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  • Articles  (69,028)
  • Organic Chemistry  (68,963)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-10-05
    Description: Este documento de trabajo examina los vínculos entre el aprendizaje de la alfabetización, el desarrollo de competencias y el mundo del trabajo, en línea con el tema del Día Internacional de la Alfabetización (ILD, por sus siglas en inglés) 2018. Su objetivo es identificar acciones de política que ayudan a integrar el aprendizaje de la alfabetización y el desarrollo de competencias, con el objetivo de apoyar las vías hacia el empleo.
    Description: OPENASFA INPUT Documento de trabajo preparado para la Conferencia Internacional sobre “Alfabetización y desarrollo de competencias” (París, 7 de septiembre de 2018)
    Description: Published
    Description: Not Known
    Keywords: Desarrollo de competencias ; Alfabetización ; Educación ; Desempleo ; Igualdad de género
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 20pp.
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  • 2
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    Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNyM), UNLP | La Plata, Argentina
    In:  pastorarenas@yahoo.com.ar | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/15308 | 196 | 2014-08-26 01:02:06 | 15308 | Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Este artículo tiene por finalidad mostrar cómo un grupo de investigación dedicado a la etnobotánica resolvió el problema de conservar, ordenar y organizar una colección de material que no reúne las condiciones para ser incorporada en un herbario. Al mismo tiempo, se hace una breve revisión de varios tópicos y referencias sobre los distintos tipos de colecciones que realiza un etnobotánico y se sugieren ideas de cómo proceder con ellas.En apretada síntesis, el material documental que abarca la investigación etnobotánica compromete varios tipos de elementos, todos ellos habitualmente obtenidos in situ: a) material de herbario, b) órganos vegetales, trozos, fragmentos, material semielaborado (fibras, cordeles, etc.), c) material elaborado (artesanías, artefactos u objetos que conforman la cultura material), d) piezas complejas (tejidos, vestimentas, embarcaciones, mobiliario, adornos ceremoniales, etc. ), e) material de descarte o accesorio (tapones, tizones, envoltorios, parasoles, elementos de sostén o apoyo momentáneo, utensilios efímeros, etc.).
    Description: Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP
    Description: ProBiota: Programa para el estudio y uso sustentable de la biota austral
    Description: Debe citarse: ARENAS P. & N. M. KAMIENKOWSKI. 2014. La documentación del material vegetal incompleto o fragmentario en la investigación etnobotánica, ProBiota, FCNyM, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina, Serie Técnica y Didáctica 26: 1-17. ISSN 1515-9329.
    Keywords: Biology ; Argentina ; Bolivia ; Paraguay ; Etnobotany-Etnobotánica ; Colections-Colecciones
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 17
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  • 3
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    Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNyM), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) | La Plata, Argentina
    In:  hlopez@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/15338 | 196 | 2014-09-01 01:02:18 | 15338 | Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata
    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: A través de esta nueva serie tratamos de conocer diferentes aspectos personales de los integrantes de la comunidad ictiológica iberoamericana.Esta iniciativa, comparte el espíritu y objetivo de las semblanzas nacionales buscando informalmente, otro punto de unión en la “comunidad de ictiólogos iberoamericanos”.Quizás esté equivocado en mi apreciación, pero creo que vale la pena este intento, ya que, con la colaboración generosa e insoslayable de los integrantes de este “universo”, señalaremos un registro en el tiempo de la Ictiología Neotropical.
    Description: Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP
    Description: ProBiota: Programa para el estudio y uso sustentable de la biota austral
    Description: Debe citarse: LÓPEZ, H. L. & J. PONTE GÓMEZ. 2014. Semblanzas Ictiológicas Iberoamericanas: Takayuki Yunoki. FCNyM, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina, Serie Técnica y Didáctica 24(09): 1-12. ISSN 1515-9329.
    Keywords: Biology ; Sociology ; Latin America-Iberoamérica ; Bolivia ; Ichthyology-Ictiología ; Biographical sketchs-Semblanzas ; Takayuki Yunoki
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 12
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  • 4
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    Villegas Editores | Bogotá D.C., Colombia
    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Description: Es un intento por resolver preguntas, algunas preguntas. Es un empeño por iniciar un debate y un juicio crítico a ese pasado desconocido en su integralidad y sólo vislumbrado con sesgo por quienes lo vivieron. Es un ensayo con rigor documental y formato académico que espera estimular e l hallazgo de errores, aciertos y perfiles humanos que moldearon lo que hoy tenernos. Es un eslabón escrito en esa gran cadena de acontecimientos sucesivos que se pierden en la memoria y el tiempo. Es un primer paso por traer esos momentos, a quienes vivimos momentos que serán leídos en el futuro, ojalá impresos. Entrevistas, discusiones con protagonistas, lecturas, bibliotecas donde el mar es una referencia y 110 una razón de ser, viajes, interpretaciones de un comentario de alguien que fue presente y realidad, crítica aguda de un pensamiento o una orden que cambió el destino de un ser humano o una institución. Horas eternas de intentos. giros de una hélice que estuvo parada, de velas al pairo de una nave que nunca dio marcha atrás. Un universo demasiado grande para describir, pero unas páginas que ayudan a entenderlo.
    Description: Published
    Description: Not Known
    Keywords: Expedición científica ; Educación ; Comercio ; Buque de investigación ; Autoridad ; Investigación oceanográfica ; Boya ; Gobierno ; ASFA_2015::E::Expeditions ; ASFA_2015::S::Scientific research ; ASFA_2015::H::Historical account ; ASFA_2015::M::Marine transportation ; ASFA_2015::E::Education
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book/Monograph/Conference Proceedings
    Format: 175pp.
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  • 5
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    Villegas Editores | Bogotá D.C.
    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Description: El propósito es mostrar lo que no se ha mostrado. Un mundo acuático de contrastes. La tarea inédita que llena de orgullo a quienes tenemos el privilegio de servir dentro del Ministerio de Defensa y la Armada Nacional en Dimar, con un norte claro y un trazado de navegación que se construye día a día con el aporte de todos. Ese país marítimo de realidades y la nación que encuentra en los ríos y en los mares todo un mundo de oportunidades.
    Description: Published
    Description: Not Known
    Keywords: Expedición científica ; Educación ; Comercio ; Buque de investigación ; Autoridad ; Investigación oceanográfica ; Boya ; Gobierno ; ASFA_2015::R::Research vessels ; ASFA_2015::M::Maritime structures ; ASFA_2015::O::Oceanographic institutions ; ASFA_2015::P::Ports
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book/Monograph/Conference Proceedings
    Format: 223pp.
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  • 6
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    Villegas Editores | Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El propósito es mostrar lo que no se ha mostrado. Un mundo acuático de contrastes. La tarea inédita que llena de orgullo a quienes tenemos el privilegio de servir dentro del Ministerio de Defensa y la Armada Nacional en Dimar, con un norte claro y un trazado de navegación que se construye día a día con el aporte de todos. Ese país marítimo de realidades y la nación que encuentra en los ríos y en los mares todo un mundo de oportunidades.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Expedición científica ; Educación ; Comercio ; Buque de investigación ; Autoridad ; Investigación oceanográfica ; Boya ; ASFA_2015::C::Commerce ; ASFA_2015::S::Site investigation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book/Monograph/Conference Proceedings , Not Known
    Format: 223pp.
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-03-03
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-14
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-14
    Description: The allotropes formed by carbon reflect differences in its bonding: single bonds in diamond, double bonds in graphite and graphene, and triple bonds in polyynes. Fashioning graphene sheets into bowls, monkey saddles, balls, and tubes has led to a number of molecular allotropes of carbon or carbon-rich quasi-allotropes with novel topologies and shapes. A simple ring of carbon can be reduced to practice in various forms (1): a cyclic array of carbon atoms, a “pearl necklace” of benzene rings, or a cylindrical hoop of flank-fused benzenes, just to name a few. On page 172 of this issue, Povie et al. (2) report on the synthesis of an angular-fused hoop structure, which has been a long-standing target. Author: Jay S. Siegel
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-14
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-03-03
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-01
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-13
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 21
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-06-10
    Description: Transition metal–catalyzed arylation of C–H bonds has been intensively studied for forming C–C bonds in complex-molecule synthesis (1). An acidic C–H bond (for example, one near a double bond or an O atom) is cleaved to form a carbon–metal bond, which then couples to arene. Many of these organometallic species can be generated catalytically. Much less research has dealt with unreactive nonacidic sp3 C–H bond functionalization (3). On page 1304 of this issue, Shaw et al. (3) report an efficient and general method that focuses on arylation of sp3 C–H bonds at carbon atoms adjacent to amines and to cyclic ethers by combining nickel, visible-light photoredox, and hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) catalysis. Author: Corinne Fruit
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 22
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-06-10
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 23
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 24
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-09-07
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 25
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-05-20
    Description: Antibiotics have been taking it on the chin lately. Not only has resistance to the anti-infective medications been growing, but drug companies have been dropping antibiotic research programs, because the drugs are difficult and expensive to make. Now, new help is on the way. Researchers report this week that they've found a way to churn out new members of one of the most widely used classes of antibiotics. These drugs, called macrolides, were first developed in the 1950s and now represent a major bulwark against infections. A bevy of possible new drugs in this class could lead to new weapons against antibiotic-resistant infections, and possibly save millions of lives. Author: Robert F. Service
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 26
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-04-22
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-04-29
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 28
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-05-13
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 29
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: The SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction, X− + RY → XR + Y−, is a paradigm reaction in organic chemistry (1). The modern understanding of the SN2 reaction mechanism is based on work of Hughes and Ingold (2), who proposed that the nucleophile (X−) approaches the carbon atom that bears the leaving group (Y−). As a result, the bond between the carbon atom and the leaving group becomes weakened. As this bond breaks and a new bond forms between the nucleophile and the carbon atom, the configuration of the carbon atom is inverted. Analyses of gas-phase reaction rates led to the suggestion of a potential energy surface (PES) with two wells connected by a central barrier transition state (3). Electronic structure calculations have confirmed this picture for some SN2 reactions (4), but recent studies have shown that the actual reaction dynamics may be considerably more complex (see the figure) (5–8). Authors: Jing Xie, William L. Hase
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 30
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 31
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-11-18
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 32
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-11-18
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 33
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-12-09
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 34
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-10-21
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2015-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fernandez-Llamazares, Alvaro -- Rocha, Ricardo -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 9;523(7559):158. doi: 10.1038/523158c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain; and University of Helsinki, Finland. ; University of Lisbon, Portugal; and University of Helsinki, Finland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26156363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; *Economic Development ; Environmental Policy/*trends ; Hydrocarbons
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 36
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-07-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Friedman-Rudovsky, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 20;337(6092):285-7. doi: 10.1126/science.337.6092.285.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822124" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; *Earth (Planet) ; Forestry/*methods ; Trees/*physiology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Friedman-Rudovsky, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 11;336(6082):666-7. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6082.666.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582241" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bolivia ; Capsules ; Chagas Disease/prevention & control/transmission ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Insect Vectors ; *Insecticides ; *Juvenile Hormones ; *Paint ; *Triatoma ; World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2011-05-10
    Description: The vast majority of Mesozoic and early Cenozoic metatherian mammals (extinct relatives of modern marsupials) are known only from partial jaws or isolated teeth, which give insight into their probable diets and phylogenetic relationships but little else. The few skulls known are generally crushed, incomplete or both, and associated postcranial material is extremely rare. Here we report the discovery of an exceptionally large number of almost undistorted, nearly complete skulls and skeletons of a stem-metatherian, Pucadelphys andinus, in the early Palaeocene epoch of Tiupampa in Bolivia. These give an unprecedented glimpse into early metatherian morphology, evolutionary relationships and, especially, ecology. The remains of 35 individuals have been collected, with 22 of these represented by nearly complete skulls and associated postcrania. These individuals were probably buried in a single catastrophic event, and so almost certainly belong to the same population. The preservation of multiple adult, sub-adult and juvenile individuals in close proximity (〈1 m(2)) is indicative of gregarious social behaviour or at least a high degree of social tolerance and frequent interaction. Such behaviour is unknown in living didelphids, which are highly solitary and have been regarded, perhaps wrongly, as the most generalized living marsupials. The Tiupampan P. andinus population also exhibits strong sexual dimorphism, which, in combination with gregariousness, suggests strong male-male competition and polygyny. Our study shows that social interactions occurred in metatherians as early as the basal Palaeocene and that solitary behaviour may not be plesiomorphic for Metatheria as a whole.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ladeveze, Sandrine -- de Muizon, Christian -- Beck, Robin M D -- Germain, Damien -- Cespedes-Paz, Ricardo -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jun 2;474(7349):83-6. doi: 10.1038/nature09987. Epub 2011 May 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleontology, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. sandrine.ladeveze@naturalsciences.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21552278" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bolivia ; Female ; *Fossils ; Male ; Marsupialia/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Sex Characteristics ; *Social Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 39
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2010-09-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petherick, Anna -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 2;467(7311):17. doi: 10.1038/467017a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811429" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alligators and Crocodiles ; Animals ; Bolivia ; Cold Temperature ; *Disasters ; Dolphins ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Rivers
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe the Miocene–Quaternary geological–structural evolution of the region between the Salar de Uyuni and de Atacama, Andes of Chile and Bolivia. We recognized four main tectonic events based on fold geometry, fault kinematics and stratigraphic data. The oldest event, of Miocene age, is characterized by folding and reverse faulting of the sedimentary successions with an E–W direction of shortening in the northern part of the studied area and a WNW–ESE shortening in the southern part. The following two events, of Pliocene age, are characterized by lower shortening amounts; they occurred first by reverse faulting with a NW–SE-trending greatest principal stress (ó1, computed with striated fault planes) and a vertical least principal stress (ó3), followed by pervasive strike-slip faulting with the same NW–SE-trending ó1 and a horizontal NE–SW ó3. The fourth event, dating to the late Pliocene–Quaternary is characterized by normal faulting: the ó3 still trends NE–SW, whereas the intermediate principal stress ó2 exchanged with ó1. Volcanism accompanied both the contractional, transcurrent and extensional tectonic phases. The Mio–Pliocene compression appears directly linked to a rapid convergence and an apparently important coupling between the continental and oceanic plates. The E–W to WNW–ESE direction of shortening of the Miocene structures and the NW–SE ó1 of the Pliocene structures seem to be more linked to an intra-Andean reorientation of structures following the WNW-directed absolute motion of the South-American Plate. The extensional deformations can be interpreted as related to gravity forces affecting the highest parts of the volcanic belt in a sort of asymmetrical (SW-ward) collapse of the belt.
    Description: Published
    Description: 114-135
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Chile ; Bolivia ; Andes ; Fault ; Fold ; Tectonic phases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe the Miocene-Quaternary geological-structural evolution of the region between the Salar de Uyuni and de Atacama, Andes of Chile and Bolivia. We recognised four main tectonic events based on fold geometry, fault kinematics and stratigraphic data. The oldest event, of Miocene age, is characterized by folding and reverse faulting of the sedimentary successions with an E-W direction of shortening in the northern part of the studied area and a WNW-ESE shortening in the southern part. The following two events, of Pliocene age, are characterized by lower shortening amounts; they occurred first by reverse faulting with a NW-SE-trending greatest principal stress (1, computed with striated fault planes) and a vertical least principal stress (3), followed by pervasive strike-slip faulting with the same NW-SE-trending 1 and a horizontal NE-SW 3. The fourth event, dating to the late Pliocene-Quaternary is characterised by normal faulting: the 3 still trends NE-SW, whereas the intermediate principal stress 2 exchanged with 1. Volcanism accompanied both the contractional, transcurrent and extensional tectonic phases. The Mio-Pliocene compression appears directly linked to a rapid convergence and an apparently important coupling between the continental and oceanic plates. The E-W to WNW-ESE direction of shortening of the Miocene structures and the NW-SE 1 of the Pliocene structures seem to be more linked to an intra-Andean re-orientation of structures following the WNW-directed absolute motion of the South-American Plate. The extensional deformations can be interpreted as related to gravity forces affecting the highest parts of the volcanic belt in a sort of asymmetrical (SW-ward) collapse of the belt.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Chile ; Bolivia ; Andes ; tectonic phases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 42
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 53 no. 2, pp. 462-464
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: A large amount of unidentified material of the Neotropical genus Guatteria (Annonaceae) is lying on herbarium shelves around the world. Here twelve species are described in an attempt to reduce this amount of unidentified material. Next to this, previously unidentified material is now assigned to G. asplundiana, G. microcarpa, G. pastazae, and G. scalarinervia, four previously described but poorly known species, thus providing a clearer circumscription of these species. Furthermore, G. discolor and G. megalophylla appear to have a wider distribution than previously thought. Lastly, G. macrantha, a curious species only known from the type, is excluded from the genus and referred to Uvaria. With the description of twelve new species and the synonymizing of one, the total number of species in Guatteria adds up to over 300, thus rivalling Inga (Fabaceae) and Ocotea (Lauraceae) for the status of largest genus of Neotropical trees.
    Keywords: Annonaceae ; Guatteria ; Neotropics ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Colombia ; Ecuador ; Peru
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2007-09-22
    Description: Coupled climate-carbon cycle models suggest that Amazon forests are vulnerable to both long- and short-term droughts, but satellite observations showed a large-scale photosynthetic green-up in intact evergreen forests of the Amazon in response to a short, intense drought in 2005. These findings suggest that Amazon forests, although threatened by human-caused deforestation and fire and possibly by more severe long-term droughts, may be more resilient to climate changes than ecosystem models assume.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saleska, Scott R -- Didan, Kamel -- Huete, Alfredo R -- da Rocha, Humberto R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 26;318(5850):612. Epub 2007 Sep 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. saleska@email.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885095" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; Brazil ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Peru ; *Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; *Rain ; Seasons ; *Trees/metabolism ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1867.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Bolivia ; Female ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; *Indians, South American/history ; Life Expectancy ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality ; Population Groups/history
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 45
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    Unknown
    In:  Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants (0006-5196) vol.50 (2005) nr.3 p.555
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: We describe Hymenophyllum apteryx M. Kessler & Sundue, H. assurgens M. Kessler & A.R. Sm. and H. latisorum M. Kessler & A.R. Sm. as new to science.
    Keywords: Hymenophyllum ; Bolivia ; Andes
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 46
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 50 no. 3, pp. 555-560
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: We describe Hymenophyllum apteryx M. Kessler & Sundue, H. assurgens M. Kessler & A.R. Sm. and H. latisorum M. Kessler & A.R. Sm. as new to science.
    Keywords: Hymenophyllum ; Bolivia ; Andes
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reyes-Garcia, V -- Godoy, R -- Vadez, V -- Apaza, L -- Byron, E -- Huanca, T -- Leonard, W R -- Perez, E -- Wilkie, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 14;299(5613):1707.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tropical Conservation and Development Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637738" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; *Ethnobotany ; *Indians, South American ; *Knowledge ; Phytotherapy ; Plants, Edible ; Plants, Medicinal ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2049.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bertholletia/growth & development ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; *Nuts ; Peru ; Population Density ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schulze, Ernst-Detlef -- Mollicone, Danilo -- Achard, Frederic -- Matteucci, Giorgio -- Federici, Sandro -- Eva, Hugh D -- Valentini, Riccardo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 14;299(5613):1669.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Post Office Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; Brazil ; *Carbon ; *Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Greenhouse Effect ; International Cooperation ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: A comparative analysis of 23 populations of the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) across the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Bolivian Amazon shows that the history and intensity of Brazil nut exploitation are major determinants of population size structure. Populations subjected to persistent levels of harvest lack juvenile trees less than 60 centimeters in diameter at breast height; only populations with a history of either light or recent exploitation contain large numbers of juvenile trees. A harvesting model confirms that intensive exploitation levels over the past century are such that juvenile recruitment is insufficient to maintain populations over the long term. Without management, intensively harvested populations will succumb to a process of senescence and demographic collapse, threatening this cornerstone of the Amazonian extractive economy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peres, Carlos A -- Baider, Claudia -- Zuidema, Pieter A -- Wadt, Lucia H O -- Kainer, Karen A -- Gomes-Silva, Daisy A P -- Salomao, Rafael P -- Simoes, Luciana L -- Franciosi, Eduardo R N -- Cornejo Valverde, Fernando -- Gribel, Rogerio -- Shepard, Glenn H Jr -- Kanashiro, Milton -- Coventry, Peter -- Yu, Douglas W -- Watkinson, Andrew R -- Freckleton, Robert P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2112-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. C.Peres@uea.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684819" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bertholletia/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Statistical ; *Nuts ; Peru ; Population Density ; Principal Component Analysis ; Regression Analysis ; Time Factors ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2002-11-26
    Description: Mitochondrial DNA sequences isolated from ancient dog remains from Latin America and Alaska showed that native American dogs originated from multiple Old World lineages of dogs that accompanied late Pleistocene humans across the Bering Strait. One clade of dog sequences was unique to the New World, which is consistent with a period of geographic isolation. This unique clade was absent from a large sample of modern dogs, which implies that European colonists systematically discouraged the breeding of native American dogs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leonard, Jennifer A -- Wayne, Robert K -- Wheeler, Jane -- Valadez, Raul -- Guillen, Sonia -- Vila, Carles -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 22;298(5598):1613-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA. Leonard.Jennifer@NMNH.SI.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12446908" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic/classification/*genetics ; Bolivia ; Breeding ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Dogs/classification/*genetics ; Europe ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Mexico ; North America ; Peru ; Phylogeny ; Time ; Wolves/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Long sediment cores recovered from the deep portions of Lake Titicaca are used to reconstruct the precipitation history of tropical South America for the past 25,000 years. Lake Titicaca was a deep, fresh, and continuously overflowing lake during the last glacial stage, from before 25,000 to 15,000 calibrated years before the present (cal yr B.P.), signifying that during the last glacial maximum (LGM), the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru and much of the Amazon basin were wetter than today. The LGM in this part of the Andes is dated at 21,000 cal yr B.P., approximately coincident with the global LGM. Maximum aridity and lowest lake level occurred in the early and middle Holocene (8000 to 5500 cal yr B.P.) during a time of low summer insolation. Today, rising levels of Lake Titicaca and wet conditions in Amazonia are correlated with anomalously cold sea-surface temperatures in the northern equatorial Atlantic. Likewise, during the deglacial and Holocene periods, there were several millennial-scale wet phases on the Altiplano and in Amazonia that coincided with anomalously cold periods in the equatorial and high-latitude North Atlantic, such as the Younger Dryas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baker, P A -- Seltzer, G O -- Fritz, S C -- Dunbar, R B -- Grove, M J -- Tapia, P M -- Cross, S L -- Rowe, H D -- Broda, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):640-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Duke University, Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Durham, NC 27708, USA. pbaker@geo.duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11158674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Bolivia ; Diatoms ; *Fresh Water ; *Geologic Sediments ; Peru ; Plankton ; *Rain ; Temperature ; Time ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of economics 72 (2000), S. 275-294 
    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Keywords: human capital ; economic integration ; overlapping generations ; F15 ; J24
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the patterns of economic integration and endogenous growth in a two-country overlapping-generations world, in which the formation of children's human capital is financed by parents. It explores the influence of cross-border external effects in human capital on growth. Interestingly, world integration can enhance (reduce) long-run growth in both countries if cross-border external effects in human capital are sufficiently strong (weak).
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of economics 71 (2000), S. 133-147 
    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Keywords: vertical differentiation ; strategic effects ; intra-industry trade ; skilled-unskilled wage premia ; D4 ; J24 ; L13 ; L15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In a vertically differentiated Cournot oligopoly where the high-quality variant of the good requires the use of high-quality labor, firms may either all supply the same quality or differentiate their product. In differentiated configurations the number of firms choosing to supply the high-quality variant is generally above the optimum. The opening of trade between symmetric countries entails a pro-competitive effect that raises welfare through a reduction in average quality. This result contrasts with previous findings concerning the opening of trade in vertically differentiated oligopolistic industries (Gabszewicz, Shaked, Sutton, and Thisse,International Economic Review 22 [1981]; Shaked and Sutton, in Kierzkowski, ed.,Monopolistic Competition and International Trade, Oxford 1984).
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  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 13 (2000), S. 509-525 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J15 ; J31 ; J61 ; N11 ; Key words: United States immigration history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Early twentieth century observers argued that recent American immigrants were inferior, and in particular less skilled, than the old. I estimate wage equations for 1909 allowing for different effects by nationality and for different characteristics on arrival. I then apply the estimated wage differentials to the immigrant composition to measure the effect of changing composition on immigrant earnings. Finally I ask how immigrant earning power changed relative to that of native Americans. I conclude that immigrant “quality” in terms of earnings did decline due to shifting composition but these effects are very small compared with those reported in studies of the post-second World War period.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Anadenanthera ; Bolivia ; Centrolobium ; Copaifera ; regeneration ; tropical dry forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A comparative study of the regeneration ecology ofthree lesser-known leguminous timber species wasconducted in the seasonally dry forests of SantaCruz, Bolivia to determine species regenerationstrategies and make silvicultural recommendationsfor these species. The study included arepresentative from each subfamily of Leguminosae:Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell. Conc.) Benth.(Mimosaceae), Copaifera chodatiana Kunth.(Caesalpinaceae), and Centrolobium microchaeteC. Martius (Fabaceae). After production in themid-late dry season, seeds of all species sufferedhigh (〉30%) rates of predation. For seedssurviving predation, Anadenanthera germinatedwithin three days after the first rains and a highgermination capacity (82%), but most seedlings diedfrom inadequate light or during subsequent periodsof drought. Copaifera germinated more slowlybut had high germination capacity (85%). Centrolobium had very low germination capacity(4%) and germinative energy. Most successfulregeneration of Centrolobium occurred viasprouting from damaged roots on or near loggingroads where it had a density of 261 root sprouts/ha.Anadenanthera regenerated best from seedin areas with soil disturbance or burning. Theregeneration of these species will likely increaseunder more intensive logging and/or post-harvestcompetition control treatments in logging gaps. Themore shade-tolerant Copaifera is most suitedto the current regime of light selective logging,but all three species are likely to be responsive topost-harvest competition control treatments. Impacts of controlled and natural fire were mixed,but generally seedling regeneration and growth wereeither not significantly affected or were increasedby fire.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Bolivia ; carbon (C) cycle ; carbon offsets ; climatechange ; emission trading ; Kyoto Protocol ; land-use change and forestry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The Noel Kempff Climate Action Project in Bolivia, nowin its third year, is breaking ground to establishcredible and verifiable methods to quantify greenhousegas (GHG) benefits of land-use change and forestry (LUCF)projects. Developed under the United Nations FrameworkConvention Climate Change (FCCC) Activities ImplementedJointly pilot phase, the project conserves naturalforests that would otherwise have been subjected tocontinued logging and future agricultural conversion.Carbon (C) monitoring began with a C inventory of theproject area in 1997. The total amount of C in theproject area was 118 Tg (Tg = 1012g) ± 4%(95% confidence interval). Periodic monitoring ofrelevant C pools (occurring in 1999 and every 5 yrthereafter) occurs over the 30-year life of theproject to establish the difference between thewith-project and projected without-project scenarios. Permanent sample plots were established both insidethe project area to monitor changes in C pools overtime and in a proxy logging concession near theproject area to determine changes in C pools inforests that have been impacted by logging. Ground-based monitoring is complemented by datacollection on forest industry trends and land-usechange patterns. Remote sensing was used to developa vegetation stratification map of the area, and workis ongoing to investigate the potential application ofdual-camera aerial videography to improve theefficiency of monitoring over time.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 225 (2000), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Triuridaceae ; Triuridopsis intermedia ; Taxonomy ; myco-heterotrophic plants ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species ofTriuridopsis (Triuridaceae) is described. It shows a number of similarities to the genusTriuris. This is the first record of the family for Bolivia.
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    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: Amazonian rain forest-savanna boundaries are highly sensitive to climatic change and may also play an important role in rain forest speciation. However, their dynamics over millennial time scales are poorly understood. Here, we present late Quaternary pollen records from the southern margin of Amazonia, which show that the humid evergreen rain forests of eastern Bolivia have been expanding southward over the past 3000 years and that their present-day limit represents the southernmost extent of Amazonian rain forest over at least the past 50,000 years. This rain forest expansion is attributed to increased seasonal latitudinal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which can in turn be explained by Milankovitch astronomic forcing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayle, F E -- Burbridge, R -- Killeen, T J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2291-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK. fem1@leicester.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Pollen ; Rain ; Time Factors ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 215-272 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J21 ; J23 ; J31 ; Key words: Wages ; cohort size ; youth labor market
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Using two different measures of relative cohort size – one indicating the size and placement of an individual's own birth cohort, and the other, the ratio of young to prime age adults in the United States in that year – it has been possible to isolate strong effects of the population age structure on wages in the United States over the past thirty-three years. These effects have been strong enough that virtually all of the observed change in the experience premium, and a substantial proportion of the changes in the college wage premium, can be explained by the relative cohort size variables alone. Even changes in the amount of within-group variance in wages appear to be largely a function of changing age structure, and absolute wage levels have been strongly affected by these demographic changes, suggesting that population growth can have positive effects on the economy.
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    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 197-213 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J23 ; J24 ; J31 ; J32 ; J64 ; Key words: Youth unemployment ; employment ; employment subsidies ; adult unemployment ; overlapping generations models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Young people of working age tend to be particularly prone to labor market inefficiencies that keep their wages excessively high and their employment excessively low. These inefficiencies are usually magnified through unemployment benefit systems. This paper examines how these problems can be tackled through “employment vouchers,” i.e. hiring subsidies or tax breaks for the unemployed. It examines how vouchers to the young unemployed should differ from those to the adult unemployed. The employment vouchers considered here reduce unemployment and impose no cost on the government, since they are financed by the induced fall in government expenditures on unemployment benefits. Among other things, we find that young workers should receive lower vouchers as displacement of the old rises and as deadweight from providing vouchers to the old increases.
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  • 62
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    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 63-89 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Immigrants ; illegal aliens ; earning ; language skills ; legalized aliens ; JEL classification: J24 ; J31 ; J61 ; J15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper uses the data on males and females from the 1989 Legalized Population Survey (LPS), a sample of aliens granted amnesty under 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, to analyse English language proficiency and earnings. We use a model of English language proficiency that is based on economic incentives, exposure and efficiency variables that measure the costs and benefits of aquiring English language skills. Consistent with the model, in this sample of former illegal aliens, English language proficiency is greater for those with more schooling, who immigrated at a younger age, who have been in the United States longer, with a more continous stay, and who have less access to other origin language speakers where they live. Earnings are higher by about 8% for men and 17% for women who are proficient in both speaking and reading English, compared to those lacking both skills.
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  • 63
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    Human ecology 27 (1999), S. 135-165 
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Overlapping patchworks ; Mountain landscapes ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Overlapping patchworks of farm spatial units are characteristic of the mountain landscapes of Andean regions of Peru and Bolivia. Patchiness and overlap (200-600 m) are shaped by the broad tolerances of major crops, high variability/low predictability of habitat factors, multifaceted cropping rationales of cultivators including their linkages to extraregional influences, and, to varying extents, the sociospatial coordination of crop choice among farmers. Indian peasant farmers manage overlapping patchworks using a concept of farm spaces as loosely bounded. They apply a naming system to farm spatial units based primarily on topographic features in order to serve their cultural, social, and political purposes. Key processes suggest a regionalglobal model of overlapping patchworks. The model elucidates the roles of landscape flexibility and uncertainty in conservation-with-development. Implications are shown by farm units of diverse food plants and prospects for in situ conservation. Findings caution against universality of the zone model of mountain agriculture.
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 253-271 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J61 ; J24 ; J31 ; Key words: Immigrants ; language ; Israel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper uses the 1983 Census of Israel to analyze Hebrew speaking skills and the effects of Hebrew fluency on the earnings of adult male immigrants. Hebrew fluency increases with a longer duration in Israel, the presence of children in the household, marrying after immigration, living in an area in which a smaller proportion speak one‘s mother tongue, a younger age at migration, a higher level of schooling and varies by country of birth. Earnings increase monotonically with the use of Hebrew. Speaking English as a second language is associated with higher earnings, even when country of origin is held constant.
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J61 ; J24 ; J31 ; Key words: US immigrant assimilation ; cohort quality ; consequences of immigration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Empirical research on US immigrants is reviewed: their productivity and assimilation; their contribution and use of public services; and their impact on native Americans. I discuss the characteristics of cohorts of immigrants that enter the United States at different times, and then quantify the assimilation of immigrants, typically in terms of economic productivity of immigrants compared with natives. Few have found quantifiable negative effects of immigrants on native wages or unemployment in local labor markets, but a more general equilibrium approach than has been empirically implemented may be needed to draw any conclusions regarding the distributional consequences of immigration.
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pentafluorophenyluronium salts and related coupling reagents for the solid-phase synthesis of peptides and glycopeptides have been developed and employed in the synthesis of a glycopeptide sequence from the cell adhesion molecule E-CAD 1.
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    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Highly Reactive Trialkylsilylation Reagents Derived from Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide - Silylation of Functional Groups, Alkines and Reactive AromaticsThe synthesis of trialylsilyl-bis(trifluormethane-sulfonyl)imides 3 is described. Compounds 3 with bulky trialkylsilyl groups 3a,b only exist in the silatautomeric form 3a′, b′ under usual conditions, 3c in the N-trimethylsilyl structure. Despite of the bulky silyl substituents in 3a′, b′ their reactivity is higher than of trimethylsilyltriflate. Alcohols, carbonyl compounds, nitroalkanes and carboxylic acid esters are silylated in good yields, especially by the more reactive triisopropylsilyl derivative 3b′ in presence of tertiary amines. tert.-Butyl carboxylates and benzylcarboxylates are cleaved. Monosubstituted alkines and electron-rich (hetero) aromatics are carbosilylated in presence of N-ethyl-diisopropylamine.
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 544-550 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Amphiphilic and Mesogenic Carbohydrates. 10. Change of the Type of the Mesophase by Variation of the Acyl Chain of Amphiphilic Tetradecyl (N-acylamino)-2-deoxy-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranosidesThe homologous amphiphilic tetradecyl-2-(N-alkanoylamino)-2-deoxy-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranosides 5a-f were synthesized from the 2-(N-alkanoylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranoses 1a-f via the glucosyl chlorides 2a-f, the glucosyl isothiuronium chlorides 3a-f, and the acetylated thioglucosides 4a-f. On heating the amphiphiles 5a-f form different types of liquid crystalline phases in dependence of the length of the acyl chain, i.e. 5a and 5b form smectic phases, 5d-f form columnar mesophases. Polarisation microscopy, DSC-measurements and contact preparations were used to characterise the liquid crystaline phases.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cis or trans-glycidic esters 1 or 7 give ring transformations with hydrazines affording optically active 4-hydroxypyrazolidin-3-ones 3 and 4 or 6 or 9 and 10, respectively, in different regioselectivities. 4-Hydroxypyrazolidin-3-ones 3 and 9 can serve as precursors for enantiomerically pure β-amino-α-hydroxycarboxylic acid amides 5 and 11 by hydrogenation in the presence of Raney-Ni.
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 90-93 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998) 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of new 3,1′-bridged 2-[2′-(4″-dialkylaminophenyl)ethenyl]-4,6-diarylpyrylium perchlorates (3), 2-[2′-(4″-dialkylaminophenyl)ethenyl]-7-diethylamino-1-benzopyrylium perchlorates 5-8, 2-[4′-(4″-dialkylaminophenyl)butadien-1′,3″-yl]-, and 2-[2′-(7″-diethylaminocoumar-3″-yl)ethenyl]-7-diethylamino-1-benzopyrylium perchlorates 10-12 were synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analysis, m.p., Vis/NIR, and 1H NMR spectra. Semiempirical MO calculations were performed to elucidate the essential features of the chromophores. The size of the bridging ring strongly affects the geometry of the chromophores which, in turn, determines the extent of charge transfer of the longest wavelength electronic transition. Increasing deviation from planarity causes the polymethine-like chromophore to become more polyene-like.
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 256-263 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and stereochemical characteristics of pyrrolidino-, isoquinolino- and indolo-enaminones 2-11 are reported. The inhibition of cyclooxygenase was determined in a bovine thrombocyte intact cell assay and that of 5-lipoxygenase using intact bovine polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Except compound 2c′ which is a well-balanced dual inhibitor of both enzymes, all other enaminone derivatives are weak inhibitors of both cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase. Structure-activity relationships of the enaminones in relation to known anti-inflammatory drugs are discussed.
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 315-322 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Copper-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylcarbene transfer from methyl or tert-butyl diazoacetate to acyclic enaminoesters 6a,b and enaminocarboxanilide 13 yields vicinal push-pullsubstituted cyclopropanes 7a,b,8, and 14. In contact with dry silica gel, the latter compounds undergo facile ring-opening leading to enaminoesters 9, 10, and 15. Treatment with aqueous acid transforms 9 and 10 into 2-acylsuccinates 11 and 12, and 15 into pyrrolinone 16. Methoxycarbonylcarbene transfer to enaminoketones 1a-c does not yield isolable cyclopropanes, but after hydrolytic work-up α-acyl-γ-ketoesters 2a-c are obtained.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Iminium Salts in Quantitative Gas/Solid and Solid/Solid ReactionsIminium salts that are highly susceptible to hydrolysis are quantitatively prepared and reacted in the solid state without solvents or liquid phases. Atomic force microscopy AFM helps in elucidating the mechanism of these still unusual gas-solid and solid-solid syntheses by recording surface topographies of reacting crystals of L-histidine (10) and triphenylverdazyl (15). Various imines add gaseous HCl or HBr to form stable iminium halides (1, 3, 4, 5, 11) even if frozen liquids of very weak heterocyclic bases are treated at low temperatures. Another way for quantitative yields of iminium salt hydrates (6) starts with solid primary ammonium halides and gaseous acetone. o-Phenylenediamines (7) give quantitatively 1,5-benzodiazepines (9) by solid state cyclization of bis-iminium salt intermediates (8). Crystalline nitroxyls (12) and triphenylverdazyl (15) undergo stoichiometric one-electron transfer with gaseous NO2 or XeF2 to give nitrosonium (14) and azonium salts (17). The solid state chlorination of tetramethylthiuramdisulfide (18) or dimethylthiocarbamoylchloride (20) yields phosgene dimethyliminiumchloride (Viehe salt 21) in quantitative yield. Solid Viehe salt is quantitatively treated with gaseous Cl2 to give the trichloride 19 and solid SbCl5 or PCl5 to produce the hexachloroantimoniates (22), -phosphates (23). Solid brenzcatechol (24), mercaptobenzimidazole (27), p-nitroaniline (30), N-methylbenzothiazolone-2-hydrazone (34) and acetophenone (41) are treated with 21 to give the corresponding chloroiminium salts (25, 28, 31, 35, 43). p-Toluenesulfonamide (37) and 22 give the chloroiminium salt 38. These quantitative solid-solid reactions are most easily run in ball mills with cooling device. The “waste-free” techniques achieve exclusion of moisture in an elegant way. The preparative use of the versatile products with nucleophiles is indicated. The three-step solid-state mechanisms are discussed.
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  • 79
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By the reaction of N-acylthioureas 7 with 1,3-dichloroacetone 9 2-dialkylamino-5-chloroacetyl-thiazoles 11 are available. These compounds react with thioureas or arylthioamides under heterocyclisation to give bis-(2-dialkylamino-5-thiazolyl)-ketones 13, 2-aryl-4-(2-dialkylamino-5-thiazolyl)-thiazoles 14, or 2-dialkylamino-4-(2-dialkylamino-5-thiazolyl)-thiazoles 15, resp., from which the last-mentioned compound exhibit a high reactivity towards several electrophilic reagents. Thus, deeply colored cyanovinyl, arylazo, and arylmethine substituted bisthiazole dyes 17, 18, and 19, resp., have been formed.
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 393-407 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Heterobimetallic Complexes Containing 2-(Dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocenyl LigandsThe chemistry of heterobimetallic complexes containing the 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocenyl ligand is reviewed, including main group element, transition metal, and f-element derivatives. An overview on synthetic methods and molecular structures is given.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1-Substituted 3-hydroxy-1H-pyrazoles 1 react with chloroform, NaOH, and aceton resp. butan-2-one O-regiospecifically to yield 2-methyl-2-[(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)oxy]-propanoic resp. -butanoic acids 14 via a dichlorocarbene (12)-dichlorooxirane (9) pathway. Chlorides 17 of 14 easily cyclize to N-acylpyrazolium salts 18/19, which quantitatively afford esters 22-26 and amides 27-29 of 14. Enantiomers of the butanoic acid 14th, obtained via their diastereomeric cholesterol esters, differ in their stimulus to peroxisome proliferation. At 140 °C pyrazolium salts 18 undergo thermolysis to bicyclic β-oxa-γ-lactams 30-32. 3-Carboxyisoalkylamino-pyrazoles similarly give 1H-β-aza-γ-lactams 34. Reactions of 14 with surplus SOCl2 result in 6-chloro- 37 resp. 7-chloro-β-oxa-γ-lactams 38 via chlorosulfinylation and extrusion of SO, and in 4,4-bispyrazolyl-sulfoxide 39. A mild introduction of additional O-functions into pyrazoles affording 4,5-dihydro-3-hydroxy-5-oxo-1H-pyrazoles 52-57 is presented. Biological effects of the new pyrazoles are protection against shock and ADP-induced thromboembolism, reduction of serum lipids and improvement of blood flow.
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cyclization reactions of 2-vinylaniline derivatives, proceeding via anils, amides, imidic acid esters, ureas, thioureas, carbodiimides, formamidine ylids, sulfonamides or ketenes, leading to quinoline or indole derivatives, are described. In a short introduction interesting results from the literature, excluding our results, are presented. In the centre of this progress report our results on acid catalyzed reactions of 2-vinylanilines with aldehydes and ketones are discussed in a more detailed manner.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 7-Methyloctahydroacridines 7a-d were obtained by a one-pot imine condensation/Lewis acid-catalyzed cyclization from aniline derivatives 5a-d and aldehyde 6. Only those compounds 7 could be oxidized with DDQ to the corresponding octahydroacridine-7-carbaldehydes 9, which bear a meta-chloro or bromo substituent (with respect to the methyl group) in addition to the para-amino group (i.e. 7c,d → 9c,d). Aldehyde 9c was further converted to the novel tripodand 11 which was characterized by X-ray crystal structure analysis.
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  • 84
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ortho-, meta- and para-xylenes 1, 13a, 13b and 13c, with donor and acceptor substituents at the α- and α′ positions, lead to a remarkable variety of intermediates and reaction products after deprotonation of the benzylic proton. Thus, the reaction of para-(cyanomethyl)dialkyl[(methylthio)phenylmethylene]ammonium tetrafluoroborates 13a and 13b with sodium hydride affords the para-quinodimethanes 14a and 14b. Poly(meta-phenylenevinylene) 14c can be obtained when starting from 13c. We report the synthesis of para-quinodimethanes 14a and 14b and poly(meta-phenylenevinylene) 14c and describe a successive approach towards meta-phenylenevinylenes of definite length 16b and 17b starting from 12d. Moreover, we compare the stability and reactivity of para-quinodimethane 14a and 14b with those of the ortho-quinodimethane 2 and we focus on the characterization of the resulting donor and acceptor substituted compounds.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 430-436 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cathodic reduction of dibenzofuran (2), 2-chlorodibenzofuran (4), and 3-chlorodibenzofuran (1) in deuterated methanol is investigated. The Birch-type reduction product 1,4-dibenzofuran (3) is formed from 1 via 2, whereas 2-chloro-1,4-dihydrodibenzofuran (5) is obtained as by-product besides 3 from 4 as starting compound. Deuterium is only incorporated into the reduction products if CH3OD or CD3OD but not if CD3OH are used. This observation is strongly indicative of a polar mechanism involving protonation rather than a radical mechanism with hydrogen atom abstraction to be operative.
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  • 87
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two-phase Hydroformylation of Buta-1,3-diene and Hydrocarbon Mixtures Containing Buta-1,3-dieneThe two-phase hydroformylation of buta-1,3-diene with (HRh(CO)[P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3]3 the Kuntz catalyst system with excess P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3) gives high yields of C5-monoaldehydes. Main product in this mixture is the reactive trans- and cis-pent-3-enal. In consecutive reactions the pent-3-enal is partially hydrogenated to n-pentanal, but also-favoured by the protolytic milieu of the two-phase reaction- aldol condensated to 2-propenylheptadienal. The hydrogenation product of the propenylheptadienal, 2-propylheptanol-1, is a good plasticizer alcohol with a wanted low vapour pressure. Especially promising is the two-phase hydroformylation of the unrefined C4-fraction of the naphtha pyrolysis: after a more than 95 per cent conversion of the buta-1,3-diene also more than 80 per cent of the n-but-1-ene in the C4-fraction is hydroformylated mainly to wanted n-pentanal. Less than 5-10% of the n-but-2-enes and the isobutene in the C4-fraction react under these conditions to oxo-products (2- and 3-methylbutanal). Acetylenic compounds in the C4-fraction are converted quantitatively into products.
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  • 88
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 479-482 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 90
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998) 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 91
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 530-535 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of tricarbonyl(η5-cyclohexadienylium) iron tetrafluoroborate 3 with the methyl arylacetate 6, the dimethyl arylmalonate 12, and the di-tert-butyl arylmalonate 14 provides regio- and stereoselectively the tricarbonyliron-complexed 5-arylmethylcyclohexa-1,3-dienes 7, 13 and 15.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The partially diethylamino substituted phenyl-chloromono- and -disilanes Cl2Ph(NEt2)Si(2) Cl2Ph(NEt2)2Si(3), [ClPh(NEt2)Si-]2 (7) and Cl(NEt2)PhSi—SiPh(NEt2)2 (8) were synthesized. 3 and 8 are able to react with lithium powder to form the corresponding silyllithium compounds. The resulting species were characterized in solution by 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. To prove the expected substitution patterns of the silyllithium compounds some coupling reactions with chlorosilanes were carried out and the resulting new oligosilanes were characterized by means of NMR spectroscopy and MS.
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  • 93
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 576-577 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The exclusive O-alkylation reaction of hydroxy-phenothiazine 3 and hydroxy-diphenylamine derivates 1 and 2 by PTC without solvent is described.
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  • 94
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 585-585 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 4,5-Disubstituted N-phenyl-isothiazolium salts 1 with active 5-methyl group react under the influence of anilines to form 3,4-disubstituted isothiazolium salts 3. The influence of donor and acceptor substituents in the 2-phenyl group of 1a-h and in the anilines 2 on the ring transformation were studied. The structure of the new salts was confirmed by X-ray analysis. The 3-hydroperoxy-2,3-dihydro-isothiazole 1,1-dioxides (12a,d) and the isothiazole-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxides (14a,d) are obtained by oxidation of salts 3 with H2O2.
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  • 96
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 642-648 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2,6-Dimethoxy-(4a), 2,6-bis(dimethylamino)-(4b), 2,6-dichloro- (4c) and 2,6-dimethoxycarbonyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene (4d) were prepared by conventional methods and used as hydrogen transfer donors to α-methylstyrene (5) between 290-350 °C. The mechanism followed second order kinetics and the rate constants were only slightly influenced by the solvent polarity and the type of substituents introduced. The activation parameters are also closely similar in the series with ΔS≠ values between -21 and -28 cal/mol K. These results, together with the observation of a large isotope effect (kH/kD = 1.4-2.0 at 310-350 °C), suggest that the mechanism involves a primary kinetic H-atom-transfer from the donors to α-methylstyrene (5) in the rate determining step. The compounds 4a-4d constitute a new probe for investigating polar effects on H-transfer reactions.
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  • 97
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 669-675 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies on Stereoselective Electrophiic CyanationThe enantioselective, electrophilic cyanation of the enolates of 2-substituted 1-tetralones 3 is described. Enantiomerically pure 2-cyanato-1,1′-binaphthyl derivatives 2, 6a and b are used as cyanating agents. The influence of solvent, temperature, additives and the method of enolate formation are investigated. Best results are obtained with 48% ee in the case of compound 2 and 60% ee in the case of compound 6b if the enolate is prepared from the corresponding silyl enol ether 7 and Toluene is used as solvent.
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  • 98
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998) 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 99
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 733-737 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: L-Malic acid (2) reacts with trifluoroacetic anhydride under anhydrous conditions to give (S)-trifluoroacetoxy-succinic acid anhydride (3). The anhydride 3 undergoes regioselective ring opening with an excess of anilines or primary aliphatic amines leading to N-substituted-(S)-3-hydroxy-succinamic acids (4a-g). Structural elucidation of the reaction products 4a-g was based on analytical and spectroscopic data and on an X-ray structure analysis of 4b. Secondary aliphatic amines react with 3 by condensation and subsequent elimination to furnish N,N′-disubstituted fumaric acid amides 5a, b. Some N-substituted-2-hydroxysuccinamic acids (7a,b) were also prepared for spectral comparison with the 3-hydroxy compounds.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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