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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Status of fish consumption was analyzed by completing the 295 questionnaires in all 22 metropolitan regions of Tehran from different households in 2008. After reviewing the descriptive and statistics analysis along with the non-parametric statistics, the fish consumption per capita was extracted through formulas. The average and mode of purchasing of each household occurs 11 times per year with 5.1 Kg in each time. Considering the higher fish consumption growth rate in Iran, the sequence of interest in all kinds of protein is as follows: poultry, mutton, beef, Trout, wild fishes and Chinese carps. The highest interest of households to buy fish more than other protein resources is due to the nutrient value of it. An average of 33.2% purchasing is dedicated to the farmed fish. 59% of purchasers are interested to buy packed up fish products and pay attention to the label of nutrient values on the product package. Fish consumption per capita is 13.3 Kg, which is divided to 6.4 kg for farmed fishes, 5.8 Kg for wild fishes and 1.1 Kg for canned fish. The higher consumption per capita of Tehran citizens in comparison with other people from other cities, who are living in Tehran, is because of their tendency and freshness of farmed fishes. In contrast, the consumption of canned and wild fishes among people of littoral regions who live in Tehran is higher than others.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Fish consumption per capita ; Fish ; Consumption ; Per capita ; Fisheries
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.546-556
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The purpose of the present research was to identify and rank the effective environmental (background) indices on OE process in Mazandaran Fisheries Organization. In terms of data collection, the method used in this study was the descriptive-survey method and in terms of research purposes, it was an applied research. Statistical population included experts and leading experts of Mazandaran fisheries organization in 2014. After literature review, the effective environmental (background) indices on OE were identified. Data were collected using Delphi and paired comparisons questionnaires, and analyzed using fuzzy Delphi method and FAHP. The results showed that the effective environmental (background) indices on OE, in order of priority, were the economic environments, legal-political environment, social-cultural environment, technological environment, administrative environment and international environment.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Economic ; Environmental ; Organizational Entrepreneurship ; Fuzzy Delphi ; Fuzzy AHP ; Mazandaran Fisheries Organization ; Entrepreneurship ; Fisheries ; Explanation ; Ranking ; Factors
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.125-138
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Creating a database of affiliated laboratories of the institute is organized with the aim of integrating information related to laboratories of research centers and their subsidiaries. The main objective of conducting this project in this stage is to upgrade it, establish and running one software system based on up-to-date technology of networking. For this purpose organizing the centers database, a periodic report on various aspects can be done which help for implementing appropriate monitoring and management .Among the sectors that are designed and upgraded for this system include : Portal, bank of information, advanced possibilities for inputting data, searching and reporting on laboratory.The advantages of this precise and updated reports can be collected easily from the general information of research institutes and centers, reports of the number of lab experts with different educational levels in affiliated centers, awareness of numbers and status of the chemical materials in the laboratories of each center, and the significant and important point is about economizing equipment, chemical materials and on time calibration.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Bank of information ; Laboratories ; Research institute ; Network ; Data ; Fisheries
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.149-153
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf and the natural aquatic environment, made Iran’s geo-strategic and socioeconomic situation of the fisheries and aquaculture sector unique. This sector in the three areas of “ecotourism”, “food production” and “social behavior” play a crucial role in achieving Iran's Vision Policy of 1404 goals. However, Iran's valuable position in ornamental fish farming industry has been less attention and several issues challenged its development trend. Markazi is one of the leading provinces in this industry. So the main purposes of research were to identify current situation and providing development strategies. This study was descriptive and data were collected by survey method. The Statistical population was ornamental fish’s Producers and experts in Markazi province which due to limit number, census sampling was applied. The main tool for gathering information was questionnaire which its face validity confirmed through educational specialist and expert’s viewpoint. Also, the reliability of research tool was evaluated by Coronbach Alfa Test. The results showed that "Employment and income" and "Interest in breeding ornamental fish" were two main reasons to attract practitioners to this industry. The respondents considered the current situation ornamental fish industry, undesirable (Score 1.17 out of 5). Factor analysis showed that five factors named; "Corporate management and food resources", "management of extension and informing about authentic breeding principles", "Care Management and Insurance", "imported fish quality management" and "technical and financial support" have explained about 80% of the variance of the current situation and barriers to the development of ornamental fish industry in Markazi Province. The most important strategies to reduce facing problem in mentioned industry were development priority belonged ornamental fish industry trade system and development of specialized human resources training.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Ornamental fish industry ; ِDevelopment ; Ornamental ; Fish ; Industry ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Quality
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.133-148
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Debido a la disminución de las poblaciones de Panulirus argus a nivel nacional, y al conocimiento limitado sobre su estado actual en la región noroccidental de Cuba, se realizó la evaluación de la pesquería de langosta en esta zona. Se aplicó un Modelo Dinámico de Biomasa basado en series de captura (t) y esfuerzo pesquero (días pesca) por temporadas de pesca entre 1955-2015. El modelo mostró buen ajuste a los datos de captura (R2 = 0,74). Los parámetros estimados fueron: coeficiente de capturabilidad (q = 6,08 x 10-5), tasa intrínseca de crecimiento de la población (r = 0,18) y capacidad de carga del ambiente (K = 5 621 t). La captura máxima sostenible (CMS) obtenida fue de 251 t con un esfuerzo (fCMS) de 1 469 días pesca, una tasa de mortalidad por pesca (FCMS) de 0,089 y una biomasa (BCMS) de 2 811 t. A partir de 2012 se observó un incremento en la captura por unidad de esfuerzo, lo cual puede reflejar una cierta recuperación de la abundancia de la especie, ya que la biomasa presenta una tendencia creciente desde 2005 aunque todavía se encuentra por debajo del límite de sostenibilidad (BCMS), por lo que el recurso se califica como agotado. Los resultados de la tasa de mortalidad por pesca (F) muestran que existieron niveles elevados de explotación en los períodos 1966-1978, 1982-1992 y 1994-2005, que contribuyeron con la disminución de la biomasa por debajo de su nivel sostenible desde 1972. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se observa una reducción de F por debajo del límite de FCMS, y por lo tanto la pesquería no se encuentra bajo efectos de sobrepesca desde 2005.
    Beschreibung: Due to the declining populations of Panulirus argus nation wide, and the limited knowledge about its current status in the northwestern region of Cuba, an assessment of the spiny lobster fishery in this area was conducted. A biomass dynamic model was applied, based on catch series (t) and fishing effort (fishing days) by fishing seasons between years 1955-2015.The model showed good fit to the data catch (R2 = 0,74).The estimated parameters were: catchability coefficient (q = 6,08 x 10-5), population growth intrinsic rate (r = 0,18) and environment carrying capacity (K = 5 621 t). The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) obtained was 251 t, with an effort (fMSY) of 1 469 fishing days, a fishing mortality rate (FMSY) of 0.089 and a biomass (BMSY) of 2811 t. From 2012 an increase in catch per unit effort was observed, which may reflect a recovery in the abundance of the species. The biomass also shows a rebuilding from 2005, but remains depleted below the limit of BMSY. The fishing mortality rate (F) was high in the periods 1966-1978, 1982-1992 and 1994-2005, which contributed to the decline of the biomass below its sustainable level since 1972. In recent years F decreased bellow FMSY and therefore there is not overfishing since 2005.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Langosta ; Modelo dinámico de biomasa ; Panulirus argus ; Pesquería ; Región noroccidental ; Lobster ; Biomass dynamic model ; Fisheries ; Northwestern region
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.24-29
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Thunnus tonggol is one of the most important large pelagic fish species in Hormuzgan province waters. Nominal catch of T. tonggol in 2010 was 32405 tones comprising 65% of total catch of large pelagic fishes. For sustainable exploitation of the resources of this fish, we need to identify its fishing pattern, maximum constant yield and recruitment pattern. Hence, length and weight data were collected randomly from 6 major artisanal fish-landing sites Hassineh, Kong, Bandar Abbas, Salakh, Sirik and Jask in Hormuzgan province, starting in April 2010 over one year. Growth parameters L∞ and K were estimated at 112.23cm 0.3 and (1/year), respectively. Hence, the natural mortality was calculated at 0.43 (1/year) and the maximum constant yield was computed at 11880 tones. Length-weight power relationship, W= aFLb , was W= 3×10-05FL2.82 that showed T. tonggol have isometric growth. Fishing pattern indicated that almost 85% of the catch was under the size at first maturity. Maximum recruitment pattern was in November with average fork length being 27cm. For optimum exploitation of T. tonggol stocks, we suggest two approaches including fishing ban in the maximum recruitment time and gear (Drift gillnet) modification.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Mackerels ; Thunnus tonggol ; MCY ; Fishing ; Pattern ; Fisheries ; Fish ; Fish stocks
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.129-138
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Establishment ; Streblospio gynobranchiata ; Cerastoderma glaucum ; Fish cage culture ; Structure ; Macrobenthic ; Invertebrate ; Population ; Culture ; Fish ; Biomass ; Abundance ; Feeding ; Fisheries
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.23-40
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Despite an absence of freshwater exploitation, the adult salmon run in the Matamek River, Quebec, declined during 1975-1980 to 〈23% of the level thought to occur there prior to 1967. Returns in 1979 and 1980 of adults tagged as smolts were 1.0% and 0.9%, respectively. Numbers of emigrating smolts and their corresponding adult returns are not significantly correlated, although we observed a trend towards more salmon (2 sea year fish) returning with larger numbers of migrating smolts. Since 1967 there is noted a decrease in the age at which returning adults smolted and females appear to now constitute a larger percentage of returning grilse and salmon. These, and other changes in life history characteristics, appear to be caused solely by commercial exploitation.
    Beschreibung: Prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Department of Recreation, Fish and Game of the Province of Quebec.
    Schlagwort(e): Atlantic salmon ; Fish populations ; Atlantic salmon ; Fisheries
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Technical Report
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: The United States Congressional Serial Set contains a wide variety of historical documents relating to natural resources and their history in the United States. It is an excellent resource for those researching historical data concerning fisheries, from extant species and ecology to economic issues. Information on resources outside the United States is also available due to the U.S. history of explorations and expansions. Charts, maps and tables are found within many of the papers and reports. There are also numerous scientific illustrations.
    Schlagwort(e): Fisheries ; fisheries data ; historical account ; United States government data ; United States Serial Set
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 10
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    Unbekannt
    University of Tehran , Kish International Campus | Iran, Kish Island
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): Lutjanus ehrenbergii ; Fish ; Fisheries
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Images/Video , Non Refereed
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  • 11
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The Deepwater Horizon accident and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico from the Macondo well began on April 20, 2010. Oil flowed into the Gulf for 87 days until the well was capped on July 15, 2010, and declared sealed on September 19, 2010. The United States (USA) Government initially estimated that a total oil discharge into the Gulf of 4.9 million barrels (210 million U.S. gallons) resulted from the spill; however, the estimate was challenged in litigation, reduced to 3.19 million barrels by a trial court, and remains in dispute. A massive cleanup, restoration, and research program followed and continues to the present, mostly funded by BP Exploration & Production Inc. (BP).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Deepwater Horizon Oil Rig ; Pollution effects ; Fish ; Fisheries ; Oil spills ; Marine mammals ; Birds ; Turtles ; Diseases
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Book/Monograph/Conference Proceedings , Refereed
    Format: lxv, pp.869-1757
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  • 12
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    University of Tehran , Kish International Campus | Iran, Kish Island
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): Ecsenius pulcher ; Blenny ; Fish ; Fisheries ; Coral reef ; Benthic
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Images/Video , Non Refereed
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  • 13
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-07-12
    Beschreibung: The promotion of mega-constructions, as reservoirs of Itaipu and Yacyretá, are based in ideas of development and progress. However, the report showed by the World Commission on Dams (WCD) in November of 2000, made responsible to the big reservoirs, the projects on Sustainable Regional Development (SRD), as generating of social and environmental damages. Thus, the main goal of the present study is to investigate the social and cultural transformations in the communities of the islanders and riparian people from Ituzaingó and Porto Rico with the constructions of the hydroelectric power plants of Itaipu (Brazil), Porto Primavera (Brazil) and Yacyretá (Argentina). Are analyzed many factors that allowed the built of those reservoirs and their principal actors. Also, the contradictions more visible verified in the social community and environmental of Ituzaingó and Porto Rico. The three reservoirs are located on the Paraná River basin, because the exploration of there hidroelectrical potential and promote of development of the different regions. Although, the reservoirs of Itaipu and Yacyretá, as projects of DRS, not allowed better social conditions for the traditional communities of Porto Rico and Ituzaingó, and they were made loose their significance when they are compare with the damages caused. In the other hand, its main beneficiaries are the multilateral financiers agencies and the economical trusts with distant headquarters from the south of Brazil and the northeast of Argentina.
    Beschreibung: A aceitação e promoção de megaobras, como as barragens de Itaipu e Yacyretá, são baseadas em idéias de desenvolvimento e de progresso. Contudo, o informe apresentado pela Comissão Mundial de Represas (CMR) em novembro de 2000, responsabilizou às grandes represas, os projetos de Desenvolvimento Regional Sustentável (DRS) por excelência, como geradoras de uma série de danos sociais e ambientais. Destarte, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi o estudo das transformações sociais ocorridas nas comunidades de ilhéus e ribeirinhos de Ituzaingó e Porto Rico a partir das mudanças na paisagem ecológica decorrentes das construções das usinas hidrelétricas de Itaipu (Brasil), Porto Primavera (Brasil) e Yacyretá (Argentina). Com essa finalidade foram analisados alguns dos fatores que possibilitaram a concretização desses projetos assim como a identificação dos seus principais protagonistas. O trabalho também contemplou o resgate das vozes dos pescadores-lavradores da região. As três usinas assentam-se sobre o rio Paraná com o propósito de explorar o seu potencial hidrelétrico e estimular o desenvolvimento das respectivas regiões. Porém, as represas de Itaipu, Porto Primavera e Yacyretá, como projetos de DRS, não promoveram, até hoje, melhoras significativas para as comunidades tradicionais de Porto Rico e Ituzaingó. O desenvolvimento alcançado perde toda importância quando comparado aos prejuízos ocasionados. Paradoxalmente, os seus principais beneficiários são as agências financiadoras multilaterais e os consórcios econômicos com sedes distantes do sul brasileiro e do nordeste argentino.
    Beschreibung: PhD
    Schlagwort(e): Hydroelectric ; Impact environment ; Fisheries ; Paraná River ; Environment police ; Ciências Ambientais ; Brazil ; Comunidades ; Pescadores ; Política ambiental ; Exclusão social ; Ecologia humana ; Usinas hidrelétricas ; Impacto socioambiental ; Human ecology ; Brasil ; Comunity ; Paraná, Rio
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 137pp.
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  • 14
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: This report represents a first step at considering the potential for the use of market-based incentives to aid in the resolution of fishery bycatch problems. Market-based incentives have several advantages over more traditional command-and-control approaches, including cost-effective allocations of environmental controls; incentives for firms to seek technological solutions; flexibility; returns to the public for the use of its resources; and lower administrative costs in some cases. Notwithstanding these advantages and with several notable exceptions, market-based incentives are almost never employed in the management of fishery bycatch problems. There may be several reasons why this is the case, including significant distributional effects, high costs of monitoring and enforcement, difficulties in educating consumers about product attributes, administrative and transactions costs, or merely oversight. We consider this report to be an "advanced outline" of the issues surrounding the consideration of market-based incentives. We begin first by developing in Section 2 a definition of bycatch, including a "typology" of bycatch types. Next, we compile available public information on bycatch in U.S. fisheries, as defined by target species, location, and gear type (Section 3 and Appendix 1). We then review, in Section 4, two potentially relevant strands of literature, the economic theory of multispecies fisheries and studies from other social sciences of how small-scale fisheries deal with problems of bycatch. In Section 5, we describe, in general, the kinds of market-based policy instruments that may be of use in managing bycatch problems. Following this evaluation, we identify and discuss, as case studies; three priority fisheries: th~ northeastern groundfish fishery; the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery; and the eastern tropical Pacific yellowfin tuna fishery (Section 6). Finally, in Section 7, we outline approaches to identifying appropriate policy instruments, including a qualitative comparison of market-based approaches, an examination of the effect of specific types of uncertainty on the choice between taxes and ITQs, and the development of a "proposal" for a bycatch management "policy package." This section concludes with a proposal for a set of priority market-based approaches to bycatch management in the three cases discussed in Section 6.
    Beschreibung: NOAA Contract No. 50-DGNF-5-00172
    Schlagwort(e): Bycatch ; Fisheries
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Working Paper
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  • 15
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-10
    Beschreibung: It is our hope that the "Landsat Legacy" story will appeal to a broader audience than just those who use Landsat data on a regular basis. In an era when ready access to images and data from Earth-observing satellites is routine, it is hard to believe that only a few decades ago this was not the case. As the world's first digital land-observing satellite program, Landsat missions laid the foundation for modern space-based Earth observation and blazed the trail in the new field of quantitative remote sensing.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN48821
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 16
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-05-21
    Beschreibung: A steep decline in archiving could make large tree-ring datasets irrelevant. But increased spatiotemporal coverage, the addition of novel parameters at sub-annual resolution, and integration with other in situ and remote Earth observations will elevate tree-ring data as an essential component of global-change research.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN68143 , Nature Ecology & Evolution (e-ISSN 2397-334X); 1; 8
    Format: text
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  • 17
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-05-21
    Beschreibung: The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor provides a unique global remote sensing dataset that ranges from the 1980's to the present. Over the years, several efforts have been made on the calibration of the different instruments to establish a consistent land surface reflectance time-series and to augment the AVHRR data record with data from other sensors such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). In this paper, we present a summary of all the corrections applied to the AVHRR Surface Reflectance and NDVI Version 4 Product, developed in the framework of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Data Record (CDR) program. These corrections result from assessment of the geo-location, improvement of the cloud masking and calibration monitoring. Additionally, we evaluate the performance of the surface reflectance over the AERONET sites by a cross-comparison with MODIS, which is an already validated product, and evaluation of a downstream Leaf Area Index (LAI) product. We demonstrate the utility of this long time-series by estimating the winter wheat yield over the USA. The methods developed by [1] and [2] are applied to both the MODIS and AVHRR data. Comparison of the results from both sensors during the MODIS-era shows the consistency of the dataset with similar errors of 10%. When applying the methods to AVHRR historical data from the 1980's, the results have errors equivalent to those derived from MODIS.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN40735 , Remote Sensing (e-ISSN 2072-4292); 9; 3; 296
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 18
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-02
    Beschreibung: The lack of a standardized database of eddy covariance observations has been an obstacle for data-driven estimation of terrestrial carbon dioxide fluxes in Asia. In this study, we developed such a standardized database using 54 sites from various databases by applying consistent postprocessing for data-driven estimation of gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE). Data-driven estimation was conducted by using a machine learning algorithm: support vector regression (SVR), with remote sensing data for 2000 to 2015 period. Site-level evaluation of the estimated carbon dioxide fluxes shows that although performance varies in different vegetation and climate classifications, GPP and NEE at 8 days are reproduced (e.g., r (exp 2) =0.73 and 0.42 for 8 day GPP and NEE). Evaluation of spatially estimated GPP with Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 sensor-based Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence shows that monthly GPP variations at subcontinental scale were reproduced by SVR (r (exp 2)=1.00, 0.94, 0.91, and 0.89 for Siberia, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, respectively). Evaluation of spatially estimated NEE with net atmosphere-land carbon dioxide fluxes of Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) Level 4A product shows that monthly variations of these data were consistent in Siberia and East Asia; meanwhile, inconsistency was found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Furthermore, differences in the land carbon dioxide fluxes from SVR-NEE and GOSAT Level 4A were partially explained by accounting for the differences in the definition of land carbon dioxide fluxes. These data-driven estimates can provide a new opportunity to assess carbon dioxide fluxes in Asia and evaluate and constrain terrestrial ecosystem models.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN51478 , Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeoscience (ISSN 2169-8953) (e-ISSN 2169-8961); 122; 4; 767-795
    Format: text
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  • 19
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-14
    Beschreibung: On 27 August 2013, during the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys field mission, NASA's ER2 research aircraft encountered a region of enhanced water vapor, extending over a depth of approximately 2 km and a minimum areal extent of 20,000 km(exp 2) in the stratosphere (375 K to 415 K potential temperature), south of the Great Lakes (42N, 90W). Water vapor mixing ratios in this plume, measured by the Harvard Water Vapor instrument, constitute the highest values recorded in situ at these potential temperatures and latitudes. An analysis of geostationary satellite imagery in combination with trajectory calculations links this water vapor enhancement to its source, a deep tropopausepenetrating convective storm system that developed over Minnesota 20 h prior to the aircraft plume encounter. High resolution, groundbased radar data reveal that this system was composed of multiple individual storms, each with convective turrets that extended to a maximum of ~4 km above the tropopause level for several hours. In situ water vapor data show that this storm system irreversibly delivered between 6.6 kt and 13.5 kt of water to the stratosphere. This constitutes a 2025% increase in water vapor abundance in a column extending from 115 hP to 70 hPa over the plume area. Both in situ and satellite climatologies show a high frequency of localized water vapor enhancements over the central U.S. in summer, suggesting that deep convection can contribute to the stratospheric water budget over this region and season.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NF1676L-26829 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227) (e-ISSN 2156-2202); 122; 17; 9529-9554
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-11
    Beschreibung: A deeper understanding of how clouds will respond to a warming climate is one of the outstanding challenges in climate science. Uncertainties in the response of clouds, and particularly shallow clouds, have been identified as the dominant source of the discrepancy in model estimates of equilibrium climate sensitivity. As the community gains a deeper understanding of the many processes involved, there is a growing appreciation of the critical role played by fluctuations in water vapor and the coupling of water vapor and atmospheric circulations. Reduction of uncertainties in cloud-climate feedbacks and convection initiation as well as improved understanding of processes governing these effects will result from profiling of water vapor in the lower troposphere with improved accuracy and vertical resolution compared to existing airborne and space-based measurements. This paper highlights new technologies and improved measurement approaches for measuring lower tropospheric water vapor and their expected added value to current observations. Those include differential absorption lidar and radar, microwave occultation between low-Earth orbiters, and hyperspectral microwave remote sensing. Each methodology is briefly explained, and measurement capabilities as well as the current technological readiness for aircraft and satellite implementation are specified. Potential synergies between the technologies are discussed, actual examples hereof are given, and future perspectives are explored. Based on technical maturity and the foreseen near-mid-term development path of the various discussed measurement approaches, we find that improved measurements of water vapor throughout the troposphere would greatly benefit from the combination of differential absorption lidar focusing on the lower troposphere with passive remote sensors constraining the upper-tropospheric humidity.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NF1676L-26292 , Surveys in Geophysics (ISSN 0169-3298) (e-ISSN 1573-0956); 38; 6; 1445-1482
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  • 21
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-15
    Beschreibung: In this work, we use the Clouds and the Earths Radiant Energy System (CERES) FluxByCloudTyp data product, which calculates TOA shortwave and longwave fluxes for cloud categories defined by cloud optical depth () and cloud top pressure (), to evaluate the HadGEM2-A model with a simulator. The CERES Flux-by-cloud type simulator is comprised of a cloud generator that produces subcolumns with profiles of binary cloud fraction, a cloud property simulator that determines the (,) cloud type for each subcolumn, and a radiative transfer model that calculates TOA fluxes. The identification of duplicate atmospheric profiles reduces the number of radiative transfer calculations required by approximately 97.6%. In the Southern Great Plains region in JFD (January, February, and December) 2008, the simulator shows that simulated cloud tops are higher in altitude than observed, but also have higher values of OLR than observed, leading to a compensating error that results in an average value of OLR that is close to observed. When the simulator is applied to the Southeast Pacific stratocumulus region in JJA 2008, the simulated cloud tops are primarily low in altitude; however, the clouds tend to be less numerous, and have higher optical depths than are observed. In addition to the increase in albedo that comes from having too many clouds with higher optical depth, the HadGEM2-A albedo is higher than observed for those cloud types that occur most frequently. The simulator is also applied to the entire 60 N 60 S region, and it is found that there are fewer clouds than observed for most cloud types, but there are also higher albedos for most cloud types, which represents a compensating error in terms of the shortwave radiative budget.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NF1676L-27103 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (ISSN 2169-897X) (e-ISSN 2169-8996); 122; 20; 10655-10668
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  • 22
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-13
    Beschreibung: The Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) is a unique network of lidar systems that measure high-resolution atmospheric profiles of ozone. The accurate characterization of these lidars is necessary to determine the uniformity of the network calibration. From July to August 2014, three lidars, the TROPospheric OZone (TROPOZ) lidar, the Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and oZone (TOPAZ) lidar, and the Langley Mobile Ozone Lidar (LMOL), of TOLNet participated in the Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) mission and the Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry xperiment (FRAPP) to measure ozone variations from the boundary layer to the top of the troposphere. This study presents the analysis of the intercomparison between the TROPOZ, TOPAZ, and LMOL lidars, along with comparisons between the lidars and other in situ ozone instruments including ozonesondes and a P-3B airborne chemiluminescence sensor. The TOLNet lidars measured vertical ozone structures with an accuracy generally better than 15 % within the troposphere. Larger differences occur at some individual altitudes in both the near-field and far-field range of the lidar systems, largely as expected. In terms of column average, the TOLNet lidars measured ozone with an accuracy better than 5 % for both the intercomparison between the lidars and between the lidars and other instruments. These results indicate that these three TOLNet lidars are suitable for use in air quality, satellite validation, and ozone modeling efforts.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NF1676L-26921 , Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (ISSN 1867-1381) (e-ISSN 1867-8548); 10; 10; 3865-3876
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  • 23
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-20
    Beschreibung: As part of the Southeast United States-based Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS), and collinear with part of the Southeast Atmosphere Study, the University of Wisconsin High Spectral Resolution Lidar system was deployed to the University of Alabama from 19 June to 4 November 2013. With a collocated Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun photometer, a nearby Chemical Speciation Network (PM2.5) measurement station, and near daily ozonesonde releases for the August-September SEAC4RS campaign, the site allowed the regions first comprehensive diurnal monitoring of aerosol particle vertical structure. A 532nm lidar ratio of 55 sr provided good closure between aerosol backscatter and AERONET (aerosol optical thickness, AOT). A principle component analysis was performed to identify key modes of variability in aerosol backscatter. ''Fair weather'' days exhibited classic planetary boundary layer structure of a mixed layer accounting for approx. 50% of AOT and an entrainment zone providing another 25%. An additional 5-15% of variance is gained from the lower free troposphere from either convective detrainment or frequent intrusions of western United States biomass burning smoke. Generally, aerosol particles were contained below the 0 C level, a common level of stability in convective regimes. However, occasional strong injections of smoke to the upper troposphere were also observed, accounting for the remaining 10-15% variability in AOT. Examples of these common modes of variability in frontal and convective regimes are presented, demonstrating why AOT often has only a weak relationship to surface PM2.5 concentration.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN51500 , Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (ISSN 2169-897X ) (e-ISSN 2169-8996); 122; 5 ; 2970-3004
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  • 24
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: In July and August 2014, NASA conducted an airborne lidar campaign based out of Fort Wainwright,Fairbanks, Alaska, in support of Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) algorithm development. The survey targeted Alaskan glaciers and icefields and sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the summer melt season. Ultimately, the mission, MABEL Alaska 2014, including checkout and transit flights, conducted 11 science flights, for a total of over 50 flight hours over glaciers, icefields, and sea ice.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN35821 , NASA/TM-2017-219019
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  • 25
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-19
    Beschreibung: This work is using the newly available NASA SMAP soil moisture measurement data to evaluate its impact on the atmospheric dust emissions. Dust is an important component of atmospheric aerosols, which affects both climate and air quality. In this work, we focused on semi-desert regions, where dust emissions show seasonal variations due to soil moisture changes, i.e. in Sahel of Africa. We first identified three Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites in the Sahel (IER_Cinzana, Banizoumbou, and Zinder_Airport). We then utilized measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD), fine mode fraction, size distribution, and single-scattering albedo and its wave-length dependence to select dust plumes from the available measurements We matched the latitude and longitude of the AERONET station to the corresponding SMAP data cell in the years 2015 and 2016, and calculated their correlation coefficient. Additionally, we looked at the correlation coefficient with a three-day and a five-day shift to check the impact of soil moisture on dust plumes with some time delay. Due to the arid nature of Banizoumbou and Zinder_Airport, no correlation was found to exist between local soil moisture and dust aerosol load. While IER_Cinzana had soil moisture levels above the satellite threshold of 0.02cm3/cm3, R-value approaching zero indicated no presence of a correlation. On the other hand, Ilorin demonstrated a significant negative correlation between aerosol optical depth and soil moisture. When isolating the analysis to Ilorin's dry season, a negative correlation of -0.593 was the largest dust-isolated R-value recorded, suggesting that soil moisture is driven the dust emission in this semi-desert region during transitional season.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: ARC-E-DAA-TN38795 , 2017 BASC Symposium; Feb 02, 2017 - Feb 03, 2017; Berkeley, CA; United States
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  • 26
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-19
    Beschreibung: Waterways of the Sacramento San Joaquin Delta have recently become infested with invasive aquatic weeds such as floating water hyacinth (Eichhoria crassipes) and water primrose (Ludwigia peploides). These invasive plants cause many negative impacts, including, but not limited to: the blocking of waterways for commercial shipping and boating; clogging of irrigation screens, pumps and canals; and degradation of biological habitat through shading. Zhang et al. (1997, Ecological Applications, 7(3), 1039-1053) used NASA Landsat satellite imagery together with field calibration measurements to map physical and biological processes within marshlands of the San Francisco Bay. Live green biomass (LGB) and related variables were correlated with a simple vegetation index ratio of red and near infra-red bands from Landsat images. More recently, the percent (water area) cover of water hyacinth plotted against estimated LGB of emergent aquatic vegetation in the Delta from September 2014 Landsat imagery showed a 80% overall accuracy. For the past two years, we have partnered with the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis to conduct new validation surveys of water hyacinth and water primrose coverage and LGB in Delta waterways. A plan is underway to transfer decision support tools developed at NASA's Ames Research Center based on Landsat satellite images to improve Delta-wide integrated management of floating aquatic weeds, while reducing chemical control costs. The main end-user for this application project will be the Division of Boating and Waterways (DBW) of the California Department of Parks and Recreation, who has the responsibility for chemical control of water hyacinth in the Delta.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: ARC-E-DAA-TN37841 , 2017 Weed Science Society of America Annual Meeting; Feb 06, 2017 - Feb 09, 2017; Tucson, AZ; United States
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  • 27
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-20
    Beschreibung: The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is a key instrument on-board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) spacecraft. The S-NPP launched in October 2011 and it has been collecting valuable Earth science data with VIIRS and four other instruments for more than five years. The VIIRS Characterization Support Team (VCST) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Science Investigator-led Processing Systems (SIPS) is designed to support the VIIRS sensor pre-launch geometric and radiometric characterization and to access on-orbit long-term Level-1B (L1B) calibration and performance. This paper reviews the VIIRS thermal emissive bands (TEB), covering wavelengths from 3.7 to 12.0 m, L1B radiometric calibration algorithms and presents the calibration uncertainty methodology which will be implanted in the L1B processing software. Discussions will be focused on the key uncertainty parameters and the application in L1B.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66862 , 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS); Jul 23, 2017 - Jul 28, 2017; Fort Worth, TX; United States
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-20
    Beschreibung: Talks presented by Dr. Ralph Kahn at the 16th AeroCom and 5th AeroSat Workshops, held October 9-13, 2017 in Helsinki, Finland.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47981 , AeroSat Workshops; Oct 09, 2017 - Oct 13, 2017; Helsinki; Finland|AeroCom; Oct 09, 2017 - Oct 13, 2017; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 29
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment - Follow-On (GRACE-FO) Mission is a NASA directed mission to continue the goals of the original GRACE mission and provide continuity for the GRACE data set. The GRACE-FO mission is the result of an international cooperation to develop a concept and approach that minimizes cost and risk and maximizes the probability of success through limited changes to the original GRACE system design. The result is a system architecture in which maintenance of heritage is paramount, including heritage derived through the partnership with the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) in Germany. As a secondary goal, GRACE-FO will carry a Laser Ranging Interferometer (LRI) as a technology demonstration, which will provide laser interferometry measurements of inter-satellite range, complementary to the K/Ka-Band microwave link to demonstrate laser-ranging technology in support of future GRACE-like missions. Another secondary objective is the continuation of GRACE radio occultation measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: JPL-CL-16-6212 , 2017 IEEE Aerospace Conference; Mar 04, 2017 - Mar 11, 2017; Big Sky, MT; United States|2017 IEEE Aerospace Conference
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The ObseRvations of Aerosols above Clouds and their interactions (ORACLES) project is making a series of field deployments to the southeastern Atlantic with NASA ER-2 and P3 aircraft to acquire both detailed remote sensing observations and in situ measurements of the aerosols and clouds in that region. This area is home to one of the largest low-level cloud decks on Earth that is seasonally affected by vast plumes of smoke from biomass burning, which in effect provides a natural experiment testing the radiative and microphysical interactions between the smoke and the clouds. The downward solar radiation at the surface, or cloud top, is always reduced by the presence of smoke. However, whether the amount of sunlight reflected back out to space is increased, or decreased by the presence of smoke is sensitively dependent on the brightness of the clouds and the fraction of light that the smoke absorbs each time light hits a smoke particle. In this study we use data from the Research Scanning Polarimeter, an along track scanning instrument, that provides measurements of the Stokes parameters I, Q and U at 410, 470, 555, 670, 865, 960, 1590, 1880 and 2260 nm at 150 viewing angles over a range of +/- 60 from nadir for each contiguous sub-aircraft pixel (~ 300 m in size). A retrieval algorithm is applied to the data acquired with a table look up technique, similar to that of the operational POLDER algorithm, to provide a first guess of the complex refractive index, optical depth and size distribution of the smoke particles together with cloud droplet size and optical depth. A subsequent iterative fitting procedure, where the fact that the doubling/adding method allows the construction of the Green's function for the radiative transfer equation, is used to obtain an efficient and statistically optimal estimate of the aerosol and cloud retrieval parameters. These retrieval parameters are evaluated against in situ observations, when available, and the optical depth and intensive lidar variables that are measured by the High Spectral Resolution Lidar 2. Finally, the aerosol and cloud retrievals are used to evaluate the variations in top of the atmosphere, surface/cloud top shortwave radiative forcing and atmospheric absorption that are caused by variations in the smoke and clouds.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: A11C-1897 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN50461 , American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting; Dec 11, 2017 - Dec 15, 2017; New Orleans, LA; United States
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: This paper describes the current ground-based calibration results of Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Suomi National Polar orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), and Sentinel-2A Multispectral Instrument (MSI), using an automated suite of instruments located at Railroad Valley, Nevada, USA. The period of this study is 2012 to 2016 for MODIS, VIIRS, and ETM+, 2013 to 2016 for OLI, and 2015 to 2016 for MSI. The current results show that all sensors agree with the Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS) to within +/-5% in the solar-reflective regime, except for one band on VIIRS that is within +/-6%. In the case of ETM+ and OLI, the agreement is within +/-3%, and, in the case of MODIS, the agreement is within +/-3.5%. MSI agrees with RadCaTS to within +/-4.5% in all applicable bands.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN59368 , Journal of Applied Remote Sensing (e-ISSN 1931-3195); 12; 1; 012004
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  • 32
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: We derive water vapor column abundances and aerosol properties from Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) ChemCam passive mode observations of scattered sky light. This paper covers the methodology and initial results for water vapor and also provides preliminary results for aerosols. The data set presented here includes the results of 113 observations spanning from Mars Year 31 L(s) = 291 deg (March 30, 2013) to Mars Year 33 L(s) = 127 deg (March 24, 2016). Each ChemCam passive sky observation acquires spectra at two different elevation angles. We fit these spectra with a discrete-ordinates multiple scattering radiative transfer model, using the correlated-k approximation for gas absorption bands. The retrieval proceeds by first fitting the continuum of the ratio of the two elevation angles to solve for aerosol properties, and then fitting the continuum-removed ratio to solve for gas abundances. The final step of the retrieval makes use of the observed CO 2 absorptions and the known CO 2 abundance to correct the retrieved water vapor abundance for the effects of the vertical distribution of scattering aerosols and to derive an aerosol scale height parameter. Our water vapor results give water vapor column abundance with a precision of +/-0.6 precipitable microns and systematic errors no larger than +/-0.3 precipitable microns, assuming uniform vertical mixing. The ChemCam-retrieved water abundances show, with only a few exceptions, the same seasonal behavior and the same timing of seasonal minima and maxima as the TES, CRISM, and REMS-H data sets that we compare them to. However ChemCam-retrieved water abundances are generally lower than zonal and regional scale from-orbit water vapor data, while at the same time being significantly larger than pre-dawn REMS-H abundances. Pending further analysis of REMS-H volume mixing ratio uncertainties, the differences between ChemCam and REMS-H pre-dawn mixing ratios appear to be much too large to be explained by large scale circulations and thus they tend to support the hypothesis of substantial diurnal interactions of water vapor with the surface. Our preliminary aerosol results, meanwhile, show the expected seasonal pattern in dust particle size but also indicate a surprising interannual increase in water-ice cloud opacities.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN51056 , Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 307; 294-326
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  • 33
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Since the 1960s, satellites have been looking down at the Earth to monitor weather patterns and track severe storms, observe how our land surface is changing and responding to hydrometerological extremes, and even to sense how the Earth's crust is deforming from earthquakes and volcanoes. Space and airborne platforms can provide unique views of the disaster lifecycle, informing pre-event mitigation and preparedness, emergency response following an event, and monitoring longer-term recovery. These remotely-sensed data, products and models can provide a global perspective to see beyond administrative boundaries, reach remote places where in situ observations are di cult or non-existent, and provide the necessary context and situational awareness to aid in disaster response. So how do these platforms work? Instruments aboard satellites use different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum to passively or actively observe energy across a range of wavelengths, which can be turned into meaningful data on geophysical, atmospheric, and hydrological variables. e US has had a broad range of Earth observation (EO) platforms delivering open data for scientific research and societal benefits for decades. e Landsat programme, a joint initiative between the US Geological Survey (USGS) and NASA, has the world's longest continuous collection of space-based satellite imagery of the Earth, extending from 1972 to present. e Landsat satellites provide visible, near infrared, and thermal data that are used to support emergency response and disaster relief by mapping changes in water during floods, and dramatic land surface changes, including those resulting from landslides, wild res, severe weather, volcanic plumes, and dust storms.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN48416 , Crisis Response Journal (ISSN 1745-8633); 12; 4
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  • 34
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: No abstract available
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47964 , AeroCom; Oct 09, 2017 - Oct 13, 2017; Helsinki; Finland|AeroSat Workshops; Oct 09, 2017 - Oct 13, 2017; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 35
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: No abstract available
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47965 , CFMIP Meeting on Cloud Processes, Circulation and Climate Sensitivity; Sep 25, 2017 - Sep 28, 2017; Tokyo; Japan
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  • 36
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: This study compares different methods to extract soil moisture information through the assimilation of Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) observations. Neural network (NN) and physically-based SMAP soil moisture retrievals were assimilated into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Catchment model over the contiguous United States for April 2015 to March 2017. By construction, the NN retrievals are consistent with the global climatology of the Catchment model soil moisture. Assimilating the NN retrievals without further bias correction improved the surface and root zone correlations against in situ measurements from 14 SMAP core validation sites (CVS) by 0.12 and 0.16, respectively, over the model-only skill, and reduced the surface and root zone unbiased root-mean-square error (ubRMSE) by 0.005 m(exp 3) m(exp 3) and 0.001 m(exp 3) m(exp 3), respectively. The assimilation reduced the average absolute surface bias against the CVS measurements by 0.009 m(exp 3) m(exp 3), but increased the root zone bias by 0.014 m(exp 3) m(exp 3). Assimilating the NN retrievals after a localized bias correction yielded slightly lower surface correlation and ubRMSE improvements, but generally the skill differences were small. The assimilation of the physically-based SMAP Level-2 passive soil moisture retrievals using a global bias correction yielded similar skill improvements, as did the direct assimilation of locally bias-corrected SMAP brightness temperatures within the SMAP Level-4 soil moisture algorithm. The results show that global bias correction methods may be able to extract more independent information from SMAP observations compared to local bias correction methods, but without accurate quality control and observation error characterization they are also more vulnerable to adverse effects from retrieval errors related to uncertainties in the retrieval inputs and algorithm. Furthermore, the results show that using global bias correction approaches without a simultaneous re-calibration of the land model processes can lead to skill degradation in other land surface variables.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN49630 , Remote Sensing (e-ISSN 2072-4292); 9; 11; 1179
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  • 37
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Disturbances, both natural and anthropogenic, are critical determinants of forest structure, function, and distribution. The vulnerability of forests to potential changes in disturbance rates remains largely unknown. Here, we developed a framework for quantifying and mapping the vulnerability of forests to changes in disturbance rates. By comparing recent estimates of observed forest disturbance rates over a sample of contiguous US forests to modeled rates of disturbance resulting in forest loss, a novel index of vulnerability, Disturbance Distance, was produced. Sample results indicate that 20% of current US forestland could be lost if disturbance rates were to double, with southwestern forests showing highest vulnerability. Under a future climate scenario, the majority of US forests showed capabilities of withstanding higher rates of disturbance then under the current climate scenario, which may buffer some impacts of intensified forest disturbance.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN56607 , Environmental Research Letters (e-ISSN 1748-9326); 12; 11; 114015
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  • 38
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite uses its 14 reflective solar bands to passively collect solar radiant energy reflected off the Earth. The Level 1 product is the geolocated and radiometrically calibrated top-of- the-atmosphere solar reflectance. The absolute radiometric uncertainty associated with this product includes contributions from the noise associated with measured detector digital counts and the radiometric calibration bias. Here, we provide a detailed algorithm for calculating the estimated standard deviation of the retrieved top-of-the-atmosphere spectral solar radiation reflectance.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN53397 , IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2017); Jul 23, 2017 - Jul 28, 2017; Fort Worth, TX; United States
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  • 39
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Uncertainties in input land cover estimates contribute to a significant bias in modeled above ground biomass (AGB) and carbon estimates from satellite-derived data. The resolution of most currently used passive remote sensing products is not sufficient to capture tree canopy cover of less than ca. 10-20 percent, limiting their utility to estimate canopy cover and AGB for trees outside of forest land. In our study, we created a first of its kind Continental United States (CONUS) tree cover map at a spatial resolution of 1-m for the 2010-2012 epoch using the USDA NAIP imagery to address the present uncertainties in AGB estimates. The process involves different tasks including data acquisition ingestion to pre-processing and running a state-of-art encoder-decoder based deep convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm for automatically generating a tree non-tree map for almost a quarter million scenes. The entire processing chain including generation of the largest open source existing aerial satellite image training database was performed at the NEX supercomputing and storage facility. We believe the resulting forest cover product will substantially contribute to filling the gaps in ongoing carbon and ecological monitoring research and help quantifying the errors and uncertainties in derived products.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: ARC-E-DAA-TN48007 , 2017 AGU Fall Meeting; Dec 11, 2017 - Dec 15, 2017; New Orleans, LA; United States
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  • 40
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The diurnal variation of tropical ice clouds has been well observed and examined in terms of the occurring frequency and total mass but rarely from the viewpoint of ice microphysical parameters. It accounts for a large portion of uncertainties in evaluating ice cloud's role on global radiation and hydrological budgets. Owing to the advantage of precession orbit design and paired polarized observations at a high-frequency microwave band that is particularly sensitive to ice particle microphysical properties, three years of polarimetric difference (PD) measurements using the 166 GHz channel of Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager (GPM-GMI) are compiled to reveal a strong diurnal cycle over tropical land (30degS-30deg N) with peak amplitude varying up to 38%. Since the PD signal is dominantly determined by ice crystal size, shape, and orientation, the diurnal cycle observed by GMI can be used to infer changes in ice crystal properties. Moreover, PD change is found to lead the diurnal changes of ice cloud occurring frequency and total ice mass by about 2 hours, which strongly implies that understanding ice microphysics is critical to predict, infer, and model ice cloud evolution and precipitation processes.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN50893 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276) (e-ISSN 1944-8007); 45; 2; 1185-1193
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  • 41
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Active cloud observations from A-Trains CloudSat and CALIPSO satellites offer new opportunities to examine the vertical structure of hydrometeor layers. We use the 2B CLDCLASSLIDAR merged CloudSat-CALIPSO product to examine global aspects of hydrometeor vertical stratification. We group the data into major Cloud Vertical Structure (CVS) classes based on our interpretation of how clouds in three standard atmospheric layers overlap, and provide their global frequency of occurrence. We contrast CVS occurrences between daytime and nighttime, identify ocean and land differences, and examine their seasonal and geographical variations for the dominant CVS classes. In order to evaluate CVS role in the radiation budget, we estimate radiative effects and contributions of the various CVS classes at the solar and thermal infrared part of the spectrum. We also investigate the consistency between passive and active views of clouds by providing the CVS breakdowns of MODIS cloud regimes for spatiotemporally coincident MODIS-Aqua and CloudSat-CALIPSO daytime observations. This analysis is expanded for a more in-depth look at the most heterogeneous of the MODIS regimes, and ultimately confirms previous interpretations of the nature of cloud regimes that did not have the benefit of collocated active observations.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN51598 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (ISSN 2169-897X) (e-ISSN 2169-8996); 122; 17; 9280–9300
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  • 42
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: This work presents a state-of-the art methodology for constructing snow water equivalent (SWE) reanalysis. The method is comprised of two main components: (1) a coupled land surface model and snow depletion curve model, which is used to generate an ensemble of predictions of SWE and snow cover area for a given set of (uncertain) inputs, and (2) a reanalysis step, which updates estimation variables to be consistent with the satellite observed depletion of the fractional snow cover time series. This method was applied over the Sierra Nevada (USA) based on the assimilation of remotely sensed fractional snow covered area data from the Landsat 5-8 record (1985-2016). The verified dataset (based on a comparison with over 9000 station years of in situ data) exhibited mean and root-mean-square errors less than 3 and 13 cm, respectively, and correlation greater than 0.95 compared with in situ SWE observations. The method (fully Bayesian), resolution (daily, 90-meter), temporal extent (31 years), and accuracy provide a unique dataset for investigating snow processes. This presentation illustrates how the reanalysis dataset was used to provide a basic accounting of the stored snowpack water in the Sierra Nevada over the last 31 years and ultimately improve real-time streamflow predictions.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN50111 , International Conference on Reanalysis; Nov 13, 2017 - Nov 17, 2017; Rome; Italy
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  • 43
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Agricultural stakeholders need more credible information on which to base adaptation and mitigation policy decisions. In order to provide this, we must improve the rigor of agricultural modelling. Ensemble approaches can be used to address scale issues and integrated teams can overcome disciplinary silos. The AgMIP Coordinated Global and Regional Assessments of Climate Change and Food Security (CGRA) has the goal to link agricultural systems models using common protocols and scenarios to significantly improve understanding of climate effects on crops, livestock and livelihoods across multiple scales. The AgMIP CGRA assessment brings together experts in climate, crop, livestock, economics, and food security to develop Protocols to guide the process throughout the assessment. Scenarios are designed to consistently combine elements of intertwined storylines of future society including, socioeconomic development, greenhouse gas concentrations, and specific pathways of agricultural sector development. Through these approaches, AgMIP partners around the world are providing an evidence base for their stakeholders as they make decisions and investments.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN50534 , Australian Agronomy Conference; Sep 24, 2017 - Sep 28, 2017; Ballarat, Victoria; Australia
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  • 44
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: For the purposes of interpreting active (radar) and passive (radiometer) microwave and millimeter wave remote sensing data, we have constructed a consistent radiative transfer modeling framework to simulate the responses for arbitrary sensors with differing sensing geometries and hardware configurations. As part of this work, we have implemented a recent method for calculating the electromagnetic properties of individual ice crystals and snow flakes. These calculations will allow us to exploit polarized remote sensing observations to discriminate different particles types and elucidate dynamics of cloud and precipitating systems.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN51059 , 2017 AGU Fall Meeting; Dec 11, 2017 - Dec 15, 2017; New Orleans, LA; United States
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  • 45
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: No abstract available
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: MSFC-E-DAA-TN50300 , American Geophysical Union (AGU) 2017 Fall Meeting; Dec 11, 2017 - Dec 15, 2017; New Orleans, LA; United States
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  • 46
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: NASA's Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE) is a virtual system that provides near real-time EOS data and imagery to meet the needs of scientists and application users interested in monitoring a wide variety of natural and man-made phenomena in near real-time. Over the last year: near real-time data and imagery from MOPITT, MISR, OMPS and VIIRS (Land and Atmosphere), the Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) has been updated and LANCE has begun the process of integrating the Global NRT flood, and Black Marble products. In addition, following the AMSU-A2 instrument anomaly in September 2016, AIRS-only products have replaced the NRT level 2 AIRS+AMSU products. This presentation provides a brief overview of LANCE, describes the new products that are recently available and contains a preview of what to expect in LANCE over the coming year.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN50097 , American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting; Dec 11, 2017 - Dec 15, 2017; New Orleans, LA; United States
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  • 47
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Collect Earth Online (CEO) is a free and open online implementation of the FAO Collect Earth system for collaboratively collecting environmental data through the visual interpretation of Earth observation imagery. The primary collection mechanism in CEO is human interpretation of land surface characteristics in imagery served via Web Map Services (WMS). However, interpreters may not have enough contextual information to classify samples by only viewing the imagery served via WMS, be they high resolution or otherwise. To assist in the interpretation and collection processes in CEO, SERVIR, a joint NASA-USAID initiative that brings Earth observations to improve environmental decision making in developing countries, developed the GeoDash system, an embedded and critical component of CEO. GeoDash leverages Google Earth Engine (GEE) by allowing users to set up custom browser-based widgets that pull from GEE's massive public data catalog. These widgets can be quick looks of other satellite imagery, time series graphs of environmental variables, and statistics panels of the same. Users can customize widgets with any of GEE's image collections, such as the historical Landsat collection with data available since the 1970s, select date ranges, image stretch parameters, graph characteristics, and create custom layouts, all on-the-fly to support plot interpretation in CEO. This presentation focuses on the implementation and potential applications, including the back-end links to GEE and the user interface with custom widget building. GeoDash takes large data volumes and condenses them into meaningful, relevant information for interpreters. While designed initially with national and global forest resource assessments in mind, the system will complement disaster assessments, agriculture management, project monitoring and evaluation, and more.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: MSFC-E-DAA-TN50516 , American Geophysical Union (AGU) 2017 Fall Meeting; Dec 11, 2017 - Dec 15, 2017; New Orleans, LA; United States
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  • 48
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: No abstract available
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: MSFC-E-DAA-TN48503 , RGB Experts and Developers Workshop; Nov 07, 2017 - Nov 09, 2017; Tokyo; Japan
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  • 49
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The biodiversity, ecosystem services and climate variability of the Antarctic continent, and the Southern Ocean are major components of the whole Earth system. Antarctic ecosystems are driven more strongly by the physical environment than many other marine and terrestrial ecosystems. As a consequence, to understand ecological functioning, cross-disciplinary studies are especially important in Antarctic research. The conceptual study presented here is based on a workshop initiated by the Research Programme Antarctic Thresholds - Ecosystem Resilience and Adaption of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, which focused on challenges in identifying and applying cross-disciplinary approaches in the Antarctic. Novel ideas, and first steps in their implementation, were clustered into eight themes, ranging from scale problems, risk maps, organism and ecosystem responses to multiple environmental changes, to evolutionary processes. Scaling models and data across different spatial and temporal scales were identified as an overarching challenge. Approaches to bridge gaps in the research programmes included multi-disciplinary monitoring, linking biomolecular findings and simulated physical environments, as well as integrative ecological modelling. New strategies in academic education are proposed. The results of advanced cross-disciplinary approaches can contribute significantly to our knowledge of ecosystem functioning, the consequences of climate change, and to global assessments that ultimately benefit humankind.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47256 , Marine Genomics (ISSN 1874-7787) (e-ISSN 1876-7478); 37; 1-17
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  • 50
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: This study seeks to help better understand aerosol-cloud interactions by examining statistical relationships between aerosol properties and nearby low-altitude cloudiness using satellite data. The analysis of a global dataset of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) observations reveals that the positive correlation between cloudiness and aerosol optical depth (AOD) reported in earlier studies is strong throughout the globe and during both winter and summer. Typically, AOD is 30-50 higher on cloudier-than-average days than on less cloudy days. A combination of satellite observations and MERRA-2 global reanalysis data reveals that the correlation between cloud cover and AOD is strong for all aerosol types considered: sulfate, dust, carbon, and sea salt. The observations also indicate that in the presence of nearby clouds, aerosol size distributions tend to shift toward smaller particles over large regions of the Earth. This is consistent with a greater cloud-related increase in the AOD of fine mode than of coarse mode particles. The greater increase in fine mode AOD implies that the cloudiness-AOD correlation does not come predominantly from cloud detection uncertainties. Additionally, the results show that aerosol particle size increases near clouds even in regions where it decreases with increasing cloudiness. This suggests that the decrease with cloudiness comes mainly from changes in large-scale environment, rather than from clouds increasing the number or the size of fine mode aerosols. Finally, combining different aerosol retrieval algorithms demonstrated that quality assessment flags based on local variability can help identifying when the observed aerosol populations are affected by surrounding clouds.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47772 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (ISSN 2169-897X) (e-ISSN 2169-8996); 122; 18; 10,013-10,024
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  • 51
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: No abstract available
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47248 , Ka-Band Earth Observation Radar Missions Workshop, KEO''17; Sep 12, 2017 - Sep 14, 2017; Noordwijk; Netherlands|Workshop on Advanced RF Sensors and Remote Sensing Instruments, ARSI''17; Sep 12, 2017 - Sep 14, 2017; Noordwijk; Netherlands
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  • 52
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Fires have influenced atmospheric composition and climate since the rise of vascular plants, and satellite data has shown the overall global extent of fires. Our knowledge of historic fire emissions has progressively improved over the past decades due mostly to the development of new proxies and the improvement of fire models. Currently there is a suite of proxies including sedimentary charcoal records, measurements of fire-emitted trace gases and black carbon stored in ice and firn, and visibility observations. These proxies provide opportunities to extrapolate emissions estimates based on satellite data starting in 1997, but each proxy has strengths and weaknesses regarding, for example, the spatial and temporal extents over which they are representative. We developed a new historic biomass burning emissions dataset starting in 1750 that merges the satellite record with several existing proxies, and uses the average of six models from the Fire Model Intercomparison Project (FireMIP) protocol to estimate emissions when the available proxies had limited coverage. According to our approach, global biomass burning emissions were relatively constant with 10-year averages varying between 1.8 and 2.3 petagrams of carbon per year. Carbon emissions increased only slightly over the full time period and peaked during the 1990's after which they decreased gradually. There is substantial uncertainty in these estimates and patterns varied depending on choices regarding data representation, especially on regional scales. The observed pattern in fire carbon emissions is for a large part driven by African fires, which accounted for 58 percent of global fire carbon emissions. African fire emissions declined since about 1950 due to conversion of savanna to cropland, and this decrease is partially compensated for by increasing emissions in deforestation zones of South America and Asia. These global fire emissions estimates are mostly suited for global analyses and will be used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN46920 , Geoscientific Model Development (ISSN 1991-959X) (e-ISSN 1991-9603); 10; 9; 3329–3357
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  • 53
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The spaceborne AVHRR sensors have provided a data record approaching 40 years, which is a crucial asset for studying the long-term trends of aerosol properties on both a global and regional basis. However, due to the limitations on its channels and information content, aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from AVHRR over land are still largely lacking. In this paper, we describe a new physics-based algorithm to retrieve global aerosol properties over both land and ocean from AVHRR for the first time. The over-land algorithm is an extension of our SeaWiFSMODIS Deep Blue algorithm, while a simplified version of the Satellite Ocean Aerosol Retrieval (SOAR) algorithm is used over ocean. We compare the retrieved AVHRR AOD values with those from MODIS collection 6 aerosol products on a daily and seasonal basis, and find in general good agreement between the two. For the satellites with equatorial crossing times within two hours of solar noon, the spatial coverage of the AVHRR aerosol product is comparable to that of MODIS, except over very bright arid regions (such as the Sahara and deserts in the Arabian Peninsula), where the underlying surface reflectance at 630 nm reaches the critical surface reflectance. Based upon comparisons of the AVHRR AOD against the AERONET data, the preliminary results indicate that the expected error is around +/-(0.03+15%) over ocean and +/-(0.05+25%) over land for this first version of the AVHRR aerosol products. Consequently, these new AVHRR aerosol products can contribute important building blocks for constructing a consistent long-term data record for climate studies.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN45133 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (ISSN 2169-897X) (e-ISSN 2169-8996); 122; 18; 9968-9989
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  • 54
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: No abstract available
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: MSFC-E-DAA-TN45865 , GOFC-GOLD Anniversary and Regional Networks Summit; Sep 13, 2017 - Sep 15, 2017; Tbilisi; Georgia
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  • 55
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Langley mobile ozone lidar (LMOL) is a mobile ground-based ozone lidar system that consists of a pulsed UV laser producing two UV wavelengths of 286 and 291 nm with energy of approximately 0.2 mJ/pulse 0.2 mJ/pulse and repetition rate of 1 kHz. The 527 nm pump laser is also transmitted for aerosol measurements. The receiver consists of a 40 cm parabolic telescope, which is used for both backscattered analog and photon counting. The lidar is very compact and highly mobile. This demonstrates the utility of very small lidar systems eventually leading to space-based ozone lidars. The lidar has been validated by numerous ozonesonde launches and has provided ozone curtain profiles from ground to approximately 4 km in support of air quality field missions.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NF1676L-21440 , Applied Optics; 56; 3; 721-730
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  • 56
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Accurate characterization of the Earth's radiant energy is critical for many climate monitoring and weather forecasting applications. For example, groups at the NASA Langley Research Center rely on stable visible- and infrared-channel calibrations in order to understand the temporal/spatial distribution of hazardous storms, as determined from an automated overshooting convective top detection algorithm. Therefore, in order to facilitate reliable, climate-quality retrievals, it is important that consistent calibration coefficients across satellite platforms are made available to the remote sensing community, and that calibration anomalies are recognized and mitigated. One such anomaly is the infrared imager brightness temperature (BT) drift that occurs for some Geostationary Earth Orbit satellite (GEOsat) instruments near local midnight. Currently the Global Space-Based Inter-Calibration System (GSICS) community uses the hyperspectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) sensor as a common reference to uniformly calibrate GEOsat IR imagers. However, the combination of IASI, which has a 21:30 local equator crossing time (LECT), and hyperspectral Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS; 01:30 LECT) observations are unable to completely resolve the GEOsat midnight BT bias. The precessing orbit of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS), however, allows sampling of all local hours every 46 days. Thus, VIRS has the capability to quantify the BT midnight effect observed in concurrent GEOsat imagers. First, the VIRS IR measurements are evaluated for long-term temporal stability between 2002 and 2012 by inter-calibrating with Aqua-MODIS. Second, the VIRS IR measurements are assessed for diurnal stability by inter-calibrating with Meteosat-9 (Met-9), a spin-stabilized GEOsat imager that does not manifest any diurnal dependency. In this case, the Met-9 IR imager is first adjusted with the official GSICS calibration coefficients. Then VIRS is used as a diurnal calibration reference transfer to produce hourly corrections of GEOsat IR imager BT. For the 9 three-axis stabilized GEO imagers concurrent with VIRS, the midnight effect increased the BT on average by 0.5 K (11 microns) and 0.4 K (12 microns), with a peak at approx.01:00 local time. As expected, the spin-stabilized GEOsats revealed a smaller diurnal temperature cycle (mostly 〈 0.2 K) with inconsistent peak hours.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NF1676L-26420 , SPIE Optics and Photonics Conference; Aug 06, 2017 - Aug 10, 2017; San Diego, CA; United States
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  • 57
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: No abstract available
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: MSFC-E-DAA-TN45863 , Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics (GOFC-GOLD) Regional Networks Summit; Sep 13, 2017 - Sep 15, 2017; Tbilisi; Georgia
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  • 58
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: EPIC (Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera) is a 10-channel spectroradiometer onboard DSCOVR (Deep Space Climate Observatory) spacecraft. In addition to the near-infrared (NIR, 780 nm) and the 'red' (680 nm) channels, EPIC also has the O2 A-band (764+/-0.2 nm) and B-band (687.75+/-0.2 nm). The EPIC Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is defined as the difference between NIR and 'red' channels normalized to their sum. However, the use of the O2 B-band instead of the 'red' channel mitigates the effect of atmosphere on remote sensing of surface reflectance because O2 reduces contribution from the radiation scattered by the atmosphere. Applying the radiative transfer theory and the spectral invariant approximation to EPIC observations, the paper provides supportive arguments for using the O2 band instead of the red channel for monitoring vegetation dynamics. Our results suggest that the use of the O2 B-band enhances the sensitivity of the top-of-atmosphere NDVI to the presence of vegetation.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN45511 , Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 191; 7-12
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  • 59
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: CAR (Cloud Absorption Radiometer) is a multi-angular and multi-spectral airborne radiometer instrument, whose radiometric and geometric characteristics are well calibrated and adjusted before and after each flight campaign. CAR was built by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) in 1984. On 16 May 2008, a CAR flight campaign took place over the well-known calibration and validation site of Railroad Valley in Nevada (38.504 deg N, 115.692 deg W).The campaign coincided with the overpasses of several key EO (Earth Observation) satellites such as Landsat-7, Envisat and Terra. Thus, there are nearly simultaneous measurements from these satellites and the CAR airborne sensor over the same calibration site. The CAR spectral bands are close to those of most EO satellites. CAR has the ability to cover the whole range of azimuth view angles and a variety of zenith angles depending on altitude and, as a consequence, the biases seen between satellite and CAR measurements due to both unmatched spectral bands and unmatched angles can be significantly reduced. A comparison is presented here between CARs land surface reflectance (BRF or Bidirectional Reflectance Factor) with those derived from Terra/MODIS (MOD09 and MAIAC), Terra/MISR, Envisat/MERIS and Landsat-7. In this study, we utilized CAR data from low altitude flights (approx. 180 m above the surface) in order to minimize the effects of the atmosphere on these measurements and then obtain a valuable ground-truth data set of surface reflectance. Furthermore, this study shows that differences between measurements caused by surface heterogeneity can be tolerated, thanks to the high homogeneity of the study site on the one hand, and on the other hand, to the spatial sampling and the large number of CAR samples. These results demonstrate that satellite BRF measurements over this site are in good agreement with CAR with variable biases across different spectral bands. This is most likely due to residual aerosol effects in the EO derived reflectances.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN45201 , Remote Sensing (e-ISSN 2072-4292); 9; 6; 562
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  • 60
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: To better understand the life-essential cycles and processes of our planet and to further develop remote sensing (RS) technology, there is an increasing need for models that simulate the radiative budget (RB) and RS acquisitions of urban and natural landscapes using physical approaches and considering the three-dimensional (3-D) architecture of Earth surfaces. Discrete anisotropic radiative transfer (DART) is one of the most comprehensive physically based 3-D models of Earth-atmosphere radiative transfer, covering the spectral domain from ultraviolet to thermal infrared wavelengths. It simulates the optical 3-DRB and optical signals of proximal, aerial, and satellite imaging spectrometers and laser scanners, for any urban and/or natural landscapes and for any experimental and instrumental configurations. It is freely available for research and teaching activities. In this paper, we briefly introduce DART theory and present recent advances in simulated sensors (LiDAR and cameras with finite field of view) and modeling mechanisms (atmosphere, specular reflectance with polarization and chlorophyll fluorescence). A case study demonstrating a novel application of DART to investigate urban landscapes is also presented.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN46112 , IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing (ISSN 1939-1404) (e-ISSN 2151-1535); 10; 6; 2640-2649
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  • 61
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is currently flying on NASA's Earth Observing System Terra and Aqua satellites, launched in 1999 and 2002, respectively. MODIS reflective solar bands in the visible wavelength range are known to be sensitive to polarized light based on prelaunch polarization sensitivity tests. After about five years of on-orbit operations, it was discovered that the polarization sensitivity at short wavelengths had shown a noticeable increase. In this paper, we examine the impact of polarization on measured top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance based on MODIS Collection-6 L1B over pseudo invariant desert sites. The standard polarization correction equation is used in combination with simulated at-sensor radiances using the second simulation of a satellite signal in the Solar Spectrum, Vector Radiative Transfer Code (6SV). We ignore the polarization contribution from the surface and a ratio approach is used for both 6SV-derived in put parameters and observed TOA reflectance. Results indicate that significant gain corrections up to 25% are required near the end of scan for the 412 and 443 nm bands. The polarization correction reduces the seasonal fluctuations in reflectance trends and mirror side ratios from 30% and 12% to 10% and 5%, respectively, for the two bands. Comparison of the effectiveness of the polarization correction with the results from the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group shows a good agreement in the corrected reflectance trending results and their seasonal fluctuations.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN46007 , IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 55; 7; 4168 - 4176
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  • 62
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) updates NASA's previous satellite era (1980 - onward) reanalysis system to include additional observations and improvements to the Goddard Earth Observing System, Version 5 (GEOS-5) Earth system model. As a major step towards a full Integrated Earth Systems Analysis (IESA), in addition to meteorological observations, MERRA-2 now includes assimilation of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from various ground- and space-based remote sensing platforms. Here, in the first of a pair of studies, we document the MERRA-2 aerosol assimilation, including a description of the prognostic model (GEOS-5 coupled to the GOCART aerosol module), aerosol emissions, and the quality control of ingested observations. We provide initial validation and evaluation of the analyzed AOD fields using independent observations from ground, aircraft, and shipborne instruments. We demonstrate the positive impact of the AOD assimilation on simulated aerosols by comparing MERRA-2 aerosol fields to an identical control simulation that does not include AOD assimilation. Having shown the AOD evaluation, we take a first look at aerosol-climate interactions by examining the shortwave, clear-sky aerosol direct radiative effect. In our companion paper, we evaluate and validate available MERRA-2 aerosol properties not directly impacted by the AOD assimilation (e.g. aerosol vertical distribution and absorption). Importantly, while highlighting the skill of the MERRA-2 aerosol assimilation products, both studies point out caveats that must be considered when using this new reanalysis product for future studies of aerosols and their interactions with weather and climate.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN45926 , Journal of Climate (ISSN 0894-8755) (e-ISSN 1520-0442); 30; 17; 6823–6850
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  • 63
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Black carbon (BC) concentrations observed in 22 snowpits sampled in the northwest sector of the Greenland ice sheet in April 2014 have allowed us to identify a strong and widespread BC aerosol deposition event, which was dated to have accumulated in the pits from two snow storms between 27 July and 2 August 2013. This event comprises a significant portion (57 on average across all pits) of total BC deposition over 10 months (July 2013 to April 2014). Here we link this deposition event to forest fires burning in Canada during summer 2013 using modeling and remote sensing tools. Aerosols were detected by both the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (on board CALIPSO) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (Aqua) instruments during transport between Canada and Greenland. We use high-resolution regional chemical transport modeling (WRF-Chem) combined with high-resolution fire emissions (FINNv1.5) to study aerosol emissions, transport, and deposition during this event. The model captures the timing of the BC deposition event and shows that fires in Canada were the main source of deposited BC. However, the model underpredicts BC deposition compared to measurements at all sites by a factor of 2100. Underprediction of modeled BC deposition originates from uncertainties in fire emissions and model treatment of wet removal of aerosols. Improvements in model descriptions of precipitation scavenging and emissions from wildfires are needed to correctly predict deposition, which is critical for determining the climate impacts of aerosols that originate from fires.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN45973 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 44; 15; 7965-7974
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  • 64
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A coherent bistatic vegetation scattering model, based on a Monte Carlo simulation, is being developed to simulate polarimetric bi-static reflectometry at VHF/UHF-bands (240-270 MHz). The model is aimed to assess the value of geostationary satellite signals of opportunity to enable estimation of the Earth's biomass and root-zone soil moisture. An expression for bistatic scattering from a vegetation canopy is derived for the practical case of a ground-based/low altitude platforms with passive receivers overlooking vegetation. Using analytical wave theory in conjunction with distorted Born approximation (DBA), the transmit and receive antennas effects (i.e., polarization, orientation, height, etc.) are explicitly accounted for. Both the coherency nature of the model (joint phase and amplitude information) and the explicit account of system parameters (antenna, altitude, polarization, etc) enable one to perform various beamforming techniques to evaluate realistic deployment configurations. In this paper, several test scenarios will be presented and the results will be evaluated for feasibility for future biomass and root-zone soil moisture application using geostationary communication satellite signals of opportunity at low frequencies.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN41661 , 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Jul 23, 2017 - Jul 28, 2017; Fort Worth, TX; United States
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  • 65
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Remotely sensing the water status of plant canopies remains a long term goal of remote sensing research. Established approaches involve measurements in the thermal infrared and the 900-2000nm reflective infrared. Less popular UV-visible-NIR techniques presumably deserve research attention, because photochemical changes linked to plant water status manifest spectral light scattering and absorption changes. Here we monitored the visible and NIR light reflected from the leaf interior as well as the leaf transmittance as the relative water content of corn (Zeamays L.) leaves decreased. Our results highlight the importance of both scattering effects and effects due to absorption by leaf pigments.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: ARC-E-DAA-TN41962 , 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Jul 23, 2017 - Jul 28, 2017; Fort Worth, TX; United States
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  • 66
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) Mitigation at Goddard Geophysical and Astronomical Observatory (GGAO) has been addressed in three different ways by NASA's Space Geodesy Project (SGP); masks, blockers, and filters. All of these techniques will be employed at the GGAO, to mitigate the RFI consequences to the Very Long Baseline Interferometer.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN43431-1 , Detection and Measurement of RFI in Radio Astronomy; Jun 08, 2017 - Jun 09, 2017; Yebes; Spain
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  • 67
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-19
    Beschreibung: Southern Africa produces almost a third of the Earths biomass burning (BB) aerosol particles. Particles lofted into the mid-troposphere are transported westward over the South-East (SE) Atlantic, home to one of the three permanent subtropical stratocumulus (Sc) cloud decks in the world. The SE Atlantic stratocumulus deck interacts with the dense layers of BB aerosols that initially overlay the cloud deck, but later subside and often mix into the clouds. These interactions include adjustments to aerosol-induced solar heating and microphysical effects, and their global representation in climate models remains one of the largest uncertainties in estimates of future climate. Hence, new observations over the SE Atlantic have significant implications for regional and global climate change predictions.The low-level clouds in the SE Atlantic have limited vertical extent and therefore present favorable conditions for their exploration with remote sensing. On the other hand, the normal coexistence of BB aerosols and Sc clouds in the same scene also presents significant challenges to conventional remote sensing techniques. We describe first results from NASAs airborne ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols Above Clouds and Their IntEractionS) deployments in September 2016 and August 2017. We emphasize the unique role of polarimetric observations by two instruments, the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) and the Airborne Multi-angle SpectroPolarimeter Imager (AirMSPI), and describe how these instruments help address specific ORACLES science objectives. Initial assessments of polarimetric observation accuracy for key cloud and aerosol properties will be presented, in as far as the preliminary nature of measurements permits.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: ARC-E-DAA-TN47019 , International Workshop on Advancement of Polarimetric Observations: Calibration and Improved Aerosol Retrievals" (APOLO 2017); Oct 24, 2017 - Oct 27, 2017; Hefei; China
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  • 68
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-19
    Beschreibung: Sahara mustard (Brassica tournefortii Gouan), a plant native to North Africa and the Middle East, has become a troublesome invasive pest in arid ecosystems of the Southwest United States, northern and central Mexico, and Australia. In the desert Southwest, B. tournefortii is commonly found in sandy washes, sand sheets, rocky hillsides, and other disturbed areas at elevations below 1000 m. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Landsat MTMF technique for detecting B. tournefortii presence and biomass density in the Colorado Desert region of California.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: ARC-E-DAA-TN43015
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  • 69
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-19
    Beschreibung: Airborne microbes are found throughout the troposphere and into the stratosphere. Knowing how the activity of airborne microorganisms can alter water, carbon, and other geochemical cycles is vital to a full understanding of local and global ecosystems. Just as on the land or in the ocean, atmospheric regions vary in habitability; the underlying geochemical, climatic, and ecological dynamics must be characterized at different scales to be effectively modeled. Most aerobiological studies have focused on a high level: 'How high are airborne microbes found?' and 'How far can they travel?' Most fog and cloud water studies collect from stationary ground stations (point) or along flight transects (1D). To complement and provide context for this data, we have designed a UAV-based modified fog and cloud water collector to retrieve 4D-resolved samples for biological and chemical analysis.Our design uses a passive impacting collector hanging from a rigid rod suspended between two multi-rotor UAVs. The suspension design reduces the effect of turbulence and potential for contamination from the UAV downwash. The UAVs are currently modeled in a leader-follower configuration, taking advantage of recent advances in modular UAVs, UAV swarming, and flight planning.The collector itself is a hydrophobic mesh. Materials including Tyvek, PTFE, nylon, and polypropylene monofilament fabricated via laser cutting, CNC knife, or 3D printing were characterized for droplet collection efficiency using a benchtop atomizer and particle counter. Because the meshes can be easily and inexpensively fabricated, a set can be pre-sterilized and brought to the field for 'hot swapping' to decrease cross-contamination between flight sessions or use as negative controls.An onboard sensor and logging system records the time and location of each sample; when combined with flight tracking data, the samples can be resolved into a 4D volumetric map of the fog bank. Collected samples can be returned to the lab for a variety of analyses. Based on a review of existing flight studies, we have identified ion chromatography, metagenomic sequencing, cell staining and quantification, and ATP quantification as high-priority assays for implementation. Support for specific toxicology assays, such as methylmercury quantification, is also planned.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: ARC-E-DAA-TN38626 , Earth Science Poster Session & Capabilities Fair; Feb 16, 2017; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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  • 70
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-19
    Beschreibung: NeMO-Net, the NASA neural multi-modal observation and training network for global coral reef assessment, is an open-source deep convolutional neural network and interactive active learning training software aiming to accurately assess the present and past dynamics of coral reef ecosystems through determination of percent living cover and morphology as well as mapping of spatial distribution. We present an interactive video game prototype for tablet and mobile devices where users interactively label morphology classifications over mm-scale 3D coral reef imagery captured using fluid lensing to create a dataset that will be used to train NeMO-Nets convolutional neural network. The application currently allows for users to classify preselected regions of coral in the Pacific and will be expanded to include additional regions captured using our NASA FluidCam instrument, presently the highest-resolution remote sensing benthic imaging technology capable of removing ocean wave distortion, as well as lower-resolution airborne remote sensing data from the ongoing NASA CORAL campaign. Active learning applications present a novel methodology for efficiently training large-scale Neural Networks wherein variances in identification can be rapidly mitigated against control data. NeMO-Net periodically checks users input against pre-classified coral imagery to gauge their accuracy and utilize in-game mechanics to provide classification training. Users actively communicate with a server and are requested to classify areas of coral for which other users had conflicting classifications and contribute their input to a larger database for ranking. In partnering with Mission Blue and IUCN, NeMO-Net leverages an international consortium of subject matter experts to classify areas of confusion identified by NeMO-Net and generate additional labels crucial for identifying decision boundary locations in coral reef assessment.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: ARC-E-DAA-TN46257 , AGU Fall Meeting; Dec 11, 2017 - Dec 15, 2017; New Orleans, LA; United States
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  • 71
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-19
    Beschreibung: In the past decade, coral reefs worldwide have experienced unprecedented stresses due to climate change, ocean acidification, and anthropomorphic pressures, instigating massive bleaching and die-off of these fragile and diverse ecosystems. Furthermore, remote sensing of these shallow marine habitats is hindered by ocean wave distortion, refraction and optical attenuation, leading invariably to data products that are often of low resolution and signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. However, recent advances in UAV and Fluid Lensing technology have allowed us to capture multispectral 3D imagery of these systems at sub-cm scales from above the water surface, giving us an unprecedented view of their growth and decay. Exploiting the fine-scaled features of these datasets, machine learning methods such as MAP, PCA, and SVM can not only accurately classify the living cover and morphology of these reef systems (below 8 percent error), but are also able to map the spectral space between airborne and satellite imagery, augmenting and improving the classification accuracy of previously low-resolution datasets. We are currently implementing NeMO-Net, the first open-source deep convolutional neural network (CNN) and interactive active learning and training software to accurately assess the present and past dynamics of coral reef ecosystems through determination of percent living cover and morphology. NeMO-Net will be built upon the QGIS platform to ingest UAV, airborne and satellite datasets from various sources and sensor capabilities, and through data-fusion determine the coral reef ecosystem makeup globally at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales. To achieve this, we will exploit virtual data augmentation, the use of semi-supervised learning, and active learning through a tablet platform allowing for users to manually train uncertain or difficult to classify datasets. The project will make use of Pythons extensive libraries for machine learning, as well as extending integration to GPU and High-End Computing Capability (HECC) on the Pleiades supercomputing cluster, located at NASA Ames. The project is being supported by NASAs Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) Advanced Information Systems Technology (AIST-16) Program.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: ARC-E-DAA-TN46256 , American Geophysical Union (AGU) 2017 Fall Meeting; Dec 11, 2017 - Dec 15, 2017; New Orleans, LA; United States
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  • 72
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-19
    Beschreibung: Earth observation data collected from orbital remote sensing systems are becoming increasingly critical to the short- and long-term operations of many commercial industries including agriculture, energy exploration, environmental management, transportation, and urban planning and operations. In this panel, I will present an overview of current and planned NASA remote sensing systems for Earth observation with relevance to commercial and industrial applications. Special emphasis will be given to the International Space Station (ISS) as a platform for both commercial technology demonstration/development and operational data collection through the ISS National Laboratory.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: JSC-E-DAA-TN48327 , Space Commerce Conference and Exposition (SPACECOM); Dec 05, 2017 - Dec 07, 2017; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 73
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: This study quantifies the contribution of rivers and floodplains to terrestrial water storage (TWS) variability. We use stateoftheart models to simulate land surface processes and river dynamics and to separate TWS into its main components. Based on a proposed impact index, we show that surface water storage (SWS) contributes 8% of TWS variability globally, but that contribution differs widely among climate zones. Changes in SWS are a principal component of TWS variability in the tropics, where major rivers flow over arid regions and at high latitudes. SWS accounts for ~2227% of TWS variability in both the Amazon and Nile Basins. Changes in SWS are negligible in the Western U.S., Northern Africa, Middle East, and central Asia. Based on comparisons with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experimentbased TWS, we conclude that accounting for SWS improves simulated TWS in most of South America, Africa, and Southern Asia, confirming that SWS is a key component of TWS variability.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47025 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276) (e-ISSN 1944-8007); 44; 20; 10,359-10,368
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  • 74
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Several independent measurements of warmseason soil moisture and surface atmospheric variables recorded at the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) research facility are used to estimate the terrestrial component of landatmosphere coupling (LAC) strength and its regional uncertainty. The observations reveal substantial variation in coupling strength, as estimated from three soil moisture measurements at a single site, as well as across six other sites having varied soil and land cover types. The observational estimates then serve as references for evaluating SGP terrestrial coupling strength in the Community Atmospheric Model coupled to the Community Land Model. These coupled model components are operated in both a freerunning mode and in a controlled configuration, where the atmospheric and land states are reinitialized daily, so that they do not drift very far from observations. Although the controlled simulation deviates less from the observed surface climate than its freerunning counterpart, the terrestrial LAC in both configurations is much stronger and displays less spatial variability than the SGP observational estimates. Preliminary investigation of vegetation leaf area index (LAI) substituted for soil moisture suggests that the overly strong coupling between model soil moisture and surface atmospheric variables is associated with too much evaporation from bare ground and too little from the vegetation cover. These results imply that model surface characteristics such as LAI, as well as the physical parameterizations involved in the coupling of the land and atmospheric components, are likely to be important sources of the problematical LAC behaviors.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN48412 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (ISSN 2169-897X) (e-ISSN 2169-8996); 122; 21; 11,524-11,548; November 16, 2017
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  • 75
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Improved understanding of the water balance in the Blue Nile is of critical importance because of increasingly frequent hydroclimatic extremes under a changing climate. The intercomparison and evaluation of multiple land surface models (LSMs) associated with different meteorological forcing and precipitation datasets can offer a moderate range of water budget variable estimates. In this context, two LSMs, Noah version 3.3 (Noah3.3) and Catchment LSM version Fortuna 2.5 (CLSMF2.5) coupled with the Hydrological Modeling and Analysis Platform (HyMAP) river routing scheme are used to produce hydrological estimates over the region. The two LSMs were forced with different combinations of two reanalysis-based meteorological datasets from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications datasets (i.e., MERRA-Land and MERRA-2) and three observation-based precipitation datasets, generating a total of 16 experiments. Modeled evapotranspiration (ET), streamflow, and terrestrial water storage estimates were evaluated against the Atmosphere-Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) ET, in-situ streamflow observations, and NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) products, respectively. Results show that CLSMF2.5 provided better representation of the water budget variables than Noah3.3 in terms of Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient when considering all meteorological forcing datasets and precipitation datasets. The model experiments forced with observation-based products, the Climate Hazards group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), outperform those run with MERRA-Land and MERRA-2 precipitation. The results presented in this paper would suggest that the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) Land Data Assimilation System incorporate CLSMF2.5 and HyMAP routing scheme to better represent the water balance in this region.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN49151 , Journal of Hydrology (ISSN 0022-1694) (e-ISSN 1879-2707); 555; 535-546
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  • 76
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component of the Earth's water budget, a critical modulator of land-atmosphere (L-A) interactions, and also plays a crucial role in managing the Earth's energy balance. In this study, the feasibility of generating spatially-continuous daily evaporative fraction (EF) and ET from minimal remotely-sensed and meteorological inputs in a trapezoidal framework is demonstrated. A total of four variables, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land surface temperature (T(sub s)), gridded daily average temperature (T(sub a)) and elevation (z) are required to estimate EF. Then, ET can be estimated with the available soil heat flux (G) and net radiation (Rn) data. Firstly, the crucial model variable, T(sub s)-T(sub a), is examined how well it characterizes the variation in EF using in situ data recorded at two eddy correlation flux towers in Southern Great Plains, U.S.A. in 2011. Next, accuracy of satellite-based T(sub s) are compared to ground-based T(sub s). Finally, EF and ET estimates are validated. The results reveal that the model performed satisfactorily in modeling EF and ET variation at winter wheat and deciduous forest during the high evaporative months. Even though the model works best with the observed MODIS-T(sub s) as opposed to temporally interpolated T(sub s), results obtained from interpolated T(sub s) are able to close the gaps with reasonable accuracy. Due to the fact that T(sub s)-T(sub a), is not a good indicator of EF outside the growing season when deciduous forest is dormant, potential improvements to the model are proposed to improve accuracy in EF and ET estimates at the expense of adding more variables.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN46896 , IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing (ISSN 1939-1404) (e-ISSN 2151-1535); 11; 1; 12-23
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  • 77
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) is part of the Global Change Observation Mission-Water (GCOM-W). AMSR2 has filled the gap in passive microwave observations left by the loss of the Advanced Microwave Scanning RadiometerEarth Observing System (AMSR-E) after almost 10 years of observations. Both missions provide brightness temperature observations that are used to retrieve soil moisture estimates at the near surface. A merged AMSR-E and AMSR2 data product will help build a consistent long-term dataset; however, before this can be done, it is necessary to conduct a thorough validation and assessment of the AMSR2 soil moisture products. This study focuses on the validation of the AMSR2 soil moisture products by comparison with in situ reference data from a set of core validation sites around the world. A total of three soil moisture products that rely on different algorithms were evaluated; the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) soil moisture algorithm, the Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM), and the Single Channel Algorithm (SCA). JAXA, SCA and LPRM soil moisture estimates capture the overall climatological features. The spatial features of the three products have similar overall spatial structure. The JAXA soil moisture product shows a lower dynamic range in the retrieved soil moisture with a satisfactory performance matrix when compared to in situ observations (ubRMSE0.059 m3m3, Bias-0.083 m3m3, R0.465). The SCA performs well over low and moderately vegetated areas (ubRMSE0.053 m3m3, Bias-0.039 m3m3, R0.549). The LPRM product has a large dynamic range compared to in situ observations with a wet bias (ubRMSE0.094 m3m3, Bias0.091 m3m3, R0.577). Some of the error is due to the difference in observation depth between the in situ sensors (5 cm) and satellite estimates (1 cm). Results indicate that overall the JAXA and SCA have the best performance based upon the metrics considered.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47016 , IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing (ISSN 1939-1404) (e-ISSN 2151-1535); 11; 1; 209-219
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  • 78
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) mission provides global surface soil moisture product at 36 km resolution from its L-band radiometer. While the coarse resolution is satisfactory to many applications there are also a lot of applications which would benefit from a higher resolution soil moisture product. In this paper the SMAP radiometer-based soil moisture product was downscaled to 1 km using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data, and validated against airborne data from the PALS (Passive Active L-band System) instrument. The downscaling approach uses MODIS land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index to construct soil evaporative efficiency, which is used to downscale the SMAP soil moisture. The algorithm was applied to one SMAP pixel during the SMAP Validation Experiment 2015 (SMAPVEX15) in a semiarid study area for validation of the approach. The results showed that the approach had reasonable skill (root mean square difference of 0.053 m3m3 for 1-km resolution and 0.037 m3m3 for 3-km resolution) in resolving high resolution soil moisture features within the coarse scale pixel. The success benefits from the fact that the surface temperature in this region is controlled by soil evaporation, the topographical variation within the chosen pixel area is relatively moderate and the vegetation density is relatively low over most parts of the pixel. The analysis showed that the combination of the SMAP and MODIS data under these conditions can result in a high resolution soil moisture product with an accuracy suitable for many applications.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47022 , IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters (ISSN 1545-598X) (e-ISSN 1558-0571); 14; 11; 2107-2111
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  • 79
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) has been chosen by the Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System operational community as the reference sensor in cross-sensor calibration. A number of geostationary orbit and low-earth orbit sensors use the 0.64-m band from Aqua MODIS as a calibration reference. After over 15 years on-orbit, the performance characteristics of the MODIS instrument have changed, with effects evident at short wavelengths. MODIS employs a reflectance-based calibration using the solar diffuser measurements with the monthly lunar observations facilitating a response versus scan angle characterization on-orbit. As the instrument continues to operate beyond its design lifetime of 6 years, the on-board calibrators alone are insufficient to accurately characterize the instrument's response at all scan angles. This results in a long-term reflectance drift, particularly observed in the 0.64- and 0.85-m bands, while observing the temporally invariant desert sites. Long-term reflectance drifts of up to 2% and 3% are observed at the beginning of scan for the 0.64- and 0.85-m bands, respectively. An approach using earth-view response to supplement the on-board calibrator measurements has been shown to overcome these inadequacies and is now implemented for the 0.64-, 0.85-, 0.46-, and 0.55-m land bands of Aqua MODIS. This paper presents the details related to the algorithm implementation and an independent evaluation using the Dome Concordia site and deep-convective clouds. This approach has been reviewed, tested, and approved by the MODIS science team and has been implemented in the forward production of the MODIS L1B Collection 6 starting July 9, 2016. This enhanced approach has also been adopted in the MODIS L1B Collection 6.1 reprocess for the entire mission to facilitate an improved quality of downstream science products. The results with the enhanced approach reduce the reflectance drifts to within 0.5% for most cases.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN58968 , Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892) (e-ISSN 1558-0644); 56; 3; 1728-1738
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  • 80
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Several sites from around the world are being used operationally and are suitable for vicarious calibration of space-borne imaging platforms. However, due to the proximity of these sites (e.g., Libya 4), a rigorous characterization of the landscape is not feasible, limiting their utility for sensor intercalibration efforts. Due to its accessibility and similarities to Libya 4, the Algodones Sand Dunes System in California, USA, was identified as a potentially attractive intercalibration site for space-borne, reflective instruments such as Landsat. In March 2015, a 4-day field campaign was conducted to develop an initial characterization of Algodones with a primary goal of assessing its intercalibration potential. Five organizations from the US and Canada collaborated to collect both active and passive airborne image data, spatial and temporal measurements of spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function, and in-situ sand samples from several locations across the Algodones system. The collection activities conducted to support the campaign goal is summarized, including a summary of all instrumentation used, the data collected, and the experiments performed in an effort to characterize the Algodones site.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN57302 , Journal of Applied Remote Sensing (e-ISSN 1931-3195); 12; 1; 012003
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  • 81
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a pronounced influence on year-to-year variations in climate. The response of fires to this forcing is complex and has not been evaluated systematically across different continents. Here we use satellite data to create a climatology of burned-area and fire emissions responses, drawing on six El Nino and six La Nina events during 1997-2016. On average, reductions in precipitation and terrestrial water storage increased fire emissions in pan-tropical forests by 133% during and following El Nino as compared with La Nina. Fires peaked in equatorial Asia early in the ENSO cycle when El Nino was strengthening (Aug-Oct), before moving to southeast Asia and northern South America (Jan-Apr), Central America (Mar-May) and the southern Amazon (Jul-Oct) during the following year. Large decreases in fire occurred across northern Australia during Sep-Oct of the second year from a reduced fuel availability. Satellite observations of aerosols and carbon monoxide provided independent confirmation of the spatiotemporal evolution of fire anomalies. The predictable cascade of fire across different tropical continents described here highlights an important time delay in the Earth system's response to precipitation redistribution. These observations help to explain why the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 increases during El Nino and may contribute to improved seasonal fire forecasts.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN51924 , Nature Climate Change (ISSN 1758-678X) (e-ISSN 1758-6798); 7; 906-911
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  • 82
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is a threat to passive microwave measurements and if undetected, can corrupt science retrievals. The sparse component analysis (SCA) for blind source separation has been investigated to detect RFI in microwave radiometer data. Various techniques using SCA have been simulated to determine detection performance with continuous wave (CW) RFI.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN57064 , IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Jul 23, 2017 - Jul 28, 2017; Fort Worth, TX; United States
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  • 83
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Daily measurements of aerosol optical depth () and ngstrom wavelength exponent () acquired from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) are analysed over Lahore - an urban city of Pakistan (period: 2010-2014) to investigate contribution of different types of aerosols originating from both local and regional source locations. The obtained annual averages (mean+/-standard deviation) for AERONET retrievals of (500 nm) and (440-870 nm) are 0.68+/-0.37 (0.08-2.91) and 0.99+/-0.33 (0-1.8), respectively. Of all the sources, 61% are found within Pakistan, 11% in India, 19% in Afghanistan, 6% in Iran and 2% in Saudi Arabia with seasonal contributions of 35, 25, 23 and 17% in pre-monsoon, monsoon, winter and post-monsoon, respectively. The bimodal distributions of show dominance of coarse-mode particles during pre-monsoon, fine-mode particles during post-monsoon and presence of both coarse-mode and fine-mode particles during winter and monsoon with winter showing more fine-mode particles. Two broad classes of aerosols namely desert dust (DD) and biomass burning/urban industrial (BU) are identified with criteria, e.g. 0.3 and 0.75 indicating presence of DD while 0.2 and 1.15 indicating BU. The frequency of occurrence (FOO) of DD and BU aerosols is further identified by applying classification criteria over Aqua-MODIS deep blue retrievals. The FOO identifies anthropogenic activity on-going throughout the year, disrupted with DD aerosols only during pre-monsoon and monsoon. The maximum dust activity is seen over Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) (localized maxima: 35-45%) and the Arabian peninsula (〉55%) during pre-monsoon, while maximum BU aerosols are found over IGP, central and south-eastern plains of India and the state of Gujarat (localized maxima: 〉70%) in winter and post-monsoon.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN57226 , International Journal of Climatology (ISSN 0899-8418) (e-ISSN 1097-0088); 38; 2; 1022-1040
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  • 84
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: As we approach the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) era, several studies have emerged that aim to (1) characterize how the instruments will perform and (2) determine what atmospheric spectral features could theoretically be detected using transmission and emission spectroscopy. To some degree, all these studies have relied on modeling of JWST's theoretical instrument noise. With under two years left until launch, it is imperative that the exoplanet community begins to digest and integrate these studies into their observing plans, as well as think about how to leverage the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to optimize JWST observations. To encourage this and to allow all members of the community access to JWST & HST noise simulations, we present here an open-source Python package and online interface for creating observation simulations of all observatory-supported timeseries spectroscopy modes. This noise simulator, called PandExo, relies on some aspects of Space Telescope Science Institute's Exposure Time Calculator, Pandeia. We describe PandExo and the formalism for computing noise sources for JWST. Then we benchmark PandExos performance against each instrument team's independently written noise simulator for JWST, and previous observations for HST. We find that PandExo is within 10% agreement for HST/WFC3 and for all JWST instruments.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN53789 , Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ISSN 0004-6280) (e-ISSN 1538-3873); 129; 976; 064501
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  • 85
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Largely used in several independent estimates of fire emissions, fire products based on MODIS sensors aboard the Terra and Aqua polar-orbiting satellites have a number of inherent limitations, including (a) inability to detect fires below clouds, (b) significant decrease of detection sensitivity at the edge of scan where pixel sizes are much larger than at nadir, and (c) gaps between adjacent swaths in tropical regions. To remedy these limitations, an empirical method is developed here and applied to correct fire emission estimates based on MODIS pixel level fire radiative power measurements and emission coefficients from the Fire Energetics and Emissions Research (FEER) biomass burning emission inventory. The analysis was performed for January 2010 over the northern sub-Saharan African region. Simulations from WRF-Chem model using original and adjusted emissions are compared with the aerosol optical depth (AOD) products from MODIS and AERONET as well as aerosol vertical profile from CALIOP data. The comparison confirmed an 30-50% improvement in the model simulation performance (in terms of correlation, bias, and spatial pattern of AOD with respect to observations) by the adjusted emissions that not only increases the original emission amount by a factor of two but also results in the spatially continuous estimates of instantaneous fire emissions at daily time scales. Such improvement cannot be achieved by simply scaling the original emission across the study domain. Even with this improvement, a factor of two underestimations still exists in the modeled AOD, which is within the current global fire emissions uncertainty envelope. Plain Language Summary Polar-orbiting satellites sensors, such as MODIS, have limitations in detecting fires under clouds or when viewing angles are large or in the gaps among satellites' different ground swaths. Here we developed an empirical method to mitigate the effect of these limitations in fire emission estimate. The method is applied to a fire emission inventory (FEER) based on MODIS. We show that, with our method, the adjusted emission inventory improves WRF-Chem simulation of smoke transport and distribution.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN54415 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (ISSN 2169-897X) (e-ISSN 2169-8996); 123; 1; 507-528
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  • 86
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Faraday rotation can be significant at L-band and needs to be considered in remote sensing from space using the spectrum window at 1.413 gigahertz protected for passive observations. This is especially so for a conical scanner such as SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) because the variation of the rotation angle with position around the scan is of the same order of magnitude as the change with geographic position as the sensor travels in its orbit around the globe. Furthermore, the angle retrieved in situ by the radiometer is particularly noisy over land raising additional issues for remote sensing of soil moisture. Research is reported here assessing the magnitude of the problem and suggesting an approach for treating Faraday rotation in the context of remote sensing of soil moisture with a conical scanner like SMAP.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN51063 , IEEE Transactions of Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892) (e-ISSN 1558-0644); 56; 2; 655-668
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  • 87
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A satellite-derived cropland extent map at high spatial resolution (30-m or better) is a must for food and water security analysis. Precise and accurate global cropland extent maps, indicating cropland and non-cropland areas, is a starting point to develop high-level products such as crop watering methods (irrigated or rainfed), cropping intensities (e.g., single, double, or continuous cropping), crop types, cropland fallows, as well as assessment of cropland productivity (productivity per unit of land), and crop water productivity (productivity per unit of water). Uncertainties associated with the cropland extent map have cascading effects on all higher-level cropland products. However, precise and accurate cropland extent maps at high spatial resolution over large areas (e.g., continents or the globe) are challenging to produce due to the small-holder dominant agricultural systems like those found in most of Africa and Asia. Cloud-based Geospatial computing platforms and multi-date, multi-sensor satellite image inventories on Google Earth Engine offer opportunities for mapping croplands with precision and accuracy over large areas that satisfy the requirements of broad range of applications. Such maps are expected to provide highly significant improvements compared to existing products, which tend to be coarser in resolution, and often fail to capture fragmented small-holder farms especially in regions with high dynamic change within and across years. To overcome these limitations, in this research we present an approach for cropland extent mapping at high spatial resolution (30-m or better) using the 10-day, 10 to 20-m, Sentinel-2 data in combination with 16-day, 30-m, Landsat-8 data on Google Earth Engine (GEE). First, nominal 30-m resolution satellite imagery composites were created from 36,924 scenes of Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 images for the entire African continent in 2015-2016. These composites were generated using a median-mosaic of five bands (blue, green, red, near-infrared, NDVI) during each of the two periods (period 1: January-June 2016 and period 2: July-December 2015) plus a 30-m slope layer derived from the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) elevation dataset. Second, we selected Cropland/Non-cropland training samples (sample size 9791) from various sources in GEE to create pixel-based classifications. As supervised classification algorithm, Random Forest (RF) was used as the primary classifier because of its efficiency, and when over-fitting issues of RF happened due to the noise of input training data, Support Vector Machine (SVM) was applied to compensate for such defects in specific areas. Third, the Recursive Hierarchical Segmentation (RHSeg) algorithm was employed to generate an object-oriented segmentation layer based on spectral and spatial properties from the same input data. This layer was merged with the pixel-based classification to improve segmentation accuracy. Accuracies of the merged 30-m crop extent product were computed using an error matrix approach in which 1754 independent validation samples were used. In addition, a comparison was performed with other available cropland maps as well as with LULC maps to show spatial similarity. Finally, the cropland area results derived from the map were compared with UN FAO statistics. The independent accuracy assessment showed a weighted overall accuracy of 94, with a producers accuracy of 85.9 (or omission error of 14.1), and users accuracy of 68.5 (commission error of 31.5) for the cropland class. The total net cropland area (TNCA) of Africa was estimated as 313 Mha for the nominal year 2015.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN53056 , Remote Sensing (e-ISSN 2072-4292); 9; 10; 1065
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  • 88
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) is a unique network of lidar systems that measure high-resolution atmospheric profiles of ozone. The accurate characterization of these lidars is necessary to determine the uniformity of the network calibration. From July to August 2014, three lidars, the TROPospheric OZone (TROPOZ) lidar, the Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and oZone (TOPAZ) lidar, and the Langley Mobile Ozone Lidar (LMOL), of TOLNet participated in the Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) mission and the Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Experiment (FRAPPA) to measure ozone variations from the boundary layer to the top of the troposphere. This study presents the analysis of the intercomparison between the TROPOZ, TOPAZ, and LMOL lidars, along with comparisons between the lidars and other in situ ozone instruments including ozonesondes and a P-3B airborne chemiluminescence sensor. The TOLNet lidars measured vertical ozone structures with an accuracy generally better than +/-15 % within the troposphere. Larger differences occur at some individual altitudes in both the near-field and far-field range of the lidar systems, largely as expected. In terms of column average, the TOLNet lidars measured ozone with an accuracy better than +/-5 % for both the intercomparison between the lidars and between the lidars and other instruments. These results indicate that these three TOLNet lidars are suitable for use in air quality, satellite validation, and ozone modeling efforts.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN54802 , Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (e-ISSN 1867-8548); 10; 10; 3865–3876
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  • 89
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Terra and Aqua MODIS scan mirror reflectance is a function of the angle of incidence (AOI) and was characterized prior to launch by the instrument vendor. The relative change of the prelaunch response versus scan-angle (RVS) is tracked and linearly scaled on-orbit using observations at two AOIs of 11.2deg and 50.2deg corresponding to the moon view and solar diffuser, respectively. As the missions continue to operate well beyond their design life of 6 years, the assumption of linear scaling between the two AOIs is known to be inadequate in accurately characterizing the RVS, particularly at short wavelengths. Consequently, an enhanced approach of supplementing the on-board measurements with response trends from desert pseudo-invariant calibration sites (PICS) was formulated in MODIS Collection 6 (C6). An underlying assumption for the continued effectiveness of this approach is the long-term (multi-year) and short-term (month-to-month) stability of the PICS. Previous work has shown that the deep convective clouds (DCC) can also be used to monitor the on-orbit RVS performance with less trend uncertainties than desert sites. In this paper, the raw sensor response to the DCC is used to characterize the on-orbit RVS on a band and mirror side basis. These DCC-based RVS results are compared with the C6 PICS-based RVS, showing an agreement within 2% observed in most cases. The pros and cons of using a DCC-based RVS approach are also discussed in this paper. Although this reaffirms the efficacy of the C6 PICS-based RVS, the DCC-based RVS approach presents itself as an effective alternative for future considerations. Potential applications of this approach to other instruments such as SNPP and JPSS VIIRS are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN51986 , IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892) (e-ISSN 1558-0644); 56; 2; 1115-1128
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  • 90
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET)-based nonspherical dust optical models are developed and applied to the Satellite Ocean Aerosol Retrieval (SOAR) algorithm as part of the Version 1 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) NASA 'Deep Blue' aerosol data product suite. The optical models are created using Version 2 AERONET inversion data at six distinct sites influenced frequently by dust aerosols from different source regions. The same spheroid shape distribution as used in the AERONET inversion algorithm is assumed to account for the nonspherical characteristics of mineral dust, which ensures the consistency between the bulk scattering properties of the developed optical models with the AERONET-retrieved microphysical and optical properties. For the Version 1 SOAR aerosol product, the dust optical models representative for Capo Verde site are used, considering the strong influence of Saharan dust over the global ocean in terms of amount and spatial coverage. Comparisons of the VIIRS-retrieved aerosol optical properties against AERONET direct-Sun observations at three island coastal sites suggest that the use of nonspherical dust optical models significantly improves the retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom exponent by mitigating the well-known artifact of scattering angle dependence of the variables observed when incorrectly assuming spherical dust. The resulting removal of these artifacts results in a more natural spatial pattern of AOD along the transport path of Saharan dust to the Atlantic Ocean; i.e., AOD decreases with increasing distance transported, whereas the spherical assumption leads to a strong wave pattern due to the spurious scattering angle dependence of AOD.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47255 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN51221 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (ISSN 2169-897X) (e-ISSN 2169-8996); 122; 19; 10,384-10,401
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  • 91
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Statistical techniques permit the retrieval of soil moisture estimates in a model climatology while retaining the spatial and temporal signatures of the satellite observations. As a consequence, the need for bias correction prior to an assimilation of these estimates is reduced, which could result in a more effective use of the independent information provided by the satellite observations. In this study, a statistical neural network (NN) retrieval algorithm is calibrated using SMAP brightness temperature observations and modeled soil moisture estimates (similar to those used to calibrate the SMAP Level 4 DA system). Daily values of surface soil moisture are estimated using the NN and then assimilated into the NASA Catchment model. The skill of the assimilation estimates is assessed based on a comprehensive comparison to in situ measurements from the SMAP core and sparse network sites as well as the International Soil Moisture Network. The NN retrieval assimilation is found to significantly improve the model skill, particularly in areas where the model does not represent processes related to agricultural practices. Additionally, the NN method is compared to assimilation experiments using traditional bias correction techniques. The NN retrieval assimilation is found to more effectively use the independent information provided by SMAP resulting in larger model skill improvements than assimilation experiments using traditional bias correction techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN50552 , Annual American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting 2017; Dec 11, 2017 - Dec 15, 2017; New Orleans, LA; United States
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  • 92
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Increasing atmospheric methane (CH4) concentrations have contributed to approximately 20% of anthropogenic climate change. Despite the importance of CH4 as a greenhouse gas, its atmospheric growth rate and dynamics over the past two decades, which include a stabilization period (1999-2006), followed by renewed growth starting in 2007, remain poorly understood. We provide an updated estimate of CH4 emissions from wetlands, the largest natural global CH4 source, for 2000-2012 using an ensemble of biogeochemical models constrained with remote sensing surface inundation and inventory-based wetland area data. Between 2000-2012, boreal wetland CH4 emissions increased by 1.2 Tg yr(sup -1) (-0.2-3.5 Tg yr(sup -1), tropical emissions decreased by 0.9 Tg yr(sup -1) (-3.2-1.1 Tg yr(sup -1), yet globally, emissions remained unchanged at 184 +/- 22 Tg yr(sup -1). Changing air temperature was responsible for increasing high-latitude emissions whereas declines in low-latitude wetland area decreased tropical emissions; both dynamics are consistent with features of predicted centennial-scale climate change impacts on wetland CH4 emissions. Despite uncertainties in wetland area mapping, our study shows that global wetland CH4 emissions have not contributed significantly to the period of renewed atmospheric CH4 growth, and is consistent with findings from studies that indicate some combination of increasing fossil fuel and agriculture-related CH4 emissions, and a decrease in the atmospheric oxidative sink.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN51012 , Environmental Research Letters (e-ISSN 1748-9326); 12; 9; 094013
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  • 93
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: SnowEx is a winter airborne and field campaign designed to measure snow-water equivalent in forested landscapes. A major focus of Year 1 (2016-17) of NASA's SnowEx campaign will be an extensive field program involving dozens of participants from U.S. government agencies and from many universities and institutions, both domestic and foreign. Along with other instruments, two infrared (IR) sensors will be flown on a Naval Research Laboratory P-3 aircraft. Surface temperature is a critical input to hydrologic models and will be measured during the SnowEx mission. A Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) IR imaging camera system will be flown along with a KT-15 remote thermometer to aid in the calibration of the IR image data. Together, these instruments will measure surface temperature of snow and ice targets to an expected accuracy of less than 1C.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN44933 , 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS); Jul 23, 2017 - Jul 28, 2017; Fort Worth, TX; United States|2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) (e-ISSN 2153-7003); 1406-1408
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  • 94
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Stratospheric intrusions have been the interest of decades of research for their ability to bring stratospheric ozone (O3) into the troposphere with the potential to enhance surface O3 concentrations. However, these intrusions have been misrepresented in models and reanalyses until recently, as the features of a stratospheric intrusion are best identified in horizontal resolutions of 50 km or smaller. NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version-2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis is a publicly available high-resolution dataset (approx. 50 km) with assimilated O3 that characterizes O3 on the same spatiotemporal resolution as the meteorology. We demonstrate the science capabilities of the MERRA-2 reanalysis when applied to the evaluation of stratospheric intrusions that impact surface air quality. This is demonstrated through a case study analysis of stratospheric intrusion-influenced O3 exceedances in spring 2012 in Colorado, using a combination of observations, the MERRA-2 reanalysis and the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, Version 5 (GEOS-5) simulations.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN46694 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276) (e-ISSN 1944-8007); 44; 20; 10,691-10,701
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  • 95
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: We report on an airborne demonstration of atmospheric methane (CH4) measurements with an Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) lidar using an optical parametric amplifier (OPA) and optical parametric oscillator (OPO) laser transmitter and sensitive avalanche photodiode detector. The lidar measures the atmospheric CH4 absorption at multiple, discrete wavelengths near 1650.96 nm. The instrument was deployed in the fall of 2015, aboard NASA's DC-8 airborne laboratory along with an in-situ spectrometer and measured CH4 over a wide range of surfaces and atmospheric conditions from altitudes of 2 km to 13 km. In this paper, we will show the results from our flights, compare the performance of the two laser transmitters, and identify areas of improvement for the lidar.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN48108 , Journal of Applied Remote Sensing (e-ISSN 1931-3195); 11; 3; 034001
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  • 96
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: We validate the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) ozone-profile (PROFOZ) product from October 2004 through December 2014 retrieved by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) algorithm against ozonesonde observations. We also evaluate the effects of OMI Row anomaly (RA) on the retrieval by dividing the data set into before and after the occurrence of serious OMI RA, i.e., pre-RA (2004-2008) and post-RA (2009-2014). The retrieval shows good agreement with ozonesondes in the tropics and mid-latitudes and for pressure less than equivalent to 50 hPa in the high latitudes. It demonstrates clear improvement over the a priori down to the lower troposphere in the tropics and down to an average of approximately 550 (300) hPa at middle (high latitudes). In the tropics and mid-latitudes, the profile mean biases (MBs) are less than 6%, and the standard deviations (SDs) range from 5-10% for pressure less than equivalent to 50 hPa to less than 18% (27%) in the tropics (mid-latitudes) for pressure greater than equivalent to 50 hPa after applying OMI averaging kernels to ozonesonde data. The MBs of the stratospheric ozone column (SOC) are within 2% with SDs of less than 5% and the MBs of the tropospheric ozone column (TOC) are within 6% with SDs of 15%. In the high latitudes, the profile MBs are within 10% with SDs of 5-15% for pressure less than equivalent to 50 hPa, but increase to 30% with SDs as great as 40% for pressure greater than equivalent to 50 hPa. The SOC MBs increase up to 3% with SDs as great as 6% and the TOC SDs increase up to 30%. The comparison generally degrades at larger solar-zenith angles (SZA) due to weaker signals and additional sources of error, leading to worse performance at high latitudes and during the mid-latitude winter. Agreement also degrades with increasing cloudiness for pressure greater than equivalent to 100 hPa and varies with cross-track position, especially with large MBs and SDs at extreme off-nadir positions. In the tropics and mid-latitudes, the post-RA comparison is considerably worse with larger SDs reaching 2% in the stratosphere and 8% in the troposphere and up to 6% in TOC. There are systematic differences that vary with latitude compared to the pre-RA comparison. The retrieval comparison demonstrates good long-term stability during the pre-RA period, but exhibits a statistically significant trend of 0.14-0.7%/year for pressure less than equivalent to 80 hPa, 0.7 DU/year in SOC and -0.33 DU/year in TOC during the post-RA period. The spatiotemporal variation of retrieval performance suggests the need to improve OMIs radiometric calibration especially during the post-RA period to maintain the long-term stability and reduce the latitude/season/SZA and cross-track dependence of retrieval quality.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47007 , Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (ISSN 1867-1381) (e-ISSN 1867-8548); 10; 7; 2455-2475
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  • 97
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: We evaluate Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) surface reflectance and albedo trends using the newly released Collection 6 (C6) MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) products over the period 2001-2016. We find that the correction of MODIS sensor degradation provided in the new C6 data products reduces the magnitude of the surface reflectance and albedo decline trends obtained from previous MODIS data (i.e., Collection 5, C5). Collection 5 and 6 data product analysis over GrIS is characterized by surface (i.e., wet vs. dry) and elevation (i.e., 500-2000 m, 2000 m and greater) conditions over the summer season from 1 June to 31 August. Notably, the visible-wavelength declining reflectance trends identified in several bands of MODIS C5 data from previous studies are only slightly detected at reduced magnitude in the C6 versions over the dry snow area. Declining albedo in the wet snow and ice area remains over the MODIS record in the C6 product, albeit at a lower magnitude than obtained using C5 data. Further analyses of C6 spectral reflectance trends show both reflectance increases and decreases in select bands and regions, suggesting that several competing processes are contributing to Greenland Ice Sheet albedo change. Investigators using MODIS data for other ocean, atmosphere and/or land analyses are urged to consider similar re-examinations of trends previously established using C5 data.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN46015 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN45462 , The Cryosphere (e-ISSN 1994-0424); 11; 4; 1781-1795
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  • 98
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Ocean salinity and soil moisture are key parameters for understanding the global water cycle, weather, and climate. These parameters are being measured with spaceborne radiometers operating in the L-band window at 14001427 MHz. Although man-made activity in this band is prohibited, radio frequency interference (RFI) is still a problem over significant portions of the earth. This paper reports a comparison of the RFI environment in this window as observed by two L-band radiometer systems, Aquarius and Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity. The observed RFI environment depends on the sources and also on the characteristics of the instrument. Comparing the observations provides insight into the extent of the problem (actual sources), the influence of the instrument on the observation of RFI, and on potential ways of mitigating the effects. As this report shows, the global distribution of RFI is largely consistent between the two instruments, but the details, especially at low levels of RFI, depend on the characteristics of the instrument.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN45594 , IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892) (e-ISSN 1558-0644); 55; 7; 4220-4235
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  • 99
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Simulations of irrigated croplands generally lack key interactions between water demand from plants and water supply from irrigation systems. We coupled the Water Evaluation and Planning system (WEAP) and Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) to link regional water supplies and management with field-level water demand and crop growth. WEAP-DSSAT was deployed and evaluated over Yolo County in California for corn, rice, and wheat. WEAP-DSSAT is able to reproduce the results of DSSAT under well-watered conditions and reasonably simulate observed mean yields, but has difficulty capturing yield interannual variability. Constraining irrigation supply to surface water alone reduces yields for all three crops during the 1987-1992 drought. Corn yields are reduced proportionally with water allocation, rice yield reductions are more binary based on sufficient water for flooding, and wheat yields are least sensitive to irrigation constraints as winter wheat is grown during the wet season.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN44917 , Environmental Modelling & Software (ISSN 1364-8152); 96; 335-346
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  • 100
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Cloud Aerosol Transport System (CATS) lidar has been operating onboard the International Space Station (ISS) since February 2015 and provides vertical observations of clouds and aerosols using total attenuated backscatter and depolarization measurements. From February March 2015, CATS operated in Mode 1, providing backscatter and depolarization measurements at 532 and 1064 nm. CATS began operation in Mode 2 in March 2015, providing backscatter and depolarization measurements at 1064 nm and has continued to operate to the present in this mode. CATS level 2 products are derived from these measurements, including feature detection, cloud aerosol discrimination, cloud and aerosol typing, and optical properties of cloud and aerosol layers. Here, we present changes to our level 2 algorithms, which were aimed at reducing several biases in our version 1 level 2 data products. These changes will be incorporated into our upcoming version 2 level 2 data release in summer 2017. Additionally, owing to the near real time (NRT) data downlinking capabilities of the ISS, CATS provides expedited NRT data products within 6 hours of observation time. This capability provides a unique opportunity for supporting field campaigns and for developing data assimilation techniques to improve simulated cloud and aerosol vertical distributions in models. We additionally present preliminary work toward assimilating CATS observations into the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5) global atmospheric model and data assimilation system.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN44921 , 2017 Aerocenter Aerosol Update; Jun 15, 2017; Greenbelt, MD; United States
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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