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  • General Chemistry  (7,741)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (2,065)
  • Limnology
  • PROPULSION SYSTEMS
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (9,806)
  • Carlisle, UK  (20)
  • 2020-2022  (20)
  • 1970-1974  (5,700)
  • 1950-1954  (2,860)
  • 1945-1949  (1,246)
Collection
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Environment Agency | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11100 | 1256 | 2013-04-03 15:27:32 | 11100 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This is the Report of 1996 survey of Trout Beck with particular reference to spawning gravel quality and invertebrates as a food source for salmonids produced by the Environment Agency North West. Whilst the main River Derwent is quite a high profile salmon fishery, Trout Beck is not a significant fishery in its own right, but serves to maintain the genetic integrity of the wild populations of trout and salmon in the catchment by providing a unique habitat. This survey addressed the invertebrate food availability, and additionally looked at the substrate to try to determine whether the bed type might actually be unsuitable for spawning, especially in view of the previously mentioned silt inputs.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + 1 map and 1 figure
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; England ; Trout Beck ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Environmental survey ; Freshwater fishes ; Migratory species ; Invertebrate larvae
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 8
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  • 2
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10595 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:57:47 | 10595 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the first Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1965, to the end of March 1966. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Marron, Irt, Esk, Eden, Caldew, Petteril, Eamont and Annas. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent, and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. It also looks at fish hatchery, fisheries protection and byelaws including licence numbers issued for the different districts. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality of the rivers and their tributaries from the same 5 areas mentioned above. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 65
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  • 3
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10597 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:57:00 | 10597 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the third Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1967, to the end of March 1968. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Glenderamackin, Marron, Eden, Caldew, and Lyvennet. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 85
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  • 4
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    Unknown
    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10598 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:56:36 | 10598 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the fourth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1968, to the end of March 1969. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Marron, Ellen, Eden, Caldew, Esk, Annas, Irt and Glenderamackin. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, Brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution covers water quality, and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 87
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  • 5
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10601 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:55:18 | 10601 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the seventh Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1971, to the end of March 1972. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Derwent and Eden. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken for chemical analysis from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Irthing, Esk, Irt, Mite, Derwent, Ehen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 95
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  • 6
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10602 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:54:53 | 10602 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the eighth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1972, to the end of March 1973. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, including periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Derwent, Eden and Caldew. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken for chemical analysis from rivers Eden, Eamont, Leith, Lowther, Lyne, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Irthing, Esk, Irt, Mite, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Annas, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 112
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  • 7
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10603 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:54:29 | 10603 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the ninth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1973, to the end of March 1974. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Glenderamackin and Lyvennet. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken for chemical analysis from rivers Eden, Eamont, Leith, Lowther, Lyne, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Marron, Irthing, Esk, Irt, Mite, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Annas, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 106
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  • 8
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    Cumberland River Board | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10604 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:54:04 | 10604 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the ninth Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1959, to the end of March 1960. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the completion of a gauging station on the River Eden, and an approval for a similar station on the River Derwent. It also gives information on rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Irt, Esk, Annas, Marron, Eden, Eamont, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 4 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as re-stocking and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Board ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 41
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  • 9
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10599 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:56:11 | 10599 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the fifth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1969, to the end of March 1970. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, wich includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Derwent, Ellen, Mite, Bleng, Eden, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Bleng, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 88
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  • 10
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    Cumberland River Board | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10605 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:53:38 | 10605 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the tenth Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1960, to the end of March 1961. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the completion of gauging stations on the River Derwent and Eamont, and the building of a similar station on the River Esk. It also gives information on rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Irt, Annas, Mite, Ehen, Marron, Eden, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent, Ellen and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as re-stocking and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Board ; Annual reports ; Inland Waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 57
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  • 11
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    Cumberland River Board | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10607 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:52:42 | 10607 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the twelfth Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1962, to the end of March 1963. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the completion of gauging stations, abstraction of water and rainfall. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Greta, Marron, Ehen, Keekle, Esk, Bleng, Mite, Annas, Eden, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent, Ellen and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as Byelaws and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution covers water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Board ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 61
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  • 12
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    Cumberland River Board | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10606 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:53:11 | 10606 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the eleventh Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1961, to the end of March 1962. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the building of gauging stations, abstraction of water, and rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Irt, Mite, Keekle, Eden, Esk, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent, Ellen and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, Brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as Byelaws and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Board ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 55
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  • 13
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10600 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:55:43 | 10600 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the sixth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1970, to the end of March 1971. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Derwent, Eden, Mite, Bleng, Annas and Irt. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Irt, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 94
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  • 14
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    Cumberland River Board | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10608 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:18:44 | 10608 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the thirteenth Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1963, to the end of March 1964. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the completion of gauging stations, abstraction of water and rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Derwent, Cocker, Keekle, Marron, Ehen, Irt, Esk, Mite, Lowther, Eden, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent, Ellen and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as Byelaws and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Board ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 62
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  • 15
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    Cumberland River Board | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10609 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:18:11 | 10609 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the fourteenth Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1964, to the end of March 1965. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the completion of gauging stations, abstraction of water and rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Keekle, Marron, Ehen, Bleng, Esk, Mite, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent, Ellen and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as Byelaws and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Board ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 62
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  • 16
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    North West Water | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11087 | 1256 | 2013-03-29 14:16:05 | 11087 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the report on the strategic stock assessment survey of the Colton Beck catchment in 1994 with particular reference to salmonids in Colton Beck, River Ea, River Gilpin and Rusland Pool. This report forms one part of the third year of a triennial survey programme for the South West Cumbria and South Cumbria catchments. It was produced by the National Rivers Authority in 1994. Colton Beck had excellent densities of sea trout (Salmo trutta) and a small population of salmon (Salmo salar) in its lowest reaches. The total productivity was very good throughout the catchment. Stocking of sea trout fry in 1993 has enhanced the population with survivors through to parr probably adding to the scoring of double class A at two sites in the survey in 1994. Stocking was not undertaken in 1994, but the population appears to be maintaining itself at a very high level.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + figures and tables
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Colton Beck ; River Ea ; River Gilpin ; Rusland pool ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Freshwater fish ; Fish populations ; Migratory species ; Freshwater fish ; Fish passes ; Fish catch statistics
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  • 17
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    Unknown
    North West Water | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11086 | 1256 | 2013-03-29 14:18:20 | 11086 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the Wetland resource evaluation and the NRA's role in its conservation: Resource assessment report produced by North West Water in 1982. In this report data from a variety of sources in river Leven and Leven estuary have been examined to determine if there was any objective foundation for the allegations and for the assertion that poor fish catches were related to discharges of industrial effluent to the estuary. Catches of salmon and sea trout from the Leven did not appear to have suffered any long term declines and year to year fluctuations did not appear to be any more extreme than in other North West rivers. Fish surveys did not show any marked differences in the diversity or distribution of fish between the Kent and Leven estuaries but catches of flounders were consistently lower from the Leven estuary. Analysis of fisheries statistics of landings of fish and shellfish from Morecambe Bay did not show any evidence of localised declines in catches from the Leven estuary. Results of laboratory experiments suggested that populations of bivalve molluscs might be more at risk from the effects of discharges to the Leven estuary than resident or migratory fish.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: + tables and figures
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; River Leven ; Leven estuary ; Kent estuary ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Freshwater fish ; Migratory species ; Freshwater fish ; Fish passes ; Fish catch statistics ; Freshwater pollution
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  • 18
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    Environment Agency | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8514 | 1256 | 2013-01-03 23:35:20 | 8514 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: The Drought Monitoring workshop of October 1996, held at the Jarvis Leyland Hotel in Preston, England, established 4 priority issues for dealing with the question: How do we monitor the environment to pick up unexpected change ?1. Review existing data, and review related study areas throughout the country. 2. Modelling and analysis of data3. Monitoring / new data / sentinel species' 4. Public relations / Promotion.A group was set up to review issue 1 and feedback to the main group. This report establishes this feedback to the group and refers to existing data / monitoring, other Regional and national work, external Organisations and Recommendations.Appendix 1, is a summary of work completed at the workshop.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Environment ; Limnology ; Policies ; England ; Inland waters ; Fisheries ; Environmental monitoring ; Water quality ; Fishery data ; Information retrieval
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  • 19
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    Cumberland River Authority | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10596 | 1256 | 2013-02-15 14:57:22 | 10596 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This is the second Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1966, to the end of March 1967. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow.The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Marron, Ellen, Derwent, Esk, Eden, Caldew, Petteril, Eamont, Gelt and Annas. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, Brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also included as well as fisheries protection and byelaws. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Caldew, Calder, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents.The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cumberland River Authority ; Annual reports ; Inland waters ; Rivers ; Salmon fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Water management ; Fish catch statistics ; Water quality ; Pollution ; Licensing ; Environmental monitoring
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  • 20
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    National Rivers Authority North West | Carlisle, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8063 | 1256 | 2012-02-24 12:35:43 | 8063 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Due to changes in land use over the last century, the physical nature of many streams and rivers in the British Isles has probably changed. In some cases this change may be large for example as a result of flood defence schemes and is easily observed, whilst in other cases altered land use, farming, forestry or urbanization may have resulted in more subtle changes to river features. This working guide draws together a way of assessing habitat in any stream or river and determine sites or reaches on the assessed watercourse that may benefit from habitat improvement schemes. It will determine a method of measuring existing habitat in a broad sense, whilst referring to R and D studies currently being undertaken in this area. A method of prioritising any proposed habitat restoration work will be suggested. The limitations of fisheries improvement schemes in terms of cross functional acceptance (flood defence and conservation) will be examined along with suggested proposals for some example watercourses. The need for pre and post enhancement monitoring will be discussed as will the requirement for maintenance programs on schemes. Finally methods for determining the cost benefits of small schemes will be examined, compared to other currently used enhancement strategies. This will allow small scale revenue schemes to be used to back up pre project cost benefit analysis as required in future capital submissions.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Conservation ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; England ; Cumbria ; River fisheries ; Fishery regulations ; Habitat improvement (biological) ; Environmental degradation ; Salmon fisheries ; Classification
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 411-431 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cells in secretory glands of globiferous pedicellariae from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) were studied with the electron microscope and subjected to preliminary light microscopic, histochemical analysis. Specimens for electron microscopic observation were fixed with chilled 2% glutaraldehyde in sea water postfixed in cold 1.33% osmic acid, and embedded in Araldite 502 epoxy resin Samples for histochemical analysis were fixed in the same manner, and then embedded in n-butylmethacrylate.Secretory cells line and fill partially bifurcated, muscular gland sacs located peripherally on each of three jaw elements comprising the pedicellarial head. Cells from venom glands are typically mucoid in appearance, possessing small volumes of basally displaced, vesiculated cytoplasm and an extensive system of vacuoles dominating the apical nine-tenths of each cell. These vacuoles enclose ground substances of various densities and staining affinities. Despite their extensive vacuolation, gland cells contain numerous cytomembrane complexes indicating metabolic activity just prior to fixation. Deciduous endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, large vacuoles, and various species of vesicles associated with these membrane systems are found in spatial proximity which indicates an apparent biosynthetic association.Preliminary histochemical tests on sections embedded in acrylic plastic indicate vacuolar products may consist of protein and nonsulfated acid mucosubstances.Gland cells are probably holocrine in function, releasing their vacuolar complement upon constriction of the muscular gland sac. There is no evidence indicating delivery of non-membrane bounded, granular secretion to an acellular lumen within the gland sac.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrate the stimulatory effect of synthetic salmon calcitonin on the fine structure of fibroblasts and on collagen formation in cutaneous wounds experimentally induced in rabbits. Long-term administration of calcitonin enhances fibroblast growth and collagen synthesis. The fibroblasts hypertrophy and exhibit a highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), several polyribosomes, large nuclei, hypertrophic Golgi complex, and many dense granules and lysosomes. Mitochondria are elongate and ramify; intracellular as well as extracellular synthesis of collagen increases. Fibrils appear tightly packed, in large heaps or spicula, with a characteristic periodicity and striation.Scanning electron micrographs of topography and relationships with collagen fibers and fibrils and cells surface changes demonstrate an extensive network of fine fibrils between collagen fibers, marked ruffling of cell membranes as well as numerous blebs on the cell surface. The latter are significant in collagen formation and egestion.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sperm enter the anterior vas deferens individually in the spider crab male. There they become surrounded by secretion products from the cells of the vas deferens, and are compartmentalized into spermatophores of varying size. The anterior vas deferens can be divided into three regions. The epithelium of the anterior vas deferens varies regionally from low to high columnar. The cytoplasm contains vast arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes but few mitochondria. Intercellular spaces contain septate junctions, gap junctions and vesicles.Once the spermatophores have been formed in the anterior vas deferens, they are moved posteriorly to the middle vas deferens where they are stored and surrounded by seminal fluids. The epithelial cells of the middle vas deferens contain large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. Numerous micropinocytotic vesicles appear, forming at the cell surface and within the apical cytoplasm. Their suggested function is the resorption of secretion products of the anterior vas deferens which initiated compartmentalization of the spermatozoa into spermatophores.The posterior vas deferens functions primarily as a storage center for spermatophores until they are released at the time of copulation. Seminal fluid surrounding the spermatophores is produced in this region as well as in the middle vas deferens. The cells of this region contain vast arrays of vesicular rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. The cells are multinucleate. Microtubules are numerous throughout the length of the cells and appear to insert on the plasma membrane.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 21-75 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Basicranial anatomy of mammalian carnivores is significant in the determination of carnivore evolution. One of the least understood yet most often studied features of the basicranium is the auditory bulla, a bony capsule enclosing the middle ear. Although previously believed to be formed by a tympanic bone alone, or by tympanic and entotympanic, it is shown here that the carnivore bulla is formed by three and in some cases four ontogenetic elements: tympanic, rostral entotympanic, caudal entotympanic(s). These elements in Carnivora appear to correspond to bulla elements discovered over 50 years ago by Van der Klaauw in representative species of several other orders of mammals.Increased auditory sensitivity appears to have been attained in various carnivore lineages by increase in the volume of the middle ear cavity, principally by hypertrophy of the caudal entotympanic, but also by different yet less common anatomical strategies such as invasion of the mastoid bone by the middle ear space. Five basic types of bulla among living Carnivora can be recognized, based largely on the relationship of the caudal entotympanic to the other bulla elements.Closely associated with the bulla in the auditory region are the median and promontory branches of the internal carotid artery. These branches exhibit a precise relationship to the bulla elements, particularly the rostral entotympanic. The promontory branch is much reduced or completely lacking in all living carnivores. Reduction or loss of the median branch is explained as the result of the development of arterial retia on the anastomotic artery in the orbital region. Reduction of the median branch is particularly characteristic of the aeluroid Carnivora, in which a greater proportion of the cerebral blood supply passes to the brain in the external carotid artery via the anastomotic branch, and is cooled in the orbital region by a countercurrent heat exchange mechanism formed by arterial retia closely associated with venous blood in surrounding sinuses. The arctoid and cynoid Carnivora are characterized by only rudimentary development of retia along the anastomotic artery, and the median branch is much better developed than in the aeluroids. Among arctoids, ursids parallel the aeluroids in the development of a countercurrent mechanism but employ the median branch of the internal carotid rather than the anastomotic branch of the external carotid artery.Bulla structure and nature of the carotid circulation in the auditory region can be determined from fossil Carnivora as well as for living forms. This study attempts to define basicranial anatomical patterns characteristic of living Carnivora which then can be used to trace the evolution of lineages in the fossil record.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 77-105 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The termite gut flagellates are of interest because of their unusual motile organelles, their ability to digest cellulose, and their symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes inhabiting the insect gut. This report provides a detailed ultrastructural description of Pyrsonympha from the hind-gut of Reticulitermes flavipes.The motile axostyle is composed of 2,000-4,000 microtubules connected by cross-bridges. At its anterior end, the axostyle is associated with a “primary row” of microtubules which is associated with a fibrous network. The “primary row” is embedded in a large mass of amorphous, electron-dense material occupying the furthest anterior end of the cell. The basal bodies of the eight flagella are also embedded in this presumptive microtubule-organizing center. The flagella are associated with the cell surface throughout their length. Isolation and reactivation of the axostyle has demonstrated that although ATP dependent motility is inherent in the structure of the axostyle, its proper control may be mediated by the attachment of the axostyle to structures at the anterior end of the cell.Pyrsonympha lacks morphologically distinguishable mitochondria and Golgi complexes. The cell surface is covered by unique, previously underscribed, tubular specializations. Symbiotic microorganisms are observed associated with the cell surface and within the cytoplasm.Wood particles are taken up from the gut fluid by large phagocytic vacuoles formed at the posterior end of the cell. Even during the process of breakdown, the wood is always enclosed within the membrane of the phagocytic vacuole.The Pyrsonympha from Reticulitermes flavipes are not attached to the lining of the hind-gut and do not contain an attachment organelle, unlike the Pyrsonympha from other species of Reticulitermes.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 121-165 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gecko ear was studied in 36 species belonging to 24 genera. This receptor has attained an advanced level of structure and performance in this group of lizards, but there are many variations among species. To a large extent these variations follow subfamily lines as represented in Kluge's system of classification.Brief consideration is given to features of the outer and middle ear, but chief concern is with inner ear structures and their relations to auditory sensitivity as represented by the cochlear potentials.The auditory papilla is segmented, with a dorsal portion whose hair cells have their ciliary tufts attached to a tectorial membrane, and a ventral portion in which these cells form tow assemblages, one with tectorial connections and the other with connections to a line of sallets.The dorsal segment varies greatly in length and in the form of ciliary orientation. In Eublepharinae and most Gekkoninae the ciliary orientation is unidirectional, and the degree of sensitivity relates to the length of this segment. In Diplodactylinae and Sphaerodactylinae the orientation is bidirectional, and this segment functionally hardly differs from the ventral segment.Auditory sensitivity as measured in terms of the cochlear potentials shows close relations with subfamily groupings, except for the Gekkoninae in which considerable diversity is found.The evidence from structural differentiation, along with that derived from the forms of the cochlear potential functions, leads to the suggestion that these ears possess a high degree of pitch discrimination and capability for the analysis of complex sounds.
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mature mouse and cat peripheral nerve fibers have been examined in vitro by time-lapse photography. Some Schmidt-Lanterman clefts which were open at the start closed later; other were seen to open and then to close, some of them more than once. The implications of these movements are considered, especially in regard to the question of the passage of materials from the endoneurial connective tissue spaces to the axon.Myelin movements other than those occurring at the Schmidt-Lanterman clefts consisted primarily of the development and frequent regression of indentations of the myelin sheath. A single evagination was seen to develop and then to recede. These myelin movements suggest that previously described invaginations and evaginations of the myelin sheath, including flaps of “redundant myelin”, are not static but rather that they are in a state of movement, forming and regressing at intervals.The possible functional significance of the development and regression of myelin sheath indentations in relationship to axoplasmic flow is discussed.
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  • 30
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 187-245 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The authors describe the spermiogenesis of Polyxenus lagurus, a diplopod, in the male genital ducts and the transformations the spermatozoon successively undergoes in the spermatheca.The spermatozoon in the male genital ducts looks like a little barrel devoid of centriole and of any kind of rudimentary flagellum whatever. The organelles are markedly modified; cross sections present an elongated, flattened nucleus, an X-shaped body running parallel to it on the opposite side and two longitudinal mitochondrial strips interposed between them. The rest of this barrel-shaped spermatozoon is filled with peculiar Golgi formations, the spongy chambers, which open outwards through little vents.In the spermatheca the spermatozoon is quite different: it is shaped like a long ribbon. The basic structure of the spermatozoon is formed by the double folding of part of the cortical layer of the barrel-shaped spermatozoon. On the central part of this endo-skeleton are longitudinally ranged the nucleus and the acrosome flanked on both sides by a thread of mitochondria. Even in this phase the sperm has no flagellum.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 247-257 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several secretory and nonsecretory enzymes were localized histochemically in the main venom gland of 13 viperid snakes. All secretory cells show the intracellular oxidative enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase. The granular reactions obtained for both enzymes resemble mitochondria in distribution. Distinctive cells with a very high succinate dehydrogenase activity are dispersed among the secretory cells of all species except Atractaspis.Nonspecific acid phosphatase activity is found in the supranuclear region of the secretory cells in species that do not secrete this enzyme and throughout the cytoplasm in snakes that secrete the enzyme. Nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity occurs in the secretory cells of those snakes whose venom shows this activity. Leucine amino peptidase (aryl amidase) activity is found in the venom and in the secretory cells of all the species.In Vipera palaestinae both the venom and the secretory cells of the main venom gland contain nonspecific esterase, L-amino acid oxidase and phosphodiesterase activities. The localization of phosphodiesterase and L-amino acid oxidase do not show major differences between glands at different intervals from an initial milking.Adenosine-monophosphate phosphatase activity is localized in the supranuclear region of the secretory cells in the glands of Vipera palaestinae and Aspis cerastes. Its activity is found in the venom of Aspis only.
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 285-305 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The three dorsal ocelli of worker honeybees have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Each ocellus has a single flattened spheroidal lens and about 800 elongated retinular cells. Retinular cells are paired and form a two-part plate-like rhabdom between their distal processes. Each rhabdomere comprises parallel microvilli projecting laterally from the apposed retinular cells. Primary receptor cell axons synapse within the ocellus with ocellar nerve fibers of two different calibers. Each ocellus has eight thick fibers ca 10 m̈m in diameter and several thinner ones less than 3 m̈m in diameter. Fine structural evidence suggests that retinular axons end presynaptically on both types of ocellar nerve fibers. Since all retinular cells apparently synapse repeatedly with the thick fibers this involves a convergence of about 100:1. Thick fibers always terminate postsynaptically within the ocellus while thin fibers terminate presynaptically on other thin fibers, thick fibers or retinular axons. Structural evidence for synaptic polarization indicates that retinular cells and thick fibers are afferent, thin fibers efferent. Thus complex processing of the ocellar visual input can occur before the secondary neurons of the three ocelli converge to form the single short ocellar nerve which runs to the posterior forebrain.
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  • 33
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 307-335 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The functional morphology of the forelimbs of the following African Viverridae was studied, Atilax paludinosus, Bdeogale crassicauda, Civettictis civetta, Genetta genetta, G. tigrina, Helogale parvula, Herpestes ichneumon, H. sanguineus, Ichneumia albicauda, Mungos mungo, Nandinia binotata. Their locomotory behaviour has been previously studied and described and is related to morphological differences. The osteology of all the species and the myology of three species is described. The species have been assigned to primary locomotor categories on the basis of their locomotion. These are 1, climbing, arboreal walking; 2, arboreal and terrestrial walking and jumping; 3, general terrestrial walking and scrambling; and 4, trotting. In the climbing arboreal walking category the most distinctive morphological adaptations are powerful flexors and extensors as well as a flexible plantigrade manus with retractile claws. In the arboreal and terrestrial walking category the shoulder, elbow and carpal joints are flexible and the manus has retractile claws, though the flexor and extensor musculature is insufficiently developed for controlled climbing. The trotting category is characterised by a high humero-radial index and a rigid antibrachium. The foot is digitigrade with the claws short and stout. Species in the general walking and scrambling category show many differences in the morphology of their feet, even though the proximal parts of the forelimb appear similar. Due to the restricted nature of the adaptations, these species have been assigned to secondary locomotor categories. Morphological characters typical of the locomotor categories are summarized in the discussion.
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  • 34
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 285-299 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gastric mucosa of both the echidna and platypus is aglandular and the lining epithelium is stratified squamous. The latter exhibits three principle layers: stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum. The cytoplasm of cells composing the first two strata of both species shows bundles of tonofibrils and numerous free ribosomes. Cells of the stratum spinosum in the platypus also show numerous dense granules limited to the peripheral cytoplasm. The stratum spinosum of both species is comprised of fusiform-shaped cells whose adjacent cell membranes show extensive interlocking. The stratum spinosum of the echidna in addition shows numerous intercellular bridges. Cells of the stratum corneum become flattened and elongate and in the echidna nuclei near the surface appear to degenerate. Cells comprising the stratum corneum of the platypus exhibit well preserved nuclei and contain scattered large granules of varying electron density. Prior to sloughing, cells near the surface of both species show a separation of adjacent cell membranes. True keratinization is not found in the gastric lining epithelium of either species and the epithelium lining of the stomach of the echidna more closely represents a form of parakeratosis. Delicate papillae containing capillaries extend considerable distances into the overlying epithelium of both species and are thought to contribute to its nutrition.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 301-319 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epidermis of Eisenia is covered by a cuticle and rests on a basement lamella. The cuticle, which is resistant to a variety of enzymes, is composed of non-striated, bundles of probable collagen fibers that are orthogonally oriented and are embedded in a proteoglycan matrix. The basement lamella consists of striated collagen fibers with a 560 Å major periodicity. Proximity and morphology suggest that the epidermis may contribute to both the cuticle and the basement lamella  -  that is, the single tissue may synthesize at least two types of collagen. The epidermis is a pseudostratified epithelium containing three major cell types (columnar, basal and gland) and a rare fourth type with apical cilia. The esophagus is lined by a simple cuticulated epithelium composed predominantly of a single cell type, which resembles the epidermal columnar cell. Rare gland cells occur in the esophageal epithelium, but basal cells are lacking.
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    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Journal of Morphology 144 (1974), S. 143-165 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cuticle of five species of Oligochaeta, chosen to represent differences in size and a variety of biotopes, was studied electron microscopically after fixation with the acrolein-TAPO-osmium tetroxide method. Five distinct layers in the cuticle of all studied species were found. Staining with lead and uranyl ions or with silver proteinate visualized basically the same structural components of the cuticle, but the degree of electron opacity and the distribution of the electron-opaque stain in these components differed according to the staining method used. Since the acrolein-TAPO-osmium tetroxide method visualized the cuticular zones preferentially stained by Thiéry's silver proteinate method, it was concluded that the TAPO method may be considered suitable for the visualization of polysaccharides. Staining with phosphotungstic acid provided some information on the composition of the cuticle of Oligochaeta not obtained by staining ultrathin sections with lead and uranyl ions nor with silver proteinate. The conclusion is that phosphotungstic acid binds to polysaccharides which do not contain vicglycol groups nor active sites responsible for the positive reaction with lead and uranyl salts. Structural components in the cuticle of the oligochaetes studied were characteristic for each species. The taxonomic value of such components, however, must be confirmed by examination of a larger number of species of oligochaetes.
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Laboratory-reared outgrowths of the freshwater sponge Corvomeyenia carolinensis Harrison were examined using histological and histochemical techniques, supplemented by phase contrast observations of cellular behavior. The tissue and cellular components of the spongillid outgrowth region were defined in terms of function and morphogenic state. Archeocytes differ considderably, in both histochemical and morphological characteristics, from other cell types of the adult sponge, being histochemically similar to stem cells reported from a variety of developmental series. Archeocytes exhibit cytological characteristics of unspecialized cells capable of high levels of synthetic activity while other cell types of C. carolinensis, for the most part, can be characterized as fully differentiated cells displaying more restricted synthetic capabilities but often accumulating neutral mucoproteins. The presence of aggregates of amebocytes, not identifiable as archeocytes and possibly engaged in gemmule formation, is discussed in terms of current concepts of gemmulation and cellular developmental capabilities in sponges.
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    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 1-1 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 337-347 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy revealed spores of Nosema apis and Thelohania fibrata to be egg-shaped, but only the mature spore of T. fibrata was shown to possess a horseshoe-like concavity at the posterior pole. Freezeetched preparations indicated that this concavity was due to a thin area of the spore coat. Freeze-etching studies also show spores of N. apis do possess an umbrella-shaped polaroplast, and a polar filament which is arranged in a double layer with over 30 coils. The spore of T. fibrata contains a pear-shaped arrangement of the polaroplast membrane, and a polar filament arranged in a single layer of 22 coils.
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    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
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    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 351-363 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gill development begins on the sixth day of incubation at 10°C and is complete by 31 days (hatching). Gill arches are formed by fusion and perforation of ectoderm and endoderm across the pharyngeal wall. A primary branchial artery forms within each arch and a second branchial artery forms as a branch from its ventral end. A series of filament loop vessels forms connecting the two arteries and when several are patent a unidirectional blood flow is established via afferent (second) branchial artery, filament loop vessels to efferent (primary) branchial artery. Part of the efferent branchial artery just above its junction with the afferent branchial artery constricts and occludes. It is suggested that this change in the pattern of blood flow is dependent on differences in resistance of the two branchial arteries. A later extension of the gill ventrally is thought not to be homologous with similar regions in elasmobranchs and Acipenser.
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    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies were conducted on the antennal sensory sensilla of the hymenopteran parasitoid, Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, of the family Braconidae. Distinct morphological differences were found between the chemoreceptors of the male and female. Curved, non-fluted, thin-walled sensilla were found to be very abundant on the male and restricted in location and number on the female. Trichoid, placoid and fluted basiconic sensilla were numerous on the antennal flagella of both sexes. Smooth basiconic sensilla were restricted in number to one per flagellar segment in both sexes. Behavioral data suggest that bent-tipped, thick-walled sensilla unique to the female are involved in detecting a chemical(s) emitted from the host, Heliothis virescens (Fab.).
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Well preserved transitional cells were found between differentiated cells and horny cells of the frog epidermis, thus facilitating the study of the sequential events involved in horny cell formation. Autolysosomes appear to play an important role in the formation of horny cells. These structures preferentially digest those cytoplasmic components which are not necessary constituents of the terminal horny cell. The release of the contents of the small mucous granules into the intercellular spaces is one of the initial events in horny cell formation. Filaments and large mucous granules seem to be resistant to the lytic digestion and contribute to the bulk of the horny cell. Loss of fluids through the plasma membrane and consolidation of the remaining constituents, results in a flattened horny cell. The appearance of a thickened membrane around the horny cell signifies the completion of the transformation process.
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    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: The fiber constituents and connections of the calyces  -  the input-receiving regions  -  of the corpora pedunculata (“mushroom bodies”) were studied in reduced silver preparations from the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). In the outer synaptic layer of the calyces five fiber classes were distinguished, the first three of which arise outside the mushroom body. (1) Four highly similar neurons with somata near the optic lobe branch into different parts of the ipsiateral protocerebrum, including both calyces. Their fibers are highly constant in arrangement and position and contain small nucleus-like bodies. (2) The tractus olfactorio-globularis (sensu lato) emits fiber groups which course along the calycal walls as “calycal tracts” before ultimately dissipating into the synaptic layer. Variability within these tracts is described. (3) Fibers of undertermined origin outside the mushroom body radiate from the calycal center outwards through the synaptic layer. (4) From the inner calycal layer of neurites belonging to intrinsic mushroom-body neurons, perpendicular collaterals enter the synaptic layer. (5) Intrinsic-neuron somata near the calycal rim emit fibers which course tangentially within the synaptic layer from calycal rim to center. These fibers form a special peripheral zone in the pedunculus.The predominant presumably afferent calycal fiber class is that derived from the tractus olfactorio-globularis. No evidence was found for tracts from optic lobe to calyces. On this basis, and in light of the experimental and comparative anatomical literature, it is suggested that the corpora pedunculata of P. americana and other pterygotes are fundamentally second-order antennal sensory processing centers.Conflicting observations in earlier reports are critically discussed.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974) 
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    Notes: Die räumliche Anordnung der Polymermoleküle in einem Gegenstand ist von größter Wichtigkeit für sein mechanisches Verhalten. Es gibt inzwischen Verfahren, um die Polymermoleküle räumlich zu orientieren, z. B. das Verstrecken von Folien und das Spritzgießen in Formen mit rotierendem Kern.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 46-47 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 171-171 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 187-196 
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    Notes: Quartäre Ammonium- und Phosphoniumsalze katalysieren Reaktionen zwischen Substanzen, die sich teilweise in wäßriger, teilweise in organischer Phase befinden, Mit solchen Phasentransfer-Katalysatoren kann man viele Umsetzungen, die traditionell in wasserfreiem Medium durchgeführt werden, einfacher und schneller gestalten. Dazu gehören Carbenreaktionen, nucleophile Substitutionen, Alkylierungen von Ketonen und Nitrilen, Wittig- und Darzens-Reaktionen, Äther-Darstellung und Veresterung. Andere Reaktionen, z. B. Hydrolysen und Oxidationen, können beschleunigt werden.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 173-187 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Synthese von biologisch wichtigen Naturstoffen mit mehr oder minder kompliziertem Kohlenhydratanteil wirft erhebliche Probleme auf. Im vorliegenden Fortschrittsbericht wird über neuere Entwicklungen bei der Knüpfung der O-Glykosidbindung  -  ausgehend von 1-Halogenzuckern und von 1,2-Zuckerorthoestern  -  berichtet. Dabei wird versucht, aufgrund reaktions-mechanistischer Überlegungen vor allem den stereochemischen Ablauf von Glykosylierungsreaktionen besser zu verstehen. Die Untersuchung der Silbersalzabhängigkeit der Koenigs-Knorr-Synthese führte zu präparativen Verbesserungen des Verfahrens und zu neuen Vorstellungen über den Reaktionsablauf. Eine wesentliche Bereicherung der präparativen Möglichkeiten zur Synthese von trans-Glykosiden war die Einführung von 1,2-Zuckerorthoestern als Glykosylierungskomponente. Sehr bemerkenswerte Fortschritte sind vor allem auch bei der Synthese von cis-Glykosiden, u. a. durch Ausnutzung von neuartigen Nachbargruppeneffekten, zu verzeichnen.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 105-106 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 279-280 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 136-136 
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    Notes: Polymere Reagentien bieten eine Reihe einzigartiger Vorteile. Intramolekulare Reaktionen, z. B. die Cyclisierung von Peptiden oder Dieckmann-Cyclisierungen, lassen sich erzwingen, wenn eine Polymerkette in genügend großen Abständen mit dem reaktiven Molekül beladen wird. Verankert man reaktive Moleküle dagegen in kleinen Abständen an einem polymeren Träger, treten intermolekulare Reaktionen ein, wie am Beispiel einer Ketonsynthese demonstriert wird. Neben diesen Nachbarschaftseffekten lassen sich kooperative Effekte ausnutzen, z. B. bei der Bildung eines 2: 1-Komplexes aus einem Kronenäther und einem Alkalimetall-Ion. Am Beispiel der Hydrolyse eines Esters mit Polyvinylimidazol wird eingehend über hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen berichtet. Die einfache Trennung polymer-gebundener und niedermolekularer Verbindungen durch Filtration ist ein weiterer wesentlicher Vorteil.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 385-385 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 448-449 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zwei Aspekte sind beim Materietransport in Festkörpern von besonderer Bedeutung: die phänomenologische Beschreibung des Diffusionsvorganges und die Diskussion des Transport-mechanismus. Neben der Selbstdiffusion der einen Festkörper aufbauenden Ionen oder Atome, die sich nur mit radioaktiven oder stabilen Isotopen verfolgen läßt, kennt man die Diffusion von Spurenelementen, die im Prinzip wie die Selbstdiffusion behandelt werden kann, und die chemische Diffusion, bei der sich die chemische Zusammensetzung der Diffusionspartner unterscheidet. Derartige Prozesse werden in immer stärkerem Maße mit der Elektronenstrahl-Mikrosonde ermittelt. Unabhängig von der Kristallinität und der Bindungsart lassen sich Diffusions-probleme an Festkörpern nach gradueller Anpassung an die speziellen Gegebenheiten unter einheitlichen Gesichtspunkten diskutieren.
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