotierendem Kern.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 104-104 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 107-107 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 46-47 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 132-133 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 163-163 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 171-171 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 187-196 
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    Notes: Quartäre Ammonium- und Phosphoniumsalze katalysieren Reaktionen zwischen Substanzen, die sich teilweise in wäßriger, teilweise in organischer Phase befinden, Mit solchen Phasentransfer-Katalysatoren kann man viele Umsetzungen, die traditionell in wasserfreiem Medium durchgeführt werden, einfacher und schneller gestalten. Dazu gehören Carbenreaktionen, nucleophile Substitutionen, Alkylierungen von Ketonen und Nitrilen, Wittig- und Darzens-Reaktionen, Äther-Darstellung und Veresterung. Andere Reaktionen, z. B. Hydrolysen und Oxidationen, können beschleunigt werden.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 173-187 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Synthese von biologisch wichtigen Naturstoffen mit mehr oder minder kompliziertem Kohlenhydratanteil wirft erhebliche Probleme auf. Im vorliegenden Fortschrittsbericht wird über neuere Entwicklungen bei der Knüpfung der O-Glykosidbindung  -  ausgehend von 1-Halogenzuckern und von 1,2-Zuckerorthoestern  -  berichtet. Dabei wird versucht, aufgrund reaktions-mechanistischer Überlegungen vor allem den stereochemischen Ablauf von Glykosylierungsreaktionen besser zu verstehen. Die Untersuchung der Silbersalzabhängigkeit der Koenigs-Knorr-Synthese führte zu präparativen Verbesserungen des Verfahrens und zu neuen Vorstellungen über den Reaktionsablauf. Eine wesentliche Bereicherung der präparativen Möglichkeiten zur Synthese von trans-Glykosiden war die Einführung von 1,2-Zuckerorthoestern als Glykosylierungskomponente. Sehr bemerkenswerte Fortschritte sind vor allem auch bei der Synthese von cis-Glykosiden, u. a. durch Ausnutzung von neuartigen Nachbargruppeneffekten, zu verzeichnen.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 105-106 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 276-278 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 279-280 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 136-136 
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    Notes: Polymere Reagentien bieten eine Reihe einzigartiger Vorteile. Intramolekulare Reaktionen, z. B. die Cyclisierung von Peptiden oder Dieckmann-Cyclisierungen, lassen sich erzwingen, wenn eine Polymerkette in genügend großen Abständen mit dem reaktiven Molekül beladen wird. Verankert man reaktive Moleküle dagegen in kleinen Abständen an einem polymeren Träger, treten intermolekulare Reaktionen ein, wie am Beispiel einer Ketonsynthese demonstriert wird. Neben diesen Nachbarschaftseffekten lassen sich kooperative Effekte ausnutzen, z. B. bei der Bildung eines 2: 1-Komplexes aus einem Kronenäther und einem Alkalimetall-Ion. Am Beispiel der Hydrolyse eines Esters mit Polyvinylimidazol wird eingehend über hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen berichtet. Die einfache Trennung polymer-gebundener und niedermolekularer Verbindungen durch Filtration ist ein weiterer wesentlicher Vorteil.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 275-276 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 448-448 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 449-450 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 385-385 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 452-453 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 454-454 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 455-455 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 445-446 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 446-447 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 448-449 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 450-450 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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