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  • Weitere Quellen  (1.323)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (668)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (467)
  • COMPOSITE MATERIALS  (188)
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  • 1980  (1.323)
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  • 1
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    An investigation of possible electrical hazards of carbon fiber composites (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-26
    Beschreibung: Results of an assessment of the public risk associated with the release of carbon fibers from crash-fire accidents of civil aircraft having carbon composite structures are presented. The overall national impact is shown to be extremely low in 1993. Personal injury is found to be extremely unlikely. Based on these findings, the risk of electrical failure from carbon fibers should not prevent the exploitation of composites in aircraft, and additional protection of aircraft avionics to guard aginst carbon fibers is unnecessary.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Selected NASA Res. in Composite Mater. and Struct.; p 183-234
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  • 2
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    Development of a laminate fatigue analysis (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-26
    Beschreibung: A fatigue analysis technique developed to predict damage growth in notched laminates is described. Features of the analysis include: criteria to relate matrix failure to cyclic stresses in and between plies; correlation of delamination growth with strain-release rate; and in-plane shear modulus change is related to cyclic shear stresses. A simplified finite element model is used to determine stresses in laminates that contain matrix damage. Failure criteria are integrated with the finite element model to form the fatigue analysis.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Selected NASA Res. in Composite Mater. and Struct.; p 79-106
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  • 3
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    Damage tolerance research on composite compression panels (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-26
    Beschreibung: The damage tolerance of composites was investigated. Results show that severe degradation in material strength may occur due to impact damage and that reduced strain allowables should be considered to compensate for possible impact damage. The mechanisms of failure involved in impact so that local damage will be reduced and arrest of propagating fracture initiated at impact locations are examined. Compression strength reductions for damage due to impact by a 1.27 cm diameter spherical projectile in thick laminates representative of wing skin panels are presented. Also discussed are the results of concepts recently evaluated to improve damage tolerance. These concepts range from improvements at the materials level to advanced structural configurations designed to arrest or limit the growth of propagating fractures. The results indicate that substantial improvements in the damage tolerance of graphite-epoxy composite structures can be achieved through the proper combination of materials and structural design.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Selected NASA Res. in Composite Mater. and Struct.; p 107-142
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  • 4
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    Buckling and postbuckling research on flat and curved composite panels (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-26
    Beschreibung: Progress in the development of verified design technology for generic advanced-composite structural components loaded in compression is reported. Generic structural configurations material systems and load ranges of interest for a given application were investigated using structural procedures, structural analysis procedures, and laboratory testing of structural specimens. Both flat and curved composite compression panels that are designed either to be buckling resistant or to have postbuckling strength depending on the expected application of the panels were considered.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Selected NASA Res. in Composite Mater. and Struct.; p 35-78
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  • 5
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    Failure prediction techniques for compression loaded composite laminates with holes (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-26
    Beschreibung: The degree of notch sensitivity of composites in compression and whether their failures can be predicted over a wide range of plate and hole sizes. The notch sensitivity of composites is investigated by comparing actual failure loads of laminates with circular holes, with the extreme failure that would be expected from an ideal notch insensitive material and from an ideal notch sensitive material. The predictability question is addressed by applying the point stress failure criterion to a wide range of plate widths and hole sizes and comparing with available experimental data. The severity of impact is explored by comparing strength reductions resulting from impact with those resulting from comparable size circular holes. Finally, comparison is made of the differences to be expected from the effects of cracks and circular holes on failure strength.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Selected NASA Res. in Composite Mater. and Struct.; p 1-33
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  • 6
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    Satellite mission analysis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 217-218
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  • 7
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    Modeling studies related to stratospheric measurements and data analysis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 215-216
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  • 8
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    Data survey and evaluation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 214
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  • 9
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    UARS definition study (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 209
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  • 10
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    Upper Atmosphere Research Satellites (UARS) working group and definition study (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 210
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  • 11
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    National Academy sensitivity studies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 207
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  • 12
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    Ozone data processing and analysis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmopshere Res. Program; p 203-204
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  • 13
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    ATMOS Spacelab science investigation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmopshere Res. Program; p 201-202
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  • 14
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    Empirical stratospheric models (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 199-200
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  • 15
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    Rocket ozone data in support of Nimbus-7 and SAGE (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 196-197
    Format: text
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  • 16
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    Effects of solar variability on terrestrial upper atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmopshere Res. Program; p 188
    Format: text
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  • 17
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    Analysis of GASP carbon monoxide data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 189-190
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  • 18
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    Analysis of GASP ozone data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 186-187
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  • 19
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    Evaluate atmospheric trace gas and particle data obtained from B-747 commerical airliners (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 185
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  • 20
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    Satellite Ozone Analysis (SOAC/DMSP) (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 191-192
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  • 21
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    A study of the relationship between solar activity and terrestrial ozone fluctuations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program p179-180 (SEE N85-73711 19-46)
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  • 22
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    Studies of equatorial stratospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 178
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  • 23
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    Study of the observed and theoretical distribution of atmospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 176-177
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  • 24
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    Ozone data analysis and interpretation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program (SEE N85-73711 19-46)
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  • 25
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    Refinement of 2-D stratospheric model for aerosol dispersion (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 171
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  • 26
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    Computational investigation of reactive molecules (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 172
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  • 27
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    Stratospheric aerosol model (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 170
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  • 28
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    Stratospheric and mesospheric dynamics (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 167-168
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  • 29
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    Transport of trace constituents in the stratosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 169
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  • 30
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    Stratospheric dynamics (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 166
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  • 31
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    Support of university stratospheric research (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 165
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  • 32
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    Methane and stratospheric water (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 156-157
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  • 33
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    Analysis of atmospheric reaction schemes (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 160
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  • 34
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    Upper atmosphere theoretical studies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 154-155
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  • 35
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    A program of stratospheric research (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 150-151
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  • 36
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    Theoretical studies of the atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 152-153
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  • 37
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    Molecular properties of stratospheric constituents (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 122
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  • 38
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    A possible new atmospheric OH source (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 120-121
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  • 39
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    Photochemical and kinetic measurements of atmospheric constituents vis-a-vis their role in controlling stratospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 113-115
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  • 40
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    Ionic processes in the upper atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 107
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  • 41
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    Reaction rate measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 103-104
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  • 42
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    Homogeneous and heterogeneous rate constants of atmospheric interest (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 105-106
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  • 43
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    Laboratory kinetic studies of atmospheric reactions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 100-102
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  • 44
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    An investigation of several reactions of importance in defining stratospheric halogen chemistry (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 98-99
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  • 45
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    Kinetics of stratospheric reactions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 96-97
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  • 46
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    Stratospheric dynamics: Observational studies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 69-70
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  • 47
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    Direct measurements of photolysis rates of stratospheric constituents (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 21-22
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  • 48
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    Saturn - Origin and composition of its inner moons and rings (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Theoretical modelling of the contraction of the primitive protosaturnian cloud, using ideas of supersonic turbulent convection, suggests that each of Saturn's inner moons, excepting Rhea, condensed above the ice-point of water and consists primarily of hydrous magnesium silicates. It is predicted that Voyager 1 may find that the satellite mean densities steadily increase towards the planet and that the rocky moons are irregular in shape.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Physics Letters; 80A; Nov. 24
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  • 49
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    Gravity anomalies on Venus (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Doppler radio tracking of the Pioneer Venus orbiter has provided gravity measures over a significant portion of Venus. Feature resolution is approximately 300-1000 km within an area extending from 10 deg S to 40 deg N latitude and from 70 deg W to 130 deg E longitude (approximately equal to 200 deg). Many anomalies were detected, and there is considerable correlation with radar altimetry topography (Pettengill et al., 1980). The amplitudes of the anomalies are relatively mild and similar to those on earth at this resolution. Calculations for isostatic adjustment reveal that significant compensation has occurred.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 198
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    Distribution and source of the UV absorption in Venus' atmosphere (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The model predictions were compared with the Pioneer Venus probes and orbiter to determine the composition of the UV absorbing materials. The simulations were carried out with radiative transfer codes which included spacecraft constraints on the aerosol and gas characteristics in the Venus atmosphere; gaseous SO2 (a source of opacity at the wavelengths below 0.32 microns), and a second absorber (which dominates above 0.32 microns) were required. The UV contrast variations are due to the optical depth changes in the upper haze layer producing brightness variations between equatorial and polar areas, and to differences in the depth over which the second UV absorber is depleted in the highest portion of the main clouds.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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    Measurements of thermal structure and thermal contrasts in the atmosphere of Venus and related dynamical observations - Results from the four Pioneer Venus probes (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The thermal structure of the Venus atmosphere and differences in structure with latitude (up to 60 deg) and clock hour (from midnight to 8 AM) have been measured in situ from a height of 126 km to the surface by instruments on the four Pioneer Venus entry probes. It is found that thermal contrasts below 45 km are a few K, with the midlatitudes warmer than both equatorial and high latitudes. Considerable temperature and pressure differences with latitude develop in the clouds (25 K and 20 mbar level). In addition, upward of 110 km, there is evidence of large-amplitude temperature oscillations with altitude, believed to signify the presence of large-amplitude waves, perhaps thermal tides. Agreement of structure data from other Pioneer Venus experiments is generally excellent.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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    Observations of waves artificially stimulated by an electron beam inside a region with auroral precipitation (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Observations of waves stimulated by artificial injection inside an auroral arc by an electron accelerator mounted on the POLAR 5 sounding rocket are presented. The accelerator produced a pulsed electron beam with currents up to 130 mA and energies up to 10 keV; emissions after the end of beam injection were generated by perturbations in the ambient plasma near the accelerator during beam injection. These emissions were independent of the electron beam direction along the geomagnetic field. The high frequency emission observed after beam injection correlated with the passage through an auroral arc; the low frequency emissions after beam injection were concentrated in two bands below the lower hybrid frequency.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Planetary and Space Science; 28; Dec. 198
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  • 53
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    Dust in Jupiter's magnetosphere. I - Physical processes. II - Origin of the ring. III - Time variations. IV - Effect on magnetospheric electrons and ions (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The physical processes acting on charged microscopic dust grains in the Jovian atmosphere involve electromagnetic forces which dominate dust particle dynamics and diffusion across field lines resulting from random charge fluctuations of the dust grains. A model of the Jovian ring hypothesizes that the 'visible' ring particles are produced by erosive collisions between an assumed population of kilometer-sized parent bodies and submicron-sized magnetospheric dust particles. Fluctuations in the ring topology and intensity are determined over various time scales, showing that the ring is a quasipermanent and quasistable characteristic of the Jovian system. Finally, the interaction of the Jovian energetic belt electrons and the Jovian plasma with an ambient dust population is examined; the distribution of dust ejected from Io in the inner magnetosphere and losses of magnetospheric ions and electrons due to direct collisions with charged dust particles are calculated.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Planetary and Space Science; 28; Dec. 198
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    Io control of Jovian radio emission (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The possibility of Io controlling Jovian decametric radio emission, particularly in the region below 22 MHz, is discussed. Results of a two-year survey at 26.3 at 26.3 MHz are presented which demonstrate the control of Io over a high-intensity storm component of the radio emission and the independence of a weak radio component from the phase of Io, as was observed at lower frequencies. It is thus hypothesized that Io control is a flux-dependent rather than a frequency-dependent phenomenon, and results of analyses at 18 and 10 MHz which support this hypothesis are presented. The apparent correlation between frequency and Io control is thus shown to result from a selection effect due to the increase of non-Io emission with decreasing frequency and relative antenna detection threshold. This result implies a contiguous Io-controlled source region extending out several Jovian radii along the Io flux tube.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Nature; 287; Oct. 30
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  • 55
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    Time-average fluxes of heavy ions at the geostationary orbit (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Measurements of average proton, helium, carbon, and oxygen fluxes at 6.6 earth radii are reported. The data represent averages obtained on ATS 6 between June 15 and Oct. 3, 1974. The energy range covered was 0.36-1.1 MeV for protons and approximately 1-4 MeV for the heavier ions. The results indicate that above about 1 MeV the heavier ion fluxes dominate over the proton flux on the energy/ion scale. Using two different spectral dependencies to fit the data, the carbon to oxygen concentration ratio for energies above 1 MeV was found to be 0.43 for the power law spectrum and 0.44 for the exponential spectrum. Thus in either case the abundance ratio is consistent with the solar origin of the particles. Similarly, the helium to oxygen concentration ratio is found to be 0.17 for the power law spectrum and 0.28 for the exponential spectrum. This is inconsistent with the solar wind ratio, which is about 10. The results quoted above are based on a very small portion of the distribution function above 1 MeV.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 1
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  • 56
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    Viscous flow and crystallization behavior of tektite glasses (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The variation of viscosity with temperature was determined in the 200-2000 K range for a Muong Nong tektite material. The viscosity at the liquidus temperature of 1320 C is 20,000 P; treatments between 900 and 1300 C do not result in significant crystallization in the natural sample except when the sample is heated in contact with a synthetic tektite composition. Two synthetic microtektite with lower SiO2 contents than the Muong Nong material were also examined; heat flow calculations were performed for 2.5 to 10 cm spheres of tektite when cooling by radiation.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 10
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    Carbon-fiber technology (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The state of the art of PAN based carbon fiber manufacture and the science of fiber behavior is surveyed. A review is given of the stabilization by oxidation and the subsequent carbonization of fibers, of the apparent structure of fibers deduced from scanning electron microscopy, from X-ray scattering, and from similarities with soft carbons, and of the known relations between fiber properties and heat treatment temperature. A simplified model is invoked to explain the electrical properties of fibers and recent quantum chemical calculations on atomic clusters are used to elucidate some aspects of fiber conductivity. Some effects of intercalation and oxidative modification of finished fibers are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: American Chemical Society The 16th Natl. Symp. on Polymers in the Serv. of Man; p 125-130
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  • 58
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    The occurrence rate, polarization character, and intensity of broadband Jovian kilometric radiation (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper describes the major observational features of one new component of Jupiter's radio emission spectrum, the broadband kilometer wavelength radiation, or bKOM. This study, using the Voyager Planetary Radio Astronomy (PRA) experiments, reveals that the overall occurrence morphology, dynamic spectra, and polarization character of bKOM are strong functions of the latitude and/or local time geometry of the observations. The postencounter data show a decline in the mean occurrence rates and power level of bKOM and, in particular, a depletion in the occurrence rate at those same longitudes where the detection rate is a maximum before encounter. Additionally, the polarization sense undergoes a permanent reversal in sign after encounter, whereas the time-averaged wave axial ratio and degree of polarization remain relatively unchanged. Finally, no evidence of any control by Io is found. The strong dependence of the morphology on local time suggests a source whose beam is nearly fixed relative to the Jupiter-sun line
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Aug. 1
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  • 59
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    The case against UV photostimulated oxidation of magnetite (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The kinetics of magnetite oxidation in O2-bearing atmospheres in the presence of electromagnetic radiation was studied. No perceptible oxidation of magnetite by ultraviolet (UV) photostimulation occurred. These results do not corroborate previous conclusions by Huguenin (1973, 1974) as to the occurrence of this process. Therefore, although the possibility that the process actually occurs cannot be ruled out, it is concluded that there is not yet a basis in laboratory experiments for inferring that UV photostimulated oxidation of magnetite occurs naturally on the surface of Mars.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Aug. 198
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  • 60
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    Rocket observations of the vertical distribution of ozone in the polar night and during a mid-winter stratospheric warming (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Rocket ozone soundings have been conducted in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere at high latitudes during winter. The collection of soundings show a high degree of variability when compared to ozone distributions measured during summer and at lower latitudes. The concurrently observed temperature and winds also show large variations which can be qualitatively related to the ozone profiles. Two most unusual ozone profiles were observed in January 1979 over Alaska during a stratospheric warming event. Both ozone profiles were consistent in showing the measured mixing ratios to be higher at 50 km than those measured at 40 km, a feature never reported before. This feature is related to the concurrently observed wind and temperature distributions and the NMC analyses of pressure height fields. The polar night ozone observations in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere suggest some temperature dependence, but transports seem to play an important role.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Aug. 198
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    The behavior of ozone near the stratopause from two years of BUC observations (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Two years of Nimbus 4 backscattered ultraviolet data have been recalibrated and reprocessed. A Laplace transform inversion was applied to radiances at 2876 A and below for 560,000 individual scans for the period April 1970-May 1972. The behavior of ozone near 50 km as a function of time, latitude, and longitude is presented. The high-latitude 1-mbar ozone mixing ratio is maximum at the winter solstice, about 10 microgram/g and is minimum at the summer solstice, about 4 microgram/g. Below 30 deg latitude the ozone is fairly constant at 4 microgram/g. Ozone variability is large in winter and spring and small in summer and fall.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Aug. 20
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  • 62
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    Voyager detection of nonthermal radio emission from Saturn (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The planetary radio astronomy experiment on board the Voyager spacecraft has detected bursts of nonthermal radio noise from Saturn occurring near 200 kilohertz, with a peak flux density comparable to higher frequency Jovian emissions. The radiation is right-hand polarized and is most likely emitted in the extraordinary magnetoionic mode from Saturn's northern hemisphere. Modulation that is consistent with a planetary rotation period of 10 hours 39.9 minutes is apparent in the data.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Science; 209; Sept. 12
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  • 63
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    Midlatitude measurements of the ionospheric electric field during the ALADDIN programme (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Three measurements of ionospheric electric field were made during the 24-h ALADDIN rocket program at Wallops Island on June 29-30, 1974. The first of these used a double probe instrument, flown at 1500 Local Solar Time, and the second and third measurements were made by barium cloud releases at evening and morning twilight. These three electric field vectors have been compared with the predictions of a number of models of electric field due to the dynamo effects of various atmospheric tides, and also of a possible magnetospheric origin. On the assumption that the measurements were made at a location equatorward of the afternoon convergence and poleward of the morning divergence in the electric field patterns related to the Sq current system, Stening's (1973) model of the diurnal variation of the electric field induced by the (1, -2) tidal model at the time of the summer solstice correctly predicts the directions of the observed electric field. Forbes and Lindzen's (1976, 1977) model, incorporating the three major propagating tidal modes as well as the evanescent (1, -2) mode, also bears an acceptable relationship to the ALADDIN electric field directions. The ALADDIN E-field magnitudes are comparable with those obtained by ground-based observations from Millstone Hill and from Saint Santin but are about half of Stening's model values, and three times those of Forbes and Lindzen. Saint Santin E-field directions, at the same latitude but 75 deg difference in longitude, are distinctly different from ALADDIN, implying that longitudinal differences are significant.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 42; June 198
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    Supernovae effects on the terrestrial atmosphere (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The first effects of a nearby (10 parsec) supernova on the earth's atmosphere will be caused by ultraviolet radiation dissociating molecular oxygen. The event will be of about one month's duration. Several months later nuclear gamma radiation may arrive, causing a decrease in atmospheric ozone. Cosmic radiation from the supernova remnant will not intercept the earth for at least 1000 years at which time ozone will be seriously depleted. Supernova ultraviolet radiation increases column ozone and atomic oxygen. Atmospheric thermal structure is modified with a large temperature increase in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and a decrease at higher altitudes caused by enhanced heat loss due to atomic oxygen radiation and conduction.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Planetary and Space Science; 28; June 198
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    Energetics and thermal structure of the middle atmosphere (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A study of a large number of temperature measurements in the middle atmosphere shows a much more complex thermal structure of this region than described in the U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976. The mesopause height which is generally assumed to be at 80 km varies between 70 and 100 km, often with two minima in temperature at about 70 and 100 km and a maximum between 80-85 km. By solving the energy balance equation and the equations of continuity, the physical significance of the observed thermal structure is discussed in terms of the energetics of the various regions of the middle atmosphere. It is show that the solar UV radiation plays a major role only in the energy budget of the stratosphere and the lower thermosphere. The energetics of the mesosphere is primarily influenced by the dissipation of eddy energy. The temperature in the region is a good indicator of the eddy diffusivity and can be used in deriving the eddy diffusion coefficient.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Planetary and Space Science; 28; June 198
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  • 66
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    The effect of earth's atmosphere on contrast reduction for a nonuniform surface albedo and 'two-halves' field (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper presents a model for contrast reduction by atmospheric haze developed for the 'two-halves' field of the earth's surface and other geometries of the earth's surface albedo. The model is based on a simplified solution of the equation of radiative transfer in two dimensions, resulting in a method for calculation of the upward zenith intensity in the atmosphere as a function of the distance from the border between the two half planes, for an unabsorbing atmosphere. The adjacency effect between two infinitesimal areas of different albedos is calculated; the resultant simplified solution is used to develop expressions for the line-spread function of the atmosphere and the modulation transfer function. The line-spread function is used to calculate the point spread function, which can be used to compute the intensity above any surface with given spatial dependence of the reflectivity.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; July 20
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    The influence of NO and ClO variations at twilight on the interpretation of solar occultation measurements (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Measurement of short-lived photochemically-produced species in the stratosphere by solar occultation is difficult because the rapid variation of such species near the terminator introduces ambiguities in interpreting the measured absorption in terms of meaningful atmospheric abundances. These variations produce tangent path concentrations that are asymmetric relative to the tangent point, as opposed to the symmetrical distribution usually assumed in most inversion algorithms. Neglect of this asymmetry may yield an inverted profile that deviates significantly from the true sunset/sunrise profile. In the present paper, the influence of this effect on solar occultation measurements of ClO and NO is examined. The results show that average inhomogeneity factors, which measure the concentration variation along the tangent path and which can be calculated from a photochemical model, can indicate which species require more careful data analysis.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Apr. 198
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    Preparation of cast aluminum alloy-mica particle composites (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A method for making aluminum-mica particle composites is presented in which mica particles are stirred in molten aluminum alloys followed by casting in permanent molds. Magnesium is added either as an alloying element or in the form of pieces to the surface of the alloy melts to disperse up to 3 wt% mica powders in the melts and to obtain high recoveries of mica in the castings. The mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy-mica composite decrease with increasing mica content; however, even at 2.2% it has a tensile strength of 14.22 kg/sq mm with 1.1% elongation, a compression strength of 42.61 kg/sq mm, and an impact strength of 0.30 kgm/sq cm. Cryogenic and self-lubricating bearing are mentioned applications.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Journal of Materials Science; 15; May 1980
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    Investigation of numerical properties of Hovenier's exit function equation for multiple scattering of light (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A technique of deriving Hovenier's exit function equation (1978) for multiple scattering, starting with a set of invariant imbedding equations, is presented. The feasibility of the exit function equation as a means to obtain reflection and transmission functions is investigated for isotropic, Rayleigh, and Henyey-Greenstein phase functions with emphasis on the numerical stability, accuracy and timing. It is possible to compute the reflection function rather accurately with an efficiency comparable to that of the standard doubling technique for the same phase functions with moderate anisotropy. The resulting transmission is slightly less accurate than the reflection function, but it may be acceptable for practical purposes.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Astrophysics and Space Science; 69; 1, Ma; May 1980
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  • 70
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    Two-stream approximations to radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres - A unified description of existing methods and a new improvement (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Existing two-stream approximations to radiative transfer theory for particulate media are shown to be represented by identical forms of coupled differential equations if the intensity is replaced by integrals of the intensity over hemispheres. One set of solutions thus suffices for all methods and provides convenient analytical comparisons. The equations also suggest modifications of the standard techniques so as to duplicate exact solutions for thin atmospheres and thus permit accurate determinations of the effects of typical aerosol layers. Numerical results for the plane albedos of plane-parallel atmospheres are given for conventional and modified Eddington approximations, conventional and modified two-point quadrature schemes, the hemispheric-constant method and the delta-function method, all for comparison with accurate discrete-ordinate solutions. A new two-stream approximation is introduced that reduces to the modified Eddington approximation in the limit of isotropic phase functions and to the exact solution in the limit of extreme anisotropic scattering. Comparisons of plane albedos and transmittances show the new method to be generally superior over a wide range of atmospheric conditions (including cloud and aerosol layers), especially in the case of nonconservative scattering.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Mar. 198
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    Remote sensing of the ozone profile in the lower stratosphere using UV and IR measurements from Nimbus 4 (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: With a three-parameter analytical model, the ozone profile below 10 mbar to the surface is derived from the Nimbus 4 satellite backscattered ultraviolet and infrared measurements. Comparison of the derived profiles with those observed by ozonesondes shows that gross features are satisfactorily reproduced. Meridional cross section of the ozone partial pressure derived from the satellite data reveal the significant equator-to-pole features, as well as seasonal variability. An examination of the sensitivity of the method shows that an error in infrared radiance of approximately 1 erg leads to an error of about 10 mbar in the weighted mean pressure of the ozone layer in the tropics.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Mar. 20
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    The effect of injection location on the spectrum of energetic magnetospheric particles (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The role of local particle injections and accelerations in determining energetic particle spectra used as an indication of the radial diffusion of trapped magnetospheric particles is assessed. An idealized one-dimensional steady-state model of magnetospheric radial transport in which diffusion is balanced against particle sources and sinks is used to illustrate the effects of particle injection at a point and over a band of radii in which the observation point is immersed in particle spectra. For an injection spectrum uniformly distributed in space and a step function in energy, it is shown that the energy dependence of the measured spectrum is determined not only by adiabatic energization of the input spectrum but by the spatial structure of the injection and the radial dependence of the diffusion coefficient as well. The relevance of the results for observations of particle spectra in the terrestrial and Jovian magnetospheres is also considered
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Feb. 1
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    Satellite ozone measurements (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Since 1960 three classes of zone sounders have been developed: (1) backscatter ultraviolet, (2) infrared limb and nadir radiance, and (3) stellar and solar occultation methods. With these techniques ozone has been measured from 20 to 100 km. Tropospheric ozone measurements are beyond present technology, but total ozone is determined with the backscatter ultraviolet and nadir infrared methods.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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    Instability of equatorial protons in Jupiter's mid-magnetosphere (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Two different models for the distribution function are fit to the Jovian protons seen by Pioneer 10 inbound. The models reproduce the observed energy and angular distributions. These models are then used to assess the collisionless mirror instability. Because of the pancake proton angular distributions in the equatorial ring current region, the ring current particle population appears to be mirror unstable at times, with instability growth rates of about 10 min. Such a time is consistent with observed proton flux autocorrelation times. An instability such as this (there are other candidates) may be responsible for the previously established proton flux flowing parallel to the magnetic field away from the equatorial region.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Jan. 1
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    Saturn's rings - Particle composition and size distribution as constrained by observations at microwave wavelengths. II - Radio interferometric observations (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Theoretical models are presented of the brightness of Saturn's rings at microwave wavelengths (0.34-21.0 cm) including both intrinsic ring emission and diffuse scattering by the rings of the planetary emission. In addition, several previously existing sets of interferometric observations of the Saturn system at 0.83, 3.71, 6.0, 11.1, and 21.0 cm wavelengths are analyzed. A comparison of models and experimental data make it possible to establish improved constraints on the properties of the rings. In particular, it is found that (1) the maximum optical depths in the rings is 1.5 + or - 0.3 referred to visible wavelengths; (2) a significant decrease in ring optical depths from 3.7 to 21.0 cm makes it possible to rule out the possibility that more than 30% of the cross section of the rings is composed of particles larger than about a meter; and (3) the ring particles cannot be primarily of silicate composition (independently of particle size), and the particles cannot be primarily smaller than about 0.1 cm, independently of composition.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Icarus; 44; Dec. 198
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    Greenhouse models of Venus' high surface temperature, as constrained by Pioneer Venus measurements (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Recent measurements conducted from the Pioneer Venus probes and orbiter have provided a significantly improved definition of the solar net flux profile, the gaseous composition, temperature structure, and cloud properties of Venus' lower atmosphere. Using these data, we have carried out a series of one-dimensional radiative-convective equilibrium calculations to determine the viability of the greenhouse model of Venus' high surface temperature and to assess the chief contributors to the greenhouse effect. New sources of infrared opacity include the permitted transitions of SO2, CO, and HCl as well as opacity due to several pressure-induced transitions of CO2. We find that the observed surface temperature and lapse rate structure of the lower atmosphere can be reproduced quite closely with a greenhouse model that contains the water vapor abundance reported by the Venera spectrophotometer experiment. Thus the greenhouse effect can account for essentially all of Venus' high surface temperature. The prime sources of infrared opacity are, in order of importance, CO2, H2O, cloud particles, and SO2, with CO and HCl playing very minor roles.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 77
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    Cloud morphology and motions from Pioneer Venus images (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The horizontal and vertical cloud structures, atmospheric waves, and wind velocities at the cloud top level were determined by the Pioneer Venus photopolarimeter images in the UV from January through March 1979. The images indicate long-term evolution of cloud characteristics, the atmospheric dynamics, and rapid small changes in cloud morphology. The clouds show a globally coordinated oscillation relative to latitude circles; retrograde zonal winds of 100 m/s near the equator are determined from the tracking of small-scale cloud properties, but two hemispheres show important variations. The zonal wind velocity in the southern hemisphere is reduced toward the poles at a rate similar to solid body rotation; the midlatitude jet stream noted by Mariner 10 is not observed.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 78
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    Pioneer Venus gas chromatography of the lower atmosphere of Venus (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A gas chromatograph mounted in the Pioneer Venus sounder probe measured the chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus at three altitudes. Ne, N2, O2, Ar, CO, H2O, SO2, and CO2 were measured, and upper limits set for H2, COS, H2S, CH4, Kr, N2O, C2H4, C2H6, and C3H8. Simulation studies have provided indirect evidence for sulfuric acid-like droplets and support the possibility of water vapor at altitudes of 42 and 24 km. The paper discusses the implications of these results for the origin, evolution, and present state of Venus' atmosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 79
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    Dynamic properties of the thermosphere inferred from Pioneer Venus mass spectrometer measurements (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The data obtained by the Pioneer Venus spectrometer experiments indicate that the day-night temperature contrast on Venus is associated with wind velocities of about 200 m/s which transport oxygen, helium, and hydrogen toward the night side. A mass exchange with the mesosphere commensurate with an eddy diffusion coefficient of 3 x 10 to the 7th is required to buffer the horizontal advection so as to reproduce the observed day time bulge in oxygen and the small diurnal variations in helium. The observed time response and magnitude of the day-night density variations require transport processes to be effective over time periods between five and ten days, implying a superrotation rate or prevailing winds in excess of 50 m/s at the equator. Nonlinear mass transport results in wave steepening and contributes to the amplification of the density extrema in hydrogen and helium.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 80
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    Electron temperature and heat flow in the nightside Venus ionosphere (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A steady-state two-dimensional heat balance model is used to analyze the night side Venusian ionospheric electron temperatures given by the Pioneer Venus orbiter electron temperature probe. The energy calculation includes the solar EUV heating at the terminator, electron cooling to ions and neutrals, and heat conduction within the ionospheric plasma. An optimum magnetic field is derived by solving for the heat flux directions which force energy conservation while constrained by the observed temperatures within the range of 80-170 deg solar zenith angle and 160-170 km. The heat flux vectors indicate a magnetic field that connects the lower night side ionosphere to the day side ionosphere, and connects the upper ionosphere to the ionosheath. The lower ionosphere is heated through conduction of heat from the dayside, and the upper ionosphere is heated by the solar wind in the ionosheath with heat flowing downward and from the nightside to the day side.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 81
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    Mass spectrometric measurements of the neutral gas composition of the thermosphere and exosphere of Venus (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The neutral gas composition and density in the thermosphere of Venus is being measured with a quadrupole mass spectrometer on the Pioneer Venus orbiter. Data are obtained near periapsis once per day approximately 150-250 km above the surface. The principal gases in the thermosphere are CO2, CO, N2, O, N, and He. Atomic oxygen is the major constituent above 155 km on the dayside and also on the nightside up to 180 km when helium becomes the major constituent. The average values of CO2, CO, N2, O, and N remain nearly constant during day and night, but an abrupt change occurs across the terminator from a high dayside value to a low nightside value. The helium density varies in the opposite way, and a distinct bulge was observed at night near the morning terminator. The data have been used as the basis of an empirical model. Large orbit to orbit variations in densities were also observed on the nightside, suggesting perhaps strong turbulent motion in the atmosphere below. Kinetic temperatures inferred from scale heights are approximately 285 K on the dayside and 110 K at night. The average global temperature obtained from the model is 199 K.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 82
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    Empirical models of the electron temperature and density in the Venus ionosphere (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The electron temperature and density of the Venus ionosphere is characterized using data from the Pioneer Venus orbiter electron temperature probe experiment for the full range of solar zenith angles and local times. Values for the electron density are nearly uniform across the day side with a sharp decrease in the vicinity of the terminator. The model shows a substantial night side ionosphere which can be accounted for by a combination of several transport processes, and by local production by precipitating particles. The electron temperature model demonstrates the high temperatures seen on both the day side and night side. It is found that the night side is much more variable than the day side, and that there is no obvious north-south asymmetry in either the temperature or the density.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 83
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    Global observations of the composition and dynamics of the ionosphere of Venus - Implications for the solar wind interaction (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The in-situ measurements of the global composition and Venus ionosphere dynamics recorded by the Bennett ion mass spectrometer on the Pioneer Venus orbiter during Dec. 1978-Aug. 1979 are presented. The observations of three plasma regimes show the bowshock-ionosheath region, the thermal ionosphere, and a superthermal flowing ion layer contacting the ionosphere at the ionopause and extending outward to different heights above the planet. An abundant ionosphere dominated by O(+) above 200 km and by O2(+) down to the typical periapsis altitudes of 160 km occur during quiet periods; less disturbed data shows strong day to night changes in the distributions of ions including O(+), O2(+), CO2(+), and N(+). The ionopause is located near the subpolar point at 250-400 km; under disturbed nighttime conditions it may have randomly spaced concentration gradients in the dusk region.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 84
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    Dynamical response of the dayside ionosphere of Venus to the solar wind (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Dayside ion composition measurements made by the orbiter ion mass spectrometer and the orbiter electron temperature probe on the Pioneer Venus orbiter are used to infer the dominant processes involved in the dynamic response of the Venus ionosphere to the solar wind. The analysis is confined to the topside ionosphere in the vicinity of the subsolar point, where the ionosphere-solar wind interaction is expected to be maximized. Height profiles of the ion composition and plasma temperatures in the main body of the topside ionosphere, lying between the ionopause and chemical equilibrium regions, reveal that the ionosphere is in a compressed state. This region of the ionosphere is interpreted in terms of a stationary equilibrium where the compression is derived from the ponderomotive force j x B. The estimated magnitude of this force is confirmed by the magnetic field measurements made by the orbiter magnetometer.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 85
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    Pioneer Venus plasma observations of the solar wind-Venus interaction (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Collection of data from the Ames plasma analyzer on the Pioneer Venus orbiter has permitted long-term measurements of the interaction of the solar wind with Venus. The paper presents a mapping of the ionosheath flow field, plasma measurements in the distant ionosheath and near the distant plasma cavity, and a summary of observations of jumps in the solar wind proton parameters across Venus' bow shock. Also, the apparent detection of ionospheric O(+) accelerated up to solar wind speeds downstream in Venus' ionosheath is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 86
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    Property changes of a graphite/epoxy composite exposed to nonionizing space parameters (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A study has been made of the changes in the mass, thickness and flexural properties of initially wet and dry specimens of graphite/epoxy composite material due to the equivalent of eight weeks of exposure to nonionizing space environmental parameters. The parameters were near and middle solar UV irradiance, high vacuum, and temperature. The flexural properties were not affected by the exposures. Changes occurred to the mass, dimensions, and surface morphology of the specimens which varied with individual and combined parameter exposures. The combined UV and elevated thermal environment had synergistic effects on the properties of the specimens.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Journal of Composite Materials; 14; Oct. 198
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  • 87
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    A physical model of Titan's clouds (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A physical model of the formation and growth of aerosols in the atmosphere of Titan has been constructed in light of the observed correlation between variations in Titan's albedo and the sunspot cycle. The model was developed to fit spectral observations of deep methane bands, pressures, temperature distributions, and cloud structure, and is based on a one-dimensional physical-chemical model developed to simulate the earth's stratospheric aerosol layer. Sensitivity tests reveal the model parameters to be relatively insensitive to particle shape but sensitive to particle density, with high particle densities requiring larger aerosol mass production rates to produce compatible clouds. Solution of the aerosol continuity equations for particles of sizes 13 A to about 3 microns indicates the importance of a warm upper atmosphere and a high-altitude mass injection layer, and the production of aerosols at very low aerosol optical depths. Limits are obtained for the chemical production of aerosol mass and the eddy diffusion coefficient, and it is found that an increase in mass input causes a decrease in mean particle size.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Icarus; 43; Sept
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  • 88
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    Positron annihilation studies of moisture in graphite-reinforced composites (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The positron lifetime technique of monitoring absorbed moisture is applied to several composites, including graphite/polymides which are candidates for high-temperature (over 260 C) applications. The experimental setup is a conventional fast-slow coincidence system wherein the positron lifetime is measured with respect to a reference time determined by the detection of a nuclear gamma ray emitted simultaneously with the positron. From the experiments, a rate of change of positron mean lifetime per unit mass of water can be determined for each type of specimen. Positron lifetime spectra are presented for a graphite/polyimide composite and for a pure polyimide.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
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  • 89
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    Hg and Pt-metals in meteorite carbon-rich residues - Suggestions for possible host phase for Hg (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Carbon-rich and oxide residual phases have been isolated from Allende and Murchison by acid demineralization for the determination of their Hg, Pt-metal, Cr, Sc, Co, and Fe contents. Experimental procedures used eliminated the possibility of exogenous and endogenous contaminant trace elements from coprecipitating with the residues. Large enrichments of Hg and Pt-metals were found in Allende but not in Murchison residues. Hg-release profiles from stepwise heating experiments suggest a sulfide as the host for Hg. Diffusion calculations for Hg based on these experiments indicate an activation energy of 7-8 kcal/mol, the same as that for Hg in troilite from an iron meteorite. This is further support for a sulfide host phase for Hg. Equilibration of Hg with this phase at approximately 900 K is indicated. Reasons for the presence of Pt-metals in noncosmic relative abundances are explored.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 44; Oct. 198
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  • 90
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    Endemic isotopic anomalies in titanium (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Abundances of the titanium isotopes were determined using a new high-precision technique that shows terrestrial, lunar, and bulk meteorite samples to be indistinguishable. Ca-Al-Ti-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite are found to contain Ti of widely varying isotopic composition reflecting the presence of at least three nucleosynthetic components. The anomalies in Ti appear to be relatively widespread and, when correlated with Ca data, provide a clue to nucleosynthesis in the neighborhood of the iron peak and to the late-stage nucleosynthetic processes which immediately preceded formation of the solar nebula.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 240
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  • 91
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    Advanced resin systems for graphite epoxy composites (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The value of resin/carbon fiber composites as lightweight structures for aircraft and other vehicle applications is dependent on many properties: environmental stability, strength, toughness, resistance to burning, smoke produced when burning, raw material costs, and complexity of processing. A number of woven carbon fiber and epoxy resin composites were made. The epoxy resin was commercially available tetraglycidylmethylene dianiline. In addition, composites were made using epoxy resin modified with amine and carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer. Strength and toughness in flexure as well as oxygen index flammability and NBS smoke chamber tests of the composites are reported.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: American Chemical Society The 16th Natl. Symp. on Polymers in the Serv. of Man; p 131-135
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  • 92
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    Production of nitrous oxide in the auroral D and E regions (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A study of nitrous oxide formation mechanisms indicates that N2O concentrations greater than 10 to the 9th per cu cm could be produced in IBC III aurora or by lower-level activity lasting for many hours, and, in favorable conditions, the N2O concentration could exceed the local nitric oxide density. An upper limit on the globally averaged N2O production rate from auroral activity is estimated at 2 x 10 to the 27th per second.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Nature; 287; Oct. 9
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  • 93
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    Magnetic field directional discontinuities. I - Minimum variance errors (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper deals with a statistical analysis of the errors associated with a minimum variance analysis of directional discontinuities by use of an idealized model of these discontinuities and various simulations, and also by an examination of actual Mariner 10 interplanetary magnetic field data. An empirical expression is derived for the magnitude of the error in an estimated discontinuity normal component, relative to the total field across the directional discontinuity. The analysis was performed primarily to aid in differentiating between interplanetary tangential and rotational discontinuities observed by Mariner 10.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Sept. 1
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  • 94
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    Ozone, ultraviolet flux and temperature of the paleoatmosphere (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The development of surface and atmospheric levels of paleoatmospheric ozone is calculated by means of a detailed photochemical model and used to determine the levels of ultraviolet flux to the surface and the surface and atmospheric temperatures of the primitive earth. The model takes into account the chemistry of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen species and the effects of vertical transport in an atmosphere originally composed of as much N2, H2O and CO2 as the present atmosphere to which O2 is added to calculate the vertical profiles of O3 and nitrogen oxides as a function of O2 content. Calculations show that as oxygen content increases from 0.0001 to 1 times its present value, the height of the ozone peak moves from 5 to 25 km, and that maximum ozone densities are achieved for an O2 level of 0.1 times the present. Calculations of solar UV absorption by atmospheric species indicate the presence of a UV window between 200 and 220 nm that closed only when O2 reached 0.01 times its present level. Finally, calculations made using a radiative-convective model reveal that O3 levels corresponding to an O2 level of 0.1 times the present result in a globally averaged surface temperature increase of about 4.5 K for the present solar constant.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 95
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    Stratospheric NO2 and H2O mixing ratio profiles from high resolution infrared solar spectra using nonlinear least squares (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Nonlinear least squares spectral curve fitting has been used to derive vertical mixing ratio profiles for NO2 and H2O above 16 km from high resolution (0.2/cm) solar spectra collected during sunset with a balloon borne interferometer. The NO2 profile shows a sharp peak of 8 ppbv at 32 km falling rapidly to less than 0.5 ppbv at 17 km. The H2O profile shows a broad peak of 6.5 ppmv at 30 km falling to less than 4 ppmv at 17 km.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; July 198
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  • 96
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    Structures far from the head of comet Kohoutek. II - A discussion of the Swan Cloud of January 11 and of the general morphology of cometary plasma tails (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Photographs show that the 'Swan Cloud' observed in comet Kohoutek on January 11, 1974 was an advanced stage of a plasma tail disconnection event, of which the rejected tail appeared to decelerate as it receded from the head. The event commenced with the development of strong tail ray activity followed by the actual tail disconnection, the merging of the disconnected tail with the new tail to form the Swan and the formation of arcade loops in the space between closing tail rays. The observed morphological sequence is easily understood in the sector boundary model (Niedner et al., 1978), and the arcade loops are proposed to be reconnected flux tubes between oppositely polarized tail rays in the incipient new tail which followed the disconnection
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Icarus; 42; May 1980
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  • 97
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    Some diurnal properties of clouds over the Martian volcanoes (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The diurnal properties of cloud systems over Martian volcanoes observed by the Viking Orbiter spacecraft are discussed. Photographic sequences of diurnal cloud development are presented for clouds in the vicinity of Elysium Mons and Ascraeus Mons, and the rapid growth of cloudiness starting at 11.23 LT is noted. The low-lying fogs and convective afternoon clouds observed are characterized as water ice clouds, while the cirrus-type clouds may be composed of CO2. The diurnal development of the clouds is then explained in terms of local atmospheric stability and circulation as influenced by surface topography and thermal properties. Consideration is also given to possible reasons for the pronounced seasonal variations in cloudiness.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Nature; 286; July 24
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  • 98
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    Saturn - Tropospheric ammonia and nitrogen (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Photochemical calculations based on recent data on the Saturn temperature structure and Lyman-alpha albedo indicate that detectable amounts of gaseous ammonia may exist between 20 and 35 km above the cloud tops. An instrument that might be able to observe this gas is the spectrometer on board the International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite. The calculations also yield a maximum nitrogen mixing ratio at the cloud tops between 1.8 x 10 to the -10th to 6 x 10 to the -8th by volume, depending upon the degree of supersaturation of ammonia and hydrazine. Even the lower limit could produce intense emissions if electrical discharges such as those observed on Jupiter by Voyager are also present on Saturn, or if high energy particles penetrate to the Saturnian troposphere.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; June 198
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  • 99
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    Stratospheric ozone decrease due to chlorofluoromethane photolysis - Predictions of latitude dependence (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A two-dimensional model is used to predict the 1990 reduction in ozone due to the chlorine compounds formed by chlorofluoromethane (CFM) photolysis when the CFM release rate is held constant at the 1975 value. The predicted globally averaged ozone reduction of 3.5% is similar to that predicted by one-dimensional models that did not include chlorine nitrate chemistry, and used lower values for the reactions rates of NO + HO2 yielding NO2 + OH and O3 + HO2 yielding OH + 2O2. When the 5.7 ppbv increase in chlorine compounds predicted by one-dimensional models to occur under steady-state conditions is simulated by the two-dimensional model, a 26% decrease in atmospheric ozone is predicted. The latitude dependence of the ozone reduction is discussed in terms of the relevant photochemical reaction and transport. The chemical reactions that most strongly influence the meridional dependence of the ozone depletion are identified as those associated with the reactions of chlorine monoxide and atomic oxygen, the recombination of ozone and atomic oxygen, and the photodissociation of molecular oxygen.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Mar. 198
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    Seasonal variations in high-latitude ozone and metastable molecular oxygen emissions - A theoretical interpretation (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Comparison of photochemical calculations of atmospheric ozone between 40 and 55 km with measurements from a satellite-borne remote sensor shows agreement in the high-latitude summer hemisphere. However, in the sunlit high-latitude winter, the available data imply either a smaller water vapor mixing ratio than generally accepted or a temperature 15 - 20 K colder than contained in published model atmospheres. As with the ozone data the infrared emission in winter implies an odd oxygen loss rate smaller than predicted on the basis of standard water vapor and temperature models. The magnitude of the 1.27 micron signals and their consistency with upper stratospheric ozone data cast doubt on the large mesospheric ozone abundances deduced in independent experiments.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Mar. 20
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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