Publication Date:
2014-05-23
Description:
Metformin is considered to be one of the most effective therapeutics for treating type 2 diabetes because it specifically reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis without increasing insulin secretion, inducing weight gain or posing a risk of hypoglycaemia. For over half a century, this agent has been prescribed to patients with type 2 diabetes worldwide, yet the underlying mechanism by which metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis remains unknown. Here we show that metformin non-competitively inhibits the redox shuttle enzyme mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, resulting in an altered hepatocellular redox state, reduced conversion of lactate and glycerol to glucose, and decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis. Acute and chronic low-dose metformin treatment effectively reduced endogenous glucose production, while increasing cytosolic redox and decreasing mitochondrial redox states. Antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of hepatic mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in rats resulted in a phenotype akin to chronic metformin treatment, and abrogated metformin-mediated increases in cytosolic redox state, decreases in plasma glucose concentrations, and inhibition of endogenous glucose production. These findings were replicated in whole-body mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase knockout mice. These results have significant implications for understanding the mechanism of metformin's blood glucose lowering effects and provide a new therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4074244/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉 〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4074244/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Madiraju, Anila K -- Erion, Derek M -- Rahimi, Yasmeen -- Zhang, Xian-Man -- Braddock, Demetrios T -- Albright, Ronald A -- Prigaro, Brett J -- Wood, John L -- Bhanot, Sanjay -- MacDonald, Michael J -- Jurczak, Michael J -- Camporez, Joao-Paulo -- Lee, Hui-Young -- Cline, Gary W -- Samuel, Varman T -- Kibbey, Richard G -- Shulman, Gerald I -- K01 DK-099402/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK-034989/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK-45735/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK034989/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK045735/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK-092606/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK-28348/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK-40936/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK028348/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK040936/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK092606/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R24 DK-085638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R24 DK085638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U24 DK-059635/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U24 DK059635/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000142/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 26;510(7506):542-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13270. Epub 2014 May 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. ; Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas Scholar, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA. ; Isis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, USA. ; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53706. ; 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [4] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, DK-2200.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24847880" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
Keywords:
Animals
;
Blood Glucose/analysis/biosynthesis
;
Cells, Cultured
;
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy/enzymology/metabolism
;
Gluconeogenesis/*drug effects
;
Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase/*antagonists &
;
inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/metabolism
;
Humans
;
Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
;
Insulin/secretion
;
Lactic Acid/metabolism
;
Liver/drug effects/metabolism
;
Male
;
Metformin/*pharmacology
;
Mice, Knockout
;
Mitochondria/*enzymology
;
Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects
;
Rats
;
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Print ISSN:
0028-0836
Electronic ISSN:
1476-4687
Topics:
Biology
,
Chemistry and Pharmacology
,
Medicine
,
Natural Sciences in General
,
Physics
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