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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (1,012)
  • General Chemistry  (643)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (457)
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  • 1995-1999  (2,800)
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  • 1998  (2,800)
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  • 1995-1999  (2,800)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved protein refolding using hollow-fibre membrane dialysis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 57 (1998), S. 590-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: protein refolding ; hollow-fibre membrane ; dialysis ; carbonic anhydrase ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We have used a cellulose acetate, hollow-fibre (HF) ultrafiltration membrane to refold bovine carbonic anhydrase, loaded into the lumen space, by removing the denaturant through controlled dialysis via the shell side space. When challenged with GdnHCl-denatured carbonic anhydrase, 70% of the loaded protein reptated through the membrane into the circulating dialysis buffer. Reptation occurred because the protein, in its fully unfolded configuration, was able to pass through the pores. The loss of carbonic anhydrase through the membrane was controlled by the dialysis conditions. Dialysis against 0.05 M Tris-HCl for 30 min reduced the denaturant around the protein to a concentration that allowed the return of secondary structure, increasing the hydrodynamic radius, thus preventing protein transmission. Under these conditions a maximum of 42% of carbonic anhydrase was recovered (from a starting concentration of 5 mg/mL) with 94% activity. This is an improvement over refolding carbonic anhydrase by simple batch dilution, which gave a maximum reactivation of 85% with 35% soluble protein yield. The batch refolding of carbonic anhydrase is very sensitive to temperature; however, during HF refolding between 0 and 25°C the temperature sensitivity was considerably reduced. In order to reduce the convection forces that give rise to aggregation and promote refolding the dialyzate was slowly heated from 4 to 25°C. This slow, temperature-controlled refolding gave an improved soluble protein recovery of 55% with a reactivation yield of 90%. The effect of a number of additives on the refolding system performance were tested: the presence of PEG improved both the protein recovery and the recovered activity from the membrane, while the detergents Tween 20 and IGEPAL CA-630 increased only the refolding yield. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 57: 590-599, 1998.
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    Metabolic engineering (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 119-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstract.
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  • 3
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    Activity losses among T4 lysozyme variants after adsorption to colloidal silica (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 658-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: T4 lysozyme ; silica nanoparticles ; synthetic enzyme variants ; surface-induced conformational change ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Maintaining a specific molecular conformation is essential for the proper functioning of an enzyme. A substantial loss of catalytic activity can occur from the displacement caused by even a single amino acid substitution. Activity may also be lost as an enzyme undergoes a conformational change during adsorption. In this study, we investigated the effect of thermostability on the activities of three T4 lysozyme variants after adsorption to 9 nm colloidal silica particles. Less-stable T4 lysozyme variants lost more activity after adsorption than did more stable variants, apparently because they experienced more extensive structural alteration. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58: 658-662, 1998.
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    On-line metabolic pathway analysis based on metabolic signal flow diagram (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: metabolic engineering ; pathway analysis ; metabolic and energetic model ; physiological state ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work, an integrated modeling approach based on a metabolic signal flow diagram and cellular energetics was used to model the metabolic pathway analysis for the cultivation of yeast on glucose. This approach enables us to make a clear analysis of the flow direction of the carbon fluxes in the metabolic pathways as well as of the degree of activation of a particular pathway for the synthesis of biomaterials for cell growth. The analyses demonstrate that the main metabolic pathways of Saccharomyces cerevisiae change significantly during batch culture. Carbon flow direction is toward glycolysis to satisfy the increase of requirement for precursors and energy. The enzymatic activation of TCA cycle seems to always be at normal level, which may result in the overflow of ethanol due to its limited capacity. The advantage of this approach is that it adopts both virtues of the metabolic signal flow diagram and the simple network analysis method, focusing on the investigation of the flow directions of carbon fluxes and the degree of activation of a particular pathway or reaction loop. All of the variables used in the model equations were determined on-line; the information obtained from the calculated metabolic coefficients may result in a better understanding of cell physiology and help to evaluate the state of the cell culture process. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:139-148, 1998.
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    Experimental determination of group flux control coefficients in metabolic networks (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Metabolic Control Analysis ; flux control coefficients ; top down MCA ; metabolic engineering ; Corynebacterium glutamicum ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Grouping of reactions around key metabolite branch points can facilitate the study of metabolic control of complex metabolic networks. This top-down Metabolic Control Analysis is exemplified through the introduction of group (flux, as well as concentration) control coefficients whose magnitudes provide a measure of the relative impact of each reaction group on the overall network flux, as well as on the overall network stability, following enzymatic amplification. In this article, we demonstrate the application of previously developed theory to the determination of group flux control coefficients. Experimental data for the changes in metabolic fluxes obtained in response to the introduction of six different environmental perturbations are used to determine the group flux control coefficients for three reaction groups formed around the phosphoenolpyruvate/pyruvate branch point. The consistency of the obtained group flux control coefficient estimates is systematically analyzed to ensure that all necessary conditions are satisfied. The magnitudes of the determined control coefficients suggest that the control of lysine production flux in Corynebacterium glutamicum cells at a growth base state resides within the lysine biosynthetic pathway that begins with the PEP/PYR carboxylation anaplorotic pathway. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:149-153, 1998.
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    Application of mathematical tools for metabolic design of microbial ethanol production (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 154-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: central carbon pathways ; metabolic optimization ; ethanol production ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many attempts to engineer cellular metabolism have failed due to the complexity of cellular functions. Mathematical and computational methods are needed that can organize the available experimental information, and provide insight and guidance for successful metabolic engineering. Two such methods are reviewed here. Both methods employ a (log)linear kinetic model of metabolism that is constructed based on enzyme kinetics characteristics. The first method allows the description of the dynamic responses of metabolic systems subject to spatiotemporal variations in their parameters. The second method considers the product-oriented, constrained optimization of metabolic reaction networks using mixed-integer linear programming methods. The optimization framework is used in order to identify the combinations of the metabolic characteristics of the glycolytic enzymes from yeast and bacteria that will maximize ethanol production. The methods are also applied to the design of microbial ethanol production metabolism. The results of the calculations are in qualitative agreement with experimental data presented here. Experiments and calculations suggest that, in resting Escherichia coli cells, ethanol production and glucose uptake rates can be increased by 30% and 20%, respectively, by overexpression of a deregulated pyruvate kinase, while increase in phosphofructokinase expression levels has no effect on ethanol production and glucose uptake rates. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:154-161, 1998.
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    Multiple mechanisms controlling carbon metabolism in bacteria (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 170-174 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: catabolite repression ; phosphotransferase system ; inducer exclusion ; inducer expulsion ; protein kinase ; transcriptional regulation ; transport regulation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Catabolite repression is a universal phenomenon, found in virtually all living organisms. These organisms range from the simplest bacteria to higher fungi, plants, and animals. A mechanism involving cyclic AMP and its receptor protein (CRP) in Escherichia coli was established years ago, and this mechanism has been assumed by many to serve as the prototype for catabolite repression in all organisms. However, recent studies have shown that this mechanism is restricted to enteric bacteria and their close relatives. Cyclic AMP-independent mechanisms of catabolite repression occur in other bacteria, yeast, plants, and even E. coli. In fact, single-celled organisms such as E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibit multiple mechanisms of catabolite repression, and most of these are cyclic AMP-independent. The mechanistic features of the best of such characterized processes are briefly reviewed, and references are provided that will allow the reader to delve more deeply into these subjects. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:170-174, 1998.
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    How will bioinformatics influence metabolic engineering? (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 162-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: bioinformatics ; metabolic engineering ; genetic engineering ; mathematical analysis ; stoichiometry ; enzyme kinetics ; modal analysis ; genetic circuits ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ten microbial genomes have been fully sequenced to date, and the sequencing of many more genomes is expected to be completed before the end of the century. The assignment of function to open reading frames (ORFs) is progressing, and for some genomes over 70% of functional assignments have been made. The majority of the assigned ORFs relate to metabolic functions. Thus, the complete genetic and biochemical functions of a number of microbial cells may be soon available. From a metabolic engineering standpoint, these developments open a new realm of possibilities. Metabolic analysis and engineering strategies can now be built on a sound genomic basis. An important question that now arises; how should these tasks be approached? Flux-balance analysis (FBA) has the potential to play an important role. It is based on the fundamental principle of mass conservation. It requires only the stoichiometric matrix, the metabolic demands, and some strain specific parameters. Importantly, no enzymatic kinetic data is required. In this article, we show how the genomically defined microbial metabolic genotypes can be analyzed by FBA. Fundamental concepts of metabolic genotype, metabolic phenotype, metabolic redundancy and robustness are defined and examples of their use given. We discuss the advantage of this approach, and how FBA is expected to find uses in the near future. FBA is likely to become an important analysis tool for genomically based approaches to metabolic engineering, strain design, and development. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:162-169, 1998.
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    Artificial promoters for metabolic optimization (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: control analysis ; Lactococcus lactis ; gene expression ; flux ; oligonucleotide ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this article, we review some of the expression systems that are available for Metabolic Control Analysis and Metabolic Engineering, and examine their advantages and disadvantages in different contexts. In a recent approach, artificial promoters for modulating gene expression in micro-organisms were constructed using synthetic degenerated oligonucleotides. From this work, a promoter library was obtained for Lactococcus lactis, containing numerous individual promoters and covering a wide range of promoter activities. Importantly, the range of promoter activities was covered in small steps of activity change. Promoter libraries generated by this approach allow for optimization of gene expression and for experimental control analysis in a wide range of biological systems by choosing from the promoter library promoters giving, e.g., 25%, 50%, 200%, and 400% of the normal expression level of the gene in question. If the relevant variable (e.g., the flux or yield) is then measured with each of these constructs, then one can calculate the control coefficient and determine the optimal expression level. One advantage of the method is that the construct which is found to have the optimal expression level is then, in principle, ready for use in the industrial fermentation process; another advantage is that the system can be used to optimize the expression of different enzymes within the same cell. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:191-195, 1998.
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    Engineering protein-based machines to emulate key steps of metabolism (biological energy conversion) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 175-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: protein-based polymers ; inverse temperature transitions ; hydrophobic-induced pKa shifts ; waters of hydrophobic hydration ; five axioms for protein engineering; microwave dielectric relaxation ; a universal mechanism for biological energy conversion ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Metabolism is the conversion of available energy sources to those energy forms required for sustaining and propagating living organisms; this is simply biological energy conversion. Proteins are the machines of metabolism; they are the engines of motility and the other machines that interconvert energy forms not involving motion. Accordingly, metabolic engineering becomes the use of natural protein-based machines for the good of society. In addition, metabolic engineering can utilize the principles, whereby proteins function, to design new protein-based machines to fulfill roles for society that proteins have never been called upon throughout evolution to fulfill.This article presents arguments for a universal mechanism whereby proteins perform their diverse energy conversions; it begins with background information, and then asserts a set of five axioms for protein folding, assembly, and function and for protein engineering. The key process is the hydrophobic folding and assembly transition exhibited by properly balanced amphiphilic protein sequences. The fundamental molecular process is the competition for hydration between hydrophobic and polar, e.g., charged, residues. This competition determines Tt, the onset temperature for the hydrophobic folding and assembly transition, Nhh, the numbers of waters of hydrophobic hydration, and the pKa of ionizable functions.Reported acid-base titrations and pH dependence of microwave dielectric relaxation data simultaneously demonstrate the interdependence of Tt, Nhh and the pKa using a series of microbially prepared protein-based poly(30mers) with one glutamic acid residue per 30mer and with an increasing number of more hydrophobic phenylalanine residues replacing valine residues. Also, reduction of nicotinamides and flavins is shown to lower Tt, i.e., to increase hydrophobicity.Furthermore, the argument is presented, and related to an extended Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, wherein reduction of nicotinamides represents an increase in hydrophobicity and resulting hydrophobic-induced pKa shifts become the basis for understanding a primary energy conversion (proton transport) process of mitochondria. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:175-190, 1998.
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    Generating controlled reducing environments in aerobic recombinant Escherichia coli fermentations: Effects on cell growth, oxygen uptake, heat shock protein expression, and in vivo CAT activity (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 248-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase (CAT) ; Culture Redox Potential (CRP) ; Dithiothreitol (DTT) ; reducing agents ; molecular chaperones ; proteases ; heat shock ; stress response ; protein folding ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The independent control of culture redox potential (CRP) by the regulated addition of a reducing agent, dithiothreitol (DTT) was demonstrated in aerated recombinant Escherichia coli fermentations. Moderate levels of DTT addition resulted in minimal changes to specific oxygen uptake, growth rate, and dissolved oxygen. Excessive levels of DTT addition were toxic to the cells resulting in cessation of growth. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity (nmoles/μg total protein min.) decreased in batch fermentation experiments with respect to increasing levels of DTT addition. To further investigate the mechanisms affecting CAT activity, experiments were performed to assay heat shock protein expression and specific CAT activity (nmoles/μg CAT min.). Expression of such molecular chaperones as GroEL and DnaK were found to increase after addition of DTT. Additionally, sigma factor 32 (σ32) and several proteases were seen to increase dramatically during addition of DTT. Specific CAT activity (nmoles/μg CAT min.) varied greatly as DTT was added, however, a minimum in activity was found at the highest level of DTT addition in E. coli strains RR1 [pBR329] and JM105 [pROEX-CAT]. In conjunction, cellular stress was found to reach a maximum at the same levels of DTT. Although DTT addition has the potential for directly affecting intracellular protein folding, the effects felt from the increased stress within the cell are likely the dominant effector. That the effects of DTT were measured within the cytoplasm of the cell suggests that the periplasmic redox potential was also altered. The changes in specific CAT activity, molecular chaperones, and other heat shock proteins, in the presence of minimal growth rate and oxygen uptake alterations, suggest that the ex vivo control of redox potential provides a new process for affecting the yield and conformation of heterologous proteins in aerated E. coli fermentations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59: 248-259, 1998.
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    A review of experimental measurements of effective diffusive permeabilities and effective diffusion coefficients in biofilms (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 261-272 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: effective diffusive permeability ; diffusion coefficient ; biofilm ; cell density ; review ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental measurements of effective diffusive permeabilities and effective diffusion coefficients in biofilms are reviewed. Effective diffusive permeabilities, the parameter appropriate to the analysis of reaction-diffusion interactions, depend on solute type and biofilm density. Three categories of solute physical chemistry with distinct diffusive properties were distinguished by the present analysis. In order of descending mean relative effective diffusive permeability (De/Daq) these were inorganic anions or cations (0.56), nonpolar solutes with molecular weights of 44 or less (0.43), and organic solutes of molecular weight greater than 44 (0.29). Effective diffusive permeabilities decrease sharply with increasing biomass volume fraction suggesting a serial resistance model of diffusion in biofilms as proposed by Hinson and Kocher (1996). A conceptual model of biofilm structure is proposed in which each cell is surrounded by a restricted permeability envelope. Effective diffusion coefficients, which are appropriate to the analysis of transient penetration of nonreactive solutes, are generally similar to effective diffusive permeabilities in biofilms of similar composition. In three studies that examine diffusion of very large molecular weight solutes ( 〉 5000) in biofilms, the average ratio of the relative effective diffusion coefficient of the large solute to the relative effective diffusion coefficient of either sucrose or fluorescein was 0.64, 0.61, and 0.36. It is proposed that large solutes are effectively excluded from microbial cells, that small solutes partition into and diffuse within cells, and that ionic solutes are excluded from cells but exhibit increased diffusive permeability (but decreased effective diffusion coefficients) due to sorption to the biofilm matrix. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:261-272, 1998.
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    II. Electrostatic effect in the aggregation of heat-denatured RNase A and implications for protein additive design (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 281-285 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: protein aggregation ; RNase A ; protein formulation ; protein additives ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the previous study (part I), heat-denatured RNase A aggregation was shown to depend on the solution pH. Interestingly, at pH 3.0, the protein did not aggregate even when exposed to 75°C for 24 h. In this study, electrostatic repulsion was shown to be responsible for the absence of aggregates at that pH. While RNase A aggregation was prevented at the extremely acidic pH, this is not an environment conducive to maintaining protein function in general. Therefore, attempts were made to confer electrostatic repulsion near neutral pH. In this study, heat-denatured RNase A was mixed with charged polymers at pH 7.8 in an attempt to provide the protein with excess surface cations or anions. At 75°C, SDS and dextran sulfate were successful in preventing RNase A aggregation, whereas their cationic, nonionic, and zwitterionic analogs did not do so. We believe that the SO3- groups present in both additives transformed the protein into polyanionic species, and this may have provided a sufficient level of electrostatic repulsion at pH 7.8 and 75°C to prevent aggregation from proceeding. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:281-285, 1998.
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    An experimental and modeling study on the removal of mono-chlorobenzene vapor in biotrickling filters (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 328-343 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: biotrickling filters ; biotrickling filter modeling ; mono-chlorobenzene ; biodegradation kinetics of mono-chlorobenzene ; chlorinated VOC emissions ; biofiltration ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Removal of mono-chlorobenzene (m-CB) vapor from airstreams was studied in a biotrickling filter (BTF) operating under counter-current flow of the air and liquid streams. Experiments were performed under various values of inlet m-CB concentration, air and/or liquid volumetric flow rates, and pH of the recirculating liquid. Conversion of m-CB was never below 70% and at low concentrations exceeded 90%. A maximum removal rate of about 60 gm-3-reactor h-1 was observed. Conversion of m-CB was found to increase as the values of liquid and air flow rate increase and decrease, respectively. The effects of pH and frequency of medium replenishment on BTF performance were also investigated. The process was successfully described with a detailed mathematical model, which accounts for mass transfer and kinetic effects based on m-CB and oxygen availability. Solution of the model equations yielded m-CB and oxygen concentration profiles in all three phases (airstream, liquid, biofilm). It is predicted that oxygen has a controling effect on the process at high inlet m-CB concentrations. From independent, suspended culture, experiments it was found that m-CB biodegradation follows Andrews inhibitory kinetics. The kinetic constants were found to remain practically unchanged after the culture was used in BTF experiments for 8 months. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:328-343, 1998.
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    Effect of some operating variables on citrate recovery from model solutions by electrodialysis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 344-350 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: electrodialysis ; citric acid ; pH ; temperature ; Faraday efficiency ; solute recovery efficiency ; specific energy consumption ; solute flux ; water flux ; feed solute concentration ; electric current density ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of pH and temperature (θ) on the overall performance indicators (i.e., solute recovery, ρ, and Faraday, η, efficiencies; specific energy consumption, ε, solute, JS, and water, JW, fluxes) of batch electrodialytic recovery of citric acid from model solutions was assessed at different values of feed solute concentration (cSf) and electric current density (j). Regardless of the initial feed concentration used, ρ and JS were found to be independent of θ; η and JW exhibited a positive trend with respect to θ, while ε a negative one. At the maximum temperature tested (33°C), as the pH of the feed solution was varied from 3 to 7, ρ increased from 0.90 ± 0.08 to 0.97 ± 0.02, η grew from 0.09 ± 0.02 to 0.50 ± 0.01, JS practically doubled, ε reduced about 8 times, but JW increased from 3 to 4 times. So, the optimal conditions for this technique are to be determined by balancing the savings in the investment and maintenance costs against the energy costs. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:344-350, 1998.
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    Stability and activity modulation of chymotrypsins in AOT reversed micelles by protein-interface interaction: Interaction of α-chymotrypsin with a negative interface leads to a cooperative breakage of a salt bridge that keeps the catalytic active conformation (Ile16-Asp194) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 360-363 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: chymotrypsin ; enzyme stability ; reversed micelles ; interface ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stability of α-chymotrypsin and δ-chymotrypsin was studied in reversed micelles of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) in isooctane. α-Chymotrypsin is inactivated at the interface and at the water pool, while δ-chymotrypsin is inactivated only at the water pool. The mechanism of inactivation at the interface is related to the interaction of N-terminal group alanine 149 (absent in δ-chymotrypsin) with the negative interface. The dependence of enzyme activity on water content of these two enzymes in reversed micelles of AOT is also related with the interface interaction, since δ-chymotrypsin does not have a bell-shaped curve as observed for α-chymotrypsin. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:360-363, 1998.
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    High-density perfusion culture of insect cells with a BioSep ultrasonic filter (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 351-359 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: bioreactor ; high density ; insect cells ; perfusion ; Sf9 ; ultrasonic filter ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The baculovirus/insect cell expression system has provided a vital tool to produce a high level of active proteins for many applications. We have developed a very high-density insect cell perfusion process with an ultrasonic filter as a cell retention device. The separation efficiency of the filter was studied under various operating conditions. A cell density of over 30 million cells/mL was achieved in a controlled perfusion bioreactor and cell viability remained greater than 90%. Sf9 cells from a high-density culture and a spinner culture were infected with two recombinant baculoviruses expressing genes for the production of human chitinase and monocyte-colony inhibition factor. The protein yield on a cell basis from infecting high-density Sf9 cells was the same as or higher than that from the spinner Sf9 culture. Virus production from the high-density culture was similar to that from the spinner culture. The results show that the ultrasonic filter did not affect insect cells' ability to support protein expression and virus production following infection with baculovirus. The potential applications of the high-density perfusion culture for large-scale protein expression from Sf9 cells are also highlighted. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:351-359, 1998.
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    Prevention of marine biofouling using a conductive paint electrode (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 374-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: conductive paint electrode ; prevention of marine biofouling ; fishing net ; alternating potential ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conductive paint electrode was used for marine biofouling on fishing nets by electrochemical disinfection. When a potential of 1.2 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was applied to the conductive paint electrode, Vibrio alginolyticus cells attached on the electrode were completely killed. By applying a negative potential, the attached cells were removed from the surface of the electrode. Changes in pH and chlorine concentration were not observed at potentials in the range -0.6 ∼1.2 V vs. SCE. In a field experiment, accumulation of the bacterial cells and formation of biofilms on the electrode were prevented by application of an alternating potential, and 94% of attachment of the biofouling organisms was inhibited electrically on yarn used for fishing net coated with conductive paint. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:374-378, 1998.
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    Mass transfer studies on immobilized α-chymotrypsin biocatalysts prepared by deposition for use in organic medium (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 364-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: porous supports ; internal and external diffusion ; active site accessibility ; enzyme loading ; kinetically controlled dipeptide synthesis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer limitations were studied in enzyme preparations of α-chymotrypsin made by deposition on different porous support materials such as controlled pore glasses, Celite, and polyamides of different particle sizes. It is the onset of mass transfer limitations that determines the position of the activity optimum with respect to enzyme loading on each support. The evidence of various experiments indicates that internal diffusional limitations are the important mechanism for the observed mass transfer limitations. External diffusion was not found to play an important role under the conditions used, and it was also found that when immobilizing multilayers of enzyme the buried enzyme molecules are active to a large extent. An extreme situation is observed on Celite at very high loadings. Under these conditions, this support is expected to have its pores completely filled with packed enzyme molecules, and then it is the diffusion within the enzyme layer that determines the observed rate. As the enzyme loading increases, the area of contact between the deposited enzyme layers and the liquid solution inside the pores diminishes, causing a decrease on the observed rate of an intrinsically fast reaction which apparently is incongruous with the presence of more enzyme in the system. This work shows that mass transfer limitations can be an important factor when working with immobilized enzymes in organic media, and its study should be carried out in order to avoid undesired reduced enzyme activities and specificities. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:364-373, 1998.
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    Degradation of perchloroethylene and dichlorophenol by pulsed-electric discharge and bioremediation (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 438-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: bioremediation ; plasma discharge ; dichlorophenol degradation ; perchloroethylene degradation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pulsed electric discharge (PED) and bioremediation were combined to create a novel two-stage system which dechlorinates the halogenated pollutants, 2,4-dichlorophenol and perchloroethylene, with repetitive (0.1-1 kHz), short pulse (∼100 ns), low voltage (40-80 kV) discharges and then mineralizes the less chlorinated products with aerobic bacteria. A 6.1 mM aqueous dichlorophenol sample was cycled through the PED reactor (60 kV of applied pulsed voltage and 300 Hz) 6 times, resulting in the release of 55% of the initial dichlorophenol chloride ions (1 mM Cl- removed each cycle). The respective average specific efficiency is 0.4-0.6 keV/(Cl- molecule). Pseudomonas mendocina KR1, which grows in minimal medium supplemented with phenol but not with dichlorophenol, increased in cell density in all cultures supplemented with the PED-treated DCP samples and yielded a maximum of two-fold additional Cl- released compared to the PED-related alone. The number of PED-treatment cycles, voltage, and frequency were also varied, showing that both cell densities and overall dichlorophenol dechlorination were highly dependent upon the number of PED-treatment cycles, rather than the tested voltages and frequencies. Using this two-stage treatment system, PED released 31% of the initial chloride ions from dichlorophenol (after three cycles at 40-45 kV and 1.2 kHz) while P. mendocina KR1 in the second stage increased dechlorination to 90%. These results were corroborated by the 35% additional chloride release found with activated sludge cultures. Perchloroethylene (0.6 mM) was similarly treated in a first-stage PED reactor (80% chloride removal after four cycles) followed by biodegradation of the dechlorinated products with a recombinant toluene o-monooxygenase-expressing Pseudomonas fluorescens strain. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that the PED reactor created less-chlorinated byproducts (i.e., trichloroethylene) that were removed (74%) upon exposure to the recombinant bacterium. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:438-444, 1998.
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    Antisense strategies for glycosylation engineering of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 445-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: CHO cells ; glycosylation engineering ; antisense ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Novel glycoproteins, inaccessible by other techniques, can be obtained by metabolic engineering of the oligosaccharide biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, alteration of cell-surface oligosaccharides can change the properties of receptors involved in cell-cell adhesion. Sialyl Lewis X (sLex) is a cell-surface oligosaccharide determinant which is specifically expressed on granulocytes and monocytes and which interacts with selectins to influence leukocyte trafficking, thrombosis, inflammation, and cancer. Antisense technology targeting fucosyltransferase VI (Fuc-TVI), an enzyme necessary for the synthesis of the sLex in engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, has reduced Fuc-TVI activity, sLex synthesis, and adhesion to endothelial cells. Antisense methodology to reduce targeted activity in oligosaccharide biosynthesis or other pathways is an important addition to CHO cell metabolic engineering capabilities. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:445-450, 1998.
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    Analysis of protein fouling during ultrafiltration using a two-layer membrane model (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 451-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: protein fouling ; membrane transport ; ultrafiltration ; adsorption ; filtration ; composite membrane ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Protein fouling can significantly alter both the flux and retention characteristics of ultrafiltration membranes. There has, however, been considerable controversy over the nature of this fouling layer. In this study, hydraulic permeability and dextran sieving data were obtained both before and after albumin adsorption and/or filtration using polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes. The dextran molecular weight distributions were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography to evaluate the sieving characteristics over a broad range of solute size. Protein fouling caused a significant reduction in the dextran sieving coefficients, with very different effects seen for the diffusive and convective contributions to dextran transport. The changes in dextran sieving coefficients and diffusive permeabilities were analyzed using a two-layer membrane model in which a distinct protein layer is assumed to form on the upstream surface of the membrane. The data suggest that the protein layer formed during filtration was more tightly packed than that formed by simple static adsorption. Hydrodynamic calculations indicated that the pore size of the protein layer remained relatively constant throughout the adsorption or filtration, but the thickness of this layer increased with increasing exposure time. These results provide important insights into the nature of protein fouling during ultrafiltration and its effects on membrane transport. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:451-460, 1998.
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    Contribution of protein charge to partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 461-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: aqueous two-phase separation ; protein partitioning ; T4 lysozyme ; electrochemical partitioning ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Protein partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems based on phase-forming polymers is strongly affected by the net charge of the protein, but a thermodynamic description of the charge effects has been hindered by conflicting results. Many of the difficulties could be because of problems in isolating electrochemical effects from other interactions of phase components.We explored charge effects on protein partitioning in poly(ethylene glycol)-dextran two-phase systems by using two series of genetically engineered charge modifications of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme produced in Escherichia coli. The two series, one in the form of charged-fusion tails and the other in the form of charge-change point mutations, provided matching net charges but very different polarity. Partition coefficients of both series were obtained and interfacial potential differences of the phase systems were measured. Multi-angle laser light scattering measurements were also performed to determine second virial coefficients. A semi-empirical model accounting for the roles of both charge and non-charge effects on protein partitioning behavior is proposed, and the results predicted from the model are compared to the results from the experiments. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:461-470, 1998.
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    Ammonium ion and glucosamine dependent increases of oligosaccharide complexity in recombinant glycoproteins secreted from cultivated BHK-21 cells (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 57 (1998), S. 518-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: ammonium ; UDP-GlcNAc ; N -glycosylation ; BHK-21 cells ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of different ammonium concentrations and glucosamine on baby hamster kidney (BHK)-21 cell cultures grown in continuously perfused double membrane bioreactors was investigated with respect to the final carbohydrate structures of a secretory recombinant glycoprotein. The human interleukin-2 (IL-2) mutant glycoprotein variant IL-Mu6, which bears a novel N-glycosylation site (created by a single amino acid exchange of Gln100 to Asn), was produced under different defined protein-free culture conditions in the presence or absence of either glutamine, NH4Cl, or glucosamine. Recombinant glycoprotein products were purified and characterized by amino acid sequencing and carbohydrate structural analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, and methylation analysis. In the absence of glutamine, cells secreted glycoprotein forms with preponderantly biantennary, proximal fucosylated carbohydrate chains (85%) with a higher NeuAc content (58%). Under standard conditions in the presence of 7.5 mM glutamine, complex-type N-glycans were found to be mainly biantennary (68%) and triantennary structures (33%) with about 50% containing proximal α1-6-linked fucose; 37% of the antenna were found to be substituted with terminal α2-3-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid. In the presence of 15 mM exogenously added NH4Cl, a significant and reproducible increase in tri- and tetraantennary oligosaccharides (45% of total) was detected in the secretion product. In glutamin-free cultures supplemented with glucosamine, an intermediate amount of high antennary glycans was detected. The increase in complexity of N-linked oligosaccharides is considered to be brought about by the increased levels of intracellular uridine diphosphate-GlcNAc/GalNAc. These nucleotide sugar pools were found to be significantly elevated in the presence of high NH3/NH4+ and glucosamine concentrations. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 57: 518-528, 1998.
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    Metabolic modeling of polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthesis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 57 (1998), S. 557-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Alcaligenes eutrophus ; polyhydroxyalkanoates ; metabolic engineering ; mathematical modeling ; enzyme kinetics ; regulation of metabolism ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model describing intracellular polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus has been constructed. The model allows investigation of issues such as the existence of rate-limiting enzymatic steps, possible regulatory mechanisms in PHB synthesis, and the effects different types of rate expressions have on model behavior. Simulations with the model indicate that activities of all PHB pathway enzymes influence overall PHB flux and that no single enzymatic step can easily be identified as rate limiting. Simulations also support regulatory roles for both thiolase and reductase, mediated through AcCoA/CoASH and NADPH/NADP+ ratios, respectively. To make the model more realistic, complex rate expressions for enzyme-catalyzed reactions were used which reflect both the reversibility of the reactions and the reaction mechanisms. Use of the complex kinetic expressions dramatically changed the behavior of the system compared to a simple model containing only Michaelis-Menten kinetic expressions; the more complicated model displayed different responses to changes in enzyme activities as well as inhibition of flux by the reaction products CoASH and NADP+. These effects can be attributed to reversible rate expressions, which allow prediction of reaction rates under conditions both near and far from equilibrium. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 57: 557-570, 1998.
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    Enhanced secretion of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor directed by a novel hybrid fusion peptide from recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae at high cell concentration (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 57 (1998), S. 600-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: rhG-CSF ; fusion protein ; secretion efficiency ; glycosylation ; multimer ; conformation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The synthesis and secretion of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) are investigated in fed-batch cultures at high cell concentration of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and some important characteristics of the secreted rhG-CSF are demonstrated. Transcription of the recombinant gene is regulated by a GAL1-10 upstream activating sequence (UASG), and the rhG-CSF is expressed in a hybrid fusion protein consisting of signal sequence of Kluyveromyces lactis killer toxin and N-terminal 24 amino acids of human interleukin 1β. The intracellular KEX2 cleavage leads to excretion of mature rhG-CSF into extracellular culture broth, and the cleavage process seems to be highly efficient. In spite of relatively low copy number the plasmid propagation is stably maintained even at nonselective culture conditions. The rhG-CSF synthesis does not depend on galactose level, whereas the production of extracellular rhG-CSF was significantly enhanced by increasing the inducer concentration above a certain level and also by supplementing the nonionic surfactant to the culture medium, which is notably due to the enhanced secretion efficiency. Various immunoblotting analyses demonstrate that none of the rhG-CSF is accumulated in the cell wall fraction and that a significant amount of intracellular rhG-CSF antibody-specific immunoreactive proteins is located in the ER. A core N-glycosylation at fused IL-1β fragment is likely to play a critical role in directing the high-level secretion of rhG-CSF, and the O-glycosylation of secreted rhG-CSF seems nearly negligible. Also the extracellular rhG-CSF is observed to exist as various multimers, and the nature of molecular interaction is evidently not the covalent disulfide bridges. The CD spectra of purified rhG-CSF and Escherichia coli-derived standard show that the conformations of both are similar and are almost identical to that reported for natural hG-CSF. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 57: 600-609, 1998.
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    Protein refolding by reversed micelles utilizing solid-liquid extraction technique (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 57 (1998), S. 620-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: protein refolding ; reversed micelles ; solid-liquid extraction ; RNase A ; DNA ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article reports that a reversed micellar solution is useful for refolding proteins directly from a solid source. The solubilization of denatured RNase A, which had been prepared by reprecipitation from the denaturant protein solution, into reversed micelles formulated with sodium di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) has been investigated by a solid-liquid extraction system. This method is an alternative to the ordinary protein extraction in reversed micelles based on the liquid-liquid extraction. The solid-liquid extraction method was found to facilitate the solubilization of denatured proteins more efficiently in the reversed micellar media than the ordinary phase transfer method of liquid extraction. The refolding of denatured RNase A entrapped in reversed micelles was attained by adding a redox reagent (reduced and oxidized glutathion). Enzymatic activity of RNase A was gradually recovered with time in the reversed micelles. The denatured RNase A was completely refolded within 30 h. In addition, the efficiency of protein refolding was enhanced when reversed micelles were applied to denatured RNase A containing a higher protein concentration that, in the case of aqueous media, would lead to protein aggregation. The solid-liquid extraction technique using reversed micelles affords better scale-up advantages in the direct refolding process of insoluble protein aggregates. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 57: 620-623, 1998.
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    Identification and control of oxidative metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during transient growth using calorimetric measurements (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 57 (1998), S. 610-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: dynamic model ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; oxidative capacity ; feedback control ; calorimetry ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to characterize the dynamic adaptation of the oxidative capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to an increase in the glucose supply rate and its implications for the control of a continuous culture designed to produce biomass without allowing glucose to be diverted into the reductive metabolism. Continuous cultures subjected to a sudden shift-up in the dilution rate showed that the glucose uptake rate increased immediately to the new feeding rate but that the oxygen consumption could not follow fast enough to ensure a completely oxidative metabolism. Thus, part of the glucose assimilated was degraded by the reductive metabolism, resulting in a temporary decrease of biomass concentration, even if the final dilution rate was below Dcrit. The dynamic increase of the specific oxygen consumption rate, qO2, was characterized by an initial immediate jump followed by a first-order increase to the maximum value. It could be modeled using three parameters denoted qjumpO2, qmaxO2, and a time constant τ. The values for the first two of the parameters varied considerably from one shift to another, even when they were performed under identical conditions. On the basis of this model, a time-dependent feed flow rate function was derived that should permit an increase in the dilution rate from one value to another without provoking the appearance of reductive metabolism. The idea was to increase the glucose supply in parallel with the dynamic increase of the oxidative capacity of the culture, so that all of the assimilated glucose could always be oxidized. Nevertheless, corresponding feed-profile experiments showed that deviations in the reductive metabolism could not be completely suppressed due to variability in the model parameters. Therefore, a proportional feedback controller using heat evolution rate measurements was implemented. Calorimetry provides an excellent and rapid estimate of the metabolic activity. Satisfactory control was achieved and led to constant biomass yields. Ethanol accumulated only up to 0.49 g L-1 as compared to an accumulation of 1.82 g L-1 without on-line control in the shift-up experiment to the same final dilution rate. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 57: 610-619, 1998.
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    Establishment of an apoptosis-resistant and growth-controllable cell line by transfecting with inducible antisense c-Jun gene (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: c-jun ; cell cycle ; apoptosis ; antisense ; growth deprivation ; F-MEL ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: F-MEL cells were transfected with the c-jun antisense gene located downstream of a glucocorticoid-inducible MMTV promoter, and the obtained cells were named c-jun AS cells. When the c-jun AS cells were treated with dexamethasone (DEX) in DMEM supplemented with 10% serum, the growth of the cells was completely suppressed for a duration of 16 days with a high cell viability exceeding 86%. The c-jun expression in the c-jun AS cells was suppressed moderately in the absence of DEX and strongly in the presence of DEX. The c-jun AS cells grew well and reached a density of 106 cells/mL without supplementation of any serum components. Viability was greater than 80% after the cells had been cultured for 8 days in the absence of DEX. The c-jun AS cells stayed at a constant cell density and high viability above 80% for 8 days when they were cultured in the presence of DEX under serum deprivation. In contrast, the wild type F-MEL cells were unable to grow and died by apoptosis in 3 days under serum deprivation. Internucleosomal cleavage of DNA, a landmark of apoptosis, was clearly detectable. Thus the c-jun AS cell line that is resistant to apoptosis induced by serum deprivation and can reversibly and viably be growth-arrested was established. A dual-signal model was proposed to explain the experimental result, the interlinked regulation of apoptosis, and growth by c-jun.© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:65-72, 1998.
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    Deactivation and conformational changes of cutinase in reverse micelles (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 380-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: reverse micelles ; cutinase ; deactivation ; conformational changes ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Deactivation data and fluorescence intensity changes were used to probe functional and structural stability of cutinase in reverse micelles. A fast deactivation of cutinase in anionic (AOT) reverse micelles occurs due to a reversible denaturation process. The deactivation and denaturation of cutinase is slower in small cationic (CTAB/1-hexanol) reverse micelles and does not occur when the size of the cationic reverse micellar water-pool is larger than cutinase. In both systems, activity loss and denaturation are coupled processes showing the same trend with time. Denaturation is probably caused by the interaction between the enzyme and the surfactant interface of the reversed micelle. When the size of the empty reversed micelle water-pool is smaller than cutinase (at W0 5, with W0 being the water:surfactant concentration ratio) a three-state model describes denaturation and deactivation with an intermediate conformational state existing on the path from native to denaturated cutinase. This intermediate was clearly detected by an increase in activity and shows only minor conformational changes relative to the native state. At W0 20, the size of the empty water-pool was larger than cutinase and the data was well described by a two-state model for both anionic and cationic reverse micelles. For AOT reverse micelles at W0 20, the intermediate state became a transient state and the deactivation and denaturation were described by a two-state model in which only native and denaturated cutinase were present. For CTAB/1-hexanol reverse micelles at W0 20, the native cutinase was in equilibrium with an intermediate state, which did not suffer denaturation. 1-Hexanol showed a stabilizing effect on cutinase in reverse micelles, contributing to the higher stabilities observed in the cationic CTAB/1-hexanol reverse micelles. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:380-386, 1998.
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    Diastereomerically Pure 1,2-Diols by Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions of 3-Oxetanols - A Study Directed Towards the Identification of Suitable Nucleophiles and the Elucidation of Possible Side Reactions (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2161-2169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Photocycloaddition ; Ring opening ; Oxetanes ; 1,2-Diols ; Alkyldealkoxylation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ring opening of 3-isopropyl-2-phenyl-3-oxetanol (2a) by various nucleophiles has been studied. In the presence of BF3 as a Lewis acid, a clean reaction at the less substituted C-4 position was observed and the corresponding 1,2-diols 6-11 and 21-23 were isolated in diastereomerically pure form (47-97% yield). Alkyl-, aryl-, alkynyl- and alkenyllithium compounds proved to be suitable carbon nucleophiles. Deprotonated thiols were used as sulfur nucleophiles. An alkoxide derived from benzyl alcohol and an amide derived from benzylamine reacted less readily under these conditions, yielding the 1,2,3-trifunctional compounds 24 (42% yield) and 26 (54% yield). Other 2-phenyl-3-oxetanols such as 2b and 2c can also be employed as electrophiles, whereas 2-anisyl derivatives preferentially undergo rearrangement reactions, as exemplified by the conversion of oxetane 16 to the hydroxy ketone 17 (84% yield). The superior behaviour of 3-oxetanols as compared to their silyl derivatives in reactions with nucleophiles became evident from the reaction of 3-silyloxyoxetane 1a with alkyllithium reagents. A β elimination occurred upon treatment with nBuLi, which, after pericyclic ring opening and addition of nBuLi, yielded the allylic alcohol 20.
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    Fluorescence Quenching of Ester-Substituted DBO-Type Azoalkanes by Olefins and Arenes: Electronic and Steric Effects, Exciplex Formation and Hydrogen Abstraction (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2177-2179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Azoalkanes ; DBO ; Fluorescence quenching ; Exciplexes ; Hydrogen transfer ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The fluorescence of the DBO derivatives 1-3 is efficiently quenched by olefins and arenes, exciplex formation and hydrogen transfer operate as quenching mechanisms. The electron-accepting ester groups in the azoalkanes 1-3 promote significantly more effective quenching compared to the parent DBO. Steric hindrance accounts for the differences in the quenching efficiencies, but electronic effects dominate
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    Fragmentation Reactions of Quaternized γ-Amino Alcohols - Diastereoselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Oxetanes and Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones with a (Z)-C—C Double Bond (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2185-2191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Mannich bases ; γ-Amino alcohols ; Grob fragmentation ; (Z)-Alkenes ; Oxetanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quaternized γ-amino alcohols 5 derived from ternary iminium salts 2 are stereospecifically converted into both unsaturated aldehydes/ketones 6 with a (Z)-C—C double bond in a Grob-type fragmentation and highly functionalized oxetanes 7 by intramolecular substitution.
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    An Asymmetric Domino Three-Component Synthesis of β-Lactams (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2201-2207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Antibiotics ; Asymmetric synthesis ; β-Lactams ; Michael additions ; Multicomponent reactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lithium dialkylcuprates react either in a sequential one-pot or in a domino “three-component” fashion with chiral Michael acceptors, like Oppolzer's N-enoyl-2,10-camphorsultams 7 and 11 or ‘Evans’ N-enoyl-4-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones 8 and 13, and N-(methoxycarbonylmethylidene)(4-methoxyphenyl)amine 9 to afford the corresponding cis-3-alkyl-4-methoxycarbonyl-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)azetidin-2-ones 10, 14-15 in overall yields of 40-67% and enantiomeric excesses of 91-99%.
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    Reactions of 3-Nitro-ν-benzylideneacetophenone with Carbanions Containing Leaving Groups (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2229-2235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: 3-Nitro-ω-benzylideneacetophenone ; Carbanions ; Michael addition ; Intramolecular vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 3-Nitro-ω-benzylideneacetophenone (1) reacts with carbanions containing leaving groups to give addition products to the electrophilic side chain. As a result of conjugated addition and subsequent intramolecular vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen (VNS) in the nitroaromatic ring of 1 in the position para to the nitro group, 4-cyano-7-nitro-3-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-one and 4-cyano-7-nitro-3-phenylnaphth-1-ol are obtained. Smooth intramolecular VNS in the position para to the nitro group was observed for 4-chloro-1-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-4-(p-tosyl)butanol.
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    Structure of the Dimers Obtained From the Reduction of 1-Benzyl-3,5-bis(dialkylcarbamoyl)pyridinium Ions - Models of NAD+ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2237-2243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Conformation analysis ; Electrochemistry ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Dimerization ; Mechanism ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In aqueous media the one-electron reduction of the title compounds on a mercury pool generally gives rise to three dimers, which are distinguishable by HPL chromatography. From spectroscopic analyses it has been possible to propose a structure for these conformers and their stability has been studied. Two conformers are unstable, yielding the third conformer. A mechanism is proposed for this transformation.
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    Nucleotide Delivery from cycloSaligenyl-3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine Monophosphates (cycloSal-AZTMP) (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 837-846 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: AZT ; cycloSal-pro-nucleotide ; Prodrugs ; Nucleotide delivery ; HIV chemotherapy ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The application of our cycloSaligenyl- (cycloSal) pronucleotide concept to the approved anti-HIV dideoxynucleoside 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine AZT (1) is reported. This pro-nucleotide concept has been designed to deliver the corresponding 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine monophosphate AZTMP (2) by selective chemical hydrolysis from the lipophilic precursors cycloSal-AZTMP 4a-h. All derivatives 4a-h were synthesized using differently substituted salicyl alcohols 7a-h as starting materials. In hydrolysis studies, compounds 4 decomposed selectively releasing AZTMP (2) and the salicyl alcohols 7 following the designed tandem reaction. Furthermore, due to the electronic properties introduced by substituents, the half-lives of the triesters 4 could be ajusted over a wide range. Phosphotriesters 4 exhibited considerable biological activity in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected wild-type human T-lymphocyte (CEM/O) cells, whereas, contrary to our expectations, nearly all activity was lost in HIV-2 infected thymidine-kinase-deficient CEM cells.
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    A Constrained Diketopiperazine as a New Scaffold for the Synthesis of Peptidomimetics (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 853-859 
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    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: N-Alkylation ; Diketopiperazine building block ; Peptidomimetics ; RGD analogues ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As a new scaffold for peptidomimetic synthesis, a highly constrained bifunctional diketopiperazine, 4, has been prepared by smooth N-alkylation with tert-butyl bromoacetate. As a first application, we describe herein the synthesis of new peptidomimetics of the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence. The product 30, which shows a selective platelet-aggregation inhibiting activity, can be used as a lead for the preparation of more potent products.
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    On the Reaction of Aminoxyls with Dioxiranes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 871-876 
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    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Dioxirane ; Homolysis, induced ; Aminoxyl ; Oxidation ; Spin-trapping ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the reactions of dimethyldioxirane (1a) and methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (1b) with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (2) (TEMPO) in acetone, the corresponding methoxyamine 1-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (5) is produced in ≥98% yield, both in air and under N2, and in the absence or presence of a hydrocarbon (adamantane). Kinetic experiments show that aminoxyl 2 triggers the radical decomposition of the dioxirane, in addition to scavenging methyl radicals derived therefrom. The reactions of an aminoxyl less prone to oxidation, namely 1,2-dihydro-2-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-indol-3-one-1-oxyl (4), with dioxiranes 1a and 1b in acetone have also been studied. In these cases, not only is the corresponding methoxyamine 8a produced (yield 12-16%), but quinoneimine-N-oxides 10 (yield 12-21%) and 11 (yield 18-19%) are also formed. Furthermore, significant amounts (8-14%) of the amine 9 (the product of deoxygenation of 4) can be isolated. These observations provide useful information concerning the free-radical mechanism that follows the initial attack by the aminoxyl at the dioxirane.
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    A Blue Excitable Charge-Transfer Fluorescent Probe and Its Fluorogenic Derivative (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2373-2377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Charge-transfer fluorescence ; Fluorogenic probe ; Fluorescence labelling ; Maleimide group ; Solvatochromism ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structural modification of the highly fluorescent donor-bridge-acceptor molecule “Fluoroprobe” (FP) is shown to extend the excitation window to longer wavelengths. The resulting “Fluorotrope” (FT) shows appreciable absorption in the 350-420-nm range, so that visible (blue) light can be used for excitation. Further functionalization with a maleimide group results in the novel fluorogenic reagent MaleimidoFluorotrope (MFT) which yields fluorescent adducts with amines, thiols and other reactive groups that add to the double bond of the maleimide. The fluorescence wavelength of these adducts is extremely sensitive to the polarity and mobility of the medium.
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    Polylithiated β-Peptides: like-Selective C-Terminal Alkylation of Boc-β-HVal-β-HAla-β-HLeu-OMe (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2379-2387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: β-Peptides ; Polylithiation of peptides ; Li-enolates of peptides ; Back-bone alkylation of β-peptides ; Diastereoselective alkylation of β-peptide enolates ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of N-Boc-protected β-tripeptide derivatives with or without N-methyl groups and with free or Me-ester-protected C terminus has been prepared (8-14, 16, 17). As with α-peptides (→ A), the β-peptide derivatives can be polylithiated (→ B, C). No epimerization of stereogenic centers and no β elimination (exception 17 → 24) is observed upon treatment with bases as strong as tBuLi. The C terminal ester Li-enolate moiety of tetralithio β-tripeptides (cf. C) can be selectively alkylated with methyl, benzyl and allyl halides, and with tert-butyl bromoacetate in yields ranging from 35-80% (8 → 18, 14 → 20-23).
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    Synthesis of Analogues of Brassinosteroids from Chenodeoxycholic Acid (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2405-2407 
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    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Natural products ; Steroids ; Chenodeoxycholic acid ; Brassinosteroid analogues ; Biological activity ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of two new bioactive analogues of brassinosteroids with a 24-hydroxylated cholanic side chain, an A/B ring cis-junction and oxygenated functions in C-7 is described.
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    Syntheses and Properties of S2-Bridged Benzidines (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2409-2416 
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    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Sulfur heterocycles ; Rearrangements ; Reductions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of 1,2-benzodithiino[5,4,3-cde][1,2]benzodithiin-2,7-diamine (1) and dithio-bridged benzidine 2 have been achieved. The starting material for the synthesis of 1 was 1,3-diiodo-5-nitrobenzene (15) which was transformed by conventional means into 1,2-bis[3,5-bis(ethylthio)phenyl]diazane (19). The benzidine rearrangement of 19 in the presence of HBF4 at -30 °C yielded 4,4′-diamino-2,2′,6,6′-tetraethylthiobiphenyl (20) in 50 % yield. Treatment of 20 with sodium in ammonia and work-up in the presence of air yielded 1. The latter compound could be reduced with LiAlH4 to the tetrathiol 20a. The starting material for the preparation of 2 was 3-chloro-1-iodo-5-nitrobenzene (23), a side product of the preparation of 15. It was transformed analogously to the preparation of 1 into 1,2-bis(3-ethylthiophenyl)diazane (28). The benzidine rearrangement of 28 in presence of HBF4 at -30 °C afforded 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-bis(ethylthio)biphenyl (29) in 49 % yield. Treatment of 29 with sodium in ammonia and work-up under aerobic conditions yielded 2. Quantitative reduction of 2 to the thiol 29a could be achieved with LiAlH4. The reversible electrochemical reduction of 1 on unmodified glassy carbon electrodes leads to a product to which the structure of 3 was assigned.
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    Stereoelectronic Inhibition of Deprotonation in the Radical Cation of N-Benzylpiperidine: a Contribution to the Debate on the Mechanism of N-Dealkylation of Tertiary Amines (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2425-2429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: N-Heterocycles ; Porphyrins ; Radical cations ; N-Dealkylation ; Stereoelectronic effects ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Evidence for a stereoelectronic inhibition of deprotonation of the radical cation of N-benzylpiperidine is presented. This stereoelectronic effect, which is due to the cyclic structure of the precursor, provides a tool to differentiate hydrogen-atom- versus electron-transfer routes in the biomimetic oxidative N-dealkylation of tertiary amines: the electron-transfer route appears to be the operating mechanism.
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    (-)-(M,7S)-Colchicine and (-)-(M,7S)-10-Ethylthiocolchicide/Alkyne Cycloaddition Reactions: Synthesis of Novel Colchicine Derivatives by Consecutive [4+2] and [3+2] Cycloadditions (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2451-2460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Colchicine ; 10-Ethylthiocolchicide, diene properties of ; π-Facial diastereoselectivity ; Consecutive [4+2],[3+2] cycloadditions ; Atropisomerism ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cycloaddition reactions of the facially dissymmetric diene moiety of (-)-(M,7S)-colchicine (5) and (-)-(M,7S)-10-ethylthiocolchicide (9) to various alkynes have been studied. With 5 and the dienophilic benzyne (3), dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) (4) and cyclooctyne (6) as starting materials all cycloadditions could be realized with high regioselectivity at the 8,12-positions of the alkaloid. The approach of the dienophiles preferentially occurred toward the syn π-face of the diene. In contrast to the cycloaddition mode of 5 the ethylthiocolchicide 9 surprisingly reacted in a different manner. With benzyne as starting material a novel [3+2] cycloaddition of the thioenol ether moiety of 9 towards the dipolarophilic benzyne is supposed, affording the unexpected colchicide 10 after [1,5]H shift of the primarily formed cycloadduct followed by cleavage of the C-S linkage. With DMAD (4) and cyclooctyne (6) the reaction course is more complex. In a consecutive [4+2]/[3+2] cycloaddition (or vice versa) followed by a thermally induced cycloreversion of a not identified intermediate DMAD (4) gives rise to the polycyclic thiophene derivative 13 and the novel allocolchicinoid 14. In a similar way cyclooctyne (6) yielded three products, the thiophene-annulated homobarrelenones 18 and 19 and the tetracyclic allocolchicinoid 21. The structures of the novel colchicine derivatives were assigned on the basis of spectral data, those of the cycloadducts 1 and 19 were verified by X-ray crystallography. For the unprecedented formation of the various allocolchicinoids by consecutive [4+2]/[3+2] cycloadditions plausible reaction pathways are suggested, as far as possible. In addition the inhibitory effects on the tubulin polymerization reaction in vitro of 10, 14, and 21 are reported.
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    Exploration of High-Pressure Cycloadducts of Furans and Citraconic Anhydride as Precursors for CD-Ring Fragments of Paclitaxel and Its Analogues (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2483-2492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Paclitaxel (Taxol®) ; Paclitaxel CD-ring ; High-pressure Diels-Alder reactions ; Furan cycloadditions ; Ether cleavage in 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The high-pressure promoted Diels-Alder reactions between several furans and citraconic anhydride have been studied and the cycloadducts obtained have been explored in new straightforward routes to the CD-ring fragment of paclitaxel. The reaction between furan and citraconic anhydride afforded the exo cycloadduct diastereoselectively, whereas a variety of 2-substituted furans afforded approximate 1:1 mixtures of exo regioisomers. Separation of both regioisomers was accomplished after either diastereoselective esterification or regioselective reduction of the anhydride function. Ether cleavage of the bicyclic compounds by either high-pressure promoted ether cleavage or Boord elimination afforded several potential CD-ring precursors which can be used in the total synthesis of paclitaxel analogues.
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    An Improved Method for the endo-Fusion of Five-Membered Ring Lactones to the Bornane Ring System (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2507-2511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Camphoracetyl chloride ; Lactols, fused ; Lactones, fused ; Pseudoacid chlorides ; Reagents, stereoselective ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: endo-Fused lactone 3 was obtained in high yield from the camphoracetic acid 2 with thionyl chloride and a subsequent reduction of intermediate 5 with tributyltin hydride. The structure of 5 was elaborated and some aspects of the mechanism of its formation and reactivity were investigated. Lactone 3 serves as key intermediate for lactol 1 which is a useful reagent in racemate resolution and asymmetric synthesis.
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    Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Pyridines and 3,3′-Bridged Bipyridines Using 1,x-Cyclohexanediones (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2609-2615 
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    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Supramolecular chemistry ; Domino reactions ; Bipyridines ; 1,x-Cyclohexanediones ; Mannich bases ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A one-pot reaction using 1,x-cyclohexanediones, a Mannich base (or its hydrochloride), and ammonium acetate delivers novel pyridines or 3,3′-bridged bipyridine compounds 8, 16, 18, 20, and 22. This strategy offers a great flexibility in the design of new building blocks, e.g. in supramolecular chemistry and underlines the efficiency of domino reactions.
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    Fluorinated Analogs of Retinoids: Stereocontrolled Synthesis Employing Fluoroisoprenoidal Horner Ylides (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2603-2607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Fluoro analogs of vitamin A ; Horner-Wittig reaction ; Fluoroisoprenoid building blocks ; Stereoselectivity ; Hydrolysis of chlorofluorocyclopropanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An improved method for the preparation of ethyl 2-fluoro-3-methyl-2-butenoate (3) is described. The two stereoisomers [(E)-4 and (Z)-4] obtained after γ-bromination can be separated and can be individually converted into the corresponding diethyl phosphonates. The PO-ylides generated by α-deprotonation of the latter lose their stereochemical integrity by rapid torsional equilibration of the ester tail. Thus, Horner-Wittig reactions accomplished with benzaldehyde and (Z)- or (E)-(β-ionylidene)-acetaldehyde lead inevitably to stereorandomization at the terminal, ethoxycarbonyl-bearing double bond affording (E)- and (Z)-isomers in 50:50 to 15:85 ratios, depending on the reaction conditions. The new double bond, however, is formed with perfect trans-selectivity.
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    Cyclization of 3-Aminoacrylates - Total Synthesis of Pumiliotoxin C and Related Stereoisomeric Compounds (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2641-2646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Total synthesis/Pumiliotoxin ; PTX-C ; PTX isomers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is described for the synthesis of pumiliotoxin C (1a) and related stereoisomeric compounds 1c-1f. Starting from (+)- or (-)-3-methylcyclohexanone (6a,b), the oxo esters 7a and 7b were prepared. Condensation with (+)- or (-)-3-aminohexanol (8a,b) gave the stereoisomeric 3-aminoacrylates 9a, 9b and 9c. The hydroxy group of the amino-acrylates was transformed into bromide using the tosylate method. Cyclization of the bromides led to unsaturated quinoline ring systems. Finally, decarboxylation and catalytic hydrogenation gave the different cis- and trans-fused stereoisomeric alkaloids of the pumiliotoxin C type. The structures were verified by X-ray analysis.
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    Synthesis of 3,7-Disubstituted 9-Thiatricyclo[3.3.1.03,7]nonane-1,5-dithiol Derivatives and Crystal Structure of Tetramethyl 3(4aH)-Oxo-1,4-dihydrophenanthro[9,10-a]pentalene-1,2,4,4a-tetracarboxylate (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2647-2650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Lawesson's reagent ; Thiolation of cyclic ketones ; Anchimeric effect ; cis-Bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3,7-diones ; 9-Thiatricyclo[3.3.1.03,7]nonane ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple and efficient approach to the 9-thiatricyclo[3.3.1.03,7]nonane ring system (5) has been found by treating cis-bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3,7-diones (1) with Lawesson's reagent or phosphorus pentasulfide. When dione 1 is treated with Lawesson's reagent tetramethyl 3(4aH)oxo-1,4-dihydrophenanthro[9,10-a]pentalene-1,2,4,4a-tetracarboxylate (6) is obtained as a by-product as shown by X-ray structural analysis.
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    Synthesis of Chiral 4-(ω-Hydroxyalkyl)pyrazolidin-3-ones by Ring-Chain Transformation of α-Alkylidenelactones with Hydrazines (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2667-2672 
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    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Pyrazolidin-3-ones ; Optical activity ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Ring transformation ; Hydrazines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantiopure α-alkylidenelactones 7 were prepared by a Wittig reaction from α-bromolactones 4 and chiral aldehydes 6. Compounds 7 react with hydrazines 9 by stereoselective Michael-like addition and ring-chain transformation affording optically active 4-(ω-hydroxyalkyl)pyrazolidin-3-ones 11.
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    A Novel Concept for Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Reactions: Electron Transfer under Buffered Protic Conditions (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2673-2676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Aromatic aldehydes ; Pinacol coupling ; Radical reactions ; Reagent control ; Titanium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel concept for conductingtransition-metal-catalyzed radical reactions that allows highly diastereoselective titanocene-catalyzed pinacol couplings is described.
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    Synthesis of Spirolactones from the Limonene System (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2677-2682 
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    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Terpenoid lactones ; Antifeedants ; Limonene ; Claisen rearrangement ; Iodolactonization ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four enantiomeric pairs of spirolactones were obtained in a four step synthesis from (+) and (-) limonene. The Claisen rearrangement and iodolactonization were the key steps of the syntheses presented. The structures of products were confirmed by X-ray crystallography of 11, 18b, and 19.
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    Functionalisation of the 1-Phosphanorbornadiene Structure at the C2 Position by Stille Cross-Coupling Reactions (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2683-2687 
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    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Phosphole ; Phosphanorbornadiene ; Stille cross-coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of alkynylstannanes with 1-phenyl-3,4-dimethylphosphole at 150 °C affords the corresponding 2-stannyl-1-phosphanorbornadienes (2a, b), in fair yield. Oxidation under mild conditions affords the corresponding phosphane oxides (3a, b), whereas more drastic conditions (H2O2, 15% in toluene at 80 °C) induce the oxidative cleavage of the P-CH2 bond of the bridge to give a bicyclic phosphinate such as 4. Treatement of 4 by iodine leads to a tin → iodine exchange. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of the resulting 1-phospha-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octa-5,7-diene 1-oxide confirms the functionalisation at the α-position and the relief of ring strain taking place upon insertion of oxygen into the P-CH2 bond of the norbornadiene. The 2-stannyl-1-phosphanorbornadiene 1-oxides (3a, b) readily undergo tin → iodine exchange. The resulting 2-iodo derivatives (6a, b) can be cross-coupled with 2-furyl-, 2-thienyl-, 2-pyrrolyl-, phenylethynyl-, and vinyl-tributylstannanes to give the corresponding 2-functional 1-phosphanorbornadiene 1-oxides in excellent yields (80-95%)
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    Stereoselective Intramolecular Hetero Diels-Alder Reactions of Cyclic Benzylidenesulfoxides and DFT Calculations on the Transition Structures (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2733-2741 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Asymmetric synthesis ; Density functional calculations ; Cycloadditions ; Dihydropyrans ; Enantioselective oxidations ; Sulfur heterocycles ; Sulfoxides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 4-benzylidene-3-oxo[1,3]oxathiolan-5-ones 13-15, which were derived from the 3-oxo[1,3]oxathiolan-5-ones 9-11 by Knoevenagel condensation with the aldehydes 12, cyclize in an intramolecular hetero Diels-Alder reaction with high yield and excellent endo/exo as well as induced diastereoselectivity to give the hetero Diels-Alder adducts 16-18. The preferred formation of the Knoevenagel products 13-15 with a (Z) configuration was predicted with DFT calculations (B3LYP-6-311+G*) using the model systems 28 and 29. In addition B3LYP-6-31G*/sB3LYP/3-21G(*) calculations on transition structures for the hetero Diels-Alder reaction of 29 and 30 allowed a good correlation with the experimental results, which show that an endo attack of the dienophile syn to the S-O group in 13-15 leads to the main products.
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    Studies on Phosphorus Phthalocyanines and Triazatetrabenzcorroles (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2759-2767 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Phosphorus phthalocyanines ; Triazatetrabenzcorroles ; Dihydroxyphosphorus(V) phthalocyanine hydroxides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The previously reported reaction of phthalocyanines [H2(pc)] with PBr3, which was claimed to give a phosphorus(III) phthalocyanine “(PcPIII)”, has been reinvestigated in detail with both unsubstituted and alkyl-substituted phthalocyanines, 1-4. The products exhibit unusual electronic and mass spectra compared to normal phthalocyanines and have been identified as oxophosphorus(V) triazatetrabenzcorroles 5-8. The corresponding dihydroxyphosphorus(V) phthalocyanine hydroxides 9-12 have also been synthesized for the first time by insertion of phosphorus(V) into phthalocyanines and have been characterized in detail. The different reactivities of PBr3 and POX3 (X = Cl, Br) toward phthalocyanines are discussed.
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    A General Synthesis of Disubstituted Rubicenes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2769-2773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Rubicenes ; Cyclization ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Arenes ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of novel disubstituted rubicenes 1a-k is described. Starting from 1,5-dichloroanthraquinone and aryllithium reagents 3, the diol adducts 4 are reduced and the resulting diarylanthracenes 5 are cyclized to afford the title compounds in fair to good overall yield.
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    Water-Soluble Tripodal Phosphane Ligands and Their Rhodium Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Tripodal P ligands ; Rhodium ; Water-soluble complexes ; Immobilization ; Biphasic hydroformylation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the water-soluble tripodal phosphane ligand cis,cis-1,3,5-(PPh2)3-1,3,5-[CH2(OCH2CH2)xOCH3]C6H6 (x = 30-160) (5) has been achieved in a four-step reaction sequence. The alcohol Mo(CO)3[cis,cis-1,3,5-(PPh2)3-1,3,5-(CH2OH)3C6H6] (1) is converted to the corresponding alcoholate 2, which forms the polyethylene glycol derivative 3 in a polyaddition reaction with oxirane. After methylation of the end groups of 3, the ligand 5 is obtained by a combined photochemical/oxidative demolybdenation reaction. The water-soluble tripodal phosphane 5 and the methoxymethyl functionalized tripodal ligand 6 react with Rh(PPh3)3(CO)H to form the water-soluble and water-insoluble rhodium carbonyl hydrido complexes 5a and 6a, respectively. The catalytic activity of the rhodium complex 5a in the hydroformylation of 1-hexene was found to be comparable in a single-phase system (1-hexene/methanol) with that in the biphasic system (1-hexene/water). Only traces of alcohol were found, which demonstrates that the catalyst 5a displays higher selectivity in hydroformylation than in hydrogenation.
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    Metalloarsaalkene [(η5-C5Me5)(CO)2FeAs=C(NMe2)2] as a Ligand in Carbonylchromium, -iron, and -nickel Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Arsaalkenes ; Arsenic ligands ; Carbonyl complexes ; Chromium ; Iron ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of equimolar amounts of the metalloarsaalkene [(η5-C5Me5)(CO)2FeAs=C(NMe2)2] (1) with the carbonyl complexes [Ni(CO)4], [Fe2(CO)9], and [{(Z)-cyclooctene}Cr(CO)5], respectively, affords the adducts [(η5-C5Me5)(CO)2FeAs{M(CO)n}=C(NMe2)2] with [M(CO)n] = [Ni(CO)3] (2); [Fe(CO)4] (3), and [Cr(CO)5] (4). These feature η1 coordination of the arsaalkene ligand via the arsenic atom. The molecular structures of the complexes 3 and 4 have been determined by X-ray diffraction analyses.
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    The Effect of the Bite Angle of Diphosphane Ligands on Activity and Selectivity in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 155-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Bite angle ; Catalysis ; P ligands ; Palladium ; Cross-coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of the natural bite angle (βn) of diphosphane ligands on catalyst selectivity and activity in the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of sec-butyl magnesium chloride with bromobenzene was investigated. The calculated natural bite angles range from 78° for dppe (1,2-bisdiphenylphosphanoethane) to 110° for Xantphos. The natural bite angle of diphosphane ligands has a large effect on catalyst selectivity and activity. Both rate and selectivity of the cross-coupling reaction increase with increasing bite angle and reach a maximum value with DPEphos (βn = 102.7° ). Larger bite angles of the diphosphane ligands result in a decreased selectivity and activity.
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    Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Magnetic Properties of Transition-Metal Complexes with the Diethyl 2-Quinolylmethylphosphonate (2-qmpe) Ligand - Crystal Structures of [Ni(2-qmpe)4(H2O)2](ClO4)2 and [Mn(2-qmpe)4(H2O)2](ClO4)2 Showing Unexpected O-Binding of the qmpe Ligands (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Ligand field spectra ; Phosphonate complexes ; X-ray structures ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and characterization of transition-metal coordination compounds containing the ligand diethyl 2-quinolylmethylphosphonate (2-qmpe) is described. Complexes of CoII, MnII, NiII, CdII, and ZnII were found to be mutually isomorphous according to their X-ray powder diffraction patterns and IR spectra. The new coordination compounds were identified and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic measurements, infrared and ligand-field spectra. The crystal structures of the complexes [M(2-qmpe)4(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (M = Ni, 1; Mn, 2) reveal six-coordinate [M(2-qmpe)4(H2O)2] cations with the qmpe ligand coordinating via the oxygen rather than via the nitrogen atom, as well as lattice perchlorate anions. The metal ion is octahedrally surrounded by the four oxygen atoms of the four organic ligands. The non-participation of the pyridine nitrogen atom is unusual. The two water molecules occupy the fifth and the sixth coordination sites in a trans configuration. The coordinated water molecules are strongly hydrogen-bonded to the pyridine nitrogen atom of the 2-qmpe, further stabilizing the solid-state structure. The geometry of the metal ion can be described as distorted octahedral. For the CuII complex, a hydroxo-bridged dinuclear structure of the type [Cu(2-qmpe)2(OH)(H2O)2]2(ClO4)2 is proposed, based on its spectroscopic and magnetic properties. Ligand-field spectra of the Co and Ni compounds were found to be in agreement with the tetragonally distorted octahedral geometry.
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    Polynuclear Complexes with Propynylidene C3-Bridges: General Synthetic Route to Bis-, Tris-, and Tetrakis(ethynylcarbene) Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 191-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Polynuclear complexes ; Carbene complexes ; Bridging ligands ; Alkynyl complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The sequential reaction of two equivalents of the dimethylamino(ethynyl)carbene complexes [(CO)5M=C(NMe2)C≡CH] [M = W (1a), Cr (1b)] with two equivalents of nBuLi and one equivalent of a transition metal dichloride, [Cl2M′(Ln)], affords trinuclear biscarbene complexes of the type [(CO)5M=C(NMe2)C≡C-M′(Ln)-C≡CC(NMe)2=M(CO)5] [M′(Ln) = Ni(PEt3)2 (2a, b), Pd(PEt3)2 (3a, b), Pt(PEt3)2 (4a, b), Fe(dmpe)2 (6a), Hg (8a), Ti(η5-C5H5)2 (9a, b)] [dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane]. Treatment of 1a with equimolar amounts of first nBuLi and then [Cl2M′(Ln)] results in the formation of the monosubstitution products [(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡CM′(Ln)] [M′(Ln) = trans-Pd(PEt3)2Cl (5a), trans-Fe(dmpe)2Cl (7a)]. Additionally, the synthesis of the heterobimetallicethynylcarbene complex [(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡CPd(PEt3)2C≡CH] (10a), starting from 1a and [ClPd(PEt3)2C≡CH], is described. When three equivalents of 1a are treated, first with three equivalents of nBuLi and then with one equivalent of the trihalides PCl3 or BBr3, the novel tris(ethynylcarbene) complexes [{(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡C}3E] [E = B (11a), P (12a)] are obtained. The reaction of four equivalents of 1a,b with four equivalents of nBuLi, followed by addition of one equivalent of a group 14 tetrachloride [M′Cl4], yields the novel tetrakis(ethynylcarbene) complexes [{(CO)5M=C(NMe2)C≡C}4M′] [M′ = Si (13a, b), Ge (14a), Sn (15a, b)]. The complexes 8a, 9a, 12a, and 15a were characterized by X-ray structural analyses. All spectroscopic and structural data suggest that the carbene fragments and the central transition metal or heteroatom in these new bis-, tris-, and tetrakis(ethynylcarbene) complexes interact only weakly.
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    2-Oxacyclopentylidene, 2-Oxacyclohexylidene, and 2-Oxacycloheptylidene Rhenium Complexes by Reaction of ω-Alkynols with the [{MeC(CH2PPh2)3}Re(CO)2]+ Auxiliary (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Rhenium ; Oxacyclocarbene complexes ; Vinylidene comlexes ; Alkynols ; Tripodal ligands ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Various β-, γ-, and δ-alkynols have been reacted with the 16e- fragment [(triphos)Re(CO)2]+ generated in situ by H2 elimination from [(triphos)Re(CO)2(η2-H2)]BF4 [triphos = MeC(CH2PPh2)3]. Irrespective of the length of the alkyl chain between the C≡C and OH functional groups in the ω-alkynol, 2-oxacyclocarbene complexes are obtained. These include the 2-oxacyclopentylidene derivatives [(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2CH2O}]BF4 and [(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2CH(Me)O}]BF4, the 2-oxacyclohexylidene dervivatives [(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2CH2CH2O}]BF4 and[(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2CH2CH(Me)O}]BF4, and the 2-oxacycloheptylidene complex [(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2- CH2CH2CH2O}]BF4. The latter compound contains a unprecedented seven-membered oxacarbene ring. The rhenium-assisted δ-alkynol to 2-oxacyloheptylidene rearrangement proceeds via the hydroxybutylvinylidene kinetic intermediate [(triphos)Re(CO)2{C=C(H)CH2CH2CH2CH2OH}]BF4, which has been characterized in both the solid state and solution. An X-ray analysis has been carried out on a single crystal of [(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2CH(Me)O}]BF4. The structure of this complex consists of [(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2CH(Me)O}]+ cations and tetrafluoroborate anions with no interspersed solvent molecules. A facial triphos ligand, two cis-disposed carbonyl groups and a 2-oxacyclopentylidene ligand coordinate the Re centre in a slightly distorted octahedral environment.
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    Titanium Complexes with a Linked Amido-Cyclopentadienyl Ligand and a Bidentate Organyl Group: Synthesis, Structure, and Ethene Polymerization Activity (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Titanium complexes ; Amido-cyclopentadienyl ligand ; Titanium alkyl ; Intramolecular coordination ; Ethene polymerization ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Titanium complexes containing a linked isopropyl- or benzylamido(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) ligand C5Me4SiMe2NR (R = iPr, CH2Ph,) and one bidentate organyl group C6H4(CH2NMe2)-2, CH2C6H4(NMe2)-2, and {η5-C5H3(CH2NMe2)-2}Fe(η5-C5H5) were prepared by salt metathesis of the corresponding dichloro complex Ti(η5:η1-C5Me4SiMe2NR)Cl2 with the lithium organyl. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis of Ti(η5:η1-C5Me4SiMe2NCH2Ph)- {C6H4(CH2NMe2)-2}Cl and of Ti(η5:η1-C5Me4SiMe2NiPr){CH2C6H4(NMe2)-2}Cl revealed the presence of intramolecular coordination with square pyramidal geometry around titanium. In the ferrocenyl derivative Ti(η5:η1-C5Me4SiMe2NCH2Ph)[{η5-C5H3(CH2NMe2)-2}Fe(η5-C5H5)]Cl the NMe2 group is not bonded at the titanium atom. Ethene polymerization catalyzed by these complexes upon activation with methylaluminoxane was examined.
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    Hydrolytic Cleavage of Diphosphates, Sulfonatophosphates, and Disulfonates by (Pyrazolylborate)zinc Hydroxide Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 271-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Zinc complexes ; Pyrazolylborate ligands ; Hydrolytic cleavage ; Diphosphate ; Sulfonatophosphate ; Disulfonate ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three (pyrazolylborate)zinc hydroxide complexes Tp*Zn-OH were used as hydrolytic reagents to cleave the P-O-P, P-O-S, and S-O-S linkages of organic diphosphates, sulfonatophosphates, and disulfonates. The resulting complexes of the types Tp*Zn-OPO(OR)2 and Tp*Zn-OSO2R could also be obtained by condensation reactions between Tp*Zn-OH and HO-PO(OR)2 or HO-SO2R. Two of them were characterized by structure determinations.
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    K2AuPS4, Tl2AuPS4, K2AuAsS4, and KAu5P2S8: Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of Quaternary Gold Thiophosphate and Thioarsenate Compounds (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Gold ; Chalcogenide ; Flux reaction ; Structure determination ; Metal-metal bonding ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The novel compounds K2AuPS4 (1), Tl2AuPS4 (2), K2AuAsS4 (3), and KAu5P2S8 (4) have been synthesized by direct reaction of the elements with a molten alkaline polythiophosphate(arsenate) flux at 550°C. The crystal structures of these compounds have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. 1, 2, and 3 crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/m. The structures of 1, 2, and 3 consist of infinite, one-dimensional anionic chains running along the crystallographic b axis. The chains are separated by potassium or thallium ions. Neighbouring Au atoms are bridged by MS43- tetrahedra (M = P, As) in a trans orientation. Compound 4 crystallizes in the space group P21/c. The anionic chains of 4 are built up from linear AuS2 dumbbell units and PS43- tetrahedra. The chains extend along the [110] and [110] direction and are separated by charge balancing K+ cations. Each of the compounds was investigated by differential thermal analysis, FT-IR, and solid-state UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
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    Dinuclear Molybdenum(III) and Tungsten(III) Calix[4]arene Complexes - Metal-Metal Triple Bonds Supported by Bridging Calix[4]arene Ligands (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Calix[4]arenes ; Calix[4]arene complexes ; Molybdenum ; Tungsten ; Metal-metal bonding ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Addition of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene LH4 to the dinuclear compounds M2(NMe2)6 (M = Mo, W) results in the formation of [NH2Me2]2[L2M2] 1 (M = Mo) and 2 (M = W). Both compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The metal-metal distances of 1 and 2, of 2.194(1) Å and 2.293(1) Å, respectively, are consistent with the retention of the M≡M triple bond. Both „ate” complexes contain a [M≡M]6+ dimetal core, supported by two bridging μ2-κ2O,κ2O-calix[4]arene ligands in the solid state. These compounds are the first examples of a formally fourfold deprotonated calix[4]arene acting as a μ2-κ2O,κ2O bridging ligand for two transition metal centres. The calix[4]arenes in 1 and 2 are distorted from a cone conformation in the uncomplexed ligand, to an elliptical cone section. 1H-NMR data at variable temperatures suggest fluxional behaviour of 1 and 2 in solution.
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    Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)-Substituted Phosphanes: Synthesis and Structure (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 331-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)phosphanes ; Aminobis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)phosphanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bis(1,2,3,4,5-pentamethyl-1,3-cyclopentadien-1-yl)phosphanes 3-7 are formed in good yields by the reaction of the halogenophosphanes 2a or 2b with the appropriate nucleophile. Following another route, the dialkylaminobis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)phosphanes 11a-c have been synthesized by the treatment of dichloro(dialkylamino)phosphanes with two equivalents of (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)lithium. The compounds 3-11 have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and 3, 5, 6, and 11a have also been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The molecular structure of 11a is governed by steric congestion, which typically would lead to a parallel arrangement of the two pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligands at the phosphorus atom. However, surprisingly, the crystal structure of the (dimethylamino)phosphane 11a, exhibits a tilted, rather than a parallel, conformation of the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl groups [tilt angle: 130.6(1)°].
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    Monodentate and Bridging Coordination of 3,3′-Annelated 2,2′-Bipyridines in Zerovalent Palladium- and Platinum-p-quinone Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 319-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Palladium ; Platinum ; Bidentate nitrogen ligands ; p-Quinone ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Compounds of the type M(N∩N-κN)(nq)2 and M2(μ2-N∩N)(μ2-pbq)2, in which nq = 1,4-naphthoquinone, pbq = 1,4-benzoquinone, and N∩N is a monodentate or bridging ligand of the α-diimine type, were obtained from reactions of Pd(dba)2 in toluene with the 3,3′-annelated-2,2′-bipyridines: 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (dafo) and 4,5-diazafluorene (dafe) in the presence of the appropriate p-quinone. In the corresponding reactions with 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 2,2′-bipyrimidine (bpym), N,N′-dicyclohexyl-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene (chex-dab), bis[N-(o,o′-diisopropyl)phenylimino]acenaphthene (o,o′-iPr2-bian) and 5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline (dh-phen) only complexes of the type M(N∩N-κ2N)(Q) were formed (Q = nq, pbq). The structures of the complexes have been established by NMR in solution and by X-ray diffraction in the solid state; crystal structures of Pd(bpy-κ2N)(η2-pbq) (1) Pd(dafo-κN)(η2-nq)2 (14) and Pd2(μ2-dafo)(μ2,η2:η2-pbq)2 (16) have been determined. Of the ligands, dafo and dafe are the only ones apt to form complexes containing a monodentate or bridging N∩N ligand. This behaviour is ascribed to the geometrical constraints of dafo and dafe; the annelation by one carbon atom at the 3,3′-positions in these ligands causes an increase in bite angle from approximately 77° to 82°.
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    Soluble Chloro- and Aryl(phthalocyaninato)indium(III) Complexes: Synthesis and Characterization (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 367-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Phthalocyanines ; Indium ; Indium-carbon bond ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of highly soluble chloro(phthalocyaninato)indium(III) complexes RxPcInCl (3a: R1 = tert-butyl, R2 = H, x = 4 and 4a: R1 = R2 = n-pentyl, x = 8), and their reactions with R′MgBr [R′ = p-trifluoromethylphenyl- (b), m-trifluoromethylphenyl- (c), p-fluorophenyl- (d), perfluorophenyl- (e)] leading to the stable σ-bonded aryl(phthalocyaninato)indium(III) complexes 3b-e, 4b-e are described. All compounds were characterized by IR, UV/Vis, MS, 1H, 13C and 19F NMR as well as elemental analyses. Phenyl(phthalocyaninato)indium(III) (4f) was prepared by the reaction of (n-C5H11)8PcInCl (4a) with PhLi. The high solubility of the complexes 3a-e and 4a-f is, aside from the influence of the peripheral substituents, considered to be derived from the large dipole moments present which are due to the strongly electron withdrawing axial ligands, and from the lower tendency of axially substituted phthalocyaninato metal complexes to form aggregates.
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    Ylidylphosphanes and -diphosphanes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 381-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Phosphanes ; Phosphorus ylides ; Nucleophilic addition ; Structure elucidation ; NMR spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chlorophosphanyl and dichlorophosphanyl alkylidene- and benzylidenephosphoranes 6 and 8 are converted by reaction with LiAlH4 to the respective phosphanes 7 and 9. The former can be isolated, but decompose on heating or on protonation to give the ylidyl diphosphane 11 and the phosphonium ylide or phosphonium salt, respectively. The final products are the cyclooligophosphanes 15-17. Only the C-tert-butyl derivative 7c is stable in both regards. The conformation of the RPH group in 7 as compared to that of the RPCl group in 6 clearly reflects their different interaction with the ylide moiety.
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    Fluxionality and Phosphane Arm-off Reactions of Octahedral Ruthenium(II) Complexes with the Tripodal Polyphosphane MeC(CH2PPh2)3 (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 407-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Ruthenium ; Phosphorus ; Triphos complexes ; Fluxionality ; Arm-off dissociation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structural fluxionality is apparent in the 1H- and 31P-NMR spectra of compounds of the type [Ru(L)(MeCN)(triphos)](CF3SO3), 2-5, at 25°C, where L represents a diorganyldithiocarbamate or a heterocyclic κ2N,S coordinating thioamide. In contrast, complexes [Ru(Et2NCS2)(Y)(triphos)]n+ (6, n = 1, Y = CO; 7, n = 0, Y = CN-; 8, n = 0, Y = H-) are stereochemically rigid in solution at this temperature, indicating that MeCN dissociation must occur for the crowded octahedral coordination spheres of 2-5. Reaction of [Ru(MeCN)3(triphos)](CF3SO3)2, 1, with Na(Et2NCS2) at a 1:2 molar ratio yields [Ru(Et2NCS2-κ2S)(Et2NCS2-κS)(triphos)], 9, which slowly converts to [Ru(Et2NCS2-κ2S)2(triphosO-κ2P)], 10, on recrystallization from ethanol/acetone under air [triphosO is O=P(Ph)2CH2C(CH3)(CH2PPh2)2]. A similar κ3P→κ2P arm-off dissociation leads to the formation of [Ru(mpy-κ2N,S)2(triphosO-κ2P)] (13) and [Ru(mmim-κ2N,S)2(triphosO-κ2P)] (14) (Hmpy = 2-mercaptopyridine, Hmmim = 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole). Crystal structures are reported for [Ru(mbt-κ2N,S)(MeCN)(triphos-κ3P)](CF3SO3) (4) (Hmbt = 2-mercaptobenzothiazole), [Ru(mpym-κ2N,S)(mpym-κS)(triphos-κ3P)] (11) (Hmpym = 2-mercaptopyrimidine) and 14, the latter of which is present as the OC-6-13 isomer.
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    Stability of Bridged and Unbridged η2-Alkyne-titanocene and -zirconocene Complexes - Influence of Metals, Alkyne Substituents, Cp Substitution and Additional Ligands (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 419-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Alkyne complexes ; Titanium ; Zirconium ; Coordination mode ; Metallacycles ; Cyclopentadienes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence of metals, alkyne substituents, Cp substitution and additional ligands on the stability of bridged and unbridged η2-alkyne-titanocene and -zirconocene complexes has been investigated. The reduction of the complex [(η5-C5H4)-SiMe2-(η5-C5H4)]TiCl2 with magnesium in the presence of tolan (PhC2Ph) does not give the expected alkyne-titanocene complex [(η5-C5H4)-SiMe2-(η5-C5H4)]Ti(η2-PhC2Ph) but by coupling of two tolan molecules the corresponding titanacyclopentadiene [(η5-C5H4)-SiMe2-(η5-C5H4)]TiC4Ph4 (1) was obtained. In the analogous reaction with Me3SiC2SiMe3 the stable η2-alkyne complex without additional ligands [(η5-C5H4)-SiMe2-(η5-C5H4)]Ti(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3) (2) was formed, due to the sterical influence of the alkyne substituents. The compounds without additional ligands (thi)2Ti(η2-PhC2Ph) (3) and (thi)2Ti(η2- Me3SiC2SiMe3) (5) were isolated from the unbridged titanocene complex (thi)2TiCl2 (thi = tetrahydroindenyl). Two equivalents of complex 3 reacted with one equivalent of water to yield the dimeric alkylidene-μ-oxo complex [(thi)2Ti(CPh=CHPh)]2(μ-O) (6). The reaction of the unbridged zirconocene compound (thi)2ZrCl2 gave the alkyne complex (thi)2Zr(THF)(η2-Me3- SiC2SiMe3) (7) which is stabilized by THF. At higher temperature THF was eliminated from the orange complex 7 forming the green complex (thi)2Zr(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3). This behaviour was investigated in detail using NMR spectroscopy and compared to similar complexes such as Cp2Zr(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3) (not stable without THF), (ebthi)2Zr(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3) (ebthi = ethylenebistetrahydroindenyl; stable without THF) and Cp*2Zr(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3) (Cp* = pentamethyl-Cp, stable without THF). All complexes were characterized by spectroscopic methods. X-ray structural determinations were conducted for the complexes 1, 3 and 7. Compound 3 is the first example of a structurally characterized tolan-titanocene complex without additional ligands.
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    Complexation Studies with a Calix[4]arene-Derived Phosphinite - Divergent Arrays of Cavities Linked by MCl2 Fragments (M = Pd, Pt) (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 451-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Calixarene ; Phosphinite ; Calixphosphane ; Transition metals ; X-ray diffraction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A cone-shaped calix[4]arene-derived monophosphinite, 25,27-di(ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)-26-hydroxy-28-(diphenylphosphinooxy)calix[4]arene (L1), has been prepared in two steps from calix[4]arene. Treatment of L1 with [AuCl(tetrahydrothiophene)] in tetrahydrofuran gave the phosphinite complex [AuClL1] (1). Reaction of [PdCl2(PhCN)2] with two equivalents of L1 gave selectively trans-[PdCl2L12] (2). Complex 2 · 2 CH2Cl2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1¯. The molecule is centrosymmetric, leading to a divergent array of the two calixarene moieties. The palladium atom resides outside both cones. As a result of steric interactions, the meta and para carbon atoms of the PPh2-bearing aryl ring are significantly pushed to the interior of the cavity. The related platinum complex trans-[PtCl2L122] (3), was obtained similarly from [PtCl2(PhCN)2] and presents in the solid state a structure which is isomorphous to that of 2. The diphosphinite 25,27-di(ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)-26,28-bis(diphenylphosphinoxy)calix[4]arene (cone) (L2) has also been prepared and reacts with [PtCl2(PhCN)2] to yield oligomeric material.
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    Mesomorphic Cyclometalated (Cyclopentadienyl)palladium and -platinum Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 501-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Metallomesogens ; Azo compounds ; Palladium ; Platinum ; Cyclopentadienyl complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mesogenic 4,4′-bis[4-(n-octyloxy)benzoyloxy]azobenzene (HL) ligand reacts with [(PhCN)2PdCl2] to give the dinuclear cyclometalated complex [(μ-Cl)(L)Pd]2 (1), from which the mononuclear half-sandwich [(η5-C5H5)(L)Pd] (2) species has been obtained by reaction with Tl(C5H5). The PtII analogue of 2, [(η5-C5H5)(L)Pt] (4), has been prepared in a similar manner starting from [(μ-Cl)(L)Pt]2 (3). Both dinuclear complexes 1 and 3 display a smectic C phase (SC) stable over 80°C. Whereas 4 is the first example of an 18-electron PtII mesogen, both mononuclear 2 and 4 are mesomorphic materials that exhibit a nematic phase spanning a wide temperature range.
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    The “Coloring Problem” in Solids: How It Affects Structure, Composition and Properties (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 523-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Quantum chemistry ; Intermetallic compounds ; Transition metal cluster compounds ; Crystallography ; Electronic structure ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The “coloring problem,” as applied to the field of solid state chemistry, addresses the issues of structural preference as well as the distribution of different elements within a given structure. Both the connectivity and arrangement of elements in a solid affect physical and chemical properties, so a clear understanding of the forces controlling how elements will arrange themselves in a solid state structure creates the ability to predict structure-composition-property relationships. There are two fundamental energetic contributions that influence how elements in a structure order: the site energy and the bond energy. This review examines how these two parts of the total electronic energy work together to influence the observed structures, compositions, and properties of intermetallics and transition metal cluster compounds.
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    Octanuclear Bis(triple-helical) Metal(II) Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 559-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Metal(II) complexes ; Octanuclear complexes ; Supramolecular chemistry ; Zinc ; Cadmium ; Manganese ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of H2L1 and H2L2 with divalent metal ions leads to octanuclear bis(triple-helical) metal(II) complexes of the general composition [Zn8O2L26] (3) and [M8O2L16] (4: M = Cd2+; 5: M = Mn2+). NMR studies of the diamagnetic cadmium complex 4c show six equivalent ligands. Unambiguous characterisation of 5b was achieved by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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    Syntheses of 3-Heteroaryl-2H-Azaphosphirene Tungsten Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 575-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Phosphorus heterocycles ; 2H-Azaphosphirene complexes ; Carbene complexes ; Tungsten ; Cyclizations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of 3-heteroaryl-substituted 2H-azaphosphirene pentacarbonyltungsten complexes are reported. The products were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 15N, 31P, 183W); the structure of the 3-N-methylpyrryl-substituted 2H-azaphosphirene complex was determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis.
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    Controlled Degradation of a Ligand-Deficient Complex: From [{Cd(C6F5)(STrt)}4] to [{Cd(C6F5)(STrt)}3(OH)]- and [Cd(C6F5)(STrt)2]- (Trt = Triphenylmethyl) (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 657-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Crown compounds ; Pentafluorophenyl ; Potassium ; S ligands ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bis(pentafluorophenyl)cadmium, [Cd(C6F5)2], reacts with equimolar amounts of triphenylmethanethiol, TrtSH, in toluene to give [{Cd(C6F5)(STrt)}4] · 1.5 tol (1). The cuboidal complex of 1 has been transformed into the heterometallic cuboidal complex [{Cd(C6F5)(STrt)}3(OH)K(THF)3] (2) by reaction with KOH in tetrahydrofuran. In the presence of 18-crown-6, the compound [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2][{Cd(C6F5)- (STrt)}3(OH)] · THF (3) has been obtained instead of 2. X-ray structure analysis shows the anion of 3 to be an incomplete cuboidal complex, which alternatively can be described as a cyclic trimer of the {Cd(C6F5)(STrt)} unit stabilized by a μ3-hydroxo ligand. The compound [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2][Cd(C6F5)(STrt)2] (4) has been isolated from reaction mixtures containing 1, KSTrt and 18-crown-6. The cadmium atom in 4 is three-coordinated, in contrast to the cadmium atoms in 1-3, which are situated in strongly distorted coordination tetrahedra. Intramolecular C6H5···C6F5···C6H5 stacks in 4 are interpreted as resulting from attractive ligand-ligand interactions. Spectroscopic data, particularly from 13C-NMR and IR spectra, are consistent with the order of ligand deficiency: 1 〉 2 〉 3 〉 4. The macrocyclic, eight-coordinate complex [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2]+ in 3 and 4 contains trans arranged THF ligands.
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    Synthesis and Structure of Gallium/Silicon Heterocycles with a Ga2Si2 and a Ga3Si Framework⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 745-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Gallium ; Silicon ; Heterocycles ; Main group elements ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of Ga2X4· 2 dioxane with four equivalents of (Me3Si)3SiLi(thf)3 (= hypersilyllithium) affords for X = Br a 1,3,2,4-disiladigalletane together with tetrahedral hypersilylgallium(I). For X = Cl an anionic 1,2,3,4-silatrigalletanate, a four-membered heterocycle with a Ga3 unit, is isolated. These primary examples of gallium/group-14 heterocycles have been investigated by NMR spectroscopy as well as by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis. In addition, the synthesis and structure of bis(hypersilyl)gallium chloride is described. This monomeric molecule has a nearly T-shaped Si2GaCl framework.
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    Novel Organoborane Lewis Acids via Selective Boron-Tin Exchange Processes Steric Constraints to Electrophilic Initiation by the Boron Halide (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 761-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Organometallics ; Boron ; Lithium ; Tin ; Metal-metal exchange ; Electrophilic reagents ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: With the purpose of preparing novel mono- and bidentate organoboron Lewis acids, the scope and limitations of synthesizing the requisite organoboranes by the boron-tin exchange between a boron halide and the appropriate organostannane have been examined in detail. The following organotin derivatives have been obtained either from the corresponding RMgBr or RLi reagent and MenSnCl4-n or from a Barbier procedure using the organic halide, Me3SnCl and magnesium metal: 1,2-bis(trimethylstannyl)ethyne, o-, m-, and p-bis(trimethyl-stannyl)benzenes, α,o-bis(trimethylstannyl)toluene, α,α-bis(trimethylstannyl)-o-xylene, and 2,2-dimethyl-2-stannaindane. The individual interaction of the 1,2-bis(trimethylstannyl)ethyne and the isomeric bis(trimethylstannyl)benzenes with Et2BBr produced the corresponding bis(diethylboryl)-derivatives. By contrast, with Et2BCl the α,o-bis(trimethylstannyl)toluene gave only o-diethylboryl-α-trimethylstannyltoluene and with BCl3 the α,α′-bis(trimethylstannyl)-o-xylene formed only,-bis-(chlorodimethylstannyl)-o-xylene. Furthermore, in the attempted double boron-tin exchange between o-bis(trimethylstannyl)benzene and BCl3, an unprecedented rearrangement of the 1-(dichloroboryl)-2-(trimethylstan-nyl)benzene intermediate into its 1-[chloro(methyl)boryl]-2-(chlorodimethylstannyl) isomer was observed. Likewise, o-bis(trimethylstannyl)benzene with PhBCl2 produced by a similar rearrangement 1-[methyl(phenyl)boryl]-2-(chloro-dimethylstannyl)benzene. The thermolysis of such boranes led variously to definite dimers or ill-defined oligomers. Preliminary studies of the properties of these organoboranes have identified the heightened Lewis acidity of 1,2-bis(diethylboryl)ethyne and the π-electron delocalization involving the 2pz-boron orbitals in the 9,10-dihydro-9,10-diboraanthracene system. Finally, an electronic mechanism for the boron-tin exchange has been developed to account for the selectivity of the boron halide's attack at unsaturated carbon-tin bonds.
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    Oxovanadium(IV) and -(V) Complexes with Aminoalcohol Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, Electrochemical, and Magnetic Properties (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 799-805 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Aminoalcohol ligands ; Hydrogen bonds ; Magnetic properties ; Oxo complexes ; Vanadium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The aminoalcohol ligands diethanolamine (H2dea) and triethanolamine (H3tea) react with [VO(acac)2] to yield the tetranuclear oxovanadium(IV) complexes [{VO(dea)}2{VO(acac)}2(μ2-OMe)2] (1) and [{VO(Htea)}2{VO(acac)}2(μ2-OMe)2] (2). In the case of the potentially bridging aminoalcohol ligands N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine (H4edte) and N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine (H4edtp) the corresponding oxovanadium(IV) complexes could not be isolated. Instead after air oxidation the ligand supported binuclear oxovanadium(V) complexes [{VO(acac)}2(edte)] (3) and [{VO(acac)}2(edtp)] (4) are obtained. The reaction of the ligand H4edtp with ammonium meta-vanadate in methanol solution leads to the methoxy bridged binuclear oxovanadium(V) complex [(VO)2(edtp)(μ2-OMe)2] (5). The tetranuclear oxovanadium(IV) complexes can be isolated as crystalline compounds 1 · 2 MeOH and 2 · 2 MeOH and have been characterized by IR, UV/Vis, and ESR spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Single-crystal diffraction studies reveal that the complexes 1 and 2 contain a tetranuclear {(VO)4(μ3-OR)2(μ2-OR)4}2+ core composed of three different types of edge-shared binuclear units, whereas the oxovanadium(V) complexes 3, 4, and 5 posses binuclear structures, that are either ligand supported as in the case of 3 and 4 or contain a μ2-methoxy bridged{(VO)2(μ2-OR)2}4+ core as in the case of 5. ESR and magnetic data indicate a singlet ground state for 1 · 2 MeOH and 2 · 2 MeOH, although competing ferromagnetic exchange interactions are operative within the tetranuclear core structure. In the solid state compounds 1 · 2 MeOH and 2 · 2 MeOH hydrogen bridged supramolecular structures are found. The hydrogen bonding scheme of both compounds leads to the formation of a similar chain arrangement of the tetranuclear complexes 1 and 2.
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    The Triphosphide (tBu3Si)2P3Na: Formation, X-ray and Ab initio Structure Analyses, Protonation and Oxidation to Triphosphane (tBu3Si)2P3H and Hexaphosphanes (tBu3Si)4P6⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 833-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Silicon ; Phosphorus ; Oligophosphides and -phosphanes ; NMR spectra ; X-ray structure analysis ; Ab initio calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The violet THF adduct (tBu3Si)2P3Na(THF)4 (1a) of the triphosphide (tBu3Si)2P3Na (1) is prepared, (i) by protolysis of the tetraphosphide (tBu3Si)2P4Na2 (2) with an equimolar amount of CF3CO2H in THF (transformation of 2 into 1), (ii) by the reaction of tBu3SiNa and the oligophosphane (tBu3SiP3)n in THF (building-down of Pn), and (iii) by the action of tBu3SiNa on PCl3 in THF (building-up of Pn). According to X-ray structural analysis, the SiPPPSi skeleton of the anionic part [tBu3SiPPPSitBu3]- of 1a is W-shaped with two P-P 11/2 bonds; in addition, 1a contains a planar deltoid P3Na backbone with the 4 THF molecules coordinated to Na. The protolysis of 1a leads to cyclotriphosphane (tBu3Si)2P3H (11), and the oxidation of 1a leads to 1,1′-bicyclotriphosphane (tBu3Si)2P3-P3(SitBu3)2 (12) as the main product and bicyclo[3.1.0]hexaphosphane (tBu3Si)4P6 (13) as an isomer of 12. The structures of 11, 12, and 13 as well as the structure of 1a have been unambiguously determined by 31P-NMR studies. Ab initio structure and energy calculations show that the acyclic P3H2- with allylic conjugation and P-P 11/2 bonds is thermodynamically more stable than the cyclic isomer whereas, in contrast, the neutral compound P3H3 prefers the cyclic form. The exceptional downfield shift of the NMR signal of the central phosphorus in 1a is in agreement with DFT NMR calculations for a model compound [H3SiPPPSiH3]Na with P-P 11/2 bonds.
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    A Trinuclear Palladium(II) Complex with Bridging 2-Hydroxyacetophenone N4-Ethylthiosemicarbazone Ligands - An Unusual Dimethylformamide Promoted Deprotonation and Aggregation (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 861-863 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Trinuclear triangulo palladium complex ; 2-Hydroxyacetophenone N4-ethylthiosemicarbazone ; Dimethylformamide aggregation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The X-ray crystal structure of a palladium(II) complex of 2-hydroxyacetophenone N4-ethylthiosemicarbazone (H2Ap4E) shows it to be a triangular,trinuclear complex with bridging thiosemicarbazonato sulfur atoms. This species can be formed from a monomer on dissolution in DMF or directly from Li2PdCl4 and the thiosemicarbazone in methanol-ammonia solution.
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    Zirconocene-(μ-Organyl)borate Betaines Derived by Treatment of a (σ-Alkenyl)(σ-alkynyl)zirconocene Complex with Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 889-895 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Zirconocene ; Metallocene cation ; Isonitrile insertion ; Isonitrile complex ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrozirconation of propyne followed by treatment with propynyllithium yields the (σ-propenyl)(σ-propynyl)zir-conocene complex 11. Its treatment with the organometallic Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 results in transfer of the σ-propynyl group from zirconium to boron followed by insertion of the alkynylborate triple bond into the zirconium carbon bond of the remaining metallaallyl cation to furnish the zirconocene-(μ-hydrocarbyl)borate betaine complex 14. This reacts with three molar equivalents of tert-butyl isocyanide to give 16. Complex 16 contains a five-membered carbocyclic ring, formed by carbon-carbon coupling of the former propenyl and propynyl groups with the C≡N-R reagent, to which a (η2-iminoacyl)(ĸ-tert-butyl isocyanide)zirconocene moiety is attached. Complex 16 was characterized by an X-ray crystal structure analysis.
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    A Methylene-Bridged Dialuminium Compound as a Chelating Lewis Acid: Complexation of Nitrite and Nitrate Anions by R2Al-CH2-AlR2[R = CH(SiMe3)2]⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 921-926 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Chelates ; Lewis acids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) dissolves readily in THF, when the methylene-bridged dialuminium compound R2Al-CH2-AlR2 [R = CH(SiMe3)2] 1 with two coordinatively unsaturated aluminium atoms is added. Compound 1 reacts as a chelating Lewis acid, and, as shown by a crystal structure deter-mination of the [Na([18]crown-6)(Et2O)]+ derivative 5c, a compound (5) is formed, in which one oxygen atom and the nitrogen atom of the nitrite ion are each coordinated by one aluminium atom to form a five-membered Al2CNO hetero-cycle. The second oxygen atom of the nitrite anion is not affected. Similarly, lithium nitrate (LiNO3) reacts with 1 to yield a THF soluble product (6a). Single crystals were obtain-ed of the [Li(N,N′,N′′-trimethyltriazinane)2]+ derivative 6c, whose structure shows each aluminium atom to be coordinated by one oxygen atom of the nitrate ion to give a six-membered Al2CNO2 heterocycle.
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    Intramolecular Luminescence Quenching in Amino Acid Bridged Ruthenium(II)-Copper(II) Complexes with Negligible Ground-State Coupling (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 957-963 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Bioinorganic chemistry ; Copper ; Luminescence ; Ruthenium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of heterobimetallic complexes [{Ru(bipy)2}m-AA{Cu(phen)(H2O)}](PF6)3 (m-AA = Nω-(4-carbonyl-4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-L-α,ω-diamino acid; diamino acid (AA): 1b, L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid; 2b, L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid; 3b, L-ornithine, 4b, L-lysine) has been synthesized and characterized starting from the 2,2′-bipyridineruthenium(II)-substituted amino acids [{Ru(bipy)2}m-AA-αN-tBoc]2+ (αN-tBoc-1a-4a, αN-tBoc = Nα-tert-butoxycarbonyl). The metal centers in 1b-4b are bridged by insulating alkyl chains. Consequently, spectroscopic and electrochemical investi-gations confirmed the absence of any appreciable ground-state coupling between ruthenium(II) and copper(II). However, the luminescence of 1b-4b is significantly quenched compared to that of the parent compounds 1a-4a. Quenching was found to proceed only intramolecularly and to be most efficient in 1b with the shortest alkyl spacer. Equilibrium constants for the formation of 1b-4b were determined from luminescence titrations of the respective ruthenium-substituted amino acid with [Cu(phen)(NO3)2]. The complexes 2b-4b (K = 1.61-2.08 × 107M-1) were found to be significantly more stable than 1b (K = 5.7 × 106M -1). This is explained by a stronger electrostatic repulsion between the two metal centers in the latter compound.
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  • 89
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    Phosphane Complexes of Alkaline Earth Metals (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 905-911 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Phosphane complexes ; Alkaline earth metal compounds ; Phosphanomethanides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of lithium[bis(dimethylphosphanyl)(trimethyl-silyl)methanide] Li[(PMe2)2C(SiMe3)] with BeCl2 gave the homoleptic compound Be[(PMe2)2C(SiMe3)]2 (5) with four beryllium-phosphorus bonds constituting a distorted tetrahedron around the beryllium center. The reaction of MgCl2 with Li[(PMe2)2C(SiMe3)] resulted in the formation of the bis-chelate complex Mg[(PMe2)2C(SiMe3)]2 · 2 THF (7), where the distorted cis-octahedral magnesium center is additionally coordinated by two THF ligands. In the reaction of 7 with an additional equivalent of Li[C(PMe2)2(SiMe3)], THF is released and the magnesate anion {Mg[(PMe2)2C-(SiMe3)]3}- (8) was obtained. This compound is not only the first reported hexacoordinated magnesate, but also the first magnesium compound with six magnesium-phosphorus bonds. With CaCl2 and Li[C(PMe2)2(SiMe3)], a heptacoor-dinated complex Ca[(PMe2)2C(SiMe3)]2 · 3 THF (10) with three coordinating THF ligands was isolated. The complexes were characterized using 9Be{1H}-, 31P{1H}-, 1H-, 13C{1H}-NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis and by X-ray diffraction. The neutral compounds are highly soluble in nonpolar solvents.
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  • 90
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    Structural Chemistry of Lithium Tetrahydroborate Ether Solvates⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 941-949 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Lithium tetrahydridoborate diethyl ether (1:1) ; Lithium tetrahydridoborate diveron (1:1) ; Lithium tetrahydridoborate dimethoxyethane (1:2) ; Lithium tetrahydridoborate triglyme (1:1) ; Lithium tetrahydridoborate tetrahydrofuran (1:3) ; Lithium tetrahydridoborate 1,3-dioxolane (1:1) ; Hydride-bridge bonding ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: LiBH4 · OEt2 (1) and LiBH4 · O(Me)CMe3 (2) form double-stranded chains in the solid state. While 3 hydrides of the BH4 group in 1 bind to three different Li atoms through Li···H-B interactions, the fourth H atom interacts with three adjacent Li centers. In contrast, in compound 2 there are two single Li···H-B bonds and two doubly bridging hydrogen atoms, the latter again interacting with three lithium centers. Moreover, the arrangements of the ether molecules in 1 and 2 are different. LiBH4 · 2 DME (3) (DME = dimethoxyethane) forms a molecular lattice, in which the BH4- anions are present in Li···H2BH2 bridges. The same structural feature is present in LiBH4 · TG (4) (TG = triglyme = triethylene glycol dimethyl ether), but the TG molecule coordinates to two Li centers through two of its four oxygen atoms in such a manner that a chain structure results. The compound LiBH4 · 3 THF (5) exists as discrete molecules in the lattice. Its BH4- anion is triply bridging to the Li center. In contrast, LiBH4·C3H6O2 (6) (1,3-dioxolane) is polymeric. Due to the presence of two μ22-BH4 groups, a chain of the type ···Li(H2BH2)Li(H2BH2)··· is formed, and the 1,3-dioxolane molecules connect the chains through Li-O coordination to form a three-dimensional array. In spite of the variations in the bonding of the BH4 group to Li centers, the Li atoms are hexacoordinated in 3 to 6 but are heptacoordinated in 1 and 2.
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    Synthesis and Properties of Silver(I) and Copper(I) Helicates with Imine-Bridged Oligobipyridine Ligands (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 977-982 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Helicates ; Oligobipyridine ligands ; Self-recognition ; NMR titration ; Self-assembly ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oligobipyridine ligands containing one or two imine bridges were found to form double helicates by treatment with copper(I) or silver(I). The properties of the complexes are similar to those of oxapropylene-bridged oligobipyridines. Titration of a mixture of the bis(bipyridine) and the tris(bipyridine) ligands with silver(I) hexafluorophosphate showed that helicates formed with strict self-recognition.
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  • 92
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    Generation of 1,3-Dithia-, 1-Selena-3-thia-, and 1,3-Diselena-2-tellurole by Neutralization-Reionization Mass Spectrometry⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 983-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Telluroles ; Neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry ; DFT calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2,2-Dichloro-1,3-dichalcogena-2-telluroles of sulfur and selenium, C6H4[XTe(Cl)2Y] with X, Y = S, Se, serve as precursors to generate the cation radicals of 1,3-dichalcogena-2-telluroles C6H4[XTeY]+• as well as the corresponding neutral counterparts by means of neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry. These neutral 2-telluroles are intrinsically stable for at least 1 μs in the gas phase. The most abundant fragmentation channel at the neutral and cationic stages is due to loss of atomic tellurium to afford the corresponding benzo-1,2-dichalcogena-cyclobutenes. For the latter, partial isomerization to the related dichalcogena-ortho-quinones is indicated by the mass-spectrometric fragmentation pattern.
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    π-Bond vs. Agostic Interaction in Three-Coordinated Alkoxy and Thiolate Derivatives of Aluminium, Boron and Cationic Carbon - An ab initio Study of H2X-YR Systems (X = Al, B, C+; Y = O, S; R = H, CH3) (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1015-1023 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Ab initio calculations ; π interactions ; Agostic interactions ; Electronic structure ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rotational barriers and π conjugation effects have been studied in H2X-YR systems (X = Al, B; Y = O, S; R = H, CH3) by means of ab initio calculations at the MP4/6-311G**//MP2/6-311G** level. In non-substituted systems H2X-YH, it is shown that the rotational barrier depends on three factors: (i) π conjugation strength between the X vacant p orbital and the Y p-lone pair; (ii) the opening ability of the Y-valence angle and (iii) a possible direct interaction between X and the Y hydrogen substituent. The conjugation stabilization has been estimated through Valence Bond calculations and is found to decrease in the order BO (22.6 kcal/mol), BS (16.6 kcal/mol), AlO (10.2 kcal/mol), and AlS (8.1 kcal/mol). Study of the methylated systems confirm the results found in unsubstituted species. The most important feature is the location of a deconjugated secondary minimum for H2B-SCH3 species. An acute B-S-C angle (69.6°) is found, thus evidencing a direct H···B agostic interaction with a four-membered (BSCH) heterocycle. To further evidence our analysis, additional calculations have been performed on carbocationic species H2C+-YR (Y = O, S; R = H, CH3) for which the H2C+ moiety is a strong π acceptor. As expected, the C+-O and C+-S conjugation are strong (about 60 kcal/mol). Only two minima have been located for the H2C+-OCH3 species. In the sulfur case, the Potential Energy Surface (PES) is more complicated and six stationary points have been characterized. A strong agostic interaction is found for a secondary deconjugated minimum for which an hydrogen symmetrically bridges the two carbon atoms. A schematic energy profile connecting the various extrema is given for this cationic species.
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    Substituted Cyclopentadienides of Magnesium from the Reaction of Dialkylmagnesium with Fulvenes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 965-971 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Cyclopentadienes ; Magnesium ; Metalations ; NMR spectroscopy ; Sandwich complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of n/sec-dibutyl magnesium with 6-methyl-6-phenyl- and 6,6-dicyclopropylfulvene gives the β-hydride transfer products 1,1′-bis(1-phenylethyl)- and 1,1′-bis-(dicyclopropylmethyl)magnesocene, respectively. The latter crystallizes in the eclipsed conformation, whereas the first one shows an anti conformation in the solid state. Dimethyl-magnesium deprotonates 6-methyl-6-phenylfulvene with formation of 1,1′-bis(1-phenylethen-1-yl)magnesocene, which decomposes upon isolation. The deprotonation of 6,6-dicyclopropylfulvene with MgMe2 in thf solution yields [bis(tetrahydrofuran-O)][iro{cyclopropane-1,2′(1′-η5-cyclopentadienyl-1′,3′,3′-tricyclopropyl-1′,2′,3′,3a′-tetrahydropentalene)}-3a′-6′-η2-enyl]magnesium. In the absence of β-hydrogen atoms at the organometallic reagent as well as at the fulvene the addition reaction is the only possible reaction pathway. Thus, one Mg-C bond of MgMe2 adds to tetramethylfulvene to give quantitatively dimeric methylmagnesium ethyltetramethylcyclopentadienide. The bridging methyl groups are sterically shielded against further attack of the fulvene.
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    Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Rare Earth Metal Disulfonamide Complexes⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1009-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Rare earth metals ; Lanthanides ; Chelating sulfonamides ; Silylamide route ; C2 symmetry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of rare earth silylamides Ln[N(SiHMe2)2]3(thf)n [n = 1 for Sc (1a); n = 2 for Y (1b), La (1c), Nd (1d)] with trans-1,2-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonamido)cyclohexane (H2L, rac-2) in toluene at ambient temperature proceeds via an extended silylamide route, affording highly soluble complexes Sc(L)[N(SiHMe2)2] (3) and Ln(L)[N(SiHMe2)2](thf) (4a-c) in excellent yields. An X-ray crystallographic study performed on the solvent-free, dinuclear yttrium derivative 5 revealed an unusual μ2,η4:η1-coordination of the disulfonamide ligand, involving bridging S=O groups. In solution, equilibria between dimeric and monomeric forms, dependent on the presence of a donor molecule, were observed by NMR techniques.
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    Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Fluxional Behavior, and Tricarbonyliron Transfer Reactions of (η4-1-Azabuta-1,3-diene)tricarbonyliron Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 993-1007 
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    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Azabutadienes ; Tricarbonyliron complexes ; Transfer reagents ; Molecular structure ; Fluxionality ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The (η4-1-azabuta-1,3-diene)tricarbonyliron complexes 10 are easily prepared in high yield by condensation of the corresponding arylamines 7 with the cinnamaldehydes 8 and subsequent ultrasound-promoted complexation of the resulting 1-azabuta-1,3-dienes 9 with nonacarbonyldiiron. The complexes 10 are shown to represent excellent reagents for the transfer of the tricarbonyliron fragment onto cyclohexa-1,3-diene (1a). The structural characterization for the complexes 10 is achieved by IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, as well as X-ray crystallography of 10b, 10c, and 10l. Using variable temperature 13C-NMR spectroscopy the fluxionality of the complexes 10a, 10b, 10c, 10e, and 2 is investigated and the activation barrier for the turnstile rotation of the tricarbonyliron fragment is determined. The transfer reaction and the structural factors influencing the transfer of the tricarbonyliron fragment are extensively investigated.
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    Formation of a Stable Adduct of Ethoxycarbonyldithiocarbamic Acid and a Dimer of Ethoxycarbonyl Isothiocyanate (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1025-1028 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Sulfur heterocycles ; Hydrolyses ; Isothiocyanate ; Dithiocarbamic acids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of ethoxyxcarbonyl isothiocyanate with water in the absence of a solvent has yielded the new compound [EtO2CN=CS2C{N(H)CO2Et}{S2CN(H)CO2Et}] (1) in 76% yield that has been isolated in a crystalline form that con-tains one equivalent of ethoxyxcarbonyl isothiocyanate. Compound 1 can be viewed as an adduct of a dimer of EtO2CN=C=S and the dithiocarbamic acid 2. Compound 1 dissociates in solution to yield 2 and free ethoxyxcarbonyl isothiocyanate. Compound 2 can be isolated chromatog-raphically, but it is slowly oxidized when allowed to stand in the open air to form the thiuram disulfide 3. Compounds 1 and 3 were characterized crystallographically. Compound 1 contains an imino-substituted dithietane ring with a dithiocarbamate substitutent bonded to one of the ring carbon atoms. Compound 3 is a thiuram disulfide which has C2 crystallographic symmetry.
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    Novel Syntheses of Mono- and Bisphosphonated Aromatic Phosphanes by Consecutive Pd-Catalyzed P-C Coupling Reactions and Nucleophilic Phosphanylation - X-ray Structure of Ph2P-C6H4-m-PO3Na2 · 5.5 H2O · iPrOH (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1029-1034 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Pd-catalyzed P-C coupling ; Nucleophilic phosphanylation ; Mono- and bisphosphonated phosphanes ; Monoesters ; Water solubility ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The triphenylphosphane derivatives 2a and 5, bearing one and two phosphonic ester groups, are accessible in high yields by consecutive Pd-catalyzed P-C coupling reactions of p-bromoiodobenzene with Ph2PH and PhPH2, respectively, and then with diethyl phosphite. Ester hydrolysis yields the highly water-soluble sodium salts of mono- and bis-phosphonated triphenylphosphane, 3a and 6, respectively. On reaction of the p- and m-fluorophenylphosphonic diethyl esters 7a, 7b with Ph2PK and subsequent ester hydrolysis the isomeric disodium (diphenylphosphano)phenylphosphonates 3a, 3b were obtained. The X-ray structure of Ph2P(C6H4-m-PO3Na2) · 5.5 H2O · iPrOH (space group Cmc21) has been determined. In the solid state, it forms a layer structure with hydrophilic (PO32-, H2O, iPrOH) and hydrophobic (Ph2P) compartments, in which the PO32- anionic groups are not engaged in coordination of the sodium cations.
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    Conformational Flexibility of the Square-Pyramidal Coordination Cap in a Series of Octahedral Nickel(II) Pentaamine Complexes - Magnetochemical Characterization of the Singly μ-Cl-Bridged Nickel(II) Dimer [(pyN4)Ni-Cl-Ni(pyN4)](PF6)3 [pyN4 = 2,6-Bis(1′,3′-diamino-2′-methylprop-2′-yl)pyridine] (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1041-1049 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Tetrapodal pentadentate ligand ; Square pyramidal coordination cap ; Pentaamine ; Nickel(II) complexes ; Magnetochemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The architecture of the tetrapodal pentaamine ligand 2,6-bis(1′,3′-diamino-2′-methylprop-2′-yl)pyridine (pyN4, 1) allows it to coordinate to nickel(II) as a square pyramidal coordination cap. The pyridine nitrogen atom occupies an apical position of the coordination octahedron, while four equivalent pendent primary amino groups occupy the equatorial positions, with a sixth coordination site remaining for a monodentate ligand. Exchange of this ligand is facile, and a series of complexes [(1)NiX]n+ (X = OH2, OClO3, NCS, N3, {Cl-Ni(pyN4)}) has been prepared and characterised by elemental analysis, IR and UV/Vis spectroscopies (as applicable), and X-ray structure determination. While the solid state structures show varying degrees of distortion of the ligand cap 1 from C2v symmetry, a polynucleating coordination mode has not been observed. The ligand enables the synthesis of dinuclear nickel(II) complexes containing a single bridging ligand, as exemplified by the singly -chloro bridged complex [(1)Ni-Cl-Ni(1)](PF6)3. This complex has an antiferromagnetically coupled ground state of total spin ST = 0, as determined from variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements.
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    The 1,3-Sn2O2-Heterocycle as a Ligand in Organometallic Compounds - Dimerization of the Inidene Species [{(CO)5M}2SnOR]- (M = Cr, W) (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1057-1066 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Pentacarbonylmetal-tin bonding ; Alkoxytin compounds ; Inidene compounds ; 119Sn NMR ; Bonding ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dimerized inidene complexes [(CO)5M-Sn(OR)-M(CO)5]22- (M = Cr, W; R = Et, iPr), 1, are obtained from [{(CO)5M}2SnCl2]2- by different routes. Dimerization occurs via alkoxy-donor tin-acceptor bonding by which a planar Sn2O2 ring is formed. The Sn-{M(CO)5} bonds are made in a plane vertical to this ring such that, with the R-O groups being almost coplanar with the Sn2O2 ring, the overall geometry of the compounds shows idealized D2h symmetry. - The 119Sn-NMR resonances of 1 are found at rather low fields (M = Cr: δ ≈ 1400; M = W: δ ≈ 1170) indicating a low-lying tin-centered orbital in the LUMO range. Correspondingly EHT analyses show that the 3-center-4π system, which characterizes monomeric inidene species [LnM-E(X)-MLn]n, is still prevalent in the dimeric species 1. The low-lying π*-type LUMOs of 1 are the rationale for the observed 119Sn-NMR low-field shifts of 1. The dimeric compounds 1 react with 2,4-pentanedione to form chelate compounds of the same type as those characteristically obtained from monomeric inidene complexes: [{(CO)5Cr}2SnOEt]22- (1a) reacts to give [{(CO)5Cr}2Sn(acac)]- (2). The experimental results are verified by X-ray analyses in addition to the usual spectroscopic and analytical investigations.
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