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  • Angiosperms  (680)
  • Springer  (680)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laminar hydathodes inUrticaceae: Survey of tribes and anatomical observations onPilea pumila andUrtica dioica (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 179-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; dicotyledons ; Urticaceae ; Pilea pumila ; Urtica dioica ; Guttation ; hydathodes ; leaf anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Laminar hydathodes are known from only three dicot families. InUrticaceae they are associated with minor vein junctions in all five tribes, as surveyed from cleared leaves of 43 species in 30 genera. Only one species lacked hydathodes. Exclusively adaxial hydathodes were found in 28 genera. In tribeElatostemeae, laminar hydathodes inPilea andPellionia species are abaxial, adaxial, or on both surfaces. Guttation was observed in four species.Urtica dioica (adaxial) andPilea pumila (abaxial) were studied anatomically in detail. Hydathodes in the former have normal bundle structure but xylem gaps sometimes occur. In the latter, phloem is displaced in three previously undescribed ways: 1) ends abruptly near hydathode, 2) curves into connecting vein at adjacent junction, or 3) departs xylem, skirts hydathode independently, and rejoins adjacent xylem strand. Laminar hydathodes are a unifying character of theUrticaceae, and they also strengthen its close relationship to theMoraceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937906
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  • 102
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    Structure and function in asclepiad pollination (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 227-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asclepiadaceae ; Pollination ultrastructure ; tube germination ; autogamy ; floral biology ; floral structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An sieben Asclepiadaceen-Arten wird der Zusammenhang von Blütenstrukturen mit dem Bestäubungsprozeß untersucht. Die Analyse erfaßt die Bandbreite von einfacher organisierten (Secamone) bis zu hochdifferenziertenAsclepiadaceae, wobei neben dem offenen Blütentyp auch zwei Formen von geschlossenen Blüten (Sisyranthus, Microloma) untersucht werden. Die Blüten weisen unterschiedlich stark elaborierte Strukturen auf, die als Führungshilfen für den Insektenrüssel dienen. Neben der eigentlichen Leitschiene, die teilweise einen hohen Grad an innerer Differenzierung besitzt, sind vor allem Haare und Coronastrukturen an der primären Führung des Bestäuberrüssels beteiligt. Die interstaminale Lage der Nektarien sowie ihr Hinaufreichen bis zur Leitschiene sichert ebenfalls das Zurückziehen des Rüssels durch die Leitschiene. Die Einführung des Rüssels in den Spalt des Klemmkörpers erfordert einen relativ festen Sitz des Corpusculums, der in den hier untersuchten Arten auf drei verschiedenen Wegen erreicht wird: Anheftung an den Antherenrändern, basales Ankleben am Griffelkopf und Fixierung durch einen distalen Vorsprung des Griffelkopfes. MitTylophora spec. wird ein Fall vorgestellt, bei dem Fremdbestäubung wie auch Auskeimen der Pollenschläuche in situ und damit vermutlich Autogamie zugleich vorkommen. — Die übertragenen Pollinien werden gewöhnlich in die Narbenkammer eingezogen, dort keimen die Pollenschläuche aus und dringen an der Unterseite des Narbenkopfes in diesen ein. BeiSecamone erfolgt der Eintritt der Pollenschläuche an der Flanke des Griffelkopfes, beiMicroloma ist eine exakte Positionierung des Polliniums unnötig, auch vor der Leitschiene abgelegte Pollinien keimen und senden ihre Pollenschläuche durch die innere Leitschiene zum Griffelkopf. BeiSecamone undTylophora ist ein gemeinsamer Anfang der Griffelkanäle (Compitum) im Griffelkopf vorhanden, die Pollenschläuche werden hier auf beide Ovarien verteilt, auch wenn sie nur von einem einzigen eingeführten Pollinium stammen. Bei den übrigen fünf Arten sind beide Griffelkanäle isoliert voneinander, eine direkte Zuweisung der Pollenschläuche eines Polliniums zu nur einem Ovar ist hier die Regel. Damit verfolgen diese höher evolviertenAsclepiadaceae eher die Strategie der resource allocation, indem sie bei der vorherrschenden Belegung mit nur einem Pollinium durch die strukturell gelenkte Zuweisung der Pollenschläuche auch nur ein Fruchtblatt zur Reife bringen müssen.
    Notes: Abstract Aspects of floral biology in relation to floral structures are investigated in seven species ofAsclepiadaceae. Pollinaria removal and insertion by the insect pollinator is aided by various structural devices such as hairs or corona elements guiding the proboscis towards the entrance of the anther slit. The nectary is situated directly below this opening, thus increasing the probability of the proboscis being introduced into the anther slit during retraction. The anther slit itself often displays structural differentiation in adaptation to the guiding of the proboscis and the insertion of a pollinium in cross pollination. These mechanisms are highly elaborated so that they work as well in closed flower types, in which the pollinator does not enter the flower directly, but only introduces its proboscis (Sisyranthus, Microloma). A special feature of pollinaria removal is the variety of ways of fixing the corpusculum against the force of the proboscis when it is drawn into the cleft. — The stigma of all species exceptSecamone is located on the lower surface of the stigma head where it is appressed to the filament tube. In some cases a direct contact of the inserted pollinium with the stigmatic surface does not seem to be necessary for pollen tube germination, probably moistening by nectar suffices in these flowers. WithTylophora spec., a case of in situ pollen tube germination has been studied. — Concerning the path of the pollen tubes, two different strategies are followed.Secamone andTylophora develop a structurally defined compitum, while the other five species have strictly divided stylar canals. In these higher evolved species, the pollen tubes of one inserted pollinium are all directed into one ovary only, thus enabling the plant to allocate its resources to one carpel only in the frequent case of fertilization by one pollinium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937909
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  • 103
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    Pollinator limitation and position dependent fruit set in the high Andean orchidMyrosmodes cochleare (Orchidaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 93-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Myrosmodes cochleare ; Pollination ; breeding system ; Andes of Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Myrosmodes cochleare is a terrestrial orchid restricted to high elevations of the northern Andes. It is self-compatible but not autogamous. Flowering begins at the apex of the inflorescence, but flower size increases steadily towards the base. Fruit set of selfed flowers was found to increase significantly from the apex to the base of the inflorescence. Open-pollinated fruit set was significantly lower than hand-pollinated fruit set overall, but the highest levels occurred in the middle of the inflorescence. Eumenid wasps and a calliphorid fly were observed to pollinate the flowers, but visits were rare and occurred only during infrequent warm periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937697
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  • 104
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    An analysis of the B genome speciesArachis batizocoi (Fabaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 159-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Arachis batizocoi ; A. hypogaea ; Genome analysis ; phylogenetic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Arachis batizocoi Krap. & Greg. is a suggested B genome donor to the cultivated peanut,A. hypogaea L. Until recently, only one accession of this species was available in U.S.A. germplasm collections for analyses and species variability had not been documented. The objective of this study was to determine the intraspecific variability ofA. batizocoi to better understand phylogenetic relationships in sect.Arachis. Five accessions of the species were used for morphological and cytological studies and then F1 intraspecific hybrids analyzed. Some variation was observed among accessions—for example, differences in seed size, plant height and branch length. The somatic chromosomes of accessions 9484, 30079, and 30082 were nearly identical, whereas, the karyotypes of accessions 30081 and 30097 have several distinct differences. For example, 30081 had significantly more asymmetrical chromosomes 2 and 6 and more median chromosomes 7 and 10, and 30097 had significantly more asymmetrical chromosomes 3 and 10 and more median chromosomes 1 and 5 than accessions 9484, 30079, and 30082. All F1 hybrids among accessions were highly fertile. Meiotic observations indicated that hybrids among accessions 9484, 30079, or 30082 had mostly bivalents. However, quadrivalents were observed when either 30081 or 30097 was crossed with the above three accessions and 30081 × 30097 had quadrivalents, hexavalents and octavalents. The presence of translocations is the most likely cause of multivalent formation inA. batizocoi hybrids. Cytological evolution via translocations has apparently been an important mechanism for differentiation in the species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940337
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  • 105
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    New taxa ofRubiaceae-Rubieae from Iran (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 197-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Rubieae ; Asperula sect.Oppositifoliae ; sect. nova ; spec. novae:A. rezaiyensis ; A. rechingeri ; Galium spec. novae:G. anguineum ; G. azerbayjanicum ; G. plurifolium ; G. pseudomegalanthum ; G. kandavanense ; G. wendelboi ; G. sojakii ; G. subvelutinum var.oligotrichum ; var. nova ; G. decumbens ; G. problematicum ; stat. nov ; Flora of Iran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Asperula sect.Oppositifoliae is validated. 2 new species ofAsperula and 7 new species and 1 variety ofGalium from Iran are described, discussed in respect to their affinities and illustrated. 2 subspecies are raised to species rank.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940340
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  • 106
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    Subgroups in theHordeum patagonicum complex (Poaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 47-66 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum patagonicum complex ; barley ; Classification ; numerical methods ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seeds of theHordeum patagonicum complex were collected from the field and grown in the greenhouse. The aim was to take a sample of members of the complex, and on the basis of the phenotypic similarities in some morphological and physiological characters, determine whether distinct groups exist. When cluster analyses, to generate hypotheses, and orthodox statistical procedures, for hypotheses obtained a priori, were applied to the reproductive morphology, germination and flowering patterns, onlyH. patagonicum subsp.magellanicum, out of the five recognized taxa, could be distinguished consistently. The remaining four taxa, which overlapped considerably, could be re-formed into three groups whose centroids were different but whose ranges of variation were not distinct from each other. We conclude that the highly cross-compatible members of theH. patagonicum complex, first defined as species and later redefined as subspecies are probably no more than biotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937693
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  • 107
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    Morphology and distribution of trichomes in Italian species ofTeucrium sect.Chamaedrys (Labiatae) — a taxonomical evaluation (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 83-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Labiatae ; Teucrium sect.Chamaedrys ; Taxonomy ; trichomes ; Flora of Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Micromorphology and distribution of trichomes (both secretory and not) in different parts of plants of the five Italian species belonging toTeucrium sect.Chamaedrys have been studied. These characters neatly evidence the differences between the taxa considered; of particular interest are the observations concerning the dense coverage of peltate hairs on the abaxial face of the leaves ofT. flavum subsp.glaucum and the characters contributing to a better identification ofT. marum andT. subspinosum. The importance of the calyx indumentum as distinctive taxonomical character of the genusTeucrium is confirmed, stressing at the same time the necessity of completing the observations at micromorphological level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937696
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  • 108
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    Chromosomal C-band variation inAllium schœnoprasum (Liliaceae) in eastern North America (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 125-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Allium schœnoprasum ; C-banding ; karyotype polymorphism ; geographical variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variation in C-banding was studied in seven populations ofAllium schœnoprasum from eastern N. America, including populations referable to var.sibiricum, var.laurentianum, and ± intermediate. 23 bands were recognized on five pairs of chromosomes, and were treated as 23 loci. No banding site was monomorphic throughout the plants studied. The level of polymorphism per population was 〉60%, and the average heterozygosity values varied from 0.21 to 0.27. The various “banding patterns” of chromosomes were shown to depend on the random combination of individual bands. Nei's genetic distances between populations varied from 0 to 0.070 (mean: 0.033). The matrix of genetic distances was analysed by non-metric multidimensional scaling, and the results showed a significant relationship between longitude and population scores on the ordination. The chromosomal data did not clearly discriminate between the two native varieties ofA. schœnoprasum, but were interpreted as a longitudinal cline. It is suggested that studies of C-banding variation in vascular plants should focus on individual banding sites, rather than on whole chromosome banding patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940335
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  • 109
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    An embryological study ofPlatanthera bifolia (Orchidaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Platanthera bifolia ; Embryology ; embryo sac ; megasporogenesis ; megagametogenesis ; confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flowers ofPlatanthera bifolia were hand-pollinated and fixed in FPA50 after 2, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days. Ovules, made transparent in Herr's clearing fluid, were investigated using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Pollination initiates the megasporogenesis. Two days after pollination dyads are frequent. Three days later most embryo sacs contain two nuclei. Seven days after pollination the embryo sacs are 4–8-nucleate and some are organized, and a week later all embryo sacs are organized and fertilization takes place. The embryo sac development follows thePolygonum type. Twenty-one days after pollination the egg nuclei have been fertilized and the embryo sacs contain 2- to many-celled embryos. A suspensor is formed during early stages of embryo development but degenerates later. Fertilization of the central nucleus does not lead to endosperm development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940341
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  • 110
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    A new stomatal type inChenopodiaceae (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 11-16 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Stomata ; phylogenetic pathways
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new stomatal type—paracytic mesoperigenous—which has not been separated from the paracytic mesogenous type in previous studies of theChenopodiaceae, is described. The frequent occurrence of this previously unknown paracytic mesoperigenous type in this family is demonstrated. As a result a new phylogenetic pathway between anisocytic mesoperigenous and paracytic mesogenous types may be drawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937822
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  • 111
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    Glandular trichomes and essential oil constituents ofCalamintha menthifolia (Lamiaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 17-26 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lamiaceae ; Satureja group ; Calamintha menthifolia ; Glandular trichome development ; essential oils ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant material ofCalamintha menthifolia was collected from two populations grown in the Vikos-Aoos area (NW. Greece). The structure and ontogeny of the glandular trichomes and the chemical composition of the secreted essential oil were studied. The leaves ofC. menthifolia have numerous glandular trichomes of three morphological distinct types: 1) glandular scales with a unicellular foot and stalk, and a 12-celled head, 2) glandular hairs with a unicellular foot and stalk, and a unicellular pear-shaped head and 3) glandular hairs with a unicellular foot, a bicellular stalk and a unicellular elongated head. Qualitative and quantitative GC-MS analyses of the essential oils revealed piperitone oxide as the main constituent in both populations. In the light of these results the relationships beweenC. menthifolia and other members of theSatureja group as well as its taxonomy are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937823
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  • 112
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    Phenetics andFumaria (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Papaveraceae ; Fumaria ; Phenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A paper byWilson & al. (1990) on the taxonomy ofFumaria is commented upon. It is concluded that the lack of congruence between the authors' results and evidence from morphology, chemistry, and crossing experiments renders their approach questionable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937908
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  • 113
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    A new species of the genusSarcocapnos (Fumariaceae) from eastern Andalusia (Spain) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fumariaceae ; Sarcocapnos ; Systematics ; chorology ; Mediterranean area
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A biometric study of theSarcocapnos crassifolia complex from eastern Andalusia (Spain), Algeria, and Morocco was carried out. Twentytwo populations were used in a principal components analysis based on 14 variables. The results support the recognition of two species,S. crassifolia andS. pulcherrima, spec. nova. The taxon described byBoissier asS. speciosa (S. crassifolia subsp.Speciosa) is maintained inS. crassifolia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937821
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  • 114
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    A new taxon in the genusMoehringia (Caryophyllaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 27-38 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Moehringia intricata ; Taxonomy ; morphology ; Flora of S. Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The new taxonMoehringia intricata subsp.giennensis, from the calcareous mountains of the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula is described. A comparative morphological study with regard to the most closely related taxa, contributes information of leaf anatomy, seed and pollen morphology, ecology and distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937824
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  • 115
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    Archamamelis, hamamelidalean flowers from the Upper Cretaceous of Sweden (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 101-114 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Archamamelis ; Hamamelidaceae ; Hamamelidales ; Hamamelididae ; Cretaceous flowers ; Cretaceous pollen ; Palaeoflora of Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lignite fossil flowers (including pollen) and isolated stamens of probable hamamelidalean (possible hamamelidaceous) affinities from the upper Cretaceous (Late Santonian or Early Campanian) of Sweden are described. The flowers are 6–7-merous with probably a double perianth, one whorl of stamens and (2-?)3 carpels. The stamens are disporangiate; each theca opens by a valve towards the centre of the flower. Pollen is tricolpate, tectate-columellate and reticulate; the endexine is lamellated in the apertural region. The gynoecium has free styles and a syncarpous ovary. In the one flower that was serially sectioned the ovary is either non-functional or development of the few (2?) ovules is retarded.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00942149
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  • 116
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    The morphology, taxonomy and evolution ofRhodocoma (Restionaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 139-160 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Restionaceae ; Rhodocoma ; Speciation ; phylogeny ; culm anatomy ; rhizome anatomy ; morphology ; taxonomy ; Flora of Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The vegetative and reproductive morphology, culm and rhizome anatomy and seed surface micromorphology ofRhodocoma are described. It is shown that this variation is best contained by recognizing three new species in the genus. These new taxa are described, and the phylogeny of the genus is investigated by cladistic analysis. The environmental parameters and distributions of the species are related to the cladogram. This suggests that the species are at present ecologically separated, and indicates that the speciation may have been sympatric. This is the first support for the hypothesis that sympatric speciation may have been important in the speciose Cape flora.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937843
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  • 117
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    Chloroplast DNA reassociation and grass phylogeny (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 21-31 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Systematics ; phylogeny ; chloroplast DNA reassociation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sequence variation in chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) as measured by DNA reassociation was examined in 12 grass species to address systematic problems in thePoaceae at the subfamilial and tribal levels. Two species,Petunia (Solanaceae) andGlycine (Leguminosae), were included to determine degrees of sequence divergence in cpDNA between monocots and dicots. The data were analyzed phenetically and phylogenetically. Species were segregated into four major groups that corresponded to the subfamiliesPooideae, Oryzoideae, Chloridoideae, andPanicoideae. Representatives of thePooideae andOryzoideae grouped together as did members of theChloridoideae andPanicoideae. ThePooideae split into two major groups corresponding to the recently recognized supertribesTriticanae andPoanae. Internodes between subfamily branches were short which might indicate a burst of divergence in the family early in its evolution. Sequence similarity values between the monocot grass species and the two dicot taxa ranged from 0.15 to 0.27, representing the highly conserved sequences of the chloroplast genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937943
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  • 118
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    Variation patterns in a leaf beet (Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae) germplasm collection (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Beta bulgaris L ; Germplasm collections ; taxonomy ; single linkage cluster analysis ; principal component analysis ; variation patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to contribute to a better understanding of the variation pattern in leaf beets. 42 biennial samples from a total of 74 entries were described by 17 characters. A group of presumably less selected leaf beets (group A) with narrow petioles was separated from more advanced cultivars by single linkage cluster (SLCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). SLCA sorted the more advanced cultivars into two groups (B and C) based on a simply inherited trait, the leaf colour. These two groups could virtually not be discerned by PCA. Group A contained germplasm similar to provar.vulgaris sensuHelm whereas accessions within group B and C did not easily fit into provar.flavescens. It seems that classical taxonomy does not predict the features of leaf beets precisely enough. It is suggested that this problem can be solved by replacing classical taxonomy in the case of leaf beets by a descriptive database.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937941
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  • 119
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    Isozyme variation and correspondence with unusual infrared reflectance patterns inPhragmites australis (Poaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Phragmites australis ; Weeds ; isozyme variation ; infrared reflectance ; polyploidy ; clones ; Mississippi River delta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Isozyme variation was investigated in populations ofPhragmites australis (Poaceae) which have recently invaded and taken over marsh habitat of the Mississippi River delta. Infrared aerial photographs in the Garden Island Bay subdelta of the extensiveP. australis populations reveal distinct, clone-like circular patches within a predominant background. Preliminary evidence indicates that the infrared color differences represent distinct morphological types. However, there are no obvious environmental factors that could account for the peculiar patterns.P. australis collections were taken from five separate and distinct “patches” and adjacent “background”. Only two electrophoretic phenotypes were found: one from “patches” and one from the “background”. In comparing the two, 20% of the 40 loci scored are fixed for alternate alleles. These results indicate a clear correspondence of infrared reflectance with electrophoretic phenotype. In addition, the genetic uniformity as evidenced by the discovery of only two electrophoretic phenotypes supports the contention that the recent spread ofP. australis throughout the Mississippi River delta has been primarily, if not exclusively, a result of vegetative propagation.
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    Transference of function in the pollination system of theOchnaceae (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 77-80 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ochnaceae ; Vibrational pollination ; transference of function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Most members of theOchnaceae possess poricidal anthers that are emptied by pollen collecting bees performing vibrational foraging. In several genera, such asTyleria, Adenarake, and various species ofSauvagesia, however, pollen is released by vibration from the anthers through the porus of a novel structure formed by staminodia. These envelop the androecium and gynoecium. Anthers enclosed in this envelope are often longicidal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937828
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    The karyology of some neotropicalStyracaceae (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 111-115 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Styracaceae ; Styrax ; Pamphilia ; Karyology ; chromosomes ; evolution and systematics in tropical woody plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers and karyomorphological characters have been investigated inPamphilia andStyrax (Styracaceae). Counted for the first time in the genus, two species ofPamphilia were found to have 2n = 16. The twoStyrax spp. investigated share withPamphilia the same chromosome number, a peculiar condensation behaviour of the chromosomes (Fig. 1a–c) and the same type of semi-reticulate interphase nucleus, results which indicate a close relationship of the two genera. The base number inStyracaceae is probably x = 8 (2n = 2x = 16) with stabilized triploids inHalesia andPterostyrax (2n = 3x = 24). A preliminary comparison withSapotaceae andEbenaceae does not allow a general karyological characterisation of the orderEbenales.
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    Phytoliths as indicators of prehistoric maize (Zea mays subsp.mays, Poaceae) cultivation (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 175-184 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Zea mays subsp.mays ; Opal phytoliths ; paleoenvironments ; cultivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L. subsp.mays) has been identified in archaeological contexts by a high proportion of large cross-shaped phytoliths. Given the numerous races of maize, this study was undertaken to determine if differences below the species level could be noted. It was also designed to see if phytoliths differed in various plant parts at various stages of growth. Several races were grown under experimental conditions. No significant differences were found. Furthermore, few phytoliths alleged to be diagnostic of maize were discovered. Systemic studies of maize and analyses of prehistoric cultivation by means of phytoliths seem not to be as promising as some researchers have argued.
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    Lipid content and fatty acid composition in hypogeous organs ofHelleborus species (Ranunculaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 55-63 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Helleborus viridis ; H. odorus subsp.laxus ; H. niger ; H. foetidus ; Storage lipid ; fatty acid composition ; life form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Root and rhizome of fourHelleborus species:H. viridis, H. odorus, H. niger, H. foetidus were examined throughout a two-year period in order to determine the variation of lipid content and fatty acid composition during the ontogenetic cycle. In the deciduous geophytesH. viridis andH. odorus subsp.laxus the lipid content reaches its maximum during the quiescent phase, whereas in the evergreen geophyteH. niger the lipid content is highest during the main growth period. In the chamaephyteH. foetidus lipid content is always very low and it does not show variation throughout the year. In all species the fatty acids detected in the neutral fraction are myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid. Palmitic and linoleic acid are always present in larger quantities. The pattern of the relative content of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids seems to be linked to the life form of these species.
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    Experimental documentation of natural hybridization inCactaceae: Origin of Lloyd's Hedgehog Cactus,Echinocereus ×lloydii (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 107-122 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cactaceae ; Echinocereus ; Natural hybridization ; systematics ; dioecy ; flavonoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The origin ofEchinocereus ×lloydii Britt. & Rose, pro sp. (Lloyd's Hedgehog Cactus) was investigated using comparative morphology, cytology, biochemistry, and particularly, artificial hybridization. Numerous artificial crosses between the putative parentsE. coccineus Engelm. (a species of claret-up cactus) andE. dasyacanthus Engelm. (Texas Rainbow Cactus) were successful, resulting in the production of hundreds of seeds with hybrid embryos. The F1 hybrid progeny (i.e., syntheticE. ×lloydii) grew to sexual maturity in about four and one-half years, whereupon successful backcrosses and F2 generation hybrids were also obtained. The known F1 hybrids closely approximated naturalE. ×lloydii. The fertility of these syntheticE. ×lloydii was high, like their natural counterparts. The populations ofE. ×lloydii in Pecos County, Texas are inferred to have originated as the result of natural interspecific hybridization. It is assumed thatE. ×lloydii or similar plants may arise wherever the parental taxa grow sympatrically.
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    Androecium and floral nectaries ofHarungana madagascariensis (Clusiaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 179-194 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Clusiaceae ; Harungana madagascariensis ; Androecium ; stamenpetal complex ; floral nectaries ; floral development ; floral anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mature flower ofHarungana madagascariensis (Choisy)Poir. has an androecium of five antipetalous fascicles, consisting of four stamens each. The stamen fascicles alternate with five indented nectary scales. A SEM-study of the floral development, as well as a study of the floral anatomy was carried out to understand whether the nectariferous scales represent staminodia or are receptacular in nature and consequently whether or not the androecium ofHarungana, and theClusiaceae in general, is originally diplostemonous. The five petals originate by the splitting of petal-stamen complexes. Next the upper part of each complex differentiates basipetally in four stamens. The stamens remain fascicled and are lifted on a long stalk at maturity. Five carpel primordia are initiated united in a low ringwall. The five nectary scales appear after carpel inception and develop an external morphology reminiscent of anthers. The floral anatomy reveals an independent origin of sepal median traces and common sepal lateral traces, free petal traces, stamen fascicle traces and alternating vascular tissue which supplies the nectaries. The petal-stamen complexes are the result of a retardation in petal inception, linked with the absorption of petal tissue into the stamen primordia. The development of the stamen fascicles is discussed; it is suggested that they are of a secondary nature and do not appear as a reduction from a multistaminate androecium. The external morphology and vascular anatomy of the scales speaks in favour of a staminodial nature. The comparison with some other species of theClusiaceae gives evidence of a diplostemonous ancestry of the androecium.
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    Seed size, pollination costs and angiosperm success (1991)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 5 (1991), S. 231-247 
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    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; pollination ; seed size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Seed plants capture pollen before seeds are dispersed and abort unpollinated ovules. As a result, each seed is associated with an accessory cost that represents the costs of pollen capture and the costs of aborted ovules. Accessory costs may explain the minimum seed size among species, because these costs are likely to comprise a greater proportion of total reproductive allocation in species with smaller seeds. For very small propagules, the costs of pollination may not be worth the benefits, perhaps explaining the persistence of pteridophytic reproduction at small propagule sizes. The smallest angiosperm seeds are much smaller than the smallest gymnosperm seeds, both in the fossil record and in the modern flora. This suggests that angiosperms can produce pollinated ovules more cheaply than gymnosperms. Pollination becomes less efficient as a species decreases in abundance, and this loss of efficiency is greater for species with a higher accessory cost per seed. We propose that the greater reproductive efficiency of angiosperms when rare can explain why angiosperm-dominated floras were more speciose than the gymnosperm-dominated floras they replaced.
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    Double fertilization inEphedra trifurca, a non-flowering seed plant: The relationship between fertilization events and the cell cycle (1991)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 165 (1991), S. 106-120 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cell cycle ; Double fertilization ; Endosperm ; Ephedra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fertilization inEphedra trifurca was examined with a combination of light and fluorescence microscopy. Developmental analysis clearly indicates that double fertilization events, similar to those described inE. nevadensis, regularly occur during the process of sexual reproduction inE. trifurca. In addition to the typical fusion of a sperm nucleus and egg nucleus, a second fertilization event occurs between the second sperm nucleus from an individual pollen tube and the ventral canal nucleus. Both of the fertilization events take place within the confines of an individual egg cell of the female gametophyte. Microspectrofluorometric data demonstrate that each nucleus involved in a sexual fusion event proceeds through the synthesis phase of the cell cycle and increases its DNA content from 1C to 2C before the process of nuclear fusion is completed. Photometric data also confirm that the product of the second fertilization event is equal in DNA content (4C) to the zygotic nucleus derived from the first fertilization event, and is prepared to enter into mitosis as a fully functional diploid nucleus.
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    Electrophoretic study and genetic affinity in theCampanula elatines andC. fragilis (Campanulaceae) rock-plants group from Italy and W. Jugoslavia (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 67-73 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Campanulaceae ; Campanula isophylla ; C. elatines ; C. elatinoides ; C. fragilis subsp.fragilis and subsp.cavolinii ; C. garganica ; C. fenestrellata subsp.istriaca ; C. portenschlagiana ; Allozyme variation ; heterozygosity ; Flora of Italy and W. Jugoslavia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variability and genetic divergence of 11 field populations of seven species of theCampanula elatines andC. fragilis rock-plants group from the Mediterranean and pre-Alpine areas have been studied by starch-gel electrophoretic techniques.Campanula isophylla, C. elatines, C. elatinoides, C. fragilis subsp.fragilis and subs.cavolinii, C. garganica were collected in Italy, whilstC. fenestrellata subsp.istriaca andC. portenschlagiana came from W. Jugoslavia. Twelve enzymatic loci for each population were genetically analysed: PGI-1 and 2, PGM-2, IDH-1 and -2, SKDH, ME, ADH, GOT-2, MPI-1 and -2, SOD-1. The genetic distances among the above mentioned entities have been calculated by Nei's index and depicted in a dendrogram.
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    Biostatistical studies on western EuropeanDactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)—theD. maculata group (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 55-72 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Dactylorhiza ; D. maculata ; D. fuchsii ; D. saccifera ; D. caramulensis ; Biostatistics ; multivariate analysis ; taxonomy ; morphology ; Flora of Western-Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multivariate analysis tools are exploited on a data set composed of quantitative characteristics collected on 35 populations of plants of theDactylorhiza maculata (L.)Soó group from Western-Europe. These samples lead to four well-defined clusters; this, together with qualitative, cytological and ecological arguments, allows for the recognition of four specific entities:D. maculata s.str.,D. fuchsii (Druce)Soó,D. saccifera (Brongn.)Soó andD. caramulensis (Vermeulen)Tyteca. It is concluded that the floral characters play an essential role in the taxonomical distinction. It also appears that the set of characters measured, as well as the methods exploited, are especially well-suited and valuable tools for the morphological study of the genusDactylorhiza.
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    A note on the genomic consequences of regular bivalent formation and continued fertility in triploids (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 93-99 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Pennisetum ruppellii ; Pulmonaria longifolia ; Papaver somniferum ; Triploidy ; infragenomic chromosome pairing ; chromosome morphology ; isozyme numbers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genomic evolution of triploid plants with regular bivalent formation is discussed. The conclusion is reached that although all the progeny of an originally triploid individual will be triploid numerically, only part of the progeny will be triploid genomically. The consequences of this for triploid identification by means of chromosome morphology and isozyme numbers is discussed.
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    Gene lineage analysis in populations ofHelianthus niveus andH. petiolaris (Asteraceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 125-138 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Helianthus niveus ; H. petiolaris ; Morphological intergradation ; speciation ; restriction-site variation ; gene lineage analysis ; plant taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Helianthus petiolaris andH. niveus are polytypic species which are morphologically distinct at the periphery of their ranges but intergrade in areas of sympatry.Helianthus niveus includes both annual and perennial members, whereasH. petiolaris is strictly annual. Chloroplast DNA and nuclear ribosomal DNA restriction site data were used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of populations of the two species. Cladistic analyses reveal the following: (1) neither species is monophyletic; (2) the annual habit is derived once in this complex; and (3) the region of morphological intergradation appears to be primary in origin. The significance of interbreeding versus common descent in defining species concepts is discussed in relation to the above cladistic analyses.
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    Glucosinolate spectrum of some AlgerianCruciferae (1991)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 11-20 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cruciferae ; Glucosinolates ; chemotaxonomy ; GC analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seventeen glucosinolates were identified and quantified by micro-scale GC analysis in Algerian samples fromSisymbrieae, Arabideae, Lepidieae, andBrassiceae tribes of theCruciferae. Major glucosinolates and their amino acid precursors allowed species to fall naturally into tribes as classified byJanchen.
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    Restriction data from chloroplast DNA for phylogenetic reconstruction: Is there only one accurate way of scoring? (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 39-54 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Chloroplast DNA ; fragment analysis ; restriction analysis ; site analysis ; Wagner parsimony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Information from the same restriction analysis of chloroplast DNA of 33 taxa ofRubiaceae was scored in four different ways, two of which were based on fragments, and two on restriction sites, and they were subsequently analysed with Wagner parsimony. The methods resulted in different phylogenetic trees. The inherent differences between the methods relate to the amount of non-homologous characters and dependent characters, but none of the methods will systematically bias the resulting cladograms. The fragment analyses are much less time-consuming, but probably less accurate, than the site analyses. The choice of method is dependent on a trade-off between accuracy and resources (time). One important recommendation is made: all phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast DNA data should be accompanied by a data matrix and contain information on how the matrix was compiled.
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    A biometric study of theOrnithogalum umbellatum (Hyacinthaceae) complex in France (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 73-86 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hyacinthaceae ; Ornithogalum subg.Heliocharmos ; O. angustifolium ; O. divergens ; O. monticolum ; O. tenuifolium ; O. umbellatum ; Numerical taxonomy ; systematics ; evolution ; Flora of France
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Macromorphological variation within theOrnithogalum umbellatum L. (Hyacinthaceae) complex in France was studied. The resulting data were treated by numerical taxonomy methods. Three morphs can be identified: one corresponding to diploid plants, another made up of triploids and a third which encompasses plants having ploidy level above 3x (4x, 5x, and 6x). A systematic interpretation of the complex is proposed wherein only one species,O. umbellatum, is retained. This species corresponds to a polyploid complex undergoing evolution.
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    Medicago truncatula f.laxicycla (Leguminosae), a new taxon with loose fruit coiling promoting rapid germination of the fruit-retained seeds (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 37-46 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago truncatula f.laxicycla ; M. laxispira ; Evolution ; adaptation ; seed germination ; chromosome number ; Flora of Libya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Medicago truncatula is a member ofMedicago sect.Spirocarpos, in which all 34 species have coiled fruit, usually tightly coiled, that permanently retain the seeds. A variant ofM. truncatula from Libya is unique for the species in possessing very loosely coiled fruits, and is here recognized as a new forma,M. truncatula f.laxicycla E. Small. In germination tests of a number of species ofMedicago, the unusual Libyan variant proved to be the only one in which rapid and simultaneous germination of most of the seeds occurred while still within a fruit. The loose coiling of the fruit of the Libyan variety appears to facilitate water entry and seedling escape. Its rapid germination might adapt it to respond quickly to intermittently available moisture, but at the cost of abandoning the strategy of intermittent germination adopted by other populations ofMedicago sect.Spirocarpos.
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    Genome analysis ofElymus angulatus andE. patagonicus (Poaceae) and their hybrids with N. and S. AmericanHordeum spp. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 75-82 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Elymus ; Hordeum ; Intergeneric hybrids ; genome analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The results of genome analysis of five hybrids, viz.Elymus patagonicus ×Hordeum procerum, E. patagonicus ×H. tetraploidum, E. angulatus ×H. jubatum, E. angulatus ×H. lechleri, andE. angulatus ×H. parodii, are reported. The genomic constitution ofHordeum tetraploidum andH. jubatum is best given as H1H1H2H2, ofH. lechleri andH. parodii as H1H1H2H2H4H4, ofH. procerum as H1H1H2H2H3H3, and ofElymus patagonicus andE. angulatus as SSH1H1H2H2.
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    Kengyilia habahenensis (Poaceae: Triticeae) — a new species from the Altai mountains, China (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 103-108 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Kengyilia habahenensis ; spec. nova ; Taxonomy ; genome analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Kengyilia habahenensis, spec. nova, from the Altai mountains, China, is described morphologically and cytologically. It has 2n = 42 chromosomes, and the genome formula PYS.
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    Floral scent and intrafloral scent differentiation inMoneses andPyrola (Pyrolaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 81-91 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Pyrolaceae ; Pyrola ; Moneses ; Floral scent ; intrafloral scent differentiation ; orientation cues ; poricidal anthers ; pollen flowers ; buzz pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Floral scent was collected by headspace methods from intact flowers, petals, and stamens of four species ofPyrolaceae. The scent samples were analyzed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The floral scent inPyrola spp. is differentiated into a characteristic petal scent—phenyl propanoids and a characteristic stamen scent—methoxy benzenes. InMoneses the scent is characterized by isoprenoids and benzenoids, with a larger proportion of benzenoids in the stamens compared to the petals. Specific anther scents may promote foraging efficiency in buzz-pollinated species and enhance flower fidelity. Variation in floral scent composition is consistent with the taxonomic relationships among the genera and species examined.
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    Allozymic and morphometric variation inLemna minor (Lemnaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 139-148 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lemnaceae ; Lemna minor ; Allozymic variation ; clonal propagation ; morphometry ; cosmopolitan distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Allozymic and morphometric variation was studied in 28 clones ofLemna minor. This variation was compared with the corresponding variation in four clones ofLemna gibba and four clones ofSpirodela polyrrhiza. A high level of allozymic variation was observed among the clones, despite having been grown under uniform laboratory conditions for several years and despite its quasi-exclusive clonal means of propagation. Based on degree of allozymic similarity,Spirodela polyrrhiza was distinguished from the twoLemna species but the latter species were genetically indistinguishable. Allozymic similarity among clones ofLemna minor was not related to morphometric similarity, nor was it related to the degree of geographic separation or climatic similarity of their sites of origin. The results suggest that allozymic variation among these clones ofLemna minor may be largely neutral and not a consequence of differential selection.
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    rDNA cloning and rapid hybrid identification inPopulus spp. (Salicaceae) (1991)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 165-174 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Salicaceae ; Populus ; Ribosomal RNA genes ; restriction enzyme maps ; rDNA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribosomal DNA genes fromP. deltoides have been cloned and specific sequences of the 25 S and 18 S rDNA region, labelled by digoxigenin, have been used to determine the rDNA structure ofPopulus tremula, P. fremontii, P. maximowiczii, P. yunnanensis, P. nigra, P. wislizenii, P. alba. The restriction maps of the coding region appeared to be similar among the examined species and with those ofP. deltoides andP. trichocarpa, reported in a previous paper. Inter- and intraspecific variation in rDNA repeat unit length have been revealed after EcoRI digestions. SstI and XbaI restriction sites have been found at different positions in the IGS of some species. The polymorphic fragments generated by SstI digestion allowed the identification of the hybrid origin of some genotypes. The number of rDNA genes in the genome ofP. deltoides has been estimated to be about 2 000 copies. Finally, the usefulness of these studies inPopulus spp. taxonomy and forestry genetics is discussed.
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    Karyological investigations inRanunculus subg.Batrachium (Ranunculaceae) on the Aegean islands (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 193-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Batrachium ; Ranunculus ; Karyology ; chromosome number ; chromosome morphology ; polyploidy ; Flora of the Aegean islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the first report of an investigation on differentiation and evolutionary pattern inRanunculus subg.Batrachium mainly on the Aegean islands and treats the karyology in the subgenus. The following taxa and chromosome numbers are recorded.R. peltatus subsp.peltatus: 2n = 32, subsp.baudotii: 2n = 32, subsp.saniculifolius: 2n = 16, 32, and 40;R. peltatus s.l.: 2n = 32 and 48;R. penicillatus subsp.pseudofluitans: 2n = 16;R. rionii: 2n = 16;R. sphaerospermus: 2n = 16;R. trichophyllus: 2n = 32, 40, and 48;R. tripartitus: 2n = 48. The karyotypes show certain interspecific differences in chromosome size, in number of chromosome types according to centromere position and in occurrence and position of satellite chromosomes. r-Index and RCL have been calculated.
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    Polyploidy and aneuploidy inOphrys, Orchis, andAnacamptis (Orchidaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 235-245 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Ophrys ; Orchis ; Anacamptis ; Polyploidy ; aneuploidy ; karyology ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies on chromosome numbers and karyotypes in Orchid taxa from Apulia (Italy) revealed triploid complements inOphrys tenthredinifera andOrchis italica. InO. tenthredinifera there is no significant difference between the diploid and the triploid karyotypes. The tetraploid cytotype ofAnacamptis pyramidalis forms 36 bivalents during metaphase I in embryo sac mother cells. Aneuploidy was noticed inOphrys bertolonii ×O. tarentina with chromosome numbers n = 19 and 2n = 38. There were diploid (2n = 2x = 36), tetraploid (2n = 4x = 72), hexaploid (2n = 6x = 108) and octoploid (2n = 8x = 144) cells in the ovary wall of the diploid hybridOphrys apulica ×O. bombyliflora. Evolutionary trends inOphrys andOrchis chromosomes are discussed.
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    Circumscription of the tribeCinchoneae (Rubiaceae)—a cladistic approach (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 65-94 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Cinchoneae ; Taxonomy ; phylogeny ; cladistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Circumscription of the tribeCinchoneae (Rubiaceae) is reconsidered on the basis of a cladistic analysis of structural data comprising 48 characters (164 states). It is concluded that the tribeCinchoneae, in order to be monophyletic, should be restricted to compriseCapirona, Cephalodendron, Cinchona, Cosmibuena, Dolicholobium, Ferdinandusa, Joosia, Ladenbergia, Macrocnemum, andRemijia. It is also suspected, on insufficient evidence, thatMaguireocharis, Pimentelia, andStilpnophyllum belong here.Alseis, Calycophyllum, Schizocalyx, andWittmackanthus form a monophyletic group possibly related to theCinchoneae. A new tribe,Calycophylleae, is proposed to accommodate them.Hillia, which is possibly the sister group of theCinchoneae, is retained in a separate tribe.Coptosapelta, Corynanthe, Crossopteryx, Hymenodictyon, Luculia, Mitragyna, Mussaendopsis, Paracorynanthe, Pausinystalia, andUncaria are referred to the same tribe, for which the nameCoptosapelteae has to be adopted. Probably alsoGreeniopsis belongs here. The generaCigarilla, Coutarea, andExostema, and possiblySyringantha andWernhamia, seem to be most closely related toPortlandia and should be transferred to the tribeCondamineeae. Bouvardia, Coursiana, Danais, Duidiana, Dunnia, Heterophyllaea, Hindsia, Lecanosperma, Manettia, Merumea, Neohymenopogon, andSchismatoclada should be provisionally transferred to the tribeHedyotideae, which is suspected to be polyphyletic, however. No conclusive results were reached concerning the position ofBalmea, Blepharidium, Emmenopterys, andSuberanthus, the position of them remaining uncertain.
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    Quantitative nuclear DNA changes inEleusine (Gramineae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 225-233 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Eleusine ; DNA amount ; intra- and interspecific variation ; karyotypes ; hybridisation ; polyploidy ; domestication ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 2C nuclear DNA amounts were determined in 30 collections belonging to 10 species ofEleusine. About a 2.5-fold variation in genome size is evident in the genus. The 2C DNA amount in the diploid species ranged from 2.50 pg inE. verticillata to 3.35 pg inE. intermedia. In contrast, the tetraploid species showed a range from 4.95 pg inE. africana to 6.13 pg inE. floccifolia. At intraspecific level 10 collections ofE. coracana, 6 ofE. indica, 4 ofE. africana, 2 ofE. tristachya, and 2 ofE. kigeziensis did not show any significant variation. However, 2 collections ofE. floccifolia, connected with polyploidy, displayed about 90% variation. Polyploid species showed approximately double the genome size of that of their corresponding diploids. An evolutionary increase in DNA amount is evident inE. coracana during the course of its origin and domestication fromE. africana.
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    Geographical variation and genetic analysis of leaf shape inCrepis tectorum (Asteraceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 247-258 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Crepis tectorum ; Genetic analysis ; geographical variation ; leaf shape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Canonical variate analysis of plants raised in a uniform environment was used to study the pattern of geographical variation in leaf shape ofCrepis tectorum (Asteraceae). The diversity in leaf shape was much greater among populations confined to areas with exposed bedrock in the Baltic region than among weed populations scattered throughout Europe and Canada. A Ward's clustering linked outcrop populations from the archipelago of SW. Finland and the islands of Öland (Sweden) and Saaremaa (Estonia) due to the deeply lobed leaves characterizing these populations, while outcrop populations along the coast of E. Sweden were grouped due to their weakly lobed, narrow and dentate leaves. Most of the weed populations were grouped together but there was no tendency for the variation in this group to be related to habitat or geographical location. A mosaic of variation reflected in sharp (random) differentiation among local populations was superimposed on the large-scale ecogeographical pattern.—Crossing data indicated that most of the variation in degree of leaf dissection is governed by one major gene with deeply lobed leaves dominant over weakly lobed leaves. I suggest that the simple pattern of inheritance may have favoured rapid evolutionary changes in leaf shape, particularly in the Baltic area which emerged relatively late from the sea. Genetic correlations may have constrained the pattern of variation at higher taxonomic levels, since some of the trait associations detected in a segregating F2 generation were also found at the among-population level.
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    Paulownia taiwaniana, a hybrid betweenP. fortunei andP. kawakamii (Scrophulariaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 259-269 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Paulownia taiwaniana ; P. fortunei ; P. kawakamii ; Isozymes ; morphology ; wood anatomy ; trichomes ; inflorescence grafting ; genetic analyses ; Flora of Taiwan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paulownia taiwaniana, the widely cultivated, commercially important tree, has been suspected of being of hybrid origin at least since its original publication in 1975. Evidence in support of this thesis, derived from a number of different investigations, is presented in this paper.—Strong evidence comes from a controlled pollination study of the two supposed parental species,P. kawakamii andP. fortunei. F1 seedlings, derived from reciprocal crosses between the suspected parents, exhibited identical banding patterns for a number of enzymes (such as SKDH, GOT, and IDH) withP. taiwaniana, when separated by electrophoresis. Furthermore, comparative morphological studies of trichomes and wood parenchyma patterns between the purported parents andP. taiwaniana reveal that this latter qualitatively exhibits characteristics that combine features of both of the suspected parental types. Biochemically, eight enzyme systems were compared in the three species here under discussion, and, without exception, the electrophoretic banding patterns exhibited byP. taiwaniana represented a combination of the alleles of the other two species. Perhaps the most convincing evidence comes from a genetic analysis of the progeny obtained by selfingP. taiwaniana. Genotypic segregation of the offspring based on a single locus each of SKDH and PGI fit the 1:2:1 hypothesis. Genotypic segregation of the offspring based on two loci each of SP and GOT fit the ratio of 3:6:3:1:2:1. This, taken in conjunction with the other data presented, clearly suggests thatP. taiwaniana is a hybrid involvingP. kawakamii andP. fortunei.
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    The developmental morphology ofIndotristicha ramosissima (Podostemaceae, Tristichoideae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 195-223 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Podostemaceae ; Tristichoideae ; Indotristicha ramosissima ; Rheophytes ; water plants ; life history ; development ; root-shoot model ; leaf-stem intermediates ; phyllotaxis ; flower structure ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The developmental morphology ofIndotristicha ramosissima, a submerged rheophyte from South India, is described. Besides creeping organs (called roots) there are branched shoots with two kinds of short-lived photosynthetic appendages: scales and compound structures (called ramuli). These ramuli may be interpreted as leaf-stem intermediates because they combine typical leaf characters (extra-axillary position, determinate growth, subtending an axillary bud) and typical stem characters (nearly radial symmetry, acropetal development with apical meristem, arrangement of the scaly subunits helical or irregular). Floral shoots arise from axillary exogenous buds along the vegetative shoots, occasionally also from endogenous buds along the roots and vegetative shoots. The uppermost scales and ramuli of each floral shoot form a cup-like structure around the base of the terminal flower.Indotristicha is thought to be primitive within theTristichoideae (Podostemaceae). Some morphogenetic switches are postulated in order to deriveIndotristicha from a putative ancestor that still showed the classical root-shoot model typical of most angiosperms.
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    Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribeInuleae (Asteraceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 75-123 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae s. str. ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The interrelationships of the tribeInuleae s. str. have been analysed with a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as functional outgroup. The results are illustrated with a cladogram and a strict consensus tree. A detailed character discussion is presented. Descriptions of all genera are supplied with brief notes on distribution, references to chemical investigations, and chromosome numbers. Lists of recognized species are also presented in connection to each genus, respectively. 21 new combinations are made, one new genus,Xerolekia A. Anderb., is described,Mollera is reduced to a synonym ofCalostephane, and the genusDuhaldea is resuscitated.Anisopappus was found to be a paraphyletic basal group in the tribe. The paleate generaAsteriscus, Nauplius, Ighermia, Buphthalmum, andXerolekia form one monophyletic group,Inula and other, similar genera were found to constitute the ancestral complex of thePulicaria group.
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    Cytological studies inCyclamen subg.Cyclamen (Primulaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 135-143 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Primulaceae ; Cyclamen hederifolium ; C. africanum ; C. purpurascens ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; ploidy levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although theCyclamen subg.Cyclamen spp. are morphologically variable, previous studies suggest a superficial cytological uniformity. New chromosome numbers and an indication of karyotypic instability are reported inC. hederifolium andC. africanum that reveal that the cytology of the subgenus is more complicated than previous accounts suggest. The possible significance of these phenomena is discussed. The diploid status ofC. purpurascens has been confirmed and a distinction between the three diploid karyotypes has been described. The cytological variation may help to explain the well documented morphological variation exhibited in these species.
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    Phytochemical variation inCondalia microphylla (Rhamnaceae) (1991)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 109-114 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rhamnaceae ; Condalia ; Lipid analysis ; seed protein electrophoresis ; chemical variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seed oil composition (sterol esters and sterols) and seed protein profiles ofCondalia microphylla were investigated. The chemical differences observed may be attributed to genotypic changes and could support the existence of infraspecific taxa.
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    Aestival and autumnal vicariads ofGentianella (Gentianaceae): A myth? (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 139-158 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gentianaceae ; Gentianella germanica ; Gentianella campestris ; Seasonal dimorphism ; seasonal differentiation ; seasonal ecotypes ; flowering time ; aestival and autumnal vicariads ; grazing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant samples were collected from 13 populations of the two speciesGentianella germanica andG. campestris. In addition, two samples from populations of grazed plants lacking their main stems were collected. A number of relevant morphological characters were measured, the flowering time, and the habitats of each population were studied. Some ecotypes ofG. germanica with clear differences in flowering time were recognized. Differences in flowering time and morphology between populations ofG. campestris seem to be clinal. The generally accepted theory of seasonal dimorphism with the assumption of separate aestival and autumnal vicariads proves to be inadequate. A hypothesis based upon the effect of human influences on the origin of this ecotypes is suggested.
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    Sex ratio variation and spatial segregation of the sexes in populations ofRumex acetosa andR. acetosella (Polygonaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 183-195 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polygonaceae ; Rumex acetosa ; R. acetosella ; Sex ratios ; spatial segregation of the sexes ; environmental correlations ; density effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations ofRumex acetosa andR. acetosella were studied during two growth seasons. The ramet sex ratios ofR. acetosa were always female-biased. InR. acetosella the sex ratios expressed more variation but were mostly female-biased. In both species the sex ratios commonly varied between subpopulations reflecting a partial spatial segregation of the sexes. No marked differences between sexes in vegetative vigour were detected in either species. Interactions between sex ratios, various soil characteristics and population densities were determined. Possible mechanisms for causing biased sex ratios and partial spatial segregation of the sexes are discussed.
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    Karyotaxonomical analysis in the genusAngelica (Umbelliferae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 117-138 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Umbelliferae ; Angelica ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; karyosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphometric karyotype characters were studied in 25Angelica spp. (Umbelliferae, Apioideae) and in one species of the related genusTommasinia. For three species the chromosome numbers are new. In our study the majority of the species investigated are diploids with 2n = 22, some are tetraploids with 2n = 44 (for these tetraploids also diploid cytotypes are reported in the literature). Among the diploid species,A. miqueliana has a distinct karyotype consisting of submetacentric and acrocentric chromosomes only, the remaining diploids with 2n = 22 as well as tetraploids with 2n = 44 have rather symmetrical karyotypes, consisting of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. The very different chromosome number 2n = 28 has been found inA. gmelinii. Its karyotype includes two distinct groups of chromosomes: 8 pairs of rather large metacentrics and submetacentrics and 6 pairs of very short and asymmetrical chromosomes. Chromosome numbers and structures appear to be useful in the taxonomy of some intrageneric taxa inAngelica.
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    Agmatoploidy inCarex laevigata (Cyperaceae). Fusion and fission of chromosomes as the mechanism of cytogenetic evolution in Iberian populations (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 149-159 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cyperaceae ; Carex laevigata ; Agmatoploidy ; chromosome fusion ; chromosome fission ; cytogenetic evolution ; Flora of the Iberian Peninsula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper cytogenetic studies on 64 specimens from 20 Iberian populations ofCarex laevigata (Cyperaceae) are presented. Chromosome behaviour in meiosis suggests that the different chromosome numbers obtained (ranging from 2n = 69 to 2n = 80) were distributed according to an increasing geographic gradient of chromosome fission along the North → South direction. Four relatively stable areas were also delimited according to chromosome numbers displayed by this species, i.e. 2n = c. 72, c. 74, c. 76, and 78. The meiotic behaviour ofCarex ×deserta (C. laevigata ×C. binervis) was also studied.
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    Crossing experiments within theCampanula dichotoma group (Campanulaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Campanulaceae ; Campanula dichotoma group ; Hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four supposedly closely related taxa were crossed artificially to test for hybridization barriers. Intra- as well as inter-specific crossings were made. The intra-specific crossings resulted in a high portion of viable hybrids, whereas hybridization barriers were found in all inter-specific combinations except one. The hybrids were non-viable at different levels, viz., (1) no seeds germinated, (2) seeds formed lethal chlorotic seedings, or (3) seeds formed chlorophyllous seedlings which survived the cotyledonary stage, but developed into intermediate forms with low pollen production and/or a strongly reduced pollen viability. Crossings betweenCampanula afra and any of the other three taxa resulted in a non-viable progeny. The crossing capacity amongC. occidentalis, C. kremeri, andC. dichotoma varied. Combinations with large-flowered maternal taxa and small-flowered paternal ones usually failed, whereas a high number of the reciprocal crossings produced hybrids which survived the cotyledonary stage. The hybrid plants varied in pollen viability and pollen production, however. It is concluded that theCampanula dichotoma group should be treated as comprising four distinct species.
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    Cytotaxonomic studies of Eastern MediterraneanVicia species (Leguminosae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 221-234 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Papilionoideae ; Vicieae ; Vicia ; Vetch ; chromosome number ; DNA amount ; microdensitometry ; cytotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Collected material of rare and newVicia spp. was investigated from a cytotaxonomic point of view. Nineteen species were examined in total. The study includes 14 novel chromosome counts and measurements of DNA amount, as well as a comparison of chromosome morphology between species. The results of the cytological study support to an extent a recent taxonomical revision of subgenusVicia.
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    Observations on pollination inSarcostemma (Asclepiadaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 95-105 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asclepiadaceae ; Asclepiadeae ; Cynanchinae ; Sarcostemma ; Floral anatomy ; floral morphology ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field observations on pollination in New World species of the genusSarcostemma R. Br. sensuHolm are reported. Morphological and anatomical comparisons of pollinated flowers ofSarcostemma subg.Ceramanthus Kuntze (New World) andSarcostemma subg.Sarcostemma (Old World) are presented.
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    Allozyme diversity and systematics inAnnonaceae—a pilot project (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 125-134 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Allozymes ; genetic variation ; systematics ; evolution in tropical woody plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five species ofAnnona and one species fromArtabotrys, Cananga, Polyalthia, andRollinia were investigated in regard to 11 different allozyme loci. Preliminary studies on small population samples ofAnnona suggest genetic uniformity in three species and variability within and between populations in two other species. The allotetraploid origin ofA. glabra is clearly shown by its hybrid enzyme bands. The genetic distance between fiveAnnona species partly corresponds with their morphological relationships; onlyA. muricata appears more separated than is suggested by morphology. A comparison of the five genera demonstrates close relationship betweenAnnona andRollinia. Two enzyme loci are identical within all taxa investigated and possibly may serve as a genetic marker for the family.
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    Pollination of four sympatric species ofAngelonia (Scrophulariaceae) by oil-collecting bees in NE. Brazil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 153-178 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Angelonia ; Anthophoridae ; Centris ; Oil flowers ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The manner whereby the oil-producing bisaccate flowers ofAngelonia (Scrophulariaceae) are pollinated by female oil-collecting bees is reported for the first time. Observations were made in the Caatinga formation of Pernambuco, NE. Brazil, on four synchronopatric species. These differ in sizes and structural details of the corolla, level of flower exposition, and habitat preferences. All legitimate visitors wereCentris spp. (Anthophoridae):Angelonia hirta was mainly pollinated byC. fuscata andA. pubescens byC. hyptidis; A. bisaccata andA. hookeriana shared an unidentified species. Several exomalopsine, tetrapediine and meliponid bees exploit the flowers less descriminately for oil or pollen, respectively, without regularly contacting anthers and stigma. The flowers are protandrous, and are self-incompatible except those of the annualA. pubescens. After alighting, theCentris bees introduce their front legs simultaneously into each of the pouches and start alternate collecting movements to gather the oil from the trichome elaiophores. While doing so, they are forced by projections of the corolla floor to press their head under the anthers and stigma, whereby pollen is transferred with their frons or clypeus. On account of their collector type and behaviour,C. fuscata andC. spec. are not specialized toAngelonia but may equally exploit other nonrelated taxa for oil, whereasC. hyptidis exhibits oligolecty onA. pubescens. It possesses relatively elongate forelegs with padlike collectors suitable for sweeping the lipids from the scattered glandular hairs inside the divergent spurs of its host. It is the only species that also collects pollen (by buzzing) from the oil host.A. hirta and relatives, provided with dense elaiophore carpets, are, for their part, adapted to “scraping”Centris species with typical oil collectors. Flower and bee phenologies, although largely dependent on the irregular rainfalls, are not always coincident.
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    Floral anatomy ofHypseocharis (Oxalidaceae) with a discussion on its systematic position (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 161-164 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Oxalidaceae ; Hypseocharis ; Floral anatomy ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The floral anatomy of threeHypseocharis spp. has been studied. The genus resemblesOxalidaceae as well asMonsonia andSarcocaulon of theGeraniaceae. As it is closer toGeraniaceae than toOxalidaceae, it perhaps serves as a connecting link between them.
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    Chloroplast DNA variation among five species ofRanunculaceae: Structure, sequence divergence, and phylogenetic relationships (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 9-25 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Caltha palustris ; Chloroplast DNA ; chloroplast genes ; phylogeny ; restriction site maps ; sequence divergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A restriction site map of the chloroplast genome ofCaltha palustris L. (Ranunculaceae) has been constructed for 13 restriction endonucleases using filter hybridization with cloned tobacco chloroplast DNA fragments. A size of 153.8 kb has been estimated for theCaltha chloroplast genome. Forty-six chloroplast genes and four open reading frames have been mapped using small tobacco chloroplast gene probes. Chloroplast DNA sequence divergence has been estimated for all pairs of five species ofRanunculaceae, Caltha palustris, Ranunculus bulbosus, R. fascicularis, R. recurvatus, andTrollius ledebourii, and ranges between 0.2% and 9.6% for the total genome. Divergence values are much higher in the small and large single copy regions than in the inverted repeat. Phylogenetic relationships between the five species have been hypothesized using chloroplast DNA restriction site mapping. One hundred and six informative restriction site mutations have been detected using eleven restriction endonucleases. Cladistic analyses of the restriction site mutations have been performed using Wagner and Dollo parsimony algorithms, and confidence intervals have been calculated for the resulting monophyletic groups using bootstrapping. It is demonstrated that restriction site comparisons are applicable to theRanunculaceae on intergeneric level, with the exception of groups having extensive genomic rearrangements. Moreover, sequence divergence is low enough at the interspecific level to allow phylogenetic analyses within genera such asRanunculus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937979
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    Intraspecific chromosomal polymorphism ofTriticum araraticum (Poaceae) detected by C-banding technique (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 13-24 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum araraticum ; Karyotype ; C-banding ; intraspecific divergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DifferentTriticum araraticum lines were studied by C-banding method. The intraspecific divergence ofT. araraticum was shown to be caused mainly by large chromosomal rearrangements. Two main chromosomal types were distinguished among the studied lines: (1) a karyotype similar to that ofT. timopheevii and (2) different one. The first type includes some lines ofT. araraticum subspp.kurdistanicum andararaticum; the second comprises most lines ofT. araraticum subsp.araraticum. The lines of the first type can give fertile F1 hybrids withT. timopheevii.
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    Asphodelus tenuifolius andA. fistulosus (Liliaceae) are morphologically, genetically, and biologically different species (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Asphodelus tenuifolius ; A. fistulosus ; Cytogenetics ; electrophoretics ; morphology ; duplication genes ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biological analysis of six populations ofAsphodelus tenuifolius and 12 populations ofA. fistulosus has confirmed that they are separate species. Both their floral structures (length of the tepals, stamens, anthers and style) and also their pollen size are clearly different.A. tenuifolius has only the 2n = 28 chromosome race, whileA. fistulosus has 2n = 28 and 2n = 56.A. tenuifolius is genetically less variable thanA. fistulosus and they have different electrophoretic mobilities. Gene duplication phenomena exist in the 2n = 28 level of both species.
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    Chemo- and karyotaxonomic studies on some rhizomatous species of the genusSymphytum (Boraginaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 31-39 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Symphytum tuberosum complex ; S. grandiflorum agg ; Chemotaxonomy ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; triterpenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract InS. tuberosum subspp.tuberosum andnodosum, S. grandiflorum andS. ibericum the presence of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids lycopsamine, echimidine and symphytine could be demonstrated. The taxonS. tuberosum contains an unknown compound that seems to be specific for this taxon. This compound is not the pyrrolizidine alkaloid anadoline which has previously been reported for this species. It is possibly represented by a peak on GC/MS with a molecular ion peak at m/z 623 (as TMS derivative) and can be used as a chemotaxonomic marker for the speciesS. tuberosum. The pyrrolizidine alkaloid pattern of the two subspecies ofS. tuberosum reinforces the close relationship. Fresh material ofS. tuberosum contained the triterpene isobauerenol, but in herbarium material isobauerenol was lacking. InS. grandiflorum, neither fresh nor dried material contains isobauerenol. In herbarium material ofS. ibericum also no isobauerenol could be found. More extensive chemotaxonomical research is necessary to support the view thatS. abchasicum is more closely related toS. ibericum than toS. grandiflorum.
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    Chromosome number of theOxalis tuberosa alliance (Oxalidaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 25-29 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Oxalidaceae ; Oxalis tuberosa alliance ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotype analyses ; cytotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve taxa of theOxalis tuberosa alliance were analysed and found to share the same basic chromosome number x = 8. The karyotypes are composed by small metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. Different ploidy levels were found among the taxa: there were 9 diploids, 1 tetraploid, 1 hexaploid and 1 octoploid. The last ploidy level corresponds toO. tuberosa, the only tuber bearing taxon found so far in the alliance. Cytotaxonomic evidence and evolutionary considerations suggest to classify theO. tuberosa alliance in sect.Herrerea.
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  • 166
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    Buzz-pollination in three nectariferousBoraginaceae and possible evolution of buzz-pollinated flowers (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 65-68 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Onosma gigantea ; Trichodesma africana ; Trichodesma boissieri ; Buzz-pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Buzz-pollination was observed in three nectariferousBoraginaceae spp.:Onosma gigantea Lam.,Trichodesma africana (L.)R. Br. andT. boissieri Post. An evolutionary pathway from usual nectariferous flowers to typical buzz-pollinated flowers is suggested.
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    Genetic divergence and introgressive hybridization betweenAlnus sinuata andA. crispa (Betulaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 107-124 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Betulaceae ; Alnus ; Isozymes ; population genetics ; hybridization ; genetic distance ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The actinorhizal genusAlnus contains numerous taxa that have been morphologically classified into different subgenera, species and subspecies. The genetic divergence has been evaluated within subg.Alnobetula between the parapatric taxaAlnus sinuata andA. crispa, using diversity of allozyme markers at 15 structural loci among 20 populations. Evidence for introgressive hybridization at the overlap of their ranges was noted in three populations. However, the width of the hybrid zone appeared tenuous. The average genetic distance derived from the comparisons of conspecific populations was much smaller than the interspecific distance (D = 0.047). This allelic divergence was also paralleled with larger amounts of allelic and genotypic diversity within and among populations ofA. sinuata, which are occupying a more heterogenous ecological niche. It is proposed that the repeated advances and retreats of the ice sheet during the Pleistocene may have promoted the divergence and allopatric evolution of these subspecies, and that secondary contact may have occurred repeatedly during the interglacial periods. The dynamic-equilibrium model would predict in such cases that narrow hybrid zones, formed at the contact of parapatric ranges, would impede gene exchange between parental taxa by selection against hybrids. The results obtained in this study seemed concordant with this hypothesis, as they were also in agreement with the existent taxonomical treatment of these taxa based on morphology.
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    SEM observations on seeds ofStriga spp. andBuchnera americana (Scrophulariaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 257-263 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Striga ; Buchnera ; Seed coat morphology ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seeds of the root parasitesStriga (several spp.) andBuchnera americana were examined by means of SEM. The surface patterns of the seeds in both genera resemble each other closely, especially those ofS. angustifolia andB. americana. SomeStriga spp. can be clearly distinguished by their surface characteristics, while this is quite difficult in others. The taxonomic value of the seed surface features ofStriga andBuchnera is discussed.
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    Pattern analysis in pseudanthia (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 57-88 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Inflorescence ; pseudanthium ; pseudocorolla ; flower symmetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pseudanthia occur in more than 40 angiosperm families. With regard to the underlying inflorescence structure they can be classified into the following groups: (a) floral and (b) hyperfloral pseudanthia, each with (c) or without (d) pseudocorollas. Pseudanthia have developed along independent evolutionary lines and are not bound to a particular inflorescence structure. They are the result of (a) the specific morphological predisposition of the taxon concerned, (b) aggregation and diminution of the flowers, giving rise to the formation of an attraction unit (for animal pollination), (c) variation, and (d) selection. Ontogenetical abbreviation is regarded to play an essential role in the origin and elaboration of pseudanthia.
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    The morphology and relationships ofMedusagyne (Medusagynaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 27-55 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Theales ; Medusagynaceae ; Medusagyne ; Systematics ; anatomy ; pollen ; morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The comparative vegetative and reproductive morphology and anatomy of the endangered, monotypic, dicotyledonous genusMedusagyne was studied, and detailed descriptions of leaf, axis, nodal, wood, floral, pollen, fruit, and seed structure are presented. Overall, the genus has many specialized features, including the possession of extreme, habitat-related specializations. Flowers are either bisexual or staminate, and are interpreted as retaining some primitive aspects, such as many free parts spirally arranged on an elongate floral axis. One of the most salient structural features of the plant is the massive development of ensheathing fibrous elements around the vascular system of both vegetative and reproductive tissues. Diffuse foliar sclereids are absent. Particular attention is paid to the unusual multicarpellate, synovarial gynoecium and comparisons are made with theCaryocaraceae. The totality of morphological and anatomical evidence confirms the view thatMedusagyne is a very distinct and evolutionarily isolated genus, best treated as forming the monotypic familyMedusagynaceae. Observations are presented, including the occurrence of stamen fascicle traces, that link the family to the dillenialean and thealean assemblage. Like other isolated thealean taxa,Medusagyne shows affinities to several different families, without having especially close relationships with any particular extant taxon.
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    Pollination ecology ofOxalis violacea (Oxalidaceae) following a controlled grass fire (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 147-155 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Oxalidaceae ; Oxalis violacea ; Andrenidae ; Bombyliidae ; Halictidae ; Megachilidae ; Pollination ecology ; heterostyly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Vernal grass fires may encourage profuse flowering in clonal, colonies ofOxalis violacea. Long-styled colonies appear to be more floriferous than short-styled colonies and set a greater number of capsules. Individual flowers of both morphs live one or two days, change position on their respective pedicels and advertise nectar concealed at the base of the floral throat. AlthoughDiptera, Hymenoptera, andLepidoptera forage for nectar, bees (Andrenidae,Anthophoridae, Halictidae, andMegachilidae) probably make the only effective pollen transfers between the two morphs. Both male and female bees may transport pollen of both morphs and short-tongued bees (e.g.,Augochlorella spp.,Dialictus spp.) may be more common but as effective as pollinators as long-tongued bees (e.g.,Calliopsis andreniformis andHoplitis spp.). The conversion rate of flowers into capsules is only 13–17%. The spreading style in the short-styled morph is interpreted as an adaptation restricting insect-mediated, self-pollination but encouraging bee-stigma contact during nectar foraging.
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  • 172
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    Crossing experiments of lettuce cultivars and species (Lactuca sect.Lactuca, Compositae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 233-248 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Lactuca sativa ; L. serriola ; L. saligna ; L. virosa ; Hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The degree of relationships withinLactuca sativa and three wild relativesL. serriola, L. saligna, andL. virosa was studied by observing the performance, vigour and fertility of the F 1 hybrids obtained from crosses made in and between the four species. The crosses ofL. saligna ×L. virosa and the reciprocal crosses produced no hybrids.L. saligna andL. virosa are the least related of the four species.L. sativa ×L. serriola and the reciprocal crosses were successful and produced fertile hybrids These two species are genetically very closely related.L. saligna is known to produce, as a female parent, hybrids withL. sativa andL. serriola. Now the reciprocal cross was successful for the first time, so the unability to obtain hybrids in the past was based on the choice of accessions and not caused by unilateral incompatibility.L. virosa ×L. sativa and the reciprocal combination produced hybrids. The combinationL. serriola ×L. virosa produced hybrids with very limited fertility. In contrast to earlier reports (sterile hybrids) one combination of the reciprocal cross too produced hybrids with very limited fertility.—Some of theL. saligna ×L. sativa (and reciprocal) hybrids were found to look strikingly likeL. serriola. This adds evidence for the descent ofL. serriola andL. sativa:L. saligna also made part of the ancestral complex of the cultivated lettuce.
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    “Ixoroid” secondary pollen presentation and pollination by small moths in the Malagasy treeletIxora platythyrsa (Rubiaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 161-175 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Ixora ; I. platythyrsa ; Moth-pollination ; secondary pollen presentation ; Flora of Madagascar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollination biology ofIxora platythyrsa (Rubiaceae) was studied in NW. Madagascar. The plant displayed cream-yellow, nocturnally fragrant, nectariferous, tubular and strongly protandrous flowers. These had an “ixoroid” secondary pollen presentation mechanism: prior to anthesis, anthers exhausted their pollen onto unripe stylar heads. From this position pollen of male-stage flowers later adhered to primarily the probosces of small visiting nocturnal noctuid and geometrid moths. — Pollen was subsequently raked off moths' probosces by receptive, copiously papillose stigmas of female-stage flowers. Principal pollination adaptation was probably to the noctuid moth subfam.Sarrothripinae.
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    Delimitation ofPelargonium sect.Glaucophyllum (Geraniaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 15-26 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Pelargonium sect.Glaucophyllum ; Morphology ; pollen ; chromosome numbers ; flavonoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pelargonium otaviense Knuth andP. spinosum Willd. are excluded from sect.Glaucophyllum, whileP. grandiflorum (Andr.)Willd.,P. patulum Jacq. andP. tabulare (Burm. f.)L'Hérit. of sect.Eumorpha are included. Sect.Glaucophyllum is characterized by green to glaucous vegetative organs and zygomorphic white to pink corolla with five narrow petals. All the species have an identical pollen and chromosome morphology, the same basic chromosome number (x = 11) and similar flavonoid patterns. A close relationship between sect.Glaucophyllum and sect.Pelargonium is indicated by the occurrence of natural hybrids and concordant characters. Isorhamnetin and luteolin have been detected in the genus for the first time.
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    Life cycle and adaptive strategies of three non-annual, ruderalCardueae: Onopordum nervosum, Carthamus arborescens, andCirsium scabrum (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 117-128 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Cardueae ; Onopordum nervosum ; Carthamus arborescens ; Cirsium scabrum ; Life cycle ; adaptive strategies ; autoecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The life cycle and autoecology of three Mediterranean thorny species,Onopordum nervosum (Iberian endemic),Cirsium scabrum (Western Mediterranean) andCarthamus arborescens (Iberian-North African), of potential use in agriculture as bioenergetic, forage or oil producing plants were studied. These threeCardueae spp. are good examples of ways in which Mediterranean plants adapt their typical annual cycle to avoid summer droughts.O. nervosum is a perennial, monocarpic, heliophilous species which flowers in early summer and grows even under the extreme xeric conditions of the Mediterranean summers. It is a basiphilous plant usually found in sandy-loamy and sandy-clayey-loamy soils with a marked geographical variability in its seed germination.C. scabrum is a perennial, monocarpic species which has a long life cycle, flowering in summer and growing only during the wet months. It is not well-adapted to droughts and is usually restricted to acid soils.C. arborescens is a perennial, polycarpic species which flowers in spring and dries up in summer. It is usually found in basic loamy-sandy or sandy-loamy soils poor in organic matter.
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    Breeding systems in thePolemoniaceae (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 205-214 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polemoniaceae ; Pollen ; ovule ratio ; stigmatic pollen germination ; breeding systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen — ovule ratios and percentages of stigmatic pollen germination (SPG) were measured for over 160 taxa of thePolemoniaceae. When related to taxa with known breeding systems, it is found that low SPGs and high P:O ratios characterize xenogamous plants, high SPGs and low P:Os characterize autogamous plants. There is a significant negative correlation between P:O ratio and SPG in the whole family as well as in certain genera. Both measures can serve as reliable indicators of the breeding systems in taxa of thePolemoniaceae and can be measured in dried or living specimens. Accordingly, most polemons feature “mixed” breeding system, i.e. facultative xenogamy or facultative autogamy. Xenogamy is common among the tropical genera and in theLeptodactylon, Phlox andPolemonium. Autogamy is more frequent in the tribeGilieae (particularly inGilia) than in the other tribes. Annual taxa tend to be autogamous, showing on the average higher SPG and lower P:O ratio. The lepidopteran-pollinated group of species have a higher mean P:O ratio and lower mean SPG thus indicating that such plants are associated with crosspollination more than the others.
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    DNA “fingerprints” detect genetic variation inAcer negundo (Aceraceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 49-56 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aceraceae ; Acer negundo ; box elder ; RFLPs ; minisatellite DNA ; M13 probe ; DNA analysis ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genomic DNA samples from 21 box elder plants collected in Missouri (U.S.A.) were digested with restriction enzyme and southern blot hybridized with the M13 minisatellite probe. Each plant was found to have a unique DNA fragment pattern. Moreover, levels of genetic variation estimated from a similarity index appear to be related to sampling distances. However, size of the fragments utilized in the analysis affects the estimates of genetic variation to a considerable degree.
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    Flavonoid aglycones from the leaf surfaces of someLabiatae species (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 109-118 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Labiatae ; Exudate flavonoids ; ecological biochemistry ; biochemical systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of excreted flavonoid aglycones within the familyLabiatae was studied and differences were found, especially in the A-ring substitution patterns. Thus, 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavones with substituted B-rings are characteristic of species ofSalvia (sect.Salvia),Rosmarinus andOcimum; 5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxyflavones occur only inOcimum and 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavones inThymus and related species. Members of the two subfamiliesLamioideae andNepetoideae produce exudate flavonoids, but some genera are devoid of these compounds. There is a correlation between the habitat where the plant grows and production of these compounds, the species from (semi-)arid habitats being those which generally accumulate external flavonoids.
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    Pollination of New CaledonianWinteraceae: Opportunistic shifts or parallel radiation with their pollinators? (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 143-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Winteraceae ; Zygogynum ; Lepidoptera ; Micropterigidae ; Sabatinca ; Coleoptera ; Pollination biology ; coevolution ; floral volatiles ; parallel radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flower visitors on 12 species of New CaledonianWinteraceae were studied. The visitors were two species of ancestral moths (Sabatinca; Micropterigidae), three species of weevils (Palontus; Curculionidae), and a species of thrips. Behavior observations and pollen records suggest that the beetles and occasionally the moths serve as pollinators ofZygogynum and Exospermum, andBelliolum is pollinated primarily by thrips. The floral volatiles are simple in composition, usually dominated by short esters. Preliminary experiments showed that ethyl acetate elicited alighting, and a distinctive huddling behavior was elicited by artificially mixed fragrance. The host associations of otherSabatinca andPalontus spp. do not support the hypothesis that theWinteraceae have radiated in association with their pollinators. The available evidence supports the notion of opportunistic isolated host colonizations at some point in the radiation of the pollinator groups.
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    Morphological and anatomical differentiation ofVellozia hirsuta populations (Velloziaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 197-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Velloziaceae ; Vellozia hirsuta ; Morphological and anatomical variation ; geographical differentiation ; taxonomy ; Flora of the campos rupestres ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphological and leaf anatomical differentiation ofVellozia hirsuta is analysed and classified into several types (A1, A2, A4, B3, B5, C3). The species has a relatively wide distribution in the campos rupestres of Minas Gerais in Brazil. The variation of the isolated populations on different mountain ranges is complex, does not follow a clear geographical pattern, and defies taxonomic classification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940863
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    Identification and partial characterization of two species-specific repeat families in the great millet (Sorghum vulgare, Poaceae) genome (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 249-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Sorghum vulgare ; great millet ; DNA hybridization ; repetitive DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 1.4 kbp Xba I and the 1.3 kbp EcoRI repeat families in great millet were partially characterized with respect to their genomic distribution and their homology with the EcoRI and Xba I families of five other millet DNAs. The digestions of great millet DNA using increasing amounts of the two enzymes show that these two families are disperse in nature. The hybridization of these two families to the genomic digests of great millet indicates that they are arranged in a clustered and scrambled manner. Similarly, the hybridization with the EcoRI and Xba I digests of five other millet DNAs reveals the speciesspecific nature of these two repeat families. The latter also hybridize to the total repetitive fraction of great millet isolated at a highly stringent temperature of 75°C suggesting that the members of these two families are probably largely homogeneous.
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    Ribosomal RNA genes structure in somePopulus spp. (Salicaceae) and their hybrids (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 187-196 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Salicaceae ; Populus ; Ribosomal RNA genes ; restriction enzyme maps ; rDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tandemly repeated multigene families encoding 18S and 25S rRNAs were studied at the restriction enzyme level inPopulus alba L.,Populus deltoides Bartr. exMarsh.,Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray and in the hybrids between the last two mentioned species. The analysis of single and double digestion with EcoRI, BamHI, XbaI, and SstI endonucleases showed the presence of single repetitive unit types of 12.25 and 11.75kb inP. alba andP. trichocarpa, respectively.P. deltoides showed two rDNA gene types having the same length (12.25Kb) but different nucleotide sequence in the IGS. The rDNAs genes ofP. deltoides andP. triochocarpa are inherited codominantly in their hybrids.
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    The production of floral oils byMonttea (Scrophulariaceae) and the function of tarsal pads inCentris bees (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 209-222 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Monttea ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; Centris ; Oil-flowers ; oil-bees ; Flora of Argentina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant species that secrete oil as their primary floral reward are rare and sporadically found in the angiosperms. We report here thatMonttea, a genus previously unsuspected of being an oil-plant, produces lipids from trichome elaiophores on the inside of the lower (anterior) lip. The discovery of the production of oils by species of this S. American genus explains the occurrence of unusual dual-function collecting structures in ArgentineCentris (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) and explains the presence of oil-collecting bees in regions where oil-secreting flowers were previously thought to be absent. The behavior of these centridine pollinators onMonttea flowers parallels that of oil-collecting bees onDiascia (Scrophulariaceae) in S. Africa.
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    Patterns of intraspecific variation inAntennaria alborosea, A. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, andA. umbrinella (Asteraceae:Inuleae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 123-150 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria ; Geographic variation ; clinal variation ; principal component analysis ; correlation coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Patterns of intraspecific variation were examined inAntennaria alborosea A. E. Porsild,A. corymbosa E. Nels,A. marginata Greene,A. microphylla Rydb.,A. parvifolia Nutt., andA. umbrinella Rydb. AlthoughA. alborosea was initially considered arctic in distribution, it became apparent that a southern montane element also exists. Our results suggest that morphological differences between arctic and southern montane specimens represent clinal variation. The additional morphological data for specimens that occur more than 1,500 km south of the species' range as it was initially described result in a better understanding of this once presumed arctic taxon. Morphological variation in the dioecious speciesA. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, andA. umbrinella was greater between the genders than was geographic variation within each gender. These results demonstrate that both pistillate and staminate specimens must be examined in dioecious species ofAntennaria if morphological variation in the respective species is to be fully understood. Character size or number of broadly distributed species (A. microphylla andA. parvifolia) generally decreased with increasing longitude, whereas characters of species with more restricted distributions (A. alborosea, A. corymbosa, andA. marginata) generally increased in size or number with increasing latitude or longitude.Antennaria umbrinella was an exception in this respect.
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    The genusAntennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae) in western North America: Morphometric analysis ofAntennaria alborosea, A. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, A. rosea, andA. umbrinella (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 151-175 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria alborosea ; A. corymbosa ; A. marginata ; A. microphylla ; A. parvifolia ; A. rosea ; A. umbrinella ; Taxonomy ; multivariate morphometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Multivariate analysis of vegetative and reproductive characters was used to examine morphological relatedness amongAntennaria alborosea A. E. Porsild,A. corymbosa E. Nels.,A. marginata Greene,A. microphylla Rydb.,A. parvifolia Nutt.,A. rosea Greene, andA. umbrinella Rydb. Both pistillate and staminate plants were examined. Some of the characters examined were variable in one species, but stable in another (i.e., presence or absence of papillae on the achenes). Our analyses indicate that the seven species are morphologically distinct. It is hypothesized that theA. rosea agamic complex arose through hybridization amongA. corymbosa, A. microphylla, A. umbrinella, and possiblyA. dioica (L.)Gaertn. However, hybridization between the three former species and others, as well as their subsequent morphological responses to different environmental conditions causes confusion in recognizing the taxa.Antennaria angustifolia Rydb.,A. arida E. Nels.,A. confinis Greene,A. scariosa E. Nels.,A. foliacea humilis Rydb.,A. concinna E. Nels., andA. viscidula E. Nels. are considered to represent F 1 hybrids.
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    A redescription ofPotamogeton distinctus including remarks on the taxonomy of thePotamogeton nodosus group (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 245-259 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Potamogetonaceae ; Potamogeton distinctus ; P. indicus ; P. nodosus ; P. tepperi ; Taxonomy ; distribution ; description
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Potamogeton distinctus has an E. Asian distribution and is closely related toP. nodosus. P. tepperi seems to be a synonym ofP. tricarinatus, even though the name has frequently been applied to other species likeP. distinctus. P. indicus is a synonym ofP. nodosus notwithstanding the fact that not all Indian broad-leaved pondweeds belong to that taxon.
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    A natural hybrid ofMonophyllaea (Gesneriaceae) in the tropical rain forests of West Sumatra (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 55-63 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gesneriaceae ; Monophyllaea ; M. hirtella ; M. horsfieldii ; Chromosome number ; hybridization ; fertility ; tropical rain forest ; habitat segregation ; Flora of Indonesia ; Sumatra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A natural hybrid (2n = 21) between the parapatric rain forest speciesMonophyllaea hirtella (2n = 20) andM. horsfieldii (2n = 22) (Gesneriaceae) has been observed at Sg. Lubuk Paraku, Padang, W. Sumatra. The hybrids showed intermediary characters between the parental species in the inflorescence structure, flower size and colour, indumentum, chromosome numbers, and habitat. The 29% pollen fertility of a single hybrid specimen suggests that the genetical isolation between the parental species may break down and reproduction over subsequent generations may occur.
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    Cytogenetic investigations onOenothera nutans (Onagraceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 69-80 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Onagraceae ; Oenothera sect.Oenothera subsect.Oenothera ; O. nutans ; Chromosomal analysis ; complex analysis ; structural heterozygosity ; complex heterozygosity ; taxonomy ; numerical taxonomy ; factor analysis ; reciprocal translocations ; Sifactors ; lethal factors ; sublethal factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oenothera nutans, common to the Appalachian Mts between 650 and 1 700 m altitude, was investigated cytogenetically and taxonomically. The species is permanently structurally heterozygous. It consists of two genomes of the B-type which are more or less indistinguishable phenotypically. Nearly all of the strains investigated possess a self-incompatibility factor in one of the two complexes. Both complexes show a close relationship to the predominantly homozygousO. grandiflora, a native of the southern lowlands.O. nutans andO. grandiflora possess the same plastid type, plastome III. Probably,O. nutans evolved by an accumulation of reciprocal translocations within an originally structurally homozygous population, which must be regarded ancestral to the present forms ofO. grandiflora.
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    Surface features of the leaves ofBalanophoraceae — A family without stomata? (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 29-35 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Balanophoraceae ; Balanophora ; Hachettea ; Langsdorffia ; Lophophytum ; Scybalium ; Thonningia ; Stomata ; epidermal surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were searched for stomata inBalanophora elongata, B. fungosa, Hachettea austro-caledonica, Langsdorffia hypogaea, Lophophytum mirabile subsp.mirabile, Scybalium jamaicense, andThonningia sanguinea (Balanophoraceae). Neither stomata nor guard cells were observed. The epidermal surfaces of these species are extremely diverse with respect to cell shape, cell size, and surface ornamentation, these features providing valuable systematic criteria.
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    Phenotypic plasticity and character differentiation in a subdivided population ofIris pumila (Iridaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Iris pumila ; Phenotypic plasticity ; morphological variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variation patterns in phenotypic plasticity and broad sense heritability of 26 characters were examined within and among closely adjacent habitats of the bearded iris,Iris pumila. It was found thatI. pumila has considerable differentiation for phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation over short distances. An analysis of relationships between character differentiation and phenotypic plasticity suggests that they could have evolved independently. Possible mechanisms for maintaining local differentiation of the observed plastic and genetic variation are also discussed.
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    Transfer cells and lipid droplets of someValerianaceae (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 37-51 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Valerianaceae ; Transfer cells ; lignification ; lipid droplets ; oil cells ; tannins ; Development ; structure ; axial distribution ; transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Development, structure and the axial distribution of transfer cells and their lignification were investigated inValerianella locusta, Valeriana officinalis, andV. tuberosa (Valerianaceae). Fundamental new results are: (1) Transfer cells often contain numerous lipid droplets. Within the stem the distribution of cells containing lipid droplets correlates to that of transfer cells. (2) InValeriana officinalis persisting protuberances are frequently found on pit membranes of xylem transfer cells. Lignified transfer cells can undergo a second modification: a layer covering the secondary wall forms wall ingrowths similar to those of transfer cells. (3) Peripheral pith cells, abuting transfer cells, are able to modify into transfer cells. Cambial derivatives are only temporarily developed as transfer cells. (4) Phloem transfer cells are found in vascular bundles of the whole axis. (5) In roots, xylem transfer cells are poorly developed or absent. (6) Oil cells with oil bodies are present in the rape ofValeriana tuberosa. They are absent however in the stem of the species investigated. (7) Tannins occur in elements of the primary cortex, phloem and secondary xylem ofValeriana officinalis.
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    The cytotaxonomy ofEmilia spp. (Asteraceae: Senecioneae) occurring in Brazil (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 229-236 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Emilia ; Chromosome numbers ; C-banding ; cytogeography ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of several populations in a large part of the distribution area of the genusEmilia in Brazil has revealed only two species: the diploidE. sonchifolia and the tetraploidE. fosbergii. The more widely reportedE. coccinea was not found. They show a karyotype constancy in morphology and chromosome number (2n = 10 and 2n = 20, respectively), C-banding pattern and number of secondary constrictions. Some indications were found thatE. fosbergii may be an allopolyploid and that its ancestors had different genome sizes.
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    Systematics and evolution within theCompositae, seen with the eyes of a chemist (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 1-14 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Chemistry ; systematics ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The broad knowledge of the chemistry of theCompositae allows the discussion of its relevance for the systematics and evolution within the family. Furthermore a separation into subfamilies can be supported by the observed differences in the distribution of the main constituents in the tribes.
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    The systematic position of theHolarrheninae (Apocynaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 157-185 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Apocynaceae ; Plumerioideae ; Apocynoideae ; Holarrheninae ; Holarrhena ; Carruthersia ; Spirolobium ; Floral structure ; pollen morphology ; indole alkaloids ; steroidal alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genusHolarrhena, described byRobert Brown in 1811, has had a problematic taxonomic history, in part due to a suite of characters that does not conform with accepted concepts within theApocynaceae. In a number of important taxonomic charactersHolarrhena is typical of subfam.Apocynoideae. But due to the relatively unspecialized structure of the anthers most recent authors have placedHolarrheng, together withCarruthersia andSpirolobium, as the subtribeHolarrheninae in subfam.Plumerioideae. For the present investigation the floral structure and pollen morphology ofHolarrhena, Carruthersia andSpirolobium were analyzed. From the chemical literature reports of the occurrence of steroidal alkaloids in thePlumerioideae were evaluated. Our results indicate that the three genera belong to subfam.Apocynoideae in the tribeNerieae, but that the “Holarrheninae” is an unnatural group, and that the three genera should be accommodated individually within the tribe.
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    Ribosomal DNA spacer-length variation inSecale spp. (Poaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 205-220 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Secale ; Ribosomal DNA ; spacer subrepeats ; restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) ; phenetic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variation in ribosomal DNA spacer length was analysed in 23 populations of 12Secale spp. by restriction enzyme analysis. Digestion of rDNA with Taq I endonuclease enzyme yields spacer fragments that include the subrepeat array and the non-repetitive region downstream of the array. Extensive spacer length variation existed in most species with Taq I fragment lengths ranging from 0.9–3.1 kb. These length variants have been attributed to the differences in number of 134 bp spacer subrepeats within rDNA arrays.S. silvestre was the only species to exhibit a unique spacer length variant of 0.9 kb and this was shown to result from the presence of an extra Taq I site in the spacer. rDNA spacer length frequencies were determined for the species. These frequencies were used to derive phenetic relationships between the species by numerical taxonomic methods. In plots constructed fromGower's distance matrices,S. silvestre appeared well separated from the major cluster consisting of the other species. On the basis of morphological and cytogenetic criteria,S. silvestre is considered the most ancient species. The rDNA data is consistent with this interpretation as it shows a clear differentiation ofS. silvestre from all the other species based on length and nucleotide sequence composition of the spacer region.
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    Chemotaxonomic study of the genusTabernaemontana (Apocynaceae) based on their indole alkaloid content (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 13-34 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Apocynaceae ; Tabernaemontana ; Indole alkaloids ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract According to their alkaloidal products species of the “new” genusTabernaemontana can be partly differentiated. This differentiation is in agreement with the “old” genera classification. From the chemotaxonomic point of view a subdivision of subfam.Plumerioideae of theApocynaceae is proposed.
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    A phenetic comparison of someFumaria spp. (Fumariaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 51-63 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fumariaceae ; Papaveraceae ; Fumaria ; Phenetics ; numerical taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The taxonomy of the genusFumaria has not been considered in detail sincePugsley's work in 1919 ff., and few modern methods have been applied to it. In a phenetic study, 33 populations of 11Fumaria spp. were grown in uniform conditions, and seven morphological characters measured. After re-expression and transformation the data were analysed by cluster analysis and principal components analysis. Alternative analyses did not indicate contradictory taxonomic conclusions. Artificial crosses gave some evidence on interfertility, and suggestedF. occidentalis to be an allopolyploid ofF. bastardii ×F. capreolata. Pugsley's subsectional classification is supported within sect.Parviflora, but not within sect.Grandiflora. His two sections are seen to be meaningful, but not discrete.
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    The pollen morphology ofOdontites (Scrophulariaceae) and its taxonomic significance (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 159-178 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Odontites ; Odontitella ; Macrosyringion ; Bornmuellerantha ; Omphalothrix ; Euphrasia ; Bartsia ; Parentucellia ; Pollen morphology ; exine sculpturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollen morphology of 29 species ofOdontites and related genera was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Three major pollen types differing fundamentally in exine sculpturing were found. In the parasitic tribePedicularieae retipilate sculpturing is the most widespread type representing a plesiomorphic character state from which the two other types are derived. Of these, reticulate sculpturing is confined toOdontites, whereas a complex retirugulate pattern was found only in the monotypic Near East genusBornmuellerantha. Within the retipilate and the reticulate major types eight minor types were distinguished based on the differential correlation of exine surface morphology, size, shape and amb form. The pollen data are generally well correlated with macromorphological features and furnish important taxonomic characters at the genus—as well as at the specieslevel.
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    Sympodial and monopodial branching inAcer (Aceraceae): Evolutionary trend and ecological implications (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 187-197 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aceraceae ; Acer ; Sympodial and monopodial branching ; evolution ; adaptive strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary trend and its ecological implications in sympodial and monopodial branching patterns has been investigated in 20 JapaneseAcer spp. through comparison of shoot tip abortion and terminal bud formation. The genus is divided into two species groups according to its branching pattern, one (6 species) predominantly exhibiting sympodial branching with frequent monopodial branching in short shoots (sympodial species), and the other (14 species) exhibiting only monopodial branching (monopodial species). The early ontogeny of leaf and bud scales is described. Despite the difference in branching patterns, the bud scales of terminal buds are essentially the same in having a leaf base developed to function as a protecting organ. In all the sympodial species, during the abortion of a sympodium shoot tip, one or two pairs of primordia were found to occur on the apex, and later wither. These primordia resemble bud scales of terminal buds in their ontogeny and morphology, and appear to be rudimentary. It is suggested that a rudimentary terminal bud develops together with the establishment of sympodial branching, and that sympodial branching has originated from monopodial branching. Based on this proposed evolutionary trend, it is suggested thatAcer has moved from less shady habitats into shady habitats with monopodial branching (advantageous for vertical growth) changing into sympodial branching (advantageous for lateral spread).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940604
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systematics ofJusticia sect.Pentaloba (Acanthaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 219-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Justicia ; Siphonoglossa ; Cytology ; flavonoids ; systematics ; taxonomy ; generic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The transfer of the four taxa ofSiphonoglossa sect.Pentaloba toJusticia is proposed. It is shown that the taxa of this section were placed inSiphonoglossa primarily because of a single-character phenetic relationship and that they correctly belong inJusticia. In addition to morphology, data from cytology and flavonoid chemistry are also presented that support this intergeneric transfer. A key to the taxa and a detailed taxonomic treatment of the section are provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937676
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