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  • Electron microscopy  (1.196)
  • Springer  (1.196)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
  • Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 181 (1997), S. 425-437 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Olfactory receptor cells ; Olfactory bulbectomy ; Olfactory axotomy ; Electrophysiology ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This study investigated whether contact with the olfactory bulb was necessary for developing and renewing olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) to attain normal odorant responsiveness, and whether the anatomical and functional recoveries of the olfactory epithelium were similar in both bulbectomized (BE) and bilaterally axotomized (AX) preparations. In vivo electrophysiological recordings were obtained in response to amino acids, a bile acid [taurolithocholic acid sulfate(TLCS)] and a pheromonal odorant [17α, 20β,-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20P)] from sexually immature goldfish. Both transmission and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the olfactory epithelium degenerated in BE and AX goldfish. Within 1–2 weeks subsequent to the respective surgeries, responses to high concentrations (〉0.1 mmol · l−1) of the more stimulatory amino acids remained, whereas responses were no longer obtainable to TLCS and 17,20P. At 4 weeks, responses to amino acid stimuli recovered to control levels, while responses to TLCS and 17,20P were minimal. By 7 weeks post bilateral axotomy, the olfactory epithelium recovered to a condition similar to control sensory epithelium; however, the rate of degeneration and proliferation of receptor neurons in BE preparations appeared to remain in balance, thus blocking further recovery of the olfactory epithelium. At 7 weeks post surgery, odorant responses of AX and BE goldfish to TLCS and 17,20P were still recovering.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 140 (1994), S. 215-223 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin receptor ; Membrane reconstitution ; Electron microscopy ; Quaternary structure ; Immunogold labeling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Insulin receptors were incorporated into liposomes by two different procedures, one using dialysis and one using detergent removal by Bio-Beads. Receptor incorporation was analyzed by gradient centrifugation and electron microscopy. Reconstituted receptors projected up to 12 nm above the membrane and exhibited a T-shaped structure compatible with that previously described for the solubilized receptor. Insulin binding and autophosphorylation experiments indicated that approx. 50% of the receptors were incorporated right-side out. Such random orientation was confirmed by immunogold labeling of the α- and the β-subunit of the receptor. Immunogold labeling of the C-terminus of the β-subunit indicates that it resides about 6 nm off the membrane, while two α-subunit epitopes were labeled at about twice this distance, confirming that the α-subunit is harbored in the cross-bar of the T-structure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cristobalite ; Tridymite ; Phase transformation ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Using minimum exposure techniques, it is feasible to perform high resolution electron microscopy on the α-cristobalite phase of (Si0.9 Ge0.1)O2, which is extremely radiation sensitive. Such images reveal atomic scale information of twins and tridymite-like stacking faults on (1 1 1)β planes, as well as of domain boundaries resulting from the β→α transition. Polytype structures are formed in certain cases. Morphological features suggest that the phase transformation cristobalite → tridymite proceeds by means of a zonal dislocation mediated synchro-shear process on (1 1 1)β planes; the geometry of this process is analyzed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Planta 188 (1992), S. 155-163 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Bradyrhizobium ; Electron microscopy ; Glycine (root nodules) ; High-pressure freezing ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract High-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), in sharp contrast to chemical fixation and prefixation, appears to preserve the ultrastructure close to the native state. This is supported by the observation that the peribacteroid membrane of high-pressure-frozen samples is tightly wrapped around the bacteroids, a finding that is fully consistent with the current views on the physiology of oxygen and metabolite transport between plant cytosol and bacteroids. In soybean root nodules, the plant tissue and the enclosed bacteria are so dissimilar that conventional aldehyde-fixation procedures are unable to preserve the overall native ultrastructure. This was demonstrated by high-pressure freezing of nodules that had been pre-fixed in glutaraldehyde at various buffer molalities: no buffer strength tested preserved all ultrastructural aspects that could be seen after high-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 26 (1987), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Ribosome structure ; Electron microscopy ; Image analysis ; Evolutionary lineages
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Multivariate statistical analysis and classification techniques are powerful tools in sorting noisy electron micrographs of single particles according to their principal features, enabling one to form average images with an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and a better reproducible resolution. We apply this methodology here to determining the characteristic views of the large (50S) ribosomal subunits from the eubacteriumEscherichia coli and the archaebacteriaMethanococcus vannielii, Sulfolobus solfataricus, andHalobacterium marismortui. Average images were obtained of the subunit in the common crown and kidney projections, but views of the particle in orientations intermediate between these two extremes were also elucidated for all species. These averages show reproducible detail of up to 2.0 nm resolution, thus enabling the visualization and interspecies comparison of many structural features as a first step toward comparing the actual three-dimensional structures. Our results disprove evolutionary lineages recently postulated on the basis of electron microscopical images of ribosomal subunits.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Machine vision and applications 4 (1991), S. 271-285 
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Schlagwort(e): Electron microscopy ; three-dimensional vision ; surface reconstruction ; stereo ; shape from shading ; dynamic programming
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract The computational reconstruction of surface topographies from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images has been extensively investigated in the past, but fundamental image processing problems still exist. Since conventional approaches adapted from general-purpose image processing have not sufficiently met the requirements in terms of resolution and reliability, we have explored combining different methods to obtain better results. This paper presents a least-squares combination of conventional stereoscopy with “shape from shading” and a way of obtaining self-consistent surface profiles from stereoscopy and “stereo-intrinsic shape from shading” using dynamic programming techniques. Results are presented showing how this combined analysis of multi-sensorial data yields improvements of the reconstructed surface topography that cannot be obtained from individual sensor signals alone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Avian eggshell ; Microstructure ; Electron microscopy ; Electron diffraction ; Calcite growth
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The eggshell of the domestic fowl has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and diffraction. Thin sections of shell were prepared by chemical and ion-beam thinning techniques. Each calcite column of the palisade layer consisted of crystallites of diameter 20 to 30 µm with some tendency for crystallite alignment within a single column. Evidence indicates that there was no significant preferred orientation in the palisade layer as a whole. Only in the surface layer was any preferred orientation detected, and here {1014} planes tended to lie parallel to the surface. The results are compared with previously published data, and calcite nucleation and growth are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 179-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Decalcification ; Electron microscopy ; Calcified matrices
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of calcifying cartilage and bone has been examined under the electron microscope after using three different methods of decalcification. The first was carried out before embedding (by soaking specimens in EDTA or formic acid), the second after embedding (by floating ultrathin sections on formic acid), and the third after embedding (by soaking embedded specimens in EDTA or formic acid), and with later re-embedding. The first procedure invariably induces drastic changes in the fine structure of the cells and calcified matrix, probably as a results of the extraction of organic material along with extraction of mineral. The second and third procedures make it possible to preserve ultrastructural details perfectly in both cells and calcified matrix. Of the two, the third procedure is preferable because of its greater simplicity. In areas that are still calcifying, these post-embedding decalcification techniques reveal the presence of crystal-associated, filamentous organic structures which are not recognizable in specimens decalcified before embedding. These structures, which could have a key role in inducing and regulating crystal formation and growth, are less evident in fully calcified areas (but not at their borders). This may partly be due to the loss of glycan components in the matrix during calcification. The most important determinant, however, seems to be the fact that during calcification the components of the matrix, including collagen fibrils, are involved in an aggregation process which reduces the amounts of free chemical groups available for reaction with the stain solution. Because post-embedding decalcification does not disturb this state of aggregation, the stainability of the matrix and the electron microscopic evidence of its components remain very low.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 215-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Amorphous mineral ; Bone ; Electron microscopy ; Ultracryotomy ; Ultramicro-incineration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure of the extracellular phase of avian medullary bone and embryonic chick femur was examined in thin sections prepared by ultracryotomy and ultramicroincineration. Since contact with solutions was completely avoided, little or no loss or dislocation of mineral constituents could occur. Amorphous bone mineral (ABM) was present in two forms: as 15–30 nm spheres and as a structure-free haze. Removal of all organic material by low temperature ashing left the ABM intact. Crystals were usually associated with the ABM. In newly ossifying regions clusters or nodules of randomly oriented crystals and ABM appeared to coalesce when they reached approximately 1 μm in diameter. In highly calcified regions crystals appeared to be oriented along collagen fibers. ABM did not appear to be associated with collagen. Unmineralized collagen was visible in osteoid after staining with dry OsO4 vapor and it appeared to be diverted around nodules. Structures which resembled matrix vesicles were present. Selected area electron diffraction patterns indicated the presence of hydroxyapatite.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Osteogenesis ; In vitro ; Electron microscopy ; Mineralization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Chick limb mesenchymal cells differentiate into muscle, cartilage, fibrous, and bone tissue. Previous reports show that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are cultured in vitro, chondrocytes, myocytes, fibrocytes, and osteoblasts can be identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical parameters. The study reported here demonstrates that phenotypic expression in culture seems to be dependent on the initial plating density, Scanning electron microscopic observations indicate that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are initially seeded at high densities (5 × 106 cells per 35 mm culture dish), mounds of cells appear in culture. These mounds represent cartilage nodules composed of a fine fibrous matrix and chondrocytes, surrounded by a loose fibrous connective tissue matrix. Cultures initially plated at intermediate densities (2.0–2.5 × 106 cells/35 mm culture dish) produce a flattened layer of fibrocytes overlying a matrix of collagen fibers and calcium phosphate deposits as determined by electron-microprobe analysis; these observations are indicative of osteoblast expression. Cells seeded at this intermediate density appear larger and possess greater surface area than cells seeded at high density. It is suggested that conditions that permit such increased cell surface area coupled with a relative compaction due to cell crowding may provide conditions permissive for osteogenesis. Based on morphological criteria, it appears that chick limb mesenchymal cell osteogenesis in vitro is not associated with chondrogenesis but represents a separate route of phenotypic expression.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Parathyroid hormone ; Osteoclasts ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Metaphysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the size of the osteoclasts, nuclei, ruffled borders, and clear zones in long bones of thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats were quantitated as a function of time. These data were compared with the number of osteoclasts in the bone and with plasma calcium levels. A significant increase in the average size of the ruffled borders was demonstrated 30 min after injection of 50 U of purified bovine PTH, and of the clear zones 30–90 min after PTH. This was followed at 90 min by an increase in the average size of the cells. The sizes of ruffled borders and clear zones dropped sharply to control levels after 6 h, whereas the size of the cells remained elevated up to 12 h and returned to control values at 24 h. Plasma calcium levels were increased, but not significantly, between 30 min and 6 h. An increase in the number of osteoclasts was significant after 12 h. Removal of the parathyroid glands did not diminish the normal activity of osteoclasts. In animals with intact glands injection of 50 U of PTH did not cause a significant change in cell size or resorbing apparatus. It is concluded that PTH acts to rapidly stimulate the bone resorptive activity of osteoclasts and to cause a delayed increase in their number.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Decalcification ; Electron microscopy ; Bone matrix ; Bone glycoproteins
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A solution of triethylammonium EDTA in 80% ethanol was evaluated as a demineralizing reagent for bone in comparison with aqueous solutions of EDTA. Biochemical analysis and acrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracts of finely powdered bovine bone showed that most of the macromolecular components of the organic matrix extractable in aqueous EDTA were retained when the triethylammonium EDTA reagent was used. Ultrastructural examination of chick tibias decalcified with the reagents showed a better preservation of cellular morphology, especially the membranous components, and more uniformly distributed ground substance, though slightly less in quantity, when the aqueous reagent was used. Use of the two reagents appears to be complementary, the alkylammonium reagent being more appropriate for use in studies of the organic matrix of bone, including immunohistochemical studies of bone glycoproteins. The aqueous reagent is more appropriate for use in studies of cellular ultrastructure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Ceramic ; Tetracycline ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Un implant céramique non poreux est testé au niveau du fémur de rat en ce qui concerne son adhésivité à l'os. Un certain nombre de techniques morphologiques sont utilisées pour examiner le rapport entre l'implant et l'os néoformé. La microscopie électronique par transmission et la microscopie par fluorescence après marquage à la tétracycline ont donné les meilleurs résultats. Un rapport étroit entre l'os minéralisé et la céramique a été noté en microscopie électronique. Par marquage à la tétracycline, il semble que l'implant puisse stimuler la formation osseuse.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Ein unporöses keramisches Implantat in Rattenfemora wurde auf seine Fähigkeit geprüft, sich mit Knochen zu binden. Eine Anzahl morphologischer Techniken wurde verwendet, um die Beziehung zwischen den Oberflächen von Implantat und neuem Knochen zu untersuchen. Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie nach Tetracyclinmarkierung waren die erfolgreichsten Techniken. Eine enge Beziehung zwischen mineralisiertem Knochen und dem Keramikimplantat konnte mit der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Das Aussehen der Tetracyclinmarkierung im keramischen Implantat deutet darauf hin, daß dieses wahrscheinlich die Fähighkeit hat, Knochenbildung zu erhöhen.
    Notizen: Abstract A nonporous ceramic implant in rat femora was evaluated as to its ability to bond to bone. A number of morphologic techniques were utilized to examine the interfacial relationship of the implant to new bone. Transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy after tetracycline labelling were the most successful techniques. An intimate relationship between mineralized bone and the ceramic was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of tetracycline labelling at the ceramic interface indicates that the implant may have capacity to enhance bone formation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 143-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium transport ; Cytochalasin B ; Dihydrocytochalasin B ; Colchicine ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary In vivo calcium absorption was studied in normal and rachitic chicks. Cytochalasin B (CB) at a concentration of 25 µg/ml added to the medium inside the duodenal lumen inhibited calcium absorption (20 min) from 82.5±1.9% of calcium absorbed in the controls to 59.2±3% in normal and from 70.0±2.3% to 47.0±2.1% in rachitic chicks. In vitro studies by everted ileal sacs of young rabbits also showed an inhibition of active transport of calcium due to CB. Whereas in the controls the ratio of45Ca concentrations in serosal and mucosal media (60 min) was 7.2±0.32, the ratios were 5.24±0.52; 4.40±0.36; 3.40±0.42; 5.77±0.52; 1.38±0.08; and 1.06±0.02 in the presence of CB at concentrations of 5, 10 and 25 µg/ml; colchicine 10−4M, Na citrate 0.02M, and heat-devitalized conditions, respectively.45Ca concentration in the mucosal scrapings was also affected. It showed an increase from controls (15,101±404 cpm/mg) and correlated with CB concentration: 17,378±489, 19,015±1000, and 20,201±362 at 5, 10, and 25 µg/ml, respectively. Dihydrocytochalasin B also inhibited active calcium transport and caused an increase in45Ca concentration in the mucosal scrapings. Correlated electron microscopic studies showed certain changes in the brush border, especially in some actin microfilaments in the terminal web region. It seems that these morphological alterations may be related to transcytoplasmic movement of calcium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 93-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Dentinogenesis ; Globules ; Pyrophosphatase ; Calcification ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Three-day-old rats were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and thin slices were cut of the first molar germs. The slices were treated with EDTA and “activated” with buffered solutions containing Mg2+, Ca2+ or Zn2+. Incubation was carried out in buffered solutions (pH 8.5) containing inorganic pyrophosphate and Pb2+. In the Mg2+-activated specimens incubation products were localized to the plasma membranes in the stratum intermedium and the subodontoblastic area. Lead deposits were found on the periphery of the dentinal globules. Incubation products were more randomly distributed in Ca2+-activated specimens whereas those activated with Zn2+ displayed a deposition of lead precipitates mainly corresponding to that seen after activation with Mg2+. The findings are discussed in reference to the localization of alkaline phosphatase in the dentin-producing tissues and it is proposed that the results are indicative of the presence of an inorganic pyrophosphatase in these tissues.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Cellular calcium ; Electron microscopy ; Osteoblasts ; Chondrocytes ; Mineralization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The calcium distribution in cartilage and bone cells during beginning ossification of fetal mouse long bones was studied after fixation with 2% K-pyroantimonate in 1% osmium. In the developing periosteum, the future osteoblasts showed a sparse cation-antimonate precipitate over the cytoplasm. In young osteoblasts the precipitate was accumulated on the mitochondrial membranes and the plasmalemma. Both organelles were sharply outlined by precipitate in the mature osteoblasts at the onset of mineralization. X-Ray microprobe analysis of these organelles demonstrated the presence of both Sb and Ca. In the extracellular compartment, a collagen-associated precipitate with 50 to 60 nm periodicity appeared during osteoblastic differentiation. During the initial phase of matrix mineralization, a random gross precipitate appeared in the matrix and seemed to be accumulated by osmiophilic matrix vesicles while the collagen fibrils lost their precipitate. Subsequently, during the confluent phase of matrix mineralization, the precipitate rapidly disappeared from the cells, leaving them devoid of precipitate once they were surrounded by mineralized matrix. Similar changes were found in the chondrocytes of the growth plate, but cartilage collagen, unlike osteoid collagen, did not bind precipitate. The results indicate that both osteoblasts and calcifying cartilage cells bind calcium prior to matrix mineralization. Bone collagen has strong pyroantimonate binding capacity, but it is not directly involved with initial stages of matrix mineralization, which starts in close association with matrix vesicles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 29 (1979), S. 101-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Osteon ; X-ray diffraction ; Pole figures ; Electron microscopy ; Calcification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The X-ray diffraction method based on pole figures has been applied to single osteon samples in order to obtain information about the texture of the inorganic bone fraction and the way it changes during calcification. The osteon samples were cylindrically shaped, with axes corresponding to those of the haversian canals. Selection was carried out according to the degree of calcification and the orientation of collagen bundles and inorganic particles. Osteons at both the initial and final stages of calcification were chosen. Arrangements of fiber bundles and inorganic particles in successive lamellae characteristic of three types of osteons were selected: longitudinal, alternate, and transversal. The results indicate that in all three types of osteons, the long axis of the sample is apparently the only direction of orientation because the transversally oriented crystallites give an isotropic diffuse scattering as would be expected if all the inorganic particles were irregularly oriented around the osteon axis. The number of longitudinally oriented crystallites increases progressively from transversally oriented osteons to alternately and longitudinally oriented ones. The crystallite orientation in an axial direction increases in fully calcified osteons. This last result is in agreement with the electron microscopic finding that the long needle-shaped crystallites covering much more than a major collagen period and measuring 40–45 Å in width increase in number as calcification proceeds.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone sialoprotein ; osteoblast ; Bone matrix ; Electron microscopy ; Immunolocalization ; noncollagenous protein
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Bone sialoprotein was immunolocalized at the EM level in thin Lowicryl K4M sections of rat bone. Because of the unconventional EM morphology of the bone matrix seen in thin demineralized acrylate sections, the pattern of immunolabeling was compared with detailed structural images of demineralized bone obtained using an en bloc treatment of tissue samples with the cationic electron ‘dye’, Malachite Green (MG), which provides stabilization and retention of anionic material throughout specimen processing. A system of structures corresponding to the sites of bone sialoprotein (BSP) immunoreactivity, as seen in Lowicryl K4M thin sections, could be readily identified in the MG-treated, expoxy thin sections. This system includes the cement lines, and aggregates of similar material within mineralized bone and mineralizing osteoid. The virtual identity of BSP distribution with the arrangement of the MG-visualized material indicates that a BSP-enriched, noncollagenous phase can be demonstrated using different, unrelated tissue preparation and imaging protocols for EM. Besides improving our understanding of the distribution of bone sialoprotein in bone, these data assign a previously unrecognized structural dimension to noncollagenous material in the bone matrix.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Calcification ; Bone ; Matrix ; Apatite ; Nucleation ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Du collagène d'os compact de mouton est préparé par décalcification dans I'EDTA et à partir de tendons de queux de rats, par extraction dans l'acide acétique et reconstitution dans NaCl. Le dépôt d'apatite dans le collagène osseux de mouton dans une solution de calcification métastable est étudié chimiquement et par microscopie électronique. Le collagène osseux est un bon catalyseur de nucléation pour le dépôt minéral, alors que le collagène de tendons de rat ne l'est pas. Le dépôt minéral du collagène osseux se produit en deux phases cinétiques séparées, une phase rapide de nucléation et une croissance cristalline, donnant naissance à de petits ilots calcifiés et une seconde phase lente de croissance dans des régions ne comportant pas de zones catalytiques. La seconde phase de dépôt minéral paraît être le résultat d'une diffusion inhibée d'ions à travers les fibrilles collagènes alignées, laissant de larges régions de collagène sans minéral, bien que le tampon reste hautement sursaturé. La microscopie électronique permet de penser que les zones de catalyse pourraient avoir un rapport avec la périodicité de 640 Å de collagène, mais l'importance d'un matériel noncollagènique, lié au collagène, n'est pas à exclure. L'activité catalytique faible du collagène reconstitué n'est pas liée à la présence d'inhibiteurs faiblement liés, bien que des inhibiteurs puissent être intimement liés à ce type de collagène, qui pourrait être absent du collagène osseux. La différence d'activité catalytique pourrait intervenir dans la calcification physiologique. Une hypothèse plus générale pour la nucléation de la phase minérale dans les systémes biologiques est nécessaire.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Kollagen wurde aus kompaktem Schafsknochen mittels EDTA-Entkalkung und aus Rattenschwanzsehnen durch Essigsäureextraktion und Rekonstitution mit NaCl gewonnen. Die Apatitablagerung aus einer metastabilen Verkalkungslösung auf Schafsknochenkollagen wurde chemisch und im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß das Knochenkollagen ein guter Nukleationskatalysator für die Mineralablagerung ist, was beim Rattenschwanzkollagen nicht zutraf. Im Knochenkollagen erfolgte die Mineralablagerung in zwei getrennten kinetischen Phasen: einer raschen Phase der Nukleation und des Kristallwachstums, welche kleine verkalkte Inseln entstehen läßt, und einer zweiten langsamen Phase, welcher das Wachstum in Bezierken, die keine katalytischaktiven Stellen einschließen, zuzuschreiben ist. Diese zweite Phase der Mineralablagerung wird als Resultat einer verminderten Ionendiffusion durch die enganeinanderliegenden Kollagenfibrillen angesehen, wodurch weite Kollagenbereiche ohne Mineral bleiben, obwohl der Puffer stark übersättigt ist. Elektronenmikrographien ließen vermuten, daß die katalytischaktiven Stellen in einem gewissen Verhältnis zur 640 Å-Periodizität des Kollagens stehen; es konnte jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß nicht-kollagenhaltiges Material, welches an Kollagen gebunden ist, ebenfalls eine Rolle spielt. Die schlechte katalytische Aktivität des rekonstituierten Kollagens konnte nicht auf die Anwesenheit von schwachgebundenen Hemmstoffen zurückgeführt werden, obwohl Inhibitoren stark an dieses Kollagen gebunden sein könnten, die jedoch im Knochenkollagen nicht vorhanden sind. Die Unterschiede in der katalytischen Aktivität können mit der physiologischen Verkalkung in Beziehung stehen. Eine allgemeinere Hypothese für die Nukleation einer Mineralphase in biologischen Systemen wäre erforderlich.
    Notizen: Abstract Collagen was prepared from compact sheep bone by decalcification with EDTA and from rat tail tendons by acetic acid extraction and reconstitution with NaCl. The deposition of apatite in sheep bone collagen in a metastable calcification solution was studied chemically and by electron microscopy. The bone collagen was shown to be a good nucleation catalyst for mineral deposition, while rat tail collagen was a poor catalyst. Mineral deposition in bone collagen occured in two separate kinetic phases, a rapid phase of nucleation and crystal growth, giving rise to small calcified islands, and a second slow phase, ascribed to growth in regions not involving the catalytic sites. This second phase of mineral deposition is considered to be the result of impaired ion diffusion through the closely-aligned collagen fibrils, thus leaving large areas of the collagen free of mineral even though the buffer remains highly supersaturated. Electron micrographs suggested that the catalytic sites might be in some relationship to the 640 Å periodicity of collagen, but a role for non-collagenous material bound to the collagen has not been excluded. The poor catalytic activity of reconstituted collagen was not due to the presence of loosely-bound inhibitors, although inhibitors could be strongly bound to this type of collagen and be absent from bone collagen. The differences in catalytic activity may have a bearing on physiological calcification. A more general hypothesis for nucleation of a mineral phase in biological systems is required.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 381-384 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Alcohol ; Electron microscopy ; Growth plate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary We have previously demonstrated that ethanol has a direct toxic effect on the rat skeleton characterized by decreased trabecular bone volume. In the present study, we examined the ultrastructure of the distal radial epiphyseal growth plates in these same animals. Eight weeks of ethanol administration to 12 male rats results in serum alcohol levels of 140 mg/dl but did not alter the width or light microscopic appearance of the radial growth plate. Quantitative electron microscopy failed to demonstrate morphologic evidence of toxicity in the skeletal cells. We conclude that although ethanol appears to have a direct effect on rat bone characterized by enhanced resorption, toxicity is not attended by ultrastructural changes in the skeletal cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 529-540 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone cells ; Electron microscopy ; PTH ; PGE1
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Four different cell populations—designated PF, OB, OC, and PC—were isolated from calvaria of 18-day-old chick embryos for analysis of the effects of hormones on bone tissue. The cell populations were studied with histological and biochemical methods. Apart from the well-known cell types present in calvaria, a new cell type was found in the noncalcified organic matrix between the osteoblastic layer and the calcified matrix. These cells were provisionally called osteocytic osteoblasts. They represent the “transition state” between osteoblasts and osteocytes. On the basis of histological studies with light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the PF population was considered to originate primarily from the periosteal fibroblasts, the OB population from the osteoblasts and osteocytic osteoblasts. The population of cells still present in calvaria after removal of periosteal fibroblasts and osteoblasts was called the OC population. This cell population was very much enriched with osteocytes. The fourth isolated population (PC) was a mixed population of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and preosteoblasts. On exposure to parathyroid hormone (PTH), all four cell populations showed increased lactate production, but only the OB and OC populations displayed increased cAMP production. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) stimulated cAMP production in both OB and PF cells. From the results of this study it was concluded that PTH receptors are present on all of the cell types studied, but that occupancy of the receptor induces adenylate cyclase stimulation only in osteocytes and fully differentiated osteoblasts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 213-220 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Acid phosphatase ; Electron microscopy ; Shell Regeneration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Acid phosphatase activity was mainly localized in the lysosomes in all the regions of the outer epithelium. The transitional portion of the outer epithelium showed more intense activity than the other regions. During shell regeneration the activity of this portion decreased to a minimum level at 12 hours and was restored to normal at 72 hours. The other regions showed no change of activity during shell regeneration. It is postulated that the acid phosphatase in the transitional protion is responsible for conferring calcifiability to the organic matrix of the shell.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Chondrocytes ; High-density suspension culture ; Electron microscopy ; Matrix vesicle ; Apatite formation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Chondrocyte cultures grown in centrifuge tubes with intermittent centrifugation differentiate into hypertrophic chondrocytes and form calcification. We examined chondrocytes cultured in this system electron microscopically. Rat growth-plate chondrocytes were seeded in a plastic centrifuge tube and cultured in the presence of Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 50 μg of ascorbic acid per ml. Specimens were examined by using electron microscopy and selected-area electron-diffraction techniques. In the early stage of culture, a few chondrocytes were scattered and extracellular matrices were not observed. In the middle stage of the cultures, the chondrocytes resembled proliferative cells. Matrix vesicles appeared to be budding from the cell surfaces of chondrocytes and were observed sparsely in the extracellular matrices, which were well formed around the chondrocytes. Matrix vesicles increased substantially during the following cultures. In the mature stage of the cultures, crystal formation related to matrix vesicles was observed. In the 33-day cultures, several masses of calcified matrix were formed and it was confirmed to be apatite by selected-area electron diffraction analysis. The chondrocytes appeared hypertrophic during this same stage. The 56-day culture was similar to the 33-day culture. It was concluded that this culture system provides an extracellular-matrix mineralization which is produced by chondrocytes per se.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 566-570 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Cathepsin inhibitors ; Osteoclasts ; Resorption ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the effects of specific and potent cathepsin inhibitors on osteoclastic resorptive functions in vitro by means of a novel ultrastructural assay system. Mouse bone marrow cell-derived osteoclasts were suspended on dentine slices and cultured for 48 hours in the presence of either E-64 (a generalized cysteine proteinase inhibitor) or Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2 (a selective cathepsin L inhibitor). After the removal of cultured osteoclasts, co-cultured dentine slices were examined using electron microscopy: backscattered (BSEM), scanning (SEM), and atomic force (AFM). In morphometric analyses of BSEM images, there were no significant differences in the areas of demineralized dentine surfaces between control and inhibitor-treated groups, suggesting that cathepsin inhibitors had no effect on dentine demineralization by cultured osteoclasts. However, in SEM and AFM observations, both inhibitors remarkably reduced to the same extent, the formation of deep resorption lacunae on dentine slices that had resulted from degradation of matrix collagen. In addition, Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2 treatment produced deeper, ring-like grooves with little collagen exposure in shallow resorption lacunae. These results strongly suggest that (1) cathepsins released by osteoclasts are involved in the formation of deep resorption lacunae, and (2) cathepsin L plays a key role in bone resorption.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1997), S. 378-387 
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Pinus sylvestris (L.) ; Electron microscopy ; Heavy metals ; Multi-stress-symptoms ; SO2
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  Injuries to needles of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in nutrient-poor soils on the Kola Peninsula collected in April 1991 were studied on a gradient of increasing distances (10 – 115 km) from the Monchegorsk nickel smelter, Russia, which emits SO2, Ni and Cu. The condition of the mesophyll cells was quantified from needles of the two latest age classes using a light and an electron microscope. The damage to the ultrastructure consisted of multistress symptoms caused by excess sulphur, heavy metals, frost, acidic precipitation and ozone. Injuries were most commonly manifested in the form of dark, irregularly shaped chloroplasts with protrusions and light thylakoids and plastoglobuli. These symptoms gradually disappeared with increasing distance and decreasing deposition rate. Concentrations of sulphur, copper and nickel decreased towards more distant sites where normal levels of the latter two elements were reached. Sulphur concentrations remained above background throughout the distance gradient. In the closest plots to the smelter area, cell collapse under the stomata and epidermis related to acute SO2 and heavy metal effects was found, whereas further away symptoms were more diverse, pointing towards the effects of ozone, acidic deposition and thereby decreased frost tolerance. The additive multistress symptoms were clearly seen in the area up to 40 km from the smelter where needle Cu concentration was above 110 ppm, Ni concentration above 39 ppm and S concentration above 1343 ppm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Synaptogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Visual acuity ; Fish development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The morphogenetic differentiation of synapses of the optic tectum of the rainbow trout was investigated at different stages of development (from hatching to adult) and compared with the improvement in visual discrimination (minimum separable). (1) The main phase of synaptogenesis (increase in number of synapses, length of contact zone and number of vesicles) begins about one week after hatching and continues up to the age of one month, when the larvae start swimming freely. (2) Myelination begins 26 days after hatching and induces the end of the synaptogenesis period. (3) The visual discrimination (minimum separable) of trout larvae improves from 30 degrees of arc on the 10th day after hatching to 1 degree on day 30, then to about 14 to 18 min of arc in the adult. The results are discussed with special reference to previous biochemical investigations on changes in the ganglioside composition of the trout brain during comparable periods of development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Chitin inhibition ; Nikkomycin ; Cuticle ; Electron microscopy ; Epilachna varivestis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The nucleoside antibiotic nikkomycin has proved to be an effective inhibitor of chitin synthesis in the Mexican bean beetleEpilachna varivestis. Ultrastructural investigations show defects in the procuticular area after nikkomycin application which suggest the complete absence of chitin. A cuticle like this is inflexible and too brittle to satisfy its normal function as an exoskeleton. The individuals are not able to free themselves from the exuvia and finally die. Therefore nikkomycin seems to be a potential insecticide with high specifity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 206 (1997), S. 503-514 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Preimplantation mouse embryo ; Brefeldin-A ; Monensin ; Golgi ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The intracellular trafficking of integral membrane and secreted proteins is likely to be a key element involved in the morphogenesis and differentiation of the early mammalian embryo. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to analyse the effects of brefeldin-A (BFA) and monensin, well known inhibitors of vesicular protein trafficking in somatic cells, on the structure of preimplantation mouse embryos. Both BFA and monensin distinctively altered the morphology of Golgi compartments in the blastomeres of treated morulae. BFA-treated morulae lacked recognizable Golgi complexes but possessed heterogeneous organelle clusters consisting of an abundance of smooth tubular and vesicular membrane compartments in addition to mitochondria, endosomes and lysosomes. Treatment of morulae with monensin was associated with swelling of Golgi compartments in addition to altering the morphology of mitochondria, lysosomes and the plasma membrane. BFA, and to a lesser extent monensin, inhibited cytokinesis as evidenced by the detection of binucleate blastomeres. In addition, BFA induced morulae to decompact. These latter effects have not been reported previously for these agents in mammalian somatic cell lines or other vertebrate or invertebrate embryos. These results provide the first demonstration of the structural effects of BFA and monensin on cells of the early mammalian embryo, some of which are consistent with the known actions of these agents on components of the vesicular protein trafficking system in mammalian somatic cells. This information serves as a foundation for the further use of these agents in studies of vesicular protein trafficking as an agent of preimplantation morphogenesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 133-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Osteon ; X-Ray diffraction ; Electron microscopy ; Calcification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary To obtain information on the changes in the inorganic bone fraction during calcification, low- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction techniques and electron microscopy have been applied to single osteon samples. The samples were cylindrically shaped and their axes corresponded to the axes of the Haversian canals. The selection was made according to the degree of calcification and the orientation of collagen bundles and inorganic particles. Osteons at both the initial and final stages of calcification were chosen. Arrangements of fiber bundles and inorganic particles in successive lamellae characteristic of three types of osteon were selected, that is, longitudinally structured osteons, transversely structured osteons, and alternately structured osteons. The results indicate that in osteonic lamellar bone there are two types of inorganic particles: (1) granules arranged in linear or needle-shaped entities with maximum width 40–45 Å, which are regularly distributed at the level of the main band of the collagen fibrils where their maximum length reaches the length of the main band itself; that is, about 400 Å; and (2) very long crystallites, with a diameter of 40–45 Å, which grow with their crystallographicc-axis parallel to the collagen fibrils and cover much more than a major collagen period.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 191-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Amelogenesis imperfecta ; Hypocalcification ; Hypoplasia ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary An ultrastructural study of teeth with amelogenesis imperfecta revelaed various aspects of microcavities in the enamel surface, which ranged from isolated imprints of ameloblasts corresponding to the mildest lesions at the end of amelogenesis, to pits caused by the death of 20 to 30 ameloblasts at the beginning of amelogenesis. Abnormalities in the shape of the prisms can be observed. Further, crystals are distributed randomly within a prism or at the junction of 2 contiguous prisms while intercrystalline spaces are widened, indicating in various places the lack of a preferred orientation of the crystals. In amelogenesis imperfecta, two different crystalline periods are found: 1 of about 250 Å, the other of about 500 Å and over. The fact that amorphous areas are found among the crystals of enamel may be related to different stages of crystallization. However, it was not possible to find any lattice defect.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Cementum ; Lysis ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Examination of microradiographs from the deciduous teeth of pigs revealed large lacunae or radiolucent zones close to the cemento-dentinal junction. Electron microscopic studies of the ground sections showed areas or irregularly shaped zones devoid of mineral and filled with collagen fibers. In the wide unmineralized zones, spherical clusters of crystallites were noted. Several cementum lacunae bordered by a broad rim of unmineralized collagen fibers were noted and some lacunae also contained zones of a moderately electron dense material. This material did not yield a diffraction pattern, while the mineralized part of the cementum gave the diffraction pattern typical of hydroxyapatite.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone mineral ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray diffraction ; Dark field
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Electron microscopical observations of the size and shape of bone mineral crystallites have not been in complete agreement with X-ray diffraction findings. The two prevalent viewpoints consider bone mineral crystals to be either rod, or plate like in habit. There appears to be agreement that the smallest dimension of the crystals is about 5 nm, but there is discrepancy in the reported c-axial lengths. The method of dark field imaging is used to obtain a quantitative measurement of the c-axial length distribution in rabbit, ox and human bone: mean c-axial lengths 32.6 nm, 36.2 nm and 32.4 nm, respectively, show no significant difference at the 5% level to the mean c-axial length measured by X-ray line broadening. Both bright and dark field images strongly suggest that bone mineral has a plate like form. Reasons for past discrepancies are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): CaCO3 ; Amino acids ; Sheaths ; Ligament ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The aragonite crystals in the molluscan bivalve hinge ligament are surrounded by an organic sheath which is distinct from the remainder of the ligament matrix. Methods have been developed to isolate these sheathed crystals from the ligaments ofSpisula solidissima andMercenaria mercenaria employing a papain digestion of the matrix protein. The sheathed crystals fromSpisula have a CaCO3/protein ratio of 11.1 and those fromMercenaria a ratio of 29.6. The sheathed crystals and the empty crystal sheaths have been examined by electron microscopy for structural integrity. The sheath proteins exhibit much smaller proportions of the amino acids glycine and methionine than the hinge ligaments. These are characteristic amino acids of high concentration in the hinge ligaments of both species. The concentrations of acidic and basic amino acids are increased about two fold in the sheaths over those of the ligaments. Otherwise there is little similarity in the amino acid composition of the sheaths in the two species. However, SDS electrophoresis shows the sheaths of both to contain a major protein component with a molecular weight of about 25,000. The sheath protein from theMercenaria ligament contains about 5% carbohydrate and that ofSpisula sheaths less than 1% carbohydrate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Calvarium ; Electron microscopy ; Preosteoclasts ; Osteoclasts
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary This is a study of the fine structure of cells of the 20-day fetal rat calvarium. Special attention is given to identifying and characterizing preosteoclasts. These cells are relatively common and located largely, but not exclusively, at the endocranial bone surface. The preosteoclasts are characterized by abundant mitochondria, an incomplete perinuclear Golgi apparatus, and variable-shaped dense granules. The dense granules are unique in appearance in that they contain an internal dense matrix surrounded by a clear halo. Most granules are circular in shape but some are elongate or tubular in form. Granules with identical appearance are observed in osteoclasts. The preosteoclasts are mononucleate, or occasionally binucleate. It is suggested that because preosteoclasts are morphologically distinctive and relatively abundant, it should be feasible to separate these cells from a heterogeneous cell isolate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): d-Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase ; Oxygenase activity ; Quaternary structure ; Electron microscopy ; Alcaligenes eutrophus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract d-Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase has been purified from autotrophically grown cells of the facultative chemolithotrophic hydrogen bacteriumAlcaligenes eutrophus. The enzyme was homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 505000 determined by gel filtration and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and a sedimentation coefficient of 18.2 S was obtained. It was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that the enzyme consists of two types of subunits of molecular weight 52000 and 13000. Electron microscopy on the intact and the partially dissociated enzyme lead to the construction of a model for the quaternary structure of the enzyme which is composed of 8 large and 8 small subunits. The most probable symmetry of the enzyme molecule is 4:2:2. Michaelis constant (K m ) values for ribulose 1,5-diphosphate, Mg2-, and CO2 were 0.59 mM, 0.33 mM, and 0.066 mM measured under air. Oxygen was a competitive inhibitor with respect to CO2 suggesting that the enzyme also exhibits an oxygenase activity. The oxygenolytic cleavage of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate was shown and a 1:1 stoichiometry between oxygen consumption and 3-phosphoglycerate formation observed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 185-198 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Synechococcus lividus ; Cyanobacteria ; Carbon dioxide ; Electron microscopy ; Bleaching-regreening
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of carbon dioxide on pigment and membrane content in Synechococcus lividus was studied by depriving cells of CO2 and examining cell populations biochemically and by electron microscopy. After 120 h of CO2 deprivation, S. lividus lost all detectable chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin. Such bleached cultures were “mustard yellow”, the result of approximately 1.8 times more carotenoid per cell than green control cultures. Although cells from beached cultures appeared morphologically identical to control green cells when examined by light microscopy, electron microscopic examination revealed them to be devoid of detectable thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid membrane could not be recovered by physical isolation or revealed by freeze etching of bleached S. lividus. In addition, inclusion bodies characteristically found in S. lividus were also absent. Reintroduction of CO2 into bleached cultures resulted in a rapid resynthesis of both chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin. Electron microscopic examination of these regreening cultures revealed that thylakoid membrane was also rapidly resynthesized. Growth of regreened cultures did not occur until there was the synthesis of a full complement of chlorophyll a, C-phycocyanin, and thylakoid membrane. A time course study of the cytological events occurring during bleaching and regreening is presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 111 (1976), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Serratia marcescens ; (Phage tail) bacteriocin ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Genese eines phagenschwanzähnlichen Bacteriocins in Zellen des Gruppe A-bacteriocinogenen (bA+) Serratia marcescens-Stammer Nr. 16 wurde nach Mitomycin C (MC) Induktion elektronenoptisch untersucht. Dieses Bacteriocin (Gesamtlänge 117 nm) besteht aus einem hohlen Stift mit kontraktiler Scheide. Nach 60 min Induktion wurden in Dünnschnitten stäbchenförmige Bacteriocine identifiziert. Sie erscheinen in drei Aggregationsformen: 1. als hexagonale Einschlüsse, 2. als Bänder dicht nebeneinanderliegender Bacteriocine und 3. als Stapel von übereinanderliegenden Bacteriocinschichten, wenn nach 120 min Induktion ein Maximum von ca. 450 Bacteriocinen pro Zelle erreicht wird. Bacteriocine konnten nach der gleichen Induktionszeit von 60 min auch mit der “in situ lysis technique” nachgewiesen werden. Neben Bacteriocinen traten relativ selten und unregelmäßig auch Phagenköpfe auf. Die Stäbchenform teilungsfähiger Zellen blieb bis zum Auftreten von intracellulären Bacteriocinen erhalten. Ihre Umwandlung in geblähte, sphäroplastenähnliche Zellformen, die nach 120 min Induktion lysierten, war zeitlich korreliert mit Feinstrukturveränderungen der Zellwand.
    Notizen: Abstract The biosynthesis of a phage tail-like Bacteriocin by cells of the group A-bacteriocinogenic (bA+ Serratia marcescens strain no. 16 after induction with mitomycin C (MC) was examined electronmicroscopically. This bacteriocin (total length 117 nm) consists of a hollow core and a contractile sheath. At 60 min following induction, rod-like bacteriocin-partieles were identifiable in ultrathin sections. The particles were found to comprise three morphologically different forms of aggregation: 1. hexagonal inclusions, 2. contiguous, bank-like particles, and 3. staples of superimposed layers of bacteriocin particles. At 120 min after induction bA+ cells revealed maximally 450 bacteriocin particles. Similarly, the phage tail particles could be demonstrated with the “in situ lysis technique” at 60 min following induction. Occasionally, phage heads were demonstrable, but in no instance were complete phage particles discernible. Dividing cells of the bA+ strain of S. marcescens maintained their rod-form following induction with MC until intracellular phage tail bacteriocin particles were seen. However, at 120 min after induction, the swollen, sphaeroplast-like cells lysed, an event that could be correlated with fine structural alterations of the cell wall.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 126 (1980), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Bacteriophage ; Myxococcus ; λ ; Superooiled DNA ; Cross-linking ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract DNA was partially released from the heads of myxococcus phages and also coliphage λ and examined by electron microscopy by a modification of the Kleinschmidt technique, in which water was used as hypophase. DNA emerged from the heads in patterns suggestive of newly relaxed supercoils. The unreleased DNA appeared to occupy discrete regions in the head. Some closed circles were released from λ heads. When NaCl solution was used as hypophase, the DNA was observed either released from the tail or from the head, in the latter case, supercoiled regions were observed. When NH4OAc solution was used as hypophase, tightly wound structures were released from λ heads; these fields also contained supercoiled circles. The presence of constrained supercoiled domains in newly released phage DNA was confirmed by observing the effects of ethidium bromide on its conformation. Treatment of phage with nitrogen mustard, a bifunctional alkylating agent, preserved supercoiled domains, even when the phage were lysed over water as hypophase. Further experiments suggested that phage inactivation by nitrogen mustard is largely due to restraint of the supercoiled, native, tertiary structure and that DNA-protein cross-linking may be involved in this reaction. The implications of these findings for the conformation of phage DNA in vivo are discussed and a new model for the winding of DNA in phage heads is proposed.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 179-189 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Allomyces ; Zoospores ; Cell wall ; Chitin ; Gamma particle ; Encystment ; Electron microscopy ; Calcofluor
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Structural changes during cell wall formation by populations of semisynchronously germinating zoospores were studied in the water mold Allomyces macrogynus. Fluorescence microscopy using Calcofluor white ST (which binds to β-1,4-linked glycans) demonstrated that Calcofluor-specific material was deposited around most cells between 2–10 min after the induction of encystment (beginning when a wall-less zoospore retracts its flagellum and rounds up). During the first 15 min of encystment there was a progressive increase in fluorescence intensity. Ultrastructural analysis of encysting cells showed that within 2–10 min after the induction of encystment small vesicles 35–70 nm diameter were present near the spore surface, and some were in the process of fusing with the plasma membrane. The fusion of vesicles with the zoospore membrane was concomitant with the appearance of electron-opaque fibrillar material outside the plasma membrane. Vesicles similar to those near the spore surface were found within the gamma (γ) particles of encysting cells. These particles had a crystalline inclusion within the electron-opaque matrix. During the period of initial cyst cell wall formation numerous vesicles appeared to arise at the crystal-matrix interface. Approximately 15–20 min was required for the cell wall to be formed. We suggest that the initial response of the zoospore to induction of encystment is the formation of a cell wall mediated by the fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma membrane.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Cockroach ; Hindgut ; Distribution ; Microbial morphotypes ; Transmission ; Electron microscopy ; Statistical analysis ; Eublaberus posticus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The relative numbers of fourteen microbial morphotypes in transmission electron micrographs of the hindgut of a cockroach, Eublaberus posticus, were counted and their distribution was analyzed statistically. The microbiota of three wall-associated regions (the anterior paunch, the posterior paunch, and the black band region) was clearly different from that of the gut lumen. The three wall fractions were also significantly different from each other. Only one of the fourteen types, prosthecate bacteria, appeared to be distributed randomly in the four fractions. The five main wall-associated morphotypes individually constituted up to 41% of the microbes in some micrographs. They included one type with the characteristic morphology of Methanospirillum. Six morphotypes rarely made up over 2% of the population, but were consistently present. The numbers of the remaining three morphotypes were quite variable between micrographs and between individual insects, but when present often made up 5–10% of the population.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 97-99 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Cyanobacteria ; Thylakoid centers ; Photosynthetic membranes/thylakoids ; Membranes ; Membrane biogenesis ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract An ultrastructural study of four cyanobacteria (Anabaena cylindrica, Dermocarpa violaceae, Gleocapsa alpicola, Pleurocapsa minor) indicates the presence of previously undescribed thylakoid centers from which photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) radiate. These peripherally located thylakoid centers are cylinders 30 nm wide by 320 nm long, consisting of globular subunits oriented in nonparallel stacked arrays. Thylakoids are attached to the outer surface of the cylinder along its longitudinal axis. Thylakoid centers appear to be functionally significant due to their structure, location and thylakoid association.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 339-343 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Leptospira ; Halophilic ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray analysis ; Inclusions ; Cytoplasmic tubules
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The morphology of cells of strain Muggia, a slightly halophilic leptospire, was examined by the negative staining technique. The ultrastructure of the cells was rather similar to that of cells of Leptonema illini, i. e. the cells possessed cytoplasmic tubules. The basal complex of their flagella, however, was similar to the corresponding part of flagella on Gramnegative bacteria. The interior of the cells was densely packed with inclusions, except for the two outermost wavelengths at each end where these inclusions were absent. X-ray microanalysis showed that the inclusions contained sodium and chlorine as their main constituents. The inclusions disappeared upon storage of the cultures at room temperature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase ; Quaternary structure ; Molecular weight ; Electron microscopy ; Cyanobacteria ; Synechococcus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ribulose bisphosphate (RuP2) carboxylase from the marme cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp., comprised both large (57,000 dalton) and small (12,000 dalton) subunits. The undissociated, purified enzyme was considerably smaller than the spinach enzyme when compared by pore-gradient electrophoresis, gel filtration and density-gradient centrifugation. This suggested that the cyanobacterial enzyme might have a hexameric (L6S6) subunit structure, unlike the enzymes from spinach and many other organisms which are octamers (L8S8). However, the molecular weight of the Synechococcus enzyme was measured by equilibrium sedimentation and found to be 530,000, which is within the range observed for L8S8-type enzymes. Furthermore, electron microscopic studies of negatively stained preparations of both the native enzyme, and a preparation depleted of 87% of its small subunits by repeated mild-acid precipitation, revealed four-fold symmetry characteristic of an octameric, cubical structure. Synechococcus RuP2 carboxylase therefore must be an L8S8 octamer and its anomalous pore-penetration behaviour may be due to an asymmetric shape. Some support for the latter possibility was provided by electron miscoscopic observations of two different types of images which may be different views of the molecule in two planes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 141 (1985), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): C. sporosphaeroides ; Citrate lyase ; Regulation ; Purification ; Properties ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Cells of Clostridium sporosphaeroides which were grown on citrate contained citrate lyase and citrate lyase acetylating enzyme, but no detectable citrate synthase and citrate lyase deacetylase activities. Citrate lyase from C. sporosphaeroides was purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography. In contrast to the enzyme from Clostridium sphenoides, the addition of l-glutamate was not necessary for activity and stabilization of the enzyme. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 34 U/mg protein and was comparable to other citrate lyases with respect to its molecular weight and subunit composition. Electron microscopic investigations showed that similar to the lyase from C. sphenoides and in contrast to all other citrate lyases examined so far, the majority of the enzyme molecules was present in “star” form.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 142 (1985), S. 259-261 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Methanogenic bacteria ; Plasmid isolation ; Alkaline lysis ; CsCl gradient ; Restriction endonuclease mapping ; Electron microscopy ; DNA homology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Of 21 recently isolated strains of methanococci, one was found to harbor a small, cryptic, low copy number plasmid. Reproducible recovery was achieved by alkaline lysis of cells pretreated with proteinase K in an osmotically stabilizing buffer. The plasmid was found to contain a singleAval site. No homology was detected between the plasmid and DNA from any of the other new strains or from five known species of methanococci.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 143 (1986), S. 400-402 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): E. coli relA +/relA ; Starvation survival ; Guanosine tetraphosphate ; Electron microscopy ; Glycogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Amino acid-starved cells of Escherichia coli relA +, which contain a large number of glycogen particles, are able to survive in phosphate buffer for a longer time period than their relaxed counterparts. With regard to NH 4 + starvation differences in the survival of both strains were not found. NH 4 + starved cells of E. coli relA are able to synthesize glycogen but amino acid-starved cells of the relA strain are not. We suggest that the synthesis of glycogen triggered by guanosine tetraphosphate during amino acid starvation is responsible for the prolonged viability of the E. coli relA + strain.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 106 (1975), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Trichophyton terrestre ; Trichophyton rubrum ; Hyphal fusions ; Origin of intra-hyphal hyphae ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A cell observation chamber was designed to perform continuous photomicroscopic observations of hyphal anastomosis and the origin of intra-hyphal hyphae in Trichophyton terrestre and T. rubrum. These data were correlated with ultrastructural features of intra-hyphal hyphae. Hyphal fusions occurred commonly in either species of Trichophyton when incubated alone. In T. terrestre, empty hyphal segments adjoined by live units were invaded at the septa from both directions by new hyphal ingrowth. Continuous observations revealed that the intra-hyphal hyphae subsequently anastomosed via a lateral fusion peg. Similar intra-hyphal hyphae were shown in T. rubrum. Electron microscopic studies revealed ascomycetous septa in both conventional hyphae and intra-hyphal hyphae. For the latter, the cytoplasm and wall of the inner hypha were bounded by cytoplasmic organelles and another cell wall of the outer hypha.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 300-306 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Key wordsNitrosomonas europea ; Hydroxylamine ; oxidoreductase (HAO) ; Electron microscopy ; Electron ; spectroscopic imaging ; Quaternary structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The hydroxylamine oxidoreductase from Nitrosomonas europaea was prepared to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity. Electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations of the sample revealed an overall diameter of about 8.8 nm of the enzyme particle. The native structure was determined as a tetrahedron-like assembly of identical subunits exhibiting four protein masses.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Photosynthesis ; Membrane structure ; Electron microscopy ; Ectothiorhodospira ; Serial thin sectioning ; Three dimensional reconstruction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The three dimensional organization of the complete photosynthetic apparatus of the extremely halophilic, bacteriochlorophyll b containing Ectothiorhodospira halochloris has been elaborated by several techniques of electron microscopy. Essentially all thylakoidal sacs are disc shaped and connected to the cytoplasmic membrane by small membraneous “bridges”. In sum, the lumina of all thylakoids (intrathylakoidal space) form one common periplasmic space. Thin sections confirm a paracrystalline arrangement of the photosynthetic complexes in situ. The ontogenic development of the photosynthetic apparatus is discussed based on a structural model derived from serial thin sections.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ; Sulfur production ; Sulfur oxidation ; Inhibitors ; Uncouplers ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The intermediary production of elemental sulfur during the microbial oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds has frequently been reported. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, an acidophilic chemolithoautotroph, was found to produce an insoluble sulfur compound, primarily elemental sulfur, during the oxidation of thiosulfate, trithionate, tetrathionate and sulfide. This was confirmed by light and electron microscopy. Sulfur was produced from sulfide by an oxidative step, while the production from tetrathionate was initiated by a hydrolytic step, probably followed by a series of chemical reactions. The oxidation of intermediary sulfur was severely inhibited by sulfhydryl-binding reagents such as N-ethylmaleimide, by the addition of uncouplers or after freezing and thawing of the cells, which probably damaged the cell membrane. The mechanisms behind these inhibitions have not yet been clarified. Finally, it was observed that elemental sulfur oxidation by whole cells depended on the medium composition. The absence of sulfate or selenate reduced the sulfur oxidation rate.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Sugar beet ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Mitochondrial (mt) DNAs from normal (N) and male sterile (S) cytoplasms of sugar been have been isolated and investigated by electron microscopy. The results showed that mtDNA was composed of a heterogeneous population of circular molecules. Their contour lengths varied from 0.28 to 51 μm, but unlike in the case of maize, a large difference was not observed in the distribution of molecular classes greater than 1.0 μm between N and S cytoplasms of sugar beet. On the other hand, N and S cytoplasms were shown to contain their own characteristic combinations of small circular mtDNA species with lengths between 0.28 μm and 0.6 μm. Mitochondrial DNAs from various sources of male-sterile cytoplasms were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to determine the extent of cytoplasmic variation. Additional low molecular weight DNA bands appeared in all male-sterile lines examined, and as a result, three distinctive banding patterns were recognized. These data are in general agreement with those based upon restriction endonuclease digestion of mt and chloroplast DNAs and the genetic analysis of fertility restoration in test crosses.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Schlagwort(e): Key words X-ray crystallography ; Electron microscopy ; Biological databases
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Advances in structural biology are opening greater opportunities for understanding biological structures from the cellular to the atomic level. Particularly promising are the links that can be established between the information provided by electron microscopy and the atomic structures derived from X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Combining such different kinds of structural data can result in novel biological information on the interaction of biomolecules in large supramolecular assemblies. As a consequence, the need to develop new databases in the field of structural biology that allow for an integrated access to data from all the experimental techniques is becoming critical. Pilot studies performed in recent years have already established a solid background as far as the basic information that an integrated macromolecular structure database should contain, as well as the basic principles for integration. These efforts started in the context of the BioImage project, and resulted in a first complete database prototype that provided a versatile platform for the linking of atomic models or X-ray diffraction data with electron microscopy information. Analysis of the requirements needed to combine data at different levels of resolution have resulted in sets of specifications that make possible the integration of all these different types in the context of a web environment. The case of a structural study linking electron microscopy and X-ray data, which is already contained within the BioImage data base and in the Protein Data Bank, is used here to illustrate the current approach, while a general discussion highlights the urgent need for integrated databases.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 7 (1981), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Schlagwort(e): Photosynthetic bacteria ; Electron microscopy ; Planar lattices
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The thylakoids of Rhodopseudomonas viridis have been studied by freeze-fracturing whole cells. Depending on growth conditions and treatment before freezing, three different types of particle arrangements in the photosynthetic membrane are reported: a random arrangement, an isometric (quadratic) lattice arrangement with a lattice constant of 12.5 ± 0.8 nm, and a hexagonal lattice arrangement with a lattice constant of 12.5 ± 0.8 nm.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Electron microscopy ; Replicative intermediates
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Some physicochemical properties of the mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) from plants of flax, broad bean and mung bean, and from tissue culture cells of jimson weed, soybean, petunia and tobacco were determined. Circular molecules were observed in electron microscope preparations of each mtDNA. In soybean, petunia, broad bean and mung bean mtDNAs, the circular molecules had a continuous distribution of lengths (ranges between 1 to 36 kb, and 1 to 126 kb), heavily skewed toward smaller molecules. Eighty-six percent of the flax circular molecules were from 27 to 54 kb in size, and 78% of the jimson weed circular molecules were from 4 to 15 kb. Replicative forms of 1.2–1.6 kb circular molecules were observed in electron microscope preparations of broad bean mtDNA.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Plant mtDNA ; Electron microscopy ; Restriction enzymes ; Hairpin structures
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Broad bean (Vicia faba) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) includes three circular plasmids: mt-plasmid 1 (1,704 ntp), mt-plasmid 2 (1,695 ntp) and mt-plasmid 3 (1,476 ntp). Partially replicated circular forms of these mt-plasmids have been observed in electron microscope preparations. Restriction enzymes that cleave either mt-plasmid 2 (but not mt-plasmids 1 and 3) or mt-plasmid 3 (but not mt-plasmids 1 and 2) were used to generate linear forms of partially replicated mt-plasmid 2 and mt-plasmid 3 molecules. Analyses of these linearized replicative intermediates, observed by electron microscopy, indicated that in both mt-plasmid 2 and mt-plasmid 3 replication originates at a specific location and proceeds in the same, single direction around the molecules. The replication origins of mt-plasmid 2 and mt-plasmid 3 map close to sequences that can fold into hairpin structures.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Allomyces macrogynus ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Restriction enzyme map
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The mitochondrial (mt) DNA of the aquatic phycomycete Allomyces macrogynus is a circular molecule with a size of 56.1 kbp. The cleavage sites for the restriction enzymes SalI and PvuI were mapped by comparing the partial denaturation patterns of isolated restriction fragments with the pattern of the intact circle. The genes coding for the small and large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were located on the restriction map by heteroduplex and R-loop analysis. The gene coding for the large rRNA contains an intervening sequence, app. 0.7 kbp in size, near the 3′-end of the gene. The two rRNA genes are encoded on the same strand of the mtDNA and separated by a region of 17–18 kbp. This rRNA gene organization is similar to that found with members of the Ascomycetes.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Gallstone ; Cholesterol monohydrate crystals ; Phase separation ; Light scattering ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Phospholipid/cholesterol vesicles were solu-bilized by 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS). Above 30 mol% cholesterol (Ch) in the lipid vesicles several remarkable changes of the solubilization process were observed. (i) Two modes of solubilization: The effective detergent to lipid ratio Rc(M) for the formation of mixed micelles decreased from Rc(M) = 43 ± 3 at low lipid concentrations, [L]≤ 0.15 mm, to Rc(M) = 2.4 ± 0.3 above [L] = 0.5 mm (40 mol% Ch, T = 20 °C). (ii) At subsolubilizing CHAPS concentrations, filamentous and helical microstructures were formed, similar to those which were observed in native and model bile. (iii) The number of observed fibers was about two orders of magnitude higher in the presence of the negatively charged lipids phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidic acid (PA) compared to the zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine (PC). Fiber formation began after 16–18 h using PG and PA compared to 3–4 days in the presence of PC. Screening of the charged lipids by NaCl effectively reduced the formation of fibers. Assuming binding of Na+ to the charged lipid aggregates, an intrinsic binding constant Kint = 0.6 M–1 was determined by applying the Gouy-Chapman theory. After the addition of CHAPS to PG/Ch vesicles, a fast initial solubilization of the vesicles (〈1 min) to mixed micelles (rh = 2.3 ± 0.2 nm) and small vesicles (rh = 23 ± 1 nm) was observed, followed by an intermediate period of 2 h, after which the formation of fibers occurred (〉15 h). The microstructures are visualized by darkfield and electron microscopy. The method of vesicle solubilization is compared to the dilution of concentrated micellar solutions, which is usually applied to model bile systems.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 28 (1999), S. 263-267 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Human liver ; Human brain ; Ferritin ; Electron microscopy ; Mössbauer spectroscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Human brain (globus pallidus) and liver tissues were investigated by means of electron microscopy (EM), Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) and SQUID magnetometry techniques. Based on MS measurements, the iron present was identified to be in the ferritin-like form (61–88%) and in the form of a low-spin iron species (the balance). Its overall concentration was estimated as 1.5(3) mg in the brain and 2.4(5) mg in the liver, per gram of lyophilized tissue. The average core diameter was determined by EM measurements to be equal to 7.5(1.3) nm for the liver and 3.3(5) nm for the brain. Magnetization measurements carried out between 5 and 300 K yielded an estimation of an average blocking temperature, KT BL, as equal to 6.7 K and 8.5 K for the liver and the brain, respectively. From the dependence of KT BL on the external magnetic field it was concluded that the ferritin-like cores in the studied samples can be regarded as non-interacting particles. Finally, the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy constant was determined to be 6×103 J/m3 for the liver and 4×104 J/m3 for the brain.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 231-242 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Phytophthora ; Penetration ; Eucalypts ; Roots ; Electron microscopy ; Appressoria ; Plugs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The mechanisms of penetration of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands into seedling eucalypt roots were studied by light and electron microscopy. Culture grown seedlings of root-rot tolerant Eucalyptus st johnii and root-rot susceptible Eucalyptus obliqua were inoculated with both zoospores and mycelium. Zoospores encysted on roots of both species and the germ tubes penetrated without the formation of appressoria. Swellings, previously described as appressoria, were formed when the germ tube was slow to enter the host by intracellular penetration. Vegetative hyphae penetrated both inter- and intracellularly into the zones of root elongation and differentiation, often through root hairs. Evidence of hydrolysis of the host cell-wall at the point of penetration was observed in electron micrographs. Several hours after the germ tube penetrated the epidermis, a thick plug of amorphous material formed in the germ tube slightly below the level of the outer walls of the epidermal cells, sealing off the hypha within the root. Behaviour of zoospores and germ tubes and the mechanism of penetration were similar on both hosts. Micrographs do not suggest any kind of a hypersensitive reaction by the host cells during the early stages of infection.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 303-304 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Vibrio cholera phage group II ; Properties ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The basic physical, chemical and physiological properties of a group II cholera phage belonging to Mukerjee's classification has been described.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 121 (1979), S. 193-197 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Acetobacter suboxydans ; Bacteriophage A-1 ; Restriction ; Modification ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A bacteriophage ofAcetobacter suboxydans was isolated and found to correspond to type A phage according to Bradley's classification. The phage contains double stranded DNA. The length of the latency period and burst size could not be precisely determined because of apparent non-synchronous release of phage from single infective cycles. The host range was determined using 24 strains ofAcetobacter andGluconobacter species. Evidence for a probable occurence of host determined restriction and modification was obtained withAcetobacter suboxydans strain ATCC 621. The phage is designated A-1 and it is the first one to be reported forAcetobacter.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 121 (1979), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): R-Bodies ; Kappa particles ; Free-living hydrogen bacteria ; Induction ; Electron microscopy ; Chemical composition ; Defective prophages ; Plasmids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract R-Bodies have been found in a recently isolated pseudomonas-like free-living hydrogen oxidizing bacterium. Their isolation, fine structure and chemical composition are described and compared with the R-bodies from the kappa particles (Caedobacter), obligate endosymbionts of Paramecium aurelia. The 2K 1 R-bodies exhibited essential characteristics of the kappa R-bodies; however, their size and some other structural aspects proved that they represent a new type of R-bodies. The presence of phage tail-like particles in cells induced with Mitomycin C is in favour of the hypothesis that the R-bodies might be coded by defective prophages, or by extrachromosomal elements.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 101-103 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Bdellovibrio ; Cyanobacteria ; Marine sponges ; Symbiosis ; Infection ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A bdellovibrio-like bacterium was observed infecting unicellular symbiotic cyanobacteria in two coral reef sponges, Neofibularia irata and Jaspis stellifera. The infecting bacterium, which was located between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane of the cyanobacteria, was similar in size and appearance to previously described bdellovibrios. This observation is believed to extend the host range of the bdellovibrios.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ; Clostridium kluyveri ; Electron microscopy ; Polygonal bodies ; Enzyme complex
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The alcohol-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase complex of Clostridium kluyveri has been separated from contaminating β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase by repeated precipitation with manganese and ammonium sulfate. Mn++ was required for maximum alcohol dehydrogenase activity. The molecular weight of the enzyme complex was 194,000 as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The enzyme complex has been shown to contain two types of subunits with molecular weights of 55,000±2,600 and 42,000±1,200, respectively which are arranged in “H”-shaped particles. In solutions with an ionic strength above 25 mM the enzyme complex precipitated in the form of lumps as has been shown with specific ferritin-conjugated antibodies. These lumps are assumed to be aggregated polygonal bodies present in C. kluyveri.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 12-18 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Moraxella glucidolytica ; Electron microscopy ; Lipopolysaccharide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A cellular (LPS I) and extracellular (LPS II) lipopolysaccharide were isolated from Moraxella glucidolytica cells grown on ethanol and from the culture fluid, respectively. Both LPS were toxic when injected to mice and chick embryos. These LPS contained glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and lipids. By permethylation studies, glucose was found to be linked (1→6) and (1→3) in LPS I and only (1→6) in LPS II. Galactose was the terminal non-reducing sugar. Branching occurred at positions 3 and 4 of galactose residues. LPS I was rich in α- and β-hydroxylauric and α-hydroxymyristic acids and LPS II contained mainly stearic and α-hydroxymyristic acids. LPS I was detoxified by mild acid and alkaline treatments. It was also dissociated by sodium deoxycholate and chromatographed on Sephadex G-75. The main fraction was reassociated by removing the surfactant by dialysis. The morphology of LPS I and LPS II was examined by electron microscopy. LPS I (original and reassociated fractions) consisted exclusively of ribbons while LPS II contained ribbons and vesicles.
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Electron microscopy ; Euglena mutabilis ; Flagellate ; Photomovement ; Photoreceptor ; Phototaxis ; Single-cell analysis ; Videomicroscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Due to the lack of an emergent flagellum the green flagellate Euglena mutabilis is restricted to gliding motility. During forward movement, the organisms orient positive phototactically in the presence of a suitable light stimulus. The cell contains both a stigma and a paraflagellar body which differ in shape and size from the organelles found in E. gracilis. The degree of orientation in white light follows an optimum curve with a maximum at about 100 lx. The spectral sensitivity shows a number of prominent peaks in the blue and green regions and extends well into the red region of the visible spectrum. Since the cell does not rotate during locomotion a periodic shading mechanism cannot account for phototactic orientation. Thus, phototaxis in the related species, E. gracilis and E. mutabilis differ in their photoreceptor molecules, their sensory transduction chains and their strategies of light direction detection.
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Rhodospirillum rubrum ; Chromatophores ; Reaction centers ; Liposomes ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In freeze-fractures of chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum the reaction centers are seen as hexagonal arranged particles of 13 nm diameter with a density of around 5,500 particles per μm2. Similar regions on the cytoplasmic membrane suggest that these parts are the prospective invagination sites. Isolated reaction centers are easily incorporated into liposomes. In freeze fractures of liposomes particles similar in shape and size, although less dense as in chromatophores are observed. In negative staining much smaller units of only 5 nm in diameter are found indicating that reaction centers occur in the membrane as tri- or tetramers. There is a strong correlation between particle density in chromatophores and titratable reaction centers remaining in these membranes after extraction of reaction centers by detergents; both values are in good agreement with the yield of reaction centers at a given detergent concentration.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 273-277 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Cyanobacteria ; Secondary metabolite ; Allelopathy ; Photosynthesis ; Electron transport ; Thylakoids ; Herbicides ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Cyanobacterin is a secondary metabolite produced by the cyanobacterium, Scytonema hofmanni. Highly purified cyanobacterin was found to inhibit the growth of many cyanobacteria at a minimum effective dose of 2 μg/ml (4.6 μM). The antibiotic had no effect on eubacteria including the photosynthetic Rhodospirillum rubrum. The site of action of cyanobacterin was further investigated in the unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. Electron micrographs of antibiotic-treated Synechococcus cells indicated that cyanobacterin affects thylakoid membrane structure. The antibiotic also inhibited light-dependent oxygen evolution in Synechococcus cells and in spheroplasts. These data support our conclusion that cyanobacterin specifically inhibits photosynthetic electron transport. This activity is similar to herbicides such as 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU). The anhydro analog of cyanobacterin had no biological activity.
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 265-270 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): EcoRI ; EcoRI-DNA complexes ; EcoRI* activity ; Recognition sites ; Frequency of binding ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Electron microscopy of negatively stained isolated restriction enzyme EcoRI revealed particle projections with triangular or square outlines, indicating that the enzyme, in its tetrameric state, is tetrahedron-like. The two dimers making up the tetramer appear to be arranged in two planes orthogonal to each other. Complexes formed by EcoRI with the plasmids pBR322 or pGW10 were investigated by electron microscopic spreading techniques. In the presence of Mg2+, EcoRI was bound to the DNA molecules to form pearl necklace-like aggregates. The number of bound EcoRI particles was much higher as the sum of EcoRI-and 5′..AATT..3′ sites (with exceptions, the 5′..AATT..3′ sites may function as one type of EcoRI* sites) along the DNAs, indicating unspecific binding. In the absence of Mg2+, EcoRI was bound to the DNA only at the recognition site for EcoRI and the sites where the tetranucleotide sequence 5′..AATT..3′ was present. A direct correlation of the local concentrations of the bases A and T within the flanking sequences of the binding sites with the frequency of EcoRI to the DNA was observed. Dimers and tetramers of the enzyme was found to bind to the DNA. Tetramers occasionally exhibited two binding sites for DNA as indicated by the observation of DNA loops originating at the sites of bound tetrameric EcoRI particles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 193-199 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Bean ; Rust ; Haustorium ; Sheath ; Autoradiography ; Infection ; Electron microscopy ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Uromyces phaseoli
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Tritium labeled uredospores of Uromyces phaseoli were produced be feeding the host, Phaseolus vulgaris, with 3H-orotic acid. These spores were allowed to germinate on and to penetrate into a bean leaf. 24 hrs after inoculation, the bean rust had formed the first haustorium. All fungal structures, including the fungus walls, were heavily labeled. No label could be detected in the cells that had come into contact with the hyphae. In the infected host cell, the haustorium was labeled heavily, but the sheath around the haustorium and the host cell remained free of label. These results indicate that no detectable amounts of label leach from the bean rust into the host at this stage of infection although it is known that the rust takes up many metabolites. Since the sheath remains free of label and all fungal structures are evenly labeled, it is concluded that the sheath is formed by the host.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Bradyrhizobium ; Electron microscopy ; Mutants ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Soybean ; Symbiosis ; Transposon Tn5
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The genome of the slow-growing Bradyrhizobium japonicum (strain 110) was mutagenized with transposon Tn5. A total of 1623 kanamycin/streptomycin resistant derivatives were screened in soybean infection tests for nodulation (Nod) and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Fix). In this report we describe 14 strains possessing a stable, reproducible Nod+Fix- phenotype. These strains were also grown under microaerobic culture conditions to test them for free-living nitrogen fixation activity (Nif). In addition to strains having reduced Fix and Nif activities, there were also strains that had reduced symbiotic Fix activity but were Nif+ ex planta. Analysis of the genomic structure revealed that the majority of the strains had a single Tn5 insertion without any further apparent physical alteration. A few strains had additional insertions (by Tn5 or IS50), or a deletion, or had cointegrated part of the vector used for Tn5 mutagenesis. One of the insertions was found in a known nif gene (nifD) whereas all other mutations seem to affect different, hitherto unknown genes or operons. Several mutant strains had an altered nodulation phenotype, inducing numerous, small, widely distributed nodules. Light and electron microscopy revealed that most of these mutants were defective in different stages of bacteroid development and/or bacteroid persistence. The protein patterns of the mutants were inspected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis after labelling microaerobic cultures with l-(35S)methionine. Of particular interest were mutants lacking a group of proteins the synthesis of which was known to be under oxygen control. Such strains can be regarded as potential regulatory mutants.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Acidaminococcus fermentans ; Glutamate fermentation ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Post-embedding labelling ; Antibody-gold complexes ; Protein A-gold complexes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We have investigated the in situ location of glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase and 2-htdroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase in Acidaminococcus fermentans using the antibody-gold and protein A-gold techniques carried out as a post-embedding immunoelectron microscopic procedure. Polyclonal antisera were raised in rabbits against homogeneous fractions of the enzymes. Anaerobically grown cells of A. fermentans of the late exponential growth phase were fixed with 0.2% glutaraldehyde and 0.3% formaldehyde (final concentrations) in the growth medium. Dehydration of the cells was achieved with methanol. The cells were embedded in the low temperature embedding resin Lowicryl K4M. The markers indicative for antigenic sites of the two enzymes unequivocally demonstrate that the sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase is located at the cell periphery being a membrane-bound enzyme as expected whereas 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase is a soluble cytoplasmic enzyme.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Soluble NAD-dependent hydrogenase ; Alcaligenes eutrophus ; Nocardia opaca ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The soluble NAD-dependent hydrogenase (hydrogen-NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.12.1.2), consisting of four non-identical subunits, was isolated from Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 and from Nocardia opaca 1b and analyzed by a HPLC gel permeation technique and electron microscopy. The tetrameric enzyme particles from both origins, as determined from negatively stained electron microscopic samples, were found to be elongated and very similar in shape and size. The A. eutrophus enzyme was measured in more detail. It exhibited dimensions of 12.7 nm by 5.5 nm (axial ratio 2.3:1). Dissociation into smaller particles and unspecific aggregation combined with partial inactivation were observed in the presence of the inhibitor NADH. Kept in buffer without added nickel, the enzyme was partially dissociated. Reassociation of tetramers without restored enzyme activity was achieved by addition of 0.5 mM NiCl2. A working model for the structural organization of the tetrameric enzyme particle is presented.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Extremely thermophilic eubacterium ; Calderobacterium hydrogenophilium ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum is an extreme thermophilic, obligately chemoautotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. The cells were shown to be nonmotile straight rods of average size 0.4x2.5 μm. After negative-staining of the whole cells, no flagella were observed. The multilayered cell wall was of type 1 and possessed a crystalline proteinaceous surface layer exhibiting p4 symmetry. The square unit cells had a lattice constant of approximately 11 nm. Cell division occurred by a constriction mechanism. C. hydrogenophilum differred from a similar hydrogen-oxidizing eubacterium, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, by the absence of intracytoplasmic membrane structures in chemically fixed cells. However, an electron-dense intracytoplasmic hemispherical structure adhering to the inner membrane was frequently observed.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonium excretion ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Auxine ; 2,4-Dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid ; Nitrogen fixation ; Paranodulation ; Maize ; Zea mays ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Maize seedlings develop nodule-like tumour knots (para-nodules) along primary roots when treated with the auxin 2,4-dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D). Inoculated NH 4 + -excreting Azospirillum brasilense cells were shown to colonize these tumours, mostly intracellularly, promoting a high level of N2 fixation when microaerophilic conditions were imposed. The nitrogenase activity inside the para-nodules was less sensitive to free O2 than in non-para-nodulating roots. Both light and electron microscopy showed a dense bacterial population inside intact tumour cells, with the major part of the cell infection along a central tumour tissue. The bacteria colonized the cytoplasm with a close attachment to inner cell membranes. In an auxin-free growth medium, young 2,4-D-induced para-nodules grew further to become mature differentiated root organs in which introduced bacteria survived with a stable population. These results provide evidence that gramineous plants are potentially able to create a symbiosis with diazotrophic bacteria in which the NH 4 + -excreting symbiont will colonize para-nodule tissue intracellularly, thus becoming well protected.
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Ammonium excretion ; Azorhizobium caulinodans ; Auxine ; 2 ; 4-Dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid ; Nitrogen fixation ; Paranodulation ; Rice ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Rice seedlings developed nodule-like tumors (para-nodules) along primary and secondary roots when treated with the auxin 2,4-dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D). Histologically, these tumors appeared as cancerous out-grown lateral-root primordes and were thus comparable with stem nodules of the legume Sesbania rostrata. Azorhizobium caulinodans (a diazotroph known as a specific endophyte of Sesbania rostrata) was introduced and became established inside rice para-nodules and in root tissues around tumor bases. The infection with A. caulinodans followed a typical “crack-entry” invasion at places where para-nodule tumors had emerged through the root cortex and epidermis. The bacteria settled with high cell densities in intercellular spaces of the induced tumors and betwen root cortical cells. Infection of plant cells took place both in the epidermis and in cortical tissue. Intracellularly established A. caulinodans was found inside the cytoplasm, surrounded by membrane-like structures. N2 fixation by tumor-inhabiting Azorhizobium sp. was increased at low O2 tensions (1.5–3 kPa) compared with an untreated control. Only a little activity remained at O2 tensions of 5 kPa and above. The present results confirm that root-tumor induction offers a suitable method of establishing diazotrophs endophytically in the roots of gramineous crops.
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Piptocephalis unispora ; Mucorales ; Kickxellaceae ; Electron microscopy ; Germination ; Spore swelling ; Sporangiospore
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Germination of the sporangiospore of Piptocephalis unispora Benjamin, observed by means of light and electron microscopy, involved the formation of a new inner wall which became continous with the inner layer of the wall of the germ tube. The outer wall layer of the germ tube was continous with the original inner wall layer of the dormant spore. Preliminary details of appressorium structure were noted. Nutritional experiments indicated that sporangiospores required external sources of utilisable nitrogen and carbon compounds for maximal swelling and germ tube production. Limited development occurred when either nutrient was supplied singly. Comparison of germination of the asexual spore with that in other Mucorales, especially the Kickxellaceae, has been made, and the merosporangial status in P. unispora discussed.
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 113-114 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Achlya ; Electron microscopy ; Nuclear microfilaments ; Antheridia ; Mycology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This is the first report of intranuclear microfilaments within gametangial nuclei of oömycetous fungi. Longitudinal sections of four to six microfilaments were frequently observed in meiotic antheridial nuclei of Achlya ambisexualis. Each microfilament measured approximately 7–10 nm in diameter. Spindle tubules (25 nm in diameter) were also observed within some of the nuclei possessing microfilaments.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 167-182 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Ectothiorhodospira mobilis ; Photosynthetic membranes ; Electron microscopy ; Isolation of membranes ; Structure of membranes ; Composition of membranes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The lamellar membrane stacks of Ectothiorhodospira mobilis were isolated and purified by a combination of lysozyme and osmotic shock treatment, followed by differential and density gradient centrifugation. Preparations of lamellar membranes were enriched at least 2.4-fold in the ratio of bacteriochlorophyll a to protein. Thin-sectioning, negative staining, platinumcarbon shadowing and freeze-etching were used to study the architecture of the membrane units. Both platinum-carbon shadowing and freeze-etching showed the outer surfaces of the isolated lamellar membrane stacks to be relatively smooth. Particles averaging 7 nm in diameter were seen on several faces following freeze-ctching. Non-polar amino acids amounted to 60% of the total amino acid composition. Lipids constituted 32% of the membrane dry weight. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine and diphosphatidyl glycerol were the major phospholipids. Fatty acids of 10–15 carbons represented a small fraction of both membrane and whole cell fatty acids. Monoenes constituted 36% of the total membrane fatty acids and 38.4% of the total whole cell fatty acids. The major fatty acids of both whole cells and purified membranes were C16:0, C18:1 and cyclopropane C19:0.
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Cell wall ; Peptidoglycan ; Electron microscopy ; Bacillus subtilis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Isolated cell walls of Bacillus subtilis have a striated appearance in the electron microscope. The structure persists when teichoic acids are removed. It is inferred that the structure bears on the arrangement of the peptidoglycan chains.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 227-229 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Cell wall ; Electron microscopy ; Methylomonas albus ; Goblet sub-units
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In surface view, the cell wall complex ofMethylomonas albus possesses a hexagonal pattern of ridges. Thin sections reveal a continuous layer of goblet-shaped elements attached to the outermost surface of the lipopolysaccharide membrane. A possible interpretation of the cell wall complex ofM. albus, based on the fine-structural data is presented.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Acetobacterium woodii ; Hydrogen-oxidizing acetate-forming anaerobe ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Acetobacterium woodii is a Gram-positive anaerobic nonsporeforming bacterium able to grow on H2 and CO2 as sole sources of energy. The product of fermentation is acetic acid. Fine structural analysis showed rod-shaped flagellated cells, and coccoid cells without flagella arranged predominantly in pairs and chains. The cell wall was found to be composed of three layers. The cell surface exhibited a periodic array of particles consisting of subunits. The cytoplasmic membrane showed particles either either in random distribution or in a hexagonal pattern. Intracytoplasmic membranes were rarely observed, whereas inclusion bodies of varying shapes, predominantly in an uncommon disc-shape, could frequently be observed. Their content was dissolved in ultrathin sections indicating hydrophobic nature.
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 237-247 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Defective lysogeny ; Alcaligenes eutrophus ; Simultaneous isolation technique ; Temperate bacteriophages ; Pseudomonas pseudoflava ; Biological characterization ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Widespread defective lysogeny was detected in Alcaligenes eutrophus by electron microscopic analysis of cultures. Mitomycin C treatment of the cultures resulted in the production of defective (inco-) particles. Polysheaths were produced both with and without induction. With the simultaneous isolation technique six phages were isolated for hydrogen-oxidizing strains of the new species Pseudomonas pseudoflava. The phages were able to replicate under autotrophic conditions and were found to have a very restricted host range. Electron microscopic analysis allowed classification into two structural groups. Group I contained phages with contractile tails; group II contained phages with flexible, noncontractile tails. All but one (gb) of the new phages were shown to be temperate by isolation of lysogens and induction with mitomycin C.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 133-139 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Lagenisma ; Coscinodiscus ; Infection ; Endosymbiotic bacteria ; Tip growth ; Wall-less thallus ; Host-parasite interface ; Membranes ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Lagenisma coscinodisci is diplanetic and has two different cyst stages. The secondary cyst has a uniform cell wall of fibrillar material. It attaches to a Coscinodiscus frustule and germinates with an infection tube. The cyst becomes filled with an enlarging expulsion vacuole. The infection tube penetrates the diatom cell between the cingula. Inside the host cell the fungus grows as an irregularly branched wall-less thallus. In the hyphae apical vesicles are lacking. The infection tube is plugged by wall material. There are no microtubules which might participate in the morphogenesis of the thallus. The plasmalemma of the diatom is pushed inward but not pierced by the fungus. Along the host-parasite interface it lies closely paralled to the Lagenisma plasmalemma which is extremely straight here and measures about 10 nm instead of about 5–6 nm at the surfaces of other stages. The Coscinodiscus plasmalemma disintegrates at about the same time when the cytoplasm breaks down. The fungus allows bacteria to enter the diatom; there are also endosymbiontic bacteria in unattacked cells — The growth mechanisms are discussed and the host-parasite interface is compared with that of other fungi.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 285-294 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Biological control ; Cyanobacteria ; Electron microscopy ; Entrapment ; lysis ; Myxococcus ; Phormidium ; Spherule
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A Myxococcus xanthus isolate from a farm drainage ditch, designated strain PCO2, is capable of rapidly inducing lysis of both agar and liquid-grown cultures of the cyanobacterium, Phormidium luridum, var. olivacea. Microscopic studies of the predator-prey interaction demonstrate that lysis of the cyanobacterium occurs within clumps and spherules formed by the cells of M. xanthus PCO2. In the earliest stage, one sees the formation of irregular microclumps of bacteria and cyanobacterial filaments. As these clumps mature, colonies 1 to 6 mm in diameter develops. The center of these densely green colonies contains cyanohacteria in various stages of degradation, while the periphery is almost exclusively a tightly woven mass of myxobacterial cells. Electron microscopy shows that long extrusions from the outer membrane of the M. xanthus PCO2 cells are involved in the formation both of initial clumps and of mature colonial spherules. These extrusions appear to efficiently entangle the cyanobacterial filaments in the culture environment. Predator-to-prey ratios of 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1,000 have resulted in cyanobacterial lysis. Because the entrapment and lysis of P. luridum filaments by M. xanthus PCO2 appears to be independent of any other heterotrophic nutritional requirement, as well as of environmental agitation, this system has potential as a biological control technique for undesirable aquatic cyanobacteria.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1985), S. 338-342 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Sporosarcina halophila ; Endospores ; Electron microscopy ; Heat resistance ; Ethanol resistance ; Germination ; Dipicolinic acid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Sporosarcina halophila forms endospores. Electron micrographs revealed ultrastructural similarity to spores of S. ureae. Spore germination indicated by loss of refractility, darkening, swelling and formation of new vegetative cells was followed by phase contrast light microscopy. To induce spore germination, the endospores needed to be heat avtivated. After activation, they were inoculated into nutrient broth medium supplemented with sea-water. Double concentrated sea-water was found to be optimal for germination. Similar to other bacterial endospores, the spores were found to be resistant to heat and ethanol. An ultraviolet absorbing substance was isolated from suspensions of free spores; it was identified to be pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (DPA) usually present in bacterial spores. DPA was detected in amounts ranging from 5–7% of the spore dry weight; it was not detected in extracts of vegetative cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 10-13 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Calcofluor White ; Cell wall structure ; Chlorella ; Electron microscopy ; Protoplast ; Ruthenium Red
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Among 12 strains ofChlorella ellipsoidea, C. vulgaris, andC. saccharophila tested, 4 strains (1,C. ellpsoidea; 2,C. vulgaris; 1,C. saccharophila) formed osmotically labile protoplasts after treatment with mixtures of polysaccharide degrading enzymes. The relationship between enzymatical digestibility and structure or composition ofChlorella cell walls were studied by electron microscopy and staining techniques with some specific dyes. The cell wall structures of the 12Chlorella strains were grouped into three types: (1) with a trilaminar outer layer, (2) with a thin outer monolayer, and (3) without an outer layer. Protoplasts were formed only from the strains with a cell wall of Type 2. In the strains with a cell wall of Type 1, the outer layer protected the inner major microfibrillar layer against enzymatic digestion. The cell wall of Type 3 was totally resistant to the enzymes; the chemical composition of the cell wall would be somewhat different from that of other types.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Photosynthetic membranes ; Electron microscopy ; Image processing ; Ectothiorhodospira halochloris ; Ectothiorhodospira abdelmalekii ; Rhodopseudomonas viridis ; Rhodopseudomonas sulfoviridis ; Thiocapsa pfennigii
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The photosynthetic membranes of the five bchl b-containing bacteria Ectothiorhodospira halochloris, E. abdelmalekii, Rhodopseudomonas viridis, R. sulfoviridis and Thiocapsa pfennigii have been investigated by electron microscopy and digital image analysis. All five species have the photosynthetic complexes hexagonally arrayed in the membrane with lattice spacings close to 13 nm, except for R. sulfoviridis and T. pfennigii which display somewhat smaller (∼12.5 nm) lattice spacings. Correlation averaging which imposes less stringent requirements on the lattice perfection than conventional Fourier filtration techniques has been employed to elucidate the structure of the photosynthetic complexes. Their basic organization, i.e. a ring, probably containing the light-harvesting (LH) polypeptides, surrounding a core (the “reaction centre”) appears to be almost identical for all species under scrutiny. Despite a resolution of ∼1.6 nm, however, little further significant substructure can be deduced from the averages; possible reasons for the “blurred” appearance of the LH-ring and absence of any subdivision in the reaction centre are discussed along with strategies aimed at obtaining a more detailed model of the molecular architecture of the photosynthetic membranes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Aggregation substance ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Electron microscopy ; Field emission scanning electron microscopy ; Immunogold labelling technique ; Sex pheromone system
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The distribution of sex pheromone induced aggregation substance was studied on the cell surface of various Enterococcus faecalis strains. In the accompanying paper we have shown that the aggregation substance appears as a layer of hairlike structures. Using direct and indirect immunogold technique, transmission electron microscopy and high resolution scanning electron microscopy we investigated the appearance and distribution of the aggregation substance. The “hairs” increase in number with increasing exposure to sex pheromones (maximum density: 1300/μm2). We show that these structures are unequally distributed over the cell surface, even if the cells were induced by sex pheromones for a long period of time. Statistical analysis of the unequal distribution indicates that aggregation substance is incorporated into pre-existing “old” cell-walls and that this incorporation shows a saturation ca. 40 min after addition of sex pheromones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 157 (1992), S. 381-388 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): PhiX174 ; Bacterial lysis ; Escherichia coli ; Electron microscopy ; Membranes ; Cell envelope
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Expression of cloned gene E of bacteriophage PhiX174 induces lysis by formation of a transmembrane tunnel structure in the cell envelope of Escherichia coli. Ultrastructural studies of the location of the lysis tunnel indicate that it is preferentially located at the septum or at polar regions of the cell. Furthermore, the diameter and shape of individual tunnel structures vary greatly indicating that its structure is not rigid. Apparently, the contours of individual lysis tunnels are determined by enlarged meshes in the peptidoglycan net and the force produced at its orifice, by the outflow of cytoplasmic content. Once the tunnel is formed the driving force for the lysis process is the osmotic pressure difference between cytoplasm and medium. During the lysis process areas of the cytoplasmic membrane which are not tightly attached to the envelope are extended inward by the negative pressure produced during lysis. After cell lysis external medium can diffuse through the lysis tunnel filling the inner cell space of the still rigid bacterial ghosts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Trichoderma reesei ; Xylanase ; Ultrastructural localization ; Immunogold labelling ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The intracellular location of the “low-molecular weight, alkaline” xylanase (XYN II) of Trichoderma reesei RUT C-30 was investigated during growth on xylan, using immunoelectron microscopy. A monoclonal antibody, produced against XYN II, was used for this purpose. The enzyme was found at the endoplasmic reticulum and in electron dense 0.2 to 0.8 μm vesicles, as well as in the vacuole, at the plasma membrane and in the fungal cell-wall. No staining occured in the cytoplasm, the mitochondria and the nucleus. No Golgi-like structures could be seen. Addition of the carboxylic ionophore monensin blocked xylanase as well as total protein secretion. The results are discussed with respect to XYN II being secreted by T. reesei via a pathway involving the endoplasmic reticulum and secretory vesicles and/or the vacuole.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Lactobacillus ; Medium composition ; Metal cations ; Electron microscopy ; Protoplast-like forms
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The growth of some locally isolated Lactobacillus strains forming D(-) or L(+) lactic acid, Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 15009 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 was examined in different media. L. helveticus and Lactobacillus LBL strains formed atypical protoplast-like cells in LAPT medium, sensitive to SDS and proteinase. Specific morphological changes in the cell wall structure of these variants were revealed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of glucose and various salts on their appearance was investigated. The prevalent role of metal cations, especially of Mg2+, was established.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Malonomonas rubra ; Propionigenium modestum ; Malonate decarboxylase ; Methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase ; Biotin ; Avidin ; Electron microscopy ; High pressure freezing ; Immunolabeling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Malonate decarboxylase of Malonomonas rubra is a complex enzyme system involving cytoplasmic and membrane-bound components. One of these is a biotin-containing protein of Mr 120'000, the location of which in the cytoplasm was deduced from the following criteria: (i) If the cytoplasm was incubated with avidin and the malonate decarboxylase subsequently completed with the membrane fraction the decarboxylase activity was abolished. The corresponding incubation of the membrane with avidin, however, was without effect. (ii) Western blot analysis identified the single biotin-containing polypeptide of Mr 120'000 within the cytoplasm. (iii) Transmission electron micrographs of immuno-gold labeled M. rubra cells clearly showed the location of the biotinyl protein within the cytoplasm, whereas the same procedure with Propionigenium modestum cells indicated the location of the biotin enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase in the cell membrane. The biotin-containing protein of the M. rubra malonate decarboxylase enzyme system was not retained by monomeric avidin-Sepharose columns but could be isolated with this column in a catalytically inactive form in the presence of detergents. If the high binding affinity of tetrameric avidin towards biotin was reduced by destructing part of the tryptophan residues by irradiation or oxidation with periodate, the inhibition of malonate decarboxylase by the modified avidin was partially reversed with an excess of biotin. Attempts to purify the biotin protein in its catalytically active state using modified avidin columns were without success.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 160 (1993), S. 206-213 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Treponema denticola ; Spirochetes ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The formation of quasi-multicellular bodies of Treponema denticola was analysed using different electron microscopical methods. These bacteria could develop four different conformations: (i) normal helical forms; (ii) twisted spirochetes, forming plaits; (iii) twisted spirochetes, forming club-like structures; (iv) spherical bodies in different size. Treponemes within spherical bodies, plaits, and clubs proved to be enclosed in a common outer sheath in which the normal arrangement of their axial flagella was lost. The development of the quasi-multicellular bodies starting from the monoforme spirochetes was elucidated and this morphogenetic process is illustrated by a schematic drawing. Factors which might be involved in the induction of the structures are discussed and their possible pathogenetic importance is considered.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 160 (1993), S. 284-287 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Bacterial glucoamylase ; Clostridium thermosacharolyticum ; Cellular location ; Activity states ; Macromolecular organization ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract By application of immunocytochemical techniques at the electron microscope level, glucoamylase was localized to the cell periphery in Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum during and following growth on starch, sucrose or glucose. Levels of immunolabelling were found to be relatively independent of growth substrate and of phase of growth, whereas previous studies had demonstrated strong dependence of glucoamylase activity on growth conditions; previously high levels of glucoamylase activity had been detected after growth on starch (i.e. during the stationary phase after growth) and only very low activities detected during exponential growth and following growth on glucose. The results presented demonstrate that levels of the glucoamylase protein are independent of measurable enzyme activity, and imply that the protein is constitutive. This indicates that the protein can exist in active and inactive states in the cell. By analogy with similar systems, we consider it likely that “maturation” or “activation” of newly synthesized glucoamylase occurs during (or following) transport through the cytoplasmic membrane. Electron microscopy of individual protein molecules which had been subjected to negative staining revealed that the enzyme consists of two domains of approximately equal size which are linked by a “hinge” region.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words     Extremely thermophilic eubacterium ; Calderobacterium hydrogenophilium ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract       Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum is an extreme thermophilic, obligately chemoautotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. The cells were shown to be non-motile straight rods of average size 0.4 × 2.5 μm. After negative-staining of the whole cells, no flagella were observed. The multilayered cell wall was of type 1 and possessed a crystalline proteinaceous surface layer exhibiting p4 symmetry. The square unit cells had a lattice constant of approximately 11 nm. Cell division occurred by a constriction mechanism. C. hydrogenophilum differred from a similar hydrogen-oxidizing eubacterium, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, by the absence of intracytoplasmic membrane structures in chemically fixed cells. However, an electron-dense intracytoplasmic hemispherical structure adhering to the inner membrane was frequently observed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 170 (1998), S. 339-344 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Key wordsV. cholerae O139 ; Lipopolysaccharide ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-substitution technique ; Capsule
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The morphological and physical characteristics of the capsule of Vibrio cholerae O139 were examined. An electron microscopic study using the freeze-substitution technique showed that all of the V. cholerae strains of the O139 serogroup examined have a very thin fibrous layer on the outside of the outer membrane. In contrast, the mutants of strain O139, strain MO10T4 (which lacks capsule synthesis), and strain Bengal-2R1 (which fails to synthesize both the capsule and the O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide) were all found to have lost the surface layer. In addition, the capsule layer could also not be observed on the surface of V. cholerae strain O1. To determine the biological characteristics of the capsule of strains of the O139 serogroup, we investigated the serum killing activity and bacterial phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The O139 strains were more resistant to the serum killing activity than were the V. cholerae O1 strain and the O139 mutant strains, thus suggesting that the existence of the capsule gave a serum-resistant character to the O139 strains. The surface character of the O139 strains had the same hydrophobic character as did that of the O139 mutant strains and the O1 strain. In addition, all the V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains examined, including the mutant strains, were effectively ingested by the human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The number of ingested bacteria was not significantly different among the strains, and the ingestion of the acapsular O139 mutants thus showed that the capsule does not play an antiphagocytic role. These data suggest that the capsule of V. cholerae O139 has a physiological function different from that of the ordinal hydrophilic capsule that is found in invasive bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 313-320 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Micrococcus radiophilus ; Micrococcus radioproteolyticus ; Bacterial cell walls ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy ; Taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The radiation resistant bacteria Micrococcus radiophilus and M. radioproteolyticus were studied by thin sectioning and freeze-etching techniques and the two species were found to be similar in the fine structure. The only significant difference was in the appearance of the surfaces of the cell walls in freeze-etched preparations. Since the two species, together with M. radiodurans, possess a unique cell wall structure and a cell wall peptidoglycan, which is different from that of other micrococci and Gram-positive cocci, it is recommended that they be reclassified into a new genus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 207-218 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Cryptophyceae ; Algae ; Hemiselmis rufescens ; Chroomonas ; Cryptomonas ; Mitochondrial complex ; Cristae ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The unitary nature of the mitochondrion and the characteristic flattened finger-like morphology of the cristae were demonstrated in the Cryptophyceae. Hemiselmis rufescens contained an unbranched vermi-form mitochondrion in contrast to the variously branched complex, comprising an interconnected peripheral and central reticulum, in Chroomonas sp. and strains of Cryptomonas. The systematic value of the shape and distribution of the mitochondria in the examined genera was suggested.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 55-64 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Bdellovibrio ; Spirillum ; Cell wall ; Bdelloplast ; Lipoprotein ; Peptidoglycan ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In both freeze-etched and critical-point dried preparations examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, respectively, the outer surfaces of the cells of Spirillum serpens VHL assume a wrinkled appearance 10–15 min after challenge by Bdellovibrion bacteriovorus 109D. This wrinkling effect is believed (on circumstantial evidence) to be caused by the bdellovibrio's disruption of the cell wall lipoprotein of the Spirillum. With the exception of those topological changes caused by wrinkling, the outer membrane of the Spirillum cell wall retains a normal appearance as viewed in freeze-etched preparations, even after the Spirillum cell has been converted into a bdelloplast. Although the peptidoglycan layer of the Spirillum cell presumably is weakened somewhat by the invading Bdellovibrio, evidence obtained from freeze-fractured preparations of Spirillum bdelloplasts suggests that the peptidoglycan remains as a discrete cell wall layer, even though the Spirillum cell wall apparently has lost much of its rigidity. That the peptidoglycan backbone remains essentially intact, even after the Spirillum cell has been entered by the Bdellovibrio, is supported by the observation that the soluble amino sugar content of the culture medium, as determined by chemical analysis, does not rise even 5.0 h after the association of the Bdellovibrio with the Spirillum has begun.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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