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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Plant species biology 15 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The evolutionarily stable size of attractive structures of a flower was analyzed theoretically to examine the factors that select for the differences in the size of attractive structures of a flower depending on the sexuality and self-fertilization rate. In the first analysis, it was assumed that the size–number trade-off for flowers is non-linear (the size of individual flowers increases less rapidly than in a linear trade-off with a decrease in the number of flowers, as would occur during a linear trade-off) and the frequency of pollinator visits per flower depends on the size of attractive structures of individual flowers, but is independent of the number of flowers on the plant. In this case the size of attractive structures is larger in male flowers than in female flowers in dioecious plants, and this size decreases with an increase in the self-fertilization rate for hermaphroditic plants (where both are consistent with the general trends observed). In the second analysis, it was assumed that the size–number trade-off for flowers is linear and the frequency of pollinator visits per flower depends not only on the size of attractive structures of individual flowers, but also on the number of flowers on the plant. However, the results were inconsistent with the general trends in this case; namely, that the size of the attractive structures is smaller in male flowers than in female flowers in dioecious plants, and this size increases with an increase in self-fertilization rate for hermaphroditic plants. I therefore conclude that the non-linearity in size–number trade-offs for flowers is a more useful factor to use to explain the general trends in the size of attractive structures of a flower. This also suggests that the attractive function hypothesis, that is, the differences in fitness gains through allocation to attractive structures between males and females and among plants with different self-fertilization rates, are important factors, but alone cannot explain the general trends.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 117 (1998), S. 391-395 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key wordsErythronium japonicum ; Female-biased sex allocation ; Hermaphroditic plants ; Sink-limited fruit growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using four populations of the liliaceous perennial Erythronium japonicum, I examined the hypothesis that sex allocation will be female-biased if the duration of sink-limited growth of fruits, during which fruits grow exponentially, is long. I found that all marked fruits in each population had a period of sink-limited growth. Among the four populations, the mean length of sink-limited growth increased, and the mean dry mass ratio of the sum of the corolla and androecium/fruit decreased, in a consistent order. Thus, plants in populations where the duration of sink-limited growth was long allocated relatively more of their resources to their female functions. This result was consistent with the above hypothesis.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 187-197 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aceraceae ; Acer ; Sympodial and monopodial branching ; evolution ; adaptive strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary trend and its ecological implications in sympodial and monopodial branching patterns has been investigated in 20 JapaneseAcer spp. through comparison of shoot tip abortion and terminal bud formation. The genus is divided into two species groups according to its branching pattern, one (6 species) predominantly exhibiting sympodial branching with frequent monopodial branching in short shoots (sympodial species), and the other (14 species) exhibiting only monopodial branching (monopodial species). The early ontogeny of leaf and bud scales is described. Despite the difference in branching patterns, the bud scales of terminal buds are essentially the same in having a leaf base developed to function as a protecting organ. In all the sympodial species, during the abortion of a sympodium shoot tip, one or two pairs of primordia were found to occur on the apex, and later wither. These primordia resemble bud scales of terminal buds in their ontogeny and morphology, and appear to be rudimentary. It is suggested that a rudimentary terminal bud develops together with the establishment of sympodial branching, and that sympodial branching has originated from monopodial branching. Based on this proposed evolutionary trend, it is suggested thatAcer has moved from less shady habitats into shady habitats with monopodial branching (advantageous for vertical growth) changing into sympodial branching (advantageous for lateral spread).
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 9 (1995), S. 444-452 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: sapling growth ; gap formation ; resource allocation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A model was developed to examine the ESS sapling growth waiting for future gap formation under closed canopy. Assumptions are: a sapling has two parts, a trunk and a photosynthetic part, and allocates annual photosynthates to these two parts; and a sapling with a larger photosynthetic part has a larger production rate, but a sapling with a larger trunk is more successful in competition after gap formation. The ESS growth schedule of a sapling typically consists of three phases: (1) the sapling first allocates all annual photosynthates to the photosynthetic part, then (2) it allocates annual photosynthates both to its trunk and to photosynthetic part, and both parts grow simultaneously, and finally (3) it also allocates annual photosynthates to both parts, but the size of the photosynthetic part stays constant due to annual loss, and only the trunk size increases. A sapling should allocate photosynthates more to the trunk if mortality or probability of gap formation is large. However, a sapling should allocate photosynthates more to the photosynthetic part if large trunks are strongly advantageous in competition after gap formation.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 9 (1995), S. 495-507 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: seed size ; attractiveness ; pollination ; selfing rate ; size—number trade-off ; optimal allocation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary I developed a model for seed size variation among plants assuming that the pollen captured per flower depends on both the allocation to pollen capture mechanisms per flower and the number of flowers on each plant. I showed that the optimal seed size increases with (1) the total resource allocation to reproduction, (2) decreasing outcross pollen availability, (3) decreasing probability of seedling establishment and (4) decreasing selfing rate. However, optimal seed size does not depend on the total resource allocation if the total number of pollen grains captured by a plant increases linearly with its flower number. In addition, the optimal seed size is not always positively correlated with the optimal resource allocation to pollen capture mechanisms per flower. I discussed implications of the results for seasonal decline in seed size and seed size variations among populations, such as alutitudinal variation.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 7 (1993), S. 394-400 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: nectar secretion ; pollination ; game theoretic model ; flower size ; interplant competition ; interpatch competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A game theoretic model was developed for nectar secretion in animal-pollinated plants in order to examine how the total amount of resources allocated to flowers affects the spread of nectarless plants. It was assumed that pollinators concentrate on patches whose nectar rewards are relatively large compared to other patches and if pollinators visit a patch, they concentrate on the plants whose nectar rewards are relatively large compared to other plants in the patch. It was shown that plants are more likely to secrete nectar in populations where the total amount of resources allocated to flowers is large. It was also shown that strong interplant competition, strong interpatch competition and the nectar discrimination of the pollinators are also important factors for nectar secretion. However, if the total amount of resources allocated to flowers is sufficiently large, plants would secrete nectar even if competition is not very strong and nectar discrimination is not so precise.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 12 (1998), S. 477-485 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: colonization hypothesis ; evolutionarily stable strategy ; non-sib-competition ; safe sites ; sib-competition ; wind-dispersal structures ; wind-dispersed seeds ; wing ; wing-loading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We developed a game-theoretic model for wind-dispersed seed production to examine the seed mass–dispersal ability relationship and the evolutionarily stable distance of seed dispersal in terms of exploitation of safe sites. We assumed trade-offs between masses of the embryo (including albumen) and the wind-dispersal structures per seed, and also between seed mass and number of seeds per parent. We showed that ESS wing-loading is independent of embryo mass; that is, heavy seeds are not poor dispersers if the cost of producing wind-dispersal structures per unit area is constant. The ESS embryo mass per seed depends only on the factors which determine the probability of a seedling being established from a seed. However, wing-loading was found to increase with embryo mass when the change in length was isometric and there was a negative correlation between seed mass and dispersal ability. Thus, the area–mass relationship in wind-dispersal structures may have large effects on the ESS production of wind-dispersed seeds. On the other hand, given that only a limited number of adults can be established at a safe site, the ESS seed dispersal distance depends on the relative degree of sib to non-sib competition. A parent disperses its seeds over a wide area to exploit many safe sites if sib competition is strong. However, it disperses its seeds within a narrow area if the mean number of parents per unit area is large, or if non-sib competition is strong. Thus, in addition to an upper limit on the number of adults per safe site, the degree of sib and non-sib competition may be important for the ESS dispersal distance in wind-dispersed seeds.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of plant research 113 (2000), S. 335-342 
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Keywords: Evolutionarily stable strategy, Female-biased sex allocation, Hermaphroditic plants, Male-biased sex allocation, Sink-limited growth, Source-limited growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2008-07-23
    Print ISSN: 1438-3896
    Electronic ISSN: 1438-390X
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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