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  • Springer  (48,496)
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  • 1985-1989  (93,477)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1985  (93,477)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Natural societies ofPlagiolepis pygmaea were collected at the end of the winter period. Usually, they were strongly polygynous (17 queens per society in average) All the wingless queens were inseminated and could lay eggs. The weight of these queens is correlated: - negatively with their number in the societies; - positively with the number of nurse workers; - positively with their ovary development. The queens' fecundity has been studied in monogynous condition by counting the number of eggs laid during 5 weeks at the end of the winter period. Several correlations were revealed: - a positive one between the queen's fecundity and their weight; - a positive one between the queen's fecundity and their aggregative power on their workers; - a negative one between the queen's fecundity and their number in their native society.
    Notes: Resume Les sociétés naturelles dePlagiolepis pygmaea récoltées à la fin de l'hivernage sont habituellement fortement polygynes (en moyenne 17 reines par société). Toutes les reines désailées sont inséminées et participent à la ponte. Ces reines présentent certaines particularités en relation avec les caractéristiques démographiques des sociétés; en particulier, leur poids montre une corrélation: - négative avec leur nombre dans la société; - positive avec le nombre d'ouvrières nourrices; - positive avec le développement de leurs ovaires. La fécondité des reines a été étudiée en condition expérimentale monogyne en dénombrant les œufs pondus pendant 5 semaines à la fin de l'hivernage. On met en évidence plusieurs corrélations: - positive entre la fécondité et le poids des reines; - positive entre la fécondité et le pouvoir agrégatif des reines sur leurs ouvrières; - négative entre la fécondité et le degré de polygynie de la société d'origine.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume La fourmi primitiveAneuretus simoni a été recherchée au Sri Lanka dans les forêts de Kandy, Matale, Peradeniya, Gilimale et Ratnapura. Des sociétés de l'espèce ont pu être trouvées dans les seules forêts humides de Gilimale. La répartition de cette fourmi semble localisée aux zones d'altitudes supérieures à 450 m recevant de 2 à 5 mètres d'eau par an. Au total, 33 sociétés ont pu être récoltées, dont plusieurs avec des reines. Les densités des sociétés étaient respectivement de 0.017, 0.023 et 0.033 soc/m2 dans les 3 sites étudiés. Nous avons dénombré chezA. simoni une moyenne de 65 ouvrières minor et une ou plusieurs reines par société. Les ouvrières major ne représentent que 2 à 3 % des effectifs. Les sexués apparaissent du milieu du mois de juillet au mois d'août. La société semble polycalique. Dans leur habitat habituel, les ouvrières sont omnivores. Elles consomment des petits insectes et des hydrates de carbone prélevés sur des fruits pourrissants. Un système de pistes de récoltes est utilisé dans l'exploitation de sources de nourriture importantes. Les ouvrières d'A. simoni évitent typiquement tout contact avec celles de fourmis sympatriques commePheidole, Paratrechina, Tetramorium, Odontomachus etMonomorium. En cas de rencontre avec des ouvrières étrangères de la même espèce, il en résulte des phénomènes d'agression. Ceci suggère que la reconnaissance des congénères d'une même société et peut être l'existence d'un comportement territorial intraspécifique semblent bien développés.
    Notes: Summary A search forAneuretus simoni was carried out in forested regions near Kandy, Matale, Peradeniya, Gilimale, Ratnapura, and Lagumba, Sri Lanka. Colonies were found only in the humid forests of the Gilimale area. The distribution ofA. simoni appears to be correlated with rainfall (200–500 cm/year) and geographic elevation (above 450 meters). A total of 33 queenright and queenless nests were collected. Nest density was 0.017, 0.023, and 0.033 colonies/m2, respectively, in three study plots. Aneuretus colonies contain on average more than one queen and approximately 65 minor workers. Major workers comprise only two to three percent of the colony population. Sexuals are found in nests from mid-July to August. Colonies appear to be polydomous. A. simoni workers observed in the field showed generalized foraging habits. They preyed upon small insects and collected carbohydrate from rotting fruit. Trail systems were used in exploitation of large food sources. A. simoni workers typically avoid contact with workers of sympatric ant genera such asPheidole, Paratrechina, Tetramorium, Odontomachus, andMonomorium. When alien conspecifics are encountered, aggression results, indicating that nestmate recognition and perhaps intraspecific territoriality is well developed.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Pimelic and azelaic acids are major constituants of the survivone which induces a prolongation of life in isolated bees. Their action is dependent of age of bees and of the season; azelaic acid is more efficient in summer and winter; pimelic acid in spring.
    Notes: Resume Les acides azélaïque et pimélique sont des constituants majeurs de la survivone, phéromone de survie les abeilles isolées. Leur action dépend de la saison, l'acide azélaïque étant plus efficace sur la survie des abeilles d'été et d'hiver, et l'acide pimélique sur la survie des abeilles de printemps.
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 321-324 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Teleutomyrmex schneideri, Anergates atratulus, Epimyrma stumperi etLeptothorax goesswaldi ont été trouvées aux alentours de Briançon, France. On indique les localités et donne quelques informations concernant la biologie de ces espèces. La nécessité d'une protection des habitats de ces fourmisrares est discutée.
    Notes: Summary Teleutomyrmex schneideri, Anergates atratulus, Epimyrma stumperi, andLeptothorax goesswaldi have been found in the surroundings of Briançon, France. The localities are indicated and some information on the biology of these species is provided. The need for protection of the habitats of these rare ants is discussed.
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  • 5
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 313-320 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les nids deCamponotus detritus sont des structures simples, creusées parmi les racines de la végétation pérenne des dunes du désert de Namibie. Ils comprennent une série de tunnels et de chambres de 100–400 mm de profondeur, souvent tapissés avec des détritus. On ne trouve pas de «chambre royale» ou de réserves de nourriture. Le couvain se trouvait d'un bout à l'autre du nid. Les températures des nids variaient considérablement. Les températures moyennes des nids étaient d'environ 32°C en été et 20–23°C en hiver. Le nombre d'ouvrières par nid variait de 218 à 16 000 avec une moyenne de 3 404±570. Chaque colonie comprenait un à quatre nids. Seulement un nid par colonie avait des reines. Le développement des colonies et le changement de localisation des nids avaient lieu fréquemment.
    Notes: Summary Camponotus detritus nests are simple structures excavated among the roots of perennial vegetation in the sand dunes of the Namib Desert. They comprise a series of tunnels and chambers 100–400 mm deep, often lined with detritus. No “royal chamber” or food stores were found. Brood was found throughout the nest, throughout the year. Nest temperatures varied considerably. Mean nest temperatures were about 32°C in summer and 20–23°C in winter. The number of workers per nest varied from 218 to 16,000 with a mean and standard error of 3,404±570. Each colony comprised one to four nests. Only one nest per colony housed queens. Colony expansion and nest relocation occurred frequently.
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  • 6
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 329-330 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 331-334 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dieser Bericht enthält grundlegende Daten zur Variationstreite der Form von Erdhügel bei zwei häufig verkommenden Termitenarten der westafrikanischer Savanne,T. geminatus undC. curtatus.
    Notes: Summary This paper reports basic data on the variation in mound shape of two common species of west african savanna termites,T. geminatus andC. curtatus.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We have studied the individual fecundity of queens belonging to a polygynous ant species reared in digynous conditions. Two major results appear: - the queen's individual fecundity, quantified during 5 weeks, is lower when queens are reared in digynous conditions than in monogynous conditions. The queens in digynous conditions put on less weight and the fecundity decreases. - when the two queens of an artificial digynous culture have the same physiological characters (equal weight), they lay the same number of eggs. So, inPlagiolepis pygmaea, there is neither functional monogyny nor physiological hierarchy. We could explain the decrease of the individual fecundity of the digynous queens by two hypothesis: the sharing of food between queens and the reciprocal production of queen pheromones. The acuteness of these two hypothesis inPlagiolepi is discussed.
    Notes: Resume Ce travail a pour but d'étudier la fécondité des reines d'une espèce polygyne dans un cas simplifié, celui de la digynie. Deux résultats apparaissent: - la fécondité individuelle des reines établie sur cinq semaines de ponte en condition de digynie est très diminuée par rapport à celle des reines élevées en condition monogyne. Cette baisse de fécondité est liée à une moins bonne prise de poids des reines en situation digyne; - lorsque deux reines en situation de digynie présentent au début de l'expérience des caractères physiologiques voisins (poids égal), elles émettent des quantités comparables d'œufs; il n'y a donc pas de monogynie fonctionnelle chezPlagiolepis pygmaea, ni de hiérarchie physiologique. Deux mécanismes pourraient expliquer la baisse de fécondité individuelle dans le cas de la digynie: le partage de la nourriture entre les reines et l'émission réciproque de substances phéromonales royales tendant à diminuer la ponte de l'autre reine. Leur efficacité dans le cas desPlagiolepis est discutée.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nous décrivons quantitativement l'organisation sociale chezAneuretus simoni avec un éthogramme social. La majorité des comportements des reines et des petites et grandes ouvrières est semblable à ceux des espèces de fourmis des sous-familles supérieures. L'analyse de Fagen-Goldman des fréquences des comportements montre que le répertoire observé était complet. Les tailles des répertoires étaient 5 comportements (reine), 14 comportements (grandes ouvrières), 28 comportements (petites ouvrières jeunes), et 31 comportements (petites ouvrières mûres). Ces tailles de répertoires sont comparables à celles d'autres espèces de fourmis. Les grandes ouvrières, dont on trouve seulement moins de deux en moyenne par colonie, ne montrent pas de comportements de soins envers les larves. Elles ne montrent pas de comportements défensifs. Les ouvrières jeunes montrent les comportements envers la reine, les larves, et aussi le comportement de récolte. Une comparaison de l'organisation sociale chezAneuretus simoni avec celle d'autres espèces primitives montre que le comportement social est semblable à celui des dolichodérines.
    Notes: Summary Social behavior inAneuretus simoni is quantitatively described in a social ethogram. The majority of acts exhibited by queens and minor and major workers are typical behaviors observed in species of the higher subfamilies of ants. A Fagen-Goldman analysis of the frequency of behavioral acts indicated that the observed repertory was complete. Observed repertory sizes were 5 acts (the queen), 14 acts (major workers), 28 acts (callow minor workers) and 31 acts (mature minor workers). These repertory sizes are comparable to those observed in other ant species. Major workers, which average less than two in number per colony, do not show brood care. Majors were also never observed to participate in colony defense. The behavioral repertory of callow minor workers includes queen-related acts, brood care, and foraging. A comparison of social organization inA. simoni and other so-called primitive and advanced species indicates that social behavior is very similar to that of dolichoderine species.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Foragers (huntresses) of the predaceous antSmithistruma truncatidens develop behaviorally from guard ants, which in turn originate from one or the other of two pathways: some serve first as nurses, others become directly guards. These stages behave differently towards the principal preys (Isotomid collembolans), as follows: flight or no reaction in young individuals; avoidance or backward movement in nurses; direct attack followed by stinging in guards; pause followed by approach and antennating, then seizure by appendage and stinging in huntress workers. Under experimental conditions, huntress workers acquire pausing behavior generally between the 16th and the 19th day after their first going outside the nest.
    Notes: Resume Une étude sur le polyéthisme montre que chezS. truncatidens les ouvrières pourvoyeuses sont issues des gardiennes ayant elles-mêmes une double ascendance. Une partie provient d'ouvrières inactives, l'autre, de nourrices. Lorsqu'on place des ouvrières des différents status sociaux en présence de proies essentielles (Collemboles Isotomidae) nous observons les réactions suivantes: fuite ou absence de réaction chez les néonates, évitement ou recul chez les nourrices, attaque directe et piqûre chez les gardiennes et immobilisations (arrêt) suivie d'une approche lente et d'une palpation antennaire bien marquée précédant la saisie d'un appendice et la piqûre chez les pourvoyeuses. L'acquisition de la phase d'arrêt chez les pourvoyeuses dans les conditions de nos expériences a lieu le plus souvent entre le 16e et le 19e jour suivant la première sortie.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ants of the genusAphaenogaster (A. senilis, A. subterranea) do not engage in the usual exchange of foodstuff from mouth to mouth, but employ a complex method for provisioning of their colony. Workers carry to the nest various objects imbibed or coated with liquid sugar or body fluid from crushed insects. In the nest, other workers lick the food on the objects. The foragers are capable of placing these intermediary objects on the liquid food supply before carrying them away. They can thus be said to use them as “tools” in the conventional ethological acception.
    Notes: Resume Les fourmis du genreAphaenogaster, qui ne pratiquent pas le transfert de substances de bouche à bouche, utilisent une méthode complexe pour assurer l'approvisionnement de la société. Elles transportent jusqu'au nid des matériaux divers, imbibés ou enrobés de liquides sucrés ou de sucs animaux, qui sont ensuite léchés par les ouvrières restées dans le nid. Les récolteuses sont capables, avant ces prélèvements, d'apporter et de déposer des matériaux sur les sources de nourriture liquide offerte. Cette séquence de comportements peut être assimilée à l'emploi d'un «outil» au sens classique du terme en éthologie.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The closure of ant societies was investigated in someLeptothorax species (mainlyL. lichtensteini) and inCamponotus lateralis ants, first by transferring individual workers to alien societies of the same species, and secondly by placing two societies of the same species together in an arena. Various behavioural modalities were observed. In theLeptothorax ants studied, the interactions occurring between a society and an intruder worker and those occurring during encounters among workers of two societies placed together in an arena showed on analysis that the behaviour of the workers in a society was highly variable and depended upon the intruding individual or society with which they were confronted. Wether a society will turn out to be open or closed depdends on the partners involved. Differences were observed according to whether the subjects wereLeptothorax ants belonging to the subgenusMyrafant (mainlyL. lichtensteini), orL. recedens ants belonging to the subgenusTemnothorax. On the other hand, no variability was observed amongC. lateralis ants subjected to the above experimental conditions, and the latter societies were found to be strictly closed.
    Notes: Resume Le processus de fermeture de la société est étudié chez quelquesLeptothorax (principalementL. lichtensteini), ainsi que chezCamponotus lateralis, en réalisant des transferts d'individus dans des sociétés étrangères, de même espèce, et en mettant en présence deux sociétés, également de même espèce, dans une arène. Différentes modalités comportementales apparaissent. Chez lesLeptothorax étudiés, l'analyse des interactions entre sociétés receveuse et ouvrière intruse d'une part, et entre les ouvrières lors de rencontres dans l'arène d'autre part, a permis de mettre en évidence une grande variabilité du comportement des ouvrières d'une société selon l'individu étranger ou la société mis en leur présence: en fonction du partenaire, une société peut se montrer ouverte ou fermée. Des différences apparaissent d'autre part selon qu'il s'agit deLeptothorax appartenant au sous-genreMyrafant (en particulierL. lichtenstein) ou de l'espèceL. recedens du sous genreTemnothorax. Au contraire, chezC. lateralis, dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales, on n'observe pas de variabilité des interactions; les sociétés se montrent rigoureusement fermées.
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  • 14
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 435-444 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Bees visiting an artificial food source were observed in order to determine the frequency of occurrence of antenna-grooming movements as a function of the concentration of the sugar solution. Sojourns at the source during which no antenna grooming occurred were more frequent when the concentration was low or high than when it was intermediate; when antenna-grooming is performed during a sojourn, the number of such movements increases with rising concentration (fig. 1). The combination of antenna-grooming with other movements also depends on concentration. As concentration increases, so does the frequency of multiple consecutive antenna-grooming movements as well as the frequency of grooming movements separated by operation of the proboscis (fig. 2a, b). Antenna-groming movements between which other parts of the body are groomed occur most often with a 15% solution (fig. 2c); the combination in which the bee uses its proboscisand grooms other body parts between two antenna-grooming movements is most common with a 32% solution (fig. 2d). As concentration increases, the proportion of antenna-grooming movements carried out during sucking rises (fig. 3 above). As concentration decreases, the instances of unilateral antenna-grooming movements account for a larger proportion of all antenna grooming (fig. 3 below). The number of interruptions of sucking at the end of the sojourn is maximal at intermediate concentrations (fig. 4). The results are interpreted as follows. The central controller for antenna-grooming movements interacts with the controllers responsable for the other grooming movements. It is also influenced by the controllers for sucking. The interpretation of the genesis of antenna-grooming movements is an extended application of the disinhibition hypothesis for displacement activities.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An einer künstlichen Futterquelle wurde die Häufigkeit des Auftretens von Fühlerputzbewegungen in Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration der Zuckerlösung untersucht. Bei niedrigen und hohen Konzentrationen sind Aufenthalte ohne Fühlerputzbewegungen häufiger als bei mittleren; wenn während eines Aufenthals Fühlerputzbewegungen auftreten, nimmt deren Anzahl mit steigender Konzentration zu (Abb. 1). Die Häufigkeit unmittelbar aufeinanderfolgender Fühlerputzbewegungen steigt mit zunehmender Konzentration; dasselbe gilt für Fühlerputzbewegungen, zwischen denen der Rüssel betätigt wird (Abb. 2a und b). Fühlerputzbewegungen, zwischen denen andere Körperteile geputzt werden, treten am häufigsten bei einer 15% igen Lösung auf (Abb. 2c); betätigt die Biene zwischen zwei Fühlerputzbewegungen den Rüssel und putzt andere Körperteile, liegt das Maximum der Häufigkeit bei einer 32% igen Lösung (Abb. 2d). Mit zunehmender Konzentration wächst der Anteil während des Saugens ausgeführter Fühlerputzbewegungen (Abb. 3 oben). Mit abnehmender Konzentration wächst der Anteileinseitiger Fühlerputzbewegungen am gesamten Fühlerputzen (Abb. 3 unten). Die Anzahl der Saugunterbrechungen am Ende des Aufenthalts weist ein Maximum bei mittleren Konzentrationen auf (Abb. 4). Die Ergebnisse werden folgendermaßen gedeutet: Zwischen der zentralnervösen Instanz, welche die Fühlerputzbewegungen steuert und den Instanzen, welche für die übrigen Putzbewegungen verantwortlich sind, finden Wechselwirkungen statt. Außerdem wird diese Instanz von der für das Saugen zuständigen beeinflußt. Die Deutung für das Zustandekommen der Fühlerputzbewegungen ist eine erweiterte Anwendung der Enthemmungshypothese für Uebersprunghandlungen.
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  • 15
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 61-69 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von der anliegenden Erdhügeln den 5 weitverteilenden Termitengattungen, die an 2 Lagen nach dem Süd und Südwest von Townsville, nord Queensland, sind, sind die Verwandschaften untersucht worden. Es ist gezeigt worden, dass 4 diesen Gattungen, nämlichAmitermes laurensis (Mjöberg),Tumulitermes pastinator (Hill),Drepanotermes rubriceps (Froggatt) undDrepanotermes perniger (Froggatt) polycalisch sind, worin eine einzige Kolonie bis 8 Erdhügeln enthält. Eine enfache unzweideutgie Methode gebrauchte wurde. Ein Köder, der einen radioactiveren (131I) Indikator enthielt, in einem Erdhügel eingeführte wurde, dann wurde die nachfolgende durch Termiten nach anderen Erdhügeln Ubertragung diesem Köder mit einen Szintillationsdetektor kontrolliert. Die Darstellung der Erdhugelverteilungs — tatsachen verhandert ist dadurch, dass zwischen einigen australienischen Termitenkolonien gibt es die polycalischen Erdhügeln. Im einzelnen, kann die überzerstreuung der Erdhügeln für einigen gattungen als Indikation der innenspecifischen Mitbewerbung, nicht erklärte wird, wenn die Lagen der polycalischen Erdhügeln unbekannt wird.
    Notes: Summary The relationships of adjacent mounds of five widely distributed species of termites, at two sites south and southwest of Townsville in north Queensland have been examined. It has been shown that four of these species,Amitermes laurensis (Mjöberg),Tumulitermes pastinator (Hill),Drepanotermes rubriceps (Froggatt) andDrepanotermes perniger (Froggatt), are polycalic, with up to eight mounds comprising a single colony. A simple unequivocal method was used. A bait containing a radioactive tracer (131I) was introduced to a mound and the subsequent transfer of this bait to other mounds by termites was monitored with a scintillation detector. The existence of polycalic mounds among some Australian termite colonies alters the interpretation of mound distribution data. In particular, overdispersion of the mounds of some species cannot be interpreted as indicating intraspecific competition if the locations of polycalic mounds are unknown.
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  • 16
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 43-60 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume ChezParischnogaster nigricans serrei le nid est fondé par une seule guêpe. Quelquefois la fondatrice peut être flanquée, de temps en temps, d'autres femelles ou de mâles. La phase de nid initial commence par la première operculation. La fondatrice se repose sur les cellules operculées et réduit ses sorties. L'activité de construction du nid, de ponte, et le développement ovarien de la fondatrice subissent un fléchissement. La phase de colonie jeune est caractérisée par l'éclosion de femelles et par un rapide agrandissement du nid. La fondatrice se consacre aux activités sur le nid et ses ovaires grandissent. Dans la phase de colonie entre deux âges commence l'éclosion des mâles. Toutes les femelles sont fécondées entre le 20e et le 50e jour après l'éclosion et les femelles fécondées présentent des ovaires plus développés que les femelles non fécondées de même âge. Quelques femelles restent sur le nid comme femelles subordonnées ou de remplacement, tandis que d'autres fondent de nouveaux nids ou usurpent d'autres colonies. Dans les colonies mûres on trouve de nombreuses femelles pondeuses en puissance. Dans les colonies vieilles l'équilibre est très instable et la plupart des individus peut abandonner la colonie à la suite de perturbations d'origine interne ou externe. On revient ainsi à une phase précédente du cycle colonial.
    Notes: Summary InParischnogaster nigricans serrei nests are usually founded by single wasps. Old nests are often reused. Sometimes foundations can be joined by males or other females for brief periods. The initial nest phase begins with the closure of the first pupal cell. The foundress usually rests on the closed cell and reduces her journeys. Nest construction, egg laying and the ovarian development of the foundress undergo a reduction. The phase of the young colony is characterized by the emergence of females, rapid growth, specialization of the foundress in nest activities and the increase of her ovarian size. In the middle aged colony males begin to emerge. Females are all fertilized between 20 and 50 days from emergence; fertilized females have ovaries more developed than unfertilized ones of the same age. Some females remain on nests behaving as subordinate and substitution females, while others found new nests or usurp other colonies. In the mature colonies potential egg layers become frequent. In old colonies equilibrium seems to be very unstable and internal or external perturbations may cause the abandonment of the colony by most individuals and the return to a previous phase of the colony cycle.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 261-271 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tropical atmosphere ; Trade cumulus clouds ; Convective boundary layers
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is suggested that the gross mean vertical structure of the undisturbed tropical atmosphere may be understood in terms of convective boundary layers driven in different ways and on different time scales by the evaporation of water from the sea surface. The mixed layer on a short time scale is driven partly by the buoyancy produced by the light weight of the water vapor; the trade cumulus layer on an intermediate time scale by the buoyancy (but not heating) produced by the condensation of the water vapor in shallow trade cumulus clouds; and the troposphere itself on a long time scale by the buoyancyand heating produced by the condensation of the water vapor in the deep cumulonimbus clouds.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 293-304 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric tides ; Lunar effects ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; New Zealand
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The lunar barometric tide has been determined with reasonable accuracy, on an annual and seasonal basis, at five stations on the mainland of New Zealand and at three of the outlying islands. The determinations show that in the New Zealand region the lunar tide has a larger amplitude and smaller phase than might have been expected from previously available southern-hemisphere results. In general, the seasonal variation of phase in the New Zealand region conforms to the currently recognised global pattern, with the J-season phase greater than that of the D-season. Similarly, the amplitude variation tends to support the suggestion that, south of latitude 30°S, the D-season amplitude is greater than that of the J-season. Approximate tests are introduced and used to assess the statistical significance of some of the apparent differences in amplitude and phase made evident by the analysis. These assessments indicate that although many of the apparent differences may be attributed to sampling fluctuations, the main regional anomalies in amplitude and phase are likely to be real. It is suggested that these anomalies may indicate a significant regional input of tidal energy to the atmosphere (at the lower boundary) from the Pacific oceanic tide.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 221-231 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Travel-time residuals ; Southeastern Europe
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Pn travel time relative residuals, in respect to a crustal model of the Aegean area, have been determined for 103 permanent seismological stations in southeastern Europe, western Turkey and the Middle East. The values of these residuals are considered to depend mainly on the crustal thickness beneath the seismological stations. Based on these values seven regions with different crustal thickness, varying between 31 Km and 42 Km, have been defined. The crust in these regions is continental. A region with very high negative residuals has been defined in the Middle East (Egypt, Israel, Lebanon). These negative residuals are attributed to different crustal structure of the eastern Mediterranean (oceanic crust with an extra thick sedimentary layer) and not the crustal thickness at the station sites. Independently from the interpretation, these Pn residuals can be used successfully to considerably improve (up to 2 Km) the determination of the earthquake foci locations.
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Lower Tropospheric Disturbances ; Tropics ; Regional characteristics of disturbances
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    Notes: Abstract Regional characteristics of the synoptic-scale wave disturbances in the tropical lower troposphere were examined by analyzing the FGGE level III-b data. Three tropical regions, western Pacific, eastern Pacific, and a region from the African Continent to the Atlantic, were selected for the present study. Spectrum analysis, trajectory analysis and composite analysis were used to obtain characteristics of the wave disturbances for each region. Main findings are as follows: 1.) The generation region of the western Pacific wave disturbances related to typhoon development are found around 5° N and 170° E. 2.) An interaction of the western Pacific wave disturbances with the upper Mid-Pacific trough was indicated statistically as an intensifying condition for typhoons. 3.) The wave disturbances in the eastern Pacific originate to the west of Panama and propagate west-north-westward with a period of 5.7 day and a wavelength of about 2700 km. 4.) The structure of the eastern Pacific wave disturbances is similar to that of the western Pacific disturbances. 5.) Two different paths of the African waves are found over the African Continent. The northern disturbance has a period of 4.4 days while the southern one has a period of 3.3–3.6 days. 6.) Disturbances along the northern path of the African waves are traced only to as far as 45° W, and those along the southern path are traced to the Caribbean Sea.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 398-406 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Geophysical explanation ; Ireegular variations ; Mean latitudes ; Stress propagation
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    Notes: Abstract Mean latitude variations computed by Orlovs or other filters have some irregular variations in addition to secular ones. These are of the order of ±0.05 to ±0.1, they can last several years and sometimes show regional similarities. In looking for an explanation of such latitude variations several physical mechanisms have been investigated. The most probable one is the mechanism of stress propagation in the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The consequent gravitational and deformational effects could explain both the magnitude and the time dependance of the irregular latitude variations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 441-447 
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    Notes: Abstract This note examines the accuracy of finite difference solutions of the midlatitude primitive equations and the quasi-geostrophic equation. First order accurate forward differencing of the equations' lower boundary condition is shown to poorly simulate the radiating wave response to midlatitude heating. Forward differencing always exaggerates the magnitude of the radiating response. For a realistic heating height scale and for a reasonable mesh size this exaggeration is on the order of 50%. Central differencing of the lower boundary condition gives an error of only about 3%.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 487-498 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 468-475 
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    Keywords: Seasonal precipitation ; eigenvector ; spatial similarity
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    Notes: Abstract Three extreme cases of seasonal precipitation over 31 contiguous meteorological subdivisions of India were decomposed into orthogonal components using eigenvector technique to examine their spatial and temporal behaviour. The first two eigenvectors combined were found to represent the seasonal precipitation over India to a sufficient high degree of accuracy retaining 90–95 percent of the total variance. These two components show high spatial similarity in all the three cases of the precipitation examined. The first component is characterized by a coherent variation over the area with large coherent variation over the north-east India, Central India and the west coast of India. The coefficients of the component show annual behaviour with the peak values generally reached during July. This component is representative of the summer monsoon (June–September) mode. The second component characterizes out of phase variation in precipitation between Central India, adjoining parts of the area, and peninsular India. The coefficients of the component show the semi-annual oscillation. It appears that the role of the second eigenvector might be to represent regionality of the seasonal march of the monsoon rain.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 501-501 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 503-542 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the theory which describes how the lateral correlation of vertical displacement is influenced by multiple scattering of seismic waves caused by the presence of fluid-filled fractures, along with an observational methodology to show how to extract fracture-related quantities (e.g. fracture porosity, degree of anisotropy of the fractures, change in orientation of the fractures, density of fluid filling the fractures) from seismic data using the theoretical development as an underpinning framework. A simple physical picture is given of the basic process, as well as some rough order of magnitude estimates to show that the parameters quantifying the size of the multiple scattering fall squarely in the seismic regime. These calculations serve to create a basis to determine, by seismic means ahead of the drill, (1) the degree of fracturing of reservoir rocks (such as the Monterey shale), and (2) the type of fluid filling the fractures.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 580-596 
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    Notes: Abstract Calculations of viscous damping chracteristics of gravity waves, propagating obliquely across finite monomolecular films, are represented graphically to demonstrate the influence of angle of incidence, film edges, and surfactant properties. It is found that regions of negative damping may occur, particularly towards the rear of extensible slicks. For wide slicks, both the amplitude and the domain of significant edge effects on the local damping coefficient decrease with angle of incidence. Multiple-slick systems can damp waves more effectively—with appropriate choice of surface-active material—than an equivalent single slick.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 610-623 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Radiative-convective model ; Cloud feedback ; Temperature
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of cloud feedback on the response of a radiative-convective model to a change in cloud model parameters, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and solar constant has been studied using two different parameterization schemes. The method for simulating the vertical distribution of both cloud cover and cloud optical thickness, which depends on the relative humidity and on the saturation mixing ratio of water vapor, respectively, is the same in both approaches, but the schemes differ with respect to modeling the water vapor profile. In scheme I atmospheric water vapor is coupled to surface parameters, while in scheme II an explicit balance equation for water vapor in the individual atmospheric layers is used. For both models the combined effect of feedbacks due to variations in lapse rate, cloud cover, and cloud optical thickness results in different relationships between changes in surface temperature, planetary temperature, and cloud cover. Specifically, for a CO2 doubling and a 2% increase in solar constant, in both models the surface warming is reduced by cloud feedback, in contrast to no feedback, with the greater reduction in scheme I as compared to that of scheme II.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 667-682 
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    Keywords: Earthquake cycles ; fault dynamics ; loading rates
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    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of cyclical instabilities along plate boundaries at regular intervals suggests that the process of earthquake causation differs in some respects from the model of elastic rebound in its simplest forms. The model of tectonic feedback modifies the concept of this original model in that it provides a physical interaction between the loading rate and the state of strain on the fault. Two examples are developed: (a) Central Chile, and (b) Mexico. The predictions of earthquake hazards for both types of models are compared.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 697-705 
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    Keywords: Volcanic earthquakes ; statistical analysis ; Mt. Etna
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    Notes: Abstract Seismic activity that preceded, accompanied, and followed the 17–23 March 1981 Etnean eruption has been statistically analyzed. On the grounds of both time evolution of seismicity and catalogue completeness, three time intervals have been defined (12 February–2 March, 12–17 March, 19–31 March) and for each of these periods both the “b” coefficient of theGutenberg-Richter's (1956) relationship and the “E” parameter of the cluster size (Shlien andToksoz, 1970) have been calculated. No significant variations were observed between the first and third periods, while lower values of bothb andE coefficients were found in the second one. These findings might indicate that changes in the seismicity features occur just before the eruption start. Small but fast variations in the stress field acting on the volcano might originate this type of seismic activity, while the importance of the tectonic control on volcanic phenomena seems to be confirmed.
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    Keywords: Seismic risk ; extreme values ; strain energy ; circum-Pacific
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    Notes: Abstract In a previous paper (Makropoulos andBurton, 1983) the seismic risk of the circum-Pacific belt was examined using a ‘whole process’ technique reduced to three representative parameters related to the physical release of strain energy, these are:M 1, the annual modal magnitude determined using the Gutenberg-Richter relationship;M 2, the magnitude equivalent to the total strain energy release rate per annum, andM 3, the upper bound magnitude equivalent to the maximum strain energy release in a region. The risk analysis is extended here using the ‘part process’ statistical model of Gumbel's IIIrd asymptotic distribution of extreme values. The circum-Pacific is chosen being a complete earthquake data set, and the stability postulate on which asymptotic distributions of extremes are deduced to give similar results to those obtained from ‘whole process’ or exact distributions of extremes is successfully checked. Additionally, when Gumbel III asymptotic distribution curve fitting is compared with Gumbel I using reduced chi-squared it is seen to be preferable in all cases and it also allows extensions to an upper-bounded range of magnitude occurrences. Examining the regional seismicity generates several seismic risk results, for example, the annual mode for all regions is greater thanm(1)=7.0, with the maximum being in the Japan, Kurile, Kamchatka region atm(1)=7.6. Overall, the most hazardous areas are situated in this northwestern region and also diagonally opposite in the southeastern circum-Pacific. Relationships are established between the Gumbel III parameters and quantitiesm 1(1),X 2 and ω, quantities notionally similar toM 1,M 2 andM 3 although ω is shown to be systematically larger thanM; thereby giving a physical link through strain energy release to seismic risk statistics. Inall regions of the circum-Pacific similar results are obtained forM 1,M 2 andM 3 and the notionally corresponding statistical quantitiesm 1(1),X 2 and ω, demonstrating that the relationships obtained are valid over a wide range of seismotectonic enviroments.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 707-731 
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    Keywords: Induction logging ; Computer modeling ; Borehole Turam ; Borehole Slingram ; Layered earth ; Mineral and groundwater investigation
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    Notes: Abstract In a general treatment of the theory of induction logging, an exact integral representation has been obtained for the mutual impedance between a vertical dipole transmitter and a coaxial dipole receiver in a three layered earth. Based on this representation, a computer model has been devised using the traditional Slingram system of induction logging and the comparatively new Turam system, ignoring borehole effects. The model results indicate that due to its much larger response, the Turam system is in general preferable to the Slingram in mineral and groundwater investigations where formation conductivity much less than 1 S/m is generally encountered. However, if the surrounding media are conductive (more than 0.1 S/m), the Turam system suffers from large amplitude attenuation and phase rotation of the primary field caused by the conductive surrounding, and is less useful than the Slingram system which does not so suffer, unless the target bed is shallow. Because it is a more complex function of system parameters than the corresponding Slingram log, a Turam log can be conveniently interpreted only by the modern inverse method using a fast algorithm for the forward solution and a high speed digital computer.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 791-803 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 837-848 
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    Keywords: Atalandi fault ; normal faulting ; leveling ; post-seismic slip ; aseismic slip ; geomorphology
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Repeated leveling data collected over a 14-km long traverse, crossing the Atalandi fault that last broke in 1894, revealed small amplitude motions for the interval 1969–1984. These motions are significant against random errors and are probably free of systematic errors. In addition, no local or superficial ground effect may account for the observed elevation changes which correlate with the tectonic pattern in the area, as they show a relative downward motion of the hanging wall of a normal fault. This motion is similar to the co-seismic slip. Geomorphological observations and observations of submerged archaeological sites on the other hand corroborate long-term motions which are unlikely to be explained as cumulative co-seismic slip and are possibly similar to the short-term motions leveling data reveal.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 882-892 
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    Keywords: thin sheet ; induced polarization ; resistivity ; borehole ; conductive slab ; dilution factor
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    Notes: Abstract The relevant potential theory is given for a current point source in the presence of a conductive slab embedded in a homogeneous host region of infinite extent. The thin sheet representation is obtained from the exact integral formulation by a simple mathematical limit process. The same result is also deduced directly at the outset by applying a thin sheet boundary condition. The apparent resistivity for a two electrode array is then computed for the case where the bore hole intersects the thin sheet at right angles. The corresponding results for the dilution factor, relevant to the induced polarization response, are also obtained. It is shown that the apparent resistivity and the dilution factor are constant when the potential and the current electrode straddle the sheet but there is a characteristic decrease as the electrodes move away from the sheet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 893-901 
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    Keywords: Magnetic anomalies ; dipping beds ; faults ; anticlines ; magnetic equivalence ; ambiguity in interpretation
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The interpretation of magnetic anomalies of dipping beds with an inclined top is ambiguous. The magnetic anomaly profile over a dipping bed can be produced by a series of beds of different dips and directions of magnetization. Further, these anomalies are equivalent to those of faults and anticlines. Thus, the magnetic anomaly profiles, assumed to be produced by one of the models, can also be produced by the other models. The ambiguity is resolved in case of dipping beds and faults, when the magnetization is caused purely by induction; but the case of anticlinal beds remains ambiguous. The magnetic equivalence of dipping beds, anticlines, and faults makes it possible to apply the available methods of interpretation of fault models to dipping beds and anticlines.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 902-920 
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    Keywords: Atmospheric tides
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    Notes: Abstract The relationships between the linearized meteorological variables as expressed in geometric height and in log-pressure coordinates are derived from the assumptions of classical atmospheric tidal theory. While the horizontal velocity components are the same to first-order in the two coordinate systems, a linearized vertical velocity differencew′-H 0ω′ occurs because of the periodic vertical displacement of the constant pressure surfaces due to time-dependent, hydrostatic density perturbations; a linearized temperature differenceT′-τ′ also results when these displacements occur in the presence of a zero-order vertical gradient of temperature. Both of these differences can be expressed in terms of the tidal geopotential field. For a given tidal mode, both differences are generally proportional to the square root of the ratio of the tidal mode's equivalent depth and the atmospheric scale height; the temperature difference is also proportional to the background temperature lapse rate. It is further shown that the two classical tidal vertical structure equations commonly derived in their respective geometric height and log-pressure coordinate systems are in fact identical to first-orderas long as the same thermotidal forcing function is used. Expressions for the zonal-mean components of the tidal bilinear fluxes, formed by zonally averaging the product of two longitudinally varying, linearized tidal fields, are also derived for the two coordinate systems. For the bilinear fields the largest relative differences (a few tens of percent) are for the tidal zonal-mean forcing per unit mass of the zonal wind. For Earth and Mars, differences between the tidal vertical velocity fields are generally less than 25% but may be significantly larger in the Martian atmosphere during one of its episodic planetary-scale dust storms. Tidal temperature differences are generally smaller.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 951-959 
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    Keywords: Teleconnections ; Northeast Brazil
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    Notes: Abstracts Linear correlation coefficients are calculated between the geopotential heights for the winter months (December, January, and February) at 700 mb in the Northern Hemisphere and the March rainfall over Northeast Brazil. Isolines of correlation coefficients showed interesting patterns and regions of significantly high correlation. The occurrence of PNA pattern is interpreted as a connection between the Northern Hemisphere winter circulation and NE Brazil rainfall through El Niño—Southern oscillation phenomena. The negative center over North-West United States in the PNA pattern also has a direct relationship to the NE Brazil rainfall. Further studies are needed to substantiate and understand the teleconnections noted here.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 500-500 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 499-499 
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 498-498 
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 131-139 
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    Keywords: Testes ; Growth ; Y chromosome ; Ribosomal RNA ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A marked growth in the length of testes ofDrosophila hydei males occurred during pupal development. This growth continued over the first 8 days of adult life and in the young adults sperm were not produced until the testes increased approximately threefold in length to about 28 mm. The length of testes is correlated with genetic factors on the X and Y chromosomes. In males lacking a Y chromosome (X/O) or the short arm (YS) of the Y chromosome (X/YL) the testes were about half the length of testes of control males (X/Y) or double Y males (X/Y/Y). Males with deletions of the distal YL chromosome arm had testicular lengths equivalent to the controls. Males with short testes (X/O and X/YL) showed disruptions to spermatogenesis at meiosis and an absence of normal spermatid elongation. Reduction of active ribosomal RNA genes on the X chromosome in X/O caused an increased expression ofbobbed (bb) and a corresponding reduction in length of testes. Severelybobbed X/O males had very few cysts of spermatogonia and these cysts did not develop into primary spermatocytes.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 148-154 
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    Keywords: Cell image analysis ; Cell kinetics ; Planarian regeneration
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relationships between cell kinetics and nuclear transformations in regeneration were investigated in the planarianPolycelis nigra by means of image analysis. A SAMBA 200 cell image processor was used to compute densitometric, textural and morphological parameters on Feulgen-stained nuclei in the blastema and near the cut 2–96 h after decapitation. On the basis of these parameters, the phase of the cell cycle (G1–G0, S, G2 and M) was identified and the variations in the percentage of cells in the various phases as well as the blastema cell number were computed against time after decapitation. It was demonstrated that the transection is followed by the sequential wasting of the M, G2, S and G1–G0 compartments. The depletion of a compartment was interpreted as being responsible for the subsequent recovery observed in the next one. The results show that cell proliferation at the section level is not sufficient to account for the increase of the blastema cell number during the first 48 h of regeneration, since the doubling time is about 12 h while the average cycle time is 48 h. It is thus suggested that G1–G0 cells migrate toward the section level, at least during the first 2 days of regeneration. Analysis of the nuclear profiles demonstrated that there are two different classes of G1–G0 cells: one corresponding to mature cells with a lot of condensed chromatin distributed in clumps within the nucleus, the other to immature cells with chromatin regularly distributed according to a rather homogeneous pattern. About one G1–G0 cell out of five is immature at the section level before decapitation while four cells out of five are immature as early as 8 h after the cut. This early inversion of the ratio between mature and immature cells argues in favour of an immigration of immature G1–G0 cells to the young blastema, where they are expected to accomplish only one cell cycle, and thus gives rise to mature cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 173-177 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mouse ; Morula ; Binucleate cell ; Polyploidization ; Trophoblast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mouse morulae from two strains were examined in whole mounts after dissociation of embryos into single cells and were analysed in serial sections by light and electron microscopy. One or two binucleate cells per embryo were discovered in a statistically significant number of morulae. The frequency of morulae with binucleate cell(s) was higher in older morulae than in younger ones. Binucleate cells were always the outer cells of the embryo. Their ultrastructure did not differ from the ultrastructure of mononucleate cells. It is suggested that cell binuclearity at the morula stage is a possible way to polyploidization of nuclei, resulting in the formation of primary trophoblast giant cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 178-180 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mouse aggregation chimaeras ; Trisomy 12
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mouse aggregation chimaeras consisting of trisomy 12 and normal euploid cells were produced. The analysis of one trisomy 12↔euploid chimaera, using biochemical and cytological markers, showed that the trisomic cells were able to participate in the formation of most tissues including the ovary. On the other hand, no trisomy 12 cells were found in lymphocyte populations, which is most likely due to early selection in this particular cell lineage. The viability of two adult trisomy 12 chimaeras demonstrates that trisomy 12 cells are able to develop beyond the fetal stage which is not observed in completely trisomic fetuses. Furthermore, these chimaeras did not show any sign of a trisomy 12 syndrome, indicating that the trisomy 12 cells were functionally integrated and participated normally in the differentiation of the various tissues. Our results suggest that trisomy 12 in the mouse is not autonomously cell lethal but can be rescued and is perfectly viable in the presence of normal diploid cells.
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  • 46
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 247-256 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra carnea ; Spermatogenesis ; Cell cycle kinetics ; Stem cells ; Sexual differentiation
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    Notes: Summary Spermatogenesis inHydra carnea was investigated. The cell proliferation and differentiation kinetics of intermediates in the spermatogenesis pathway were determined, using quantitative determinations of cell abundance, pulse and continuous labelling with3H-thymidine and nuclear DNA measurements. Testes develop in the ectoderm of male hydra as a result of interstitial cell proliferation. Gonial stem cells and proliferating spermatogonia have cell cycles of 28 h and 22 h, respectively. Stem cells undergo four, five or six cell divisions prior to meiosis which includes a premeiotic S+G2 phase of 20 h followed by a long meiotic prophase (22 h). Spermatid differentiation requires 12–29 h. When they first appear, testes contain only proliferating spermatogonia; meiotic and postmeiotic cells appear after 2 and 3 days, respectively and release of mature sperm begins after 4 days. Mature testes produce about 27,000 sperm per day over a period of 4–6 days: about 220 gonial stem cells per testis are required to support this level of sperm differentiation. Further results indicate that somatic (e.g. nematocyte) differentiation does not occur in testes although it continues normally in ectodermal tissue outside testes. Our results support the hypothesis that spermatogenesis is controlled locally in regions of the ectoderm where testes develop.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 271-274 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gastrulation ; Ca2+ ionophores ; Morphogenesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To test whether ionophore-induced changes in Ca2+ flux can effect the rate of morphogenetic movement we compared the normal schedule of gastrulation for yolk plug ingress and anal pore formation with that observed after ionophore treatment. We chose to study this period of gastrulation because any change in the rate of morphogenetic movement can be readily seen as a measure of yolk plug invagination. Gastrulation ends in urodeles as the yolk plug invaginates (stages 11 1/2 to 12) and disappears from the embryonic surface. The anal pore forms concurrently by the constriction of cells encircling the blastopore (stage 12 1/2). It takes 9 h for the stage 12 yolk plug to invaginate completely at 20°C in the salamanderAmbystoma maculatum. The calcium ionophores, A23187 (25μg/ml) or X537A (250μg/ml), induce the yolk plug to invaginate within 2 to 10 min but do not induce the formation of the anal pore by the constriction of the encircling blastoporal cells. This response indicates that ionophoric release of Ca2+ induces the Ca2+-dependent microfilament contraction required for stage 12 yolk plug invagination, but at the same time does not induce the contraction required for anal pore formation.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 296-300 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gap junctions ; Oogenesis ; Freeze fracture electron microscopy ; Insecta
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Oocyte-follicle cell gap junctions inTribolium occur in all oogenetic stages studied. During early previtellogenesis the junctions are found exclusively between lateral membranes of oocyte microvilli and the membrane of prefollicle cells. In late previtellogenesis and vitellogenesis the junctions are located between the tips of oocyte microvilli and the flat membranes of the follicle cells. During previtellogenesis gap junctions are infrequent, whereas in the phase of yolk accumulation their number increases considerably, exceeding 17 junctions/μm2 of the follicle cell membrane. It could be shown by microinjection of a fluorescent dye that gap junctions are in a functional state during vitellogenesis. Possible roles of heterologous gap junctions in oogenesis are discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 257-270 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Anaphase trigger ; Calcium release ; Nuclear migration ; Temperature gradient ; Insect cleavage
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The control of nuclear division and migration was studied in time-lapse films of the multinucleate egg cell of a gall midge by experimental alterations of the mitotic pattern. During each cleavage cycle, a wave of randomly oriented saltations of yolk particles (WROS) is seen to travel through the ooplasm. This wave proved to be an indispensable prerequisite for the accompanying anaphase wave and for the activation of the nuclear migration cytasters: WROS cycles can occur autonomously without cleavage nuclei being present, but there is no anaphase without a WROS passing the dividing nucleus. WROSs and mitotic waves can be inverted, and the WROS cycles and the cleavage cycles can be desynchronized by temperature grandients or by locally impaired gas exchange. If a nucleus is not ready for anaphase when met by a WROS, it will only divide in the course of the next WROS. WROSs thus indicate autonomous anaphase-triggering waves governing the cleavage divisions. Rhythmic ooplasmic movements continue even if the WROSs as well as the nuclear divisions are inhibited by colchinine. The characteristics of the WROSs support the hypothesis that each of them is the visible effect of a wave of calcium release (similar to that established in vertebrate eggs) which acts locally on the microtubular system and may continue even if the WROSs are suppressed. The correlations between a possible calcium release, WROS activity, microtubule disassembly and nuclear cycle are discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 306-310 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Gastrulation ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase ; Choline acetyltransferase
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    Notes: Summary Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and choline acetyltransferase (CAT, EC 2.3.1.6) activities where studied in the early development of the chick embryo. A sharp increase in AChE activity occurred in the gastrulating embryo. The highest AChE activity was associated with hypoblast cells. By sucrose density gradient centrifugation three molecular forms of AChE with sedimentation coefficients 4.7 S, 6.8 S and 10.9 S were determined. During the gastrulation there was no remarkable change in the activity of CAT. A two-fold decrease in the CAT activity occurred at the end of gastrulation.
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    Keywords: Pattern formation ; Molecular asymmetries ; Mirror-image doublets ; Microtubular structures ; Ciliate
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    Notes: Abstract Analysis or the development of microtubular structures in the mirror-image doublet cell lines of a hypotrich ciliate,Paraurostyla weissei, revealed several modifications in standard morphogenesis. Ciliary primordia can be formed without prior disaggregation of the preformed marginal cirri, on the left instead of the right hand side of an old row. Two or more overlapping streak segments may originate from disaggregating old marginal cirri, giving rise to two or three cirral rows. Inverted marginal cirri occasionally develop de novo and can be propagated clonally. Thus the modifications in developmental processes concern the positioning of primordia, the number of forming structures and the polarity of these structures. The microtubular triplets in the basal bodies of normal and inverted cirri do not differ, indicating that the large-scale reversal of the overall pattern has no effect on the assembly of microtubular triplets. The study indicates that the control of cytotactic propagation of compound microtubular structures is either modified or partially suppressed in a morphogenetic field where the positional values along one of the main cellular axes (lateral) have been reversed.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 344-354 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neural induction ; Nuclear marker ; Quinacrine ; Xenopus ; Transplant
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    Notes: Summary Two nuclear markers were used to investigate the origin of cells in secondary embryos ofXenopus induced by dorsal lip transplants, and to determine the ability of the chordomesoderm to direct cells to change their fates.3H-thymidine was used to label cells transplanted between individualX. laevis embryos, and nuclear quinacrine fluorescence was used to distinguishX. borealis tissues transplanted toX. laevis hosts. In the first set of experiments, dorsal lip tissue (also known as the dorsal marginal zone; DMZ) was transplanted to the ventral marginal zone (VMZ) of host embryos. The marginal zone is the toroid of presumptive mesodermal cells which involutes during gastrulation. Examination of the secondary embryos resulting from these grafts revealed that their notochords were derived almost exclusively from transplanted cells whereas their nervous systems and somites were composed almost entirely of host cells. Next, the nuclear markers were used to show the normal fates of the tissue of the ventral equatorial region immediately above the VMZ by orthotopic grafting. This tissue was found to give rise to structures in the ventral posterior portions of the tailbud embryo. Finally, the same ventral tissue was labeled and transplanted to the dorsal equatorial region above the DMZ. As a result, it was induced to change its fate and become neural. These results lend unequivocal support to Spemann's theory of neural induction which has recently been questioned.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 355-363 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Retinoid ; Limb regeneration ; Pattern effects
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Following amputation through the distal zeugopodium, regenerating limbs of larvalAmbystoma mexicanum and pre and post-metamorphicPleurodeles waltlii were treated with 150 μg of retinoic acid (RA) per gram of body weight, at the dedifferentiation, early bud, medium bud, late bud or early redifferentiation stages of regeneration. The effect of RA on regenerate morphogenesis differed as a function of the stage at which it was administered. When given during dedifferentiation or at early bud stages, RA evoked proximodistal duplications of stump segments in the regenerates. The maximum duplication index (DI) inAbystoma was achieved when RA was injected at 4 days post-amputation, which corresponds to the stage of dedifferentiation; and inPleurodeles at 10 days post-amputation, which corresponds to a stage midway between early bud and medium bud. When RA was administered at later stages, the DI declined progressively to zero or nearly zero by the stage of early redifferentiation in both species. The decline in DI was due to a decreased frequency of duplication, not to a decrease in the magnitude of duplication in individual regenerates. At the same time, there was an increase in hypomorphism and aberrant morphogenesis of both duplicating and non-duplicating regenerates. These results indicate that regenerative cells are differentially sensitive to RA in a stage-dependent way.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 373-376 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Morphogenesis ; Thoracic development ; Muscle mutants
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    Notes: Summary The influence of muscle development on thorax morphogenesis has been investigated inDrosophila melanogaster. The development of an indirect flight muscle, the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM), has been thought to be responsible for the formation of the distinct thoracic curvature. Using aDrosophila mutant (sr/Df(3)sr) in which the DLM is completely missing, we have shown that a normally curved thorax still is produced. Such results indicate that an external structure (epidermis) is capable of developing wholly independent of an absent internal structure (muscle).
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. i 
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 390-396 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Intercalary regeneration ; Morphallaxis ; Planarians ; Regulation
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    Notes: Summary The purpose of the present work was to obtain intercalary regeneration after joining two medio-lateral levels which are widely separated in the normal planarian. In all cases no intercalary regenerate was formed. Two parts of the same medio-lateral levels (medial or close to the lateral margin) belonging to different antero-posterior levels (prepharyngeal and postpharyngeal) were also joined. Intercalary regeneration ensued without exception. It was accomplished by the morphallactic remodelling of the prepharyngeal tissues, with a 90° rotation of their polarity. Together with previous observations these results suggest that there are two distinct self-regulating systems. The antero-posterior system (specifying antero-posterior levels) probably resides in a tissue in which the cells are continuously renewed, while the medio-lateral system (specifying medio-lateral levels) probably resides in a tissue in which the cells are able to de-differentiate.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 385-389 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Galleria mellonella ; mRNA ; Juvenile hormone ; 20-Hydroxyecdysone ; Reprogramming
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes in the mRNA population of the mesonotal epidermal cells were investigated inGalleria mellonella during the first 48 h after pupation. Total RNA was extracted and assayed by in vitro translation. The translational products were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and visualized by autoradiography. The changing banding pattern of the in vitro synthesized proteins indicates changes in the cellular pattern of mRNAs, most of which occur between 6 h and 18 h after pupal ecdysis. These changes mostly consist in the decrease or disappearance of bands. The injection of juvenile hormone (JH) immediately after pupal ecdysis does not qualitatively influence mRNA changes, but does alter their time course, for they are postponed for 6–12 h. After the injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) the same changes can again be seen, but they are greatly accelerated. A comparison of these results with known data on the time course of reprogramming and ecdysteroid titre leads to the conclusion that the mRNA changes in the epidermal cells are a prerequisite for the renewed expression of a developmental programme. This is independent of whether, in the absence of JH, a new programme is determined or whether, under the influence of JH, the previous programme is restored. 20HE does not have any effect on the change in the developmental programme. The change seems to occur as an active and autonomous process in the epidermal cells, in accordance with a genetically fixed developmental programme.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 404-410 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oosome formation ; In vitro cultivation ; Oogenesis ; Protein synthesis
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    Notes: Summary The development of follicles fromBradysia tritici (syn.Sciara ocellaris) during in vitro culture was studied. When follicles are isolated from 12-h-old females and placed in Robb's R-14 medium, their nurse cells regress with the same kinetics as in vivo and a histologically normal oosome forms at the posterior pole of the oocyte. Protein synthesis during in vitro development was studied by labelling follicles for 15 min and culturing them in vitro until the oosome had formed (28 h after eclosion of the donor). The time-course of protein labelling was defined by studying the incorporation kinetics of3H-amino acids into TCA-precipitable material; 50% of the radioactivity in the follicles was incorporated into TCA-precipitable material in less than 30 min. Autoradiographs of follicles labelled at different stages of oogenesis always showed a labelled oosome even if the labelling period was hours before oosome formation. These results indicate that the synthesis of oosome material starts long before the oosome forms at the end of vitellogenesis. Oosome formation can be inhibited by colchicine (20 μg/ml) and is, therefore, likely to be dependent directly or indirectly on microtubule function.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 411-416 
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    Keywords: Insects ; Locusta ; Oocytes ; Vitellogenin ; Endocytosis
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    Notes: Summary Oocytes ofLocusta migratoria selectively sequester the female-specific protein vitellogenin at a high rate. In vitro studies using in vivo radiolabelled vitellogenin show that uptake rates increase proportionally with time and temperature (with a sharp change between 10° and 15°C). They also depend on oocyte size and vitellogenin concentration. The uptake process is saturable. Vitellogenin is taken up more specifically than vitellin. Bovine serum albumin, casein and male locust haemolymph proteins do not inhibit endocytosis of vitellogenin. However, several metabolic inhibitors and phosphorylated compounds, such as phosvitin or phosphohexoses, are potent inhibitors of vitelogenin incorporation.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 429-432 
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    Keywords: Tail bud ; Tail gut ; Gut ; Organogenesis ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The formation of the tail portion of the primitive gut was investigated by light and electron microscopy in 10- and 11-day rat embryos. The observations permit the conclusion that the tail gut does not form as a posterior extension of the hindgut but originates from the tail bud mesenchyme by mechanism analogous to the secondary neurulation. It includes cell condensation, aquisition of apicobasal polarity and the radial, rosette-like arrangement around a central cavity. These cells bear the cytological characteristics of both the absorptive epithelial cells and the mesenchymal cells at their apical (adluminal) and abluminal ends respectively.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 433-435 
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    Keywords: Developmental biology ; Mouse ; Lithium ; Teratology
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    Notes: Summary The quantitative imaging of lithium distribution, in histological sections of 15-days old mouse embryos (whose mother had been submitted to Li-treatment), was performed using6Li isotope as tracer,6Li(n,α)3H nuclear reaction for detection, and dielectric track detectors. Despite the particular difficulties of cryosectioning the embryos without disturbing the lithium distribution, the Li regionalization appeared to be very clear-cut. The ectomesodermic tissues were significantly more loaded with lithium than the endodermic ones. This is probably related to the ectomesodermic tissues being also those most sensitive to the teratogenic effect of lithium. The Li-distribution in the embryo brain was almost homogeneous, instead of being heterogeneous as in adult brain. The mean Li-concentration in the embryo brain was not much below the Li concentration in the grey matter of the mother brain, but it was significantly larger than that in the white matter of the mother brain. Our results are discussed in the context of teratogenic effects observed in situ during mammalian development.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 445-452 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Preimplantation embryos ; Cell surface ; Regulation
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    Notes: Summary Blastomeres isolated from 8-and 16-cell embryos (that is 1/8 and 1/16) show a smooth surface at their point of contact with other blastomeres and a microvillous free surface. Microvilli reappear completely on the smooth surface of 52% of 1/8 embryos and partially on 88% of 1/16 embryos if cultured in vitro for 6 h. When 2-to 8-cell embryos are aggregated to 8-cell embryos and forced apart after 1–3 h, the contact surface of the 8-cell embryos has become smooth. Fixed 8-cell embryos are also able to induce complete disappearance of microvilli on the contact surface of a living 8-cell embryo. Embryos having more than 8 cells do not induce complete disappearance of microvilli on the contact surface of 8-cell embryos. Aggregates of late morulae do not show complete disappearance of microvilli at their contact surfaces but rather a loosening of their peripheral blastomeres. Our results show that isolated 1/8 and 1/16 embryos tend to recover from regionalization, that the process of aggregation of embryos having 8 cells or less is similar to compaction and that embryos having more than 8 cells seem to aggregate by cell sorting. The processes of compaction, adhesion and reassortment are briefly discussed. We submit that blastomere regionalization, which depends on cell to cell contact, may be the spatial basis of embryonic regulation and of the inside-outside normal differentiation of early mouse embryos.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 369-372 
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    Keywords: Mouse egg ; Actin filaments ; Cortical layer
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    Notes: Summary Mouse eggs at fertilization were permeated with glycerol solutions and then reacted with heavy meromyosin to show actin filaments by electron microscopy. The meiotic area of the egg surface is devoid of microvilli and is supported by a thick layer (0.6–0.8 μm in width) of submembranous filaments. A much thinner layer (less than 0.3 μm) is present in the remaining non-meiotic microvillous area and underlying its membrane is a very thick layer of cross-filaments and filament bundles.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 364-368 
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    Keywords: Intercalary regeneration ; Chromosomal marker ; Distal and proximal transformation ; Chimaeras ; Planarians
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    Notes: Summary Studies on intercalary regeneration in several organisms have shown that a regenerate is formed when surfaces of different positional value along the proximo-distal axis are opposed. One of the main problems posed by this phenomenon is to know which piece contributes to the building of the regenerate. In the present work we have studied this problem in planarians using chimaeras made between pieces of different body levels, irradiated or not, of the sexual and asexual races ofDugesia(S)mediterranea that differ in a chromosomal marker. The results found show very clearly that intercalary regenerates in planarians are formed by cells coming from both pieces (stumps), and that irradiated pieces keep the positional values and interact with non-irradiated pieces to restore the missing parts. This means that distal and proximal transformation do actually occur at the same time during intercalary regeneration in planarians. The implications of these results as regards to the origin of cells in the regenerate and to present models of intercalary regeneration are discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 377-384 
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    Keywords: Sea urchin ; Fibronectin ; Acid polysaccharide ; Extracellular matrix ; Spicule formation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A novel fibronectin-binding acid polysaccharide (FAPS) was isolated from embryos of the sea urchin. Binding of FAPS to fibronectin was quantitatively measured at physiological pH and ionic strength by two different assay systems. Immunofluorescent studies revealed that FAPS is localized in the extracellular matrix surrounding the mesenchyme cells and primitive gut of middle gastrula. Sea urchin fibronectin was also detected in the extracellular matrix surrounding mesenchyme cells and the cells surrounding the blastopore. When a monoclonal antibody to FAPS (anti-FAPS) was microinjected into the blastocoel, more than one pair of triradiate spicular rudiments was formed and the malformation of spicules was induced. Armless and deformed larvae were also induced by anti-FAPS. FAPS may regulate the number, length, position and direction of spicules. These results implicate the extracellular matrix of the blastocoel in the complex process of differentiation of mesenchyme and the formation of spicules.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 397-403 
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    Keywords: Intercalary regeneration ; Planarians ; Regulation
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    Notes: Summary The aim of the present experiments was the analysis of possible dorso-ventral regulation in planarians. The experiments employ “half-thickness pieces” obtained by a horizontal cut between the ventral and dorsal faces. When the dorsal face of an anterior part was superposed onto the ventral face of a posterior part (or vice versa) with its antero-posterior polarity reversed, both faces maintained their orgginal organization. When half-thickness pieces of the same face (dorsal or ventral) were fused by their transverse cut surfaces and cultured in vitro, intercalary regeneration ensued as it does in full-thickness pieces combined in the same manner. When a half-thickness piece was grafted to a distant site on the same face, the ensuing remodelling of tissues proceeded in the same manner as in similar experiments carried out earlier with full-thickness grafts. When full-thickness pieces representing different antero-posterior levels were joined so that the dorsal face of one fused with the ventral face of the other, intercalary regenerates were formed as if the pieces had been joined by their homologous faces-unless and terminal blastema appeared early on the suture. These experiments show that (1) there is no dorso-ventral self-regulating system: (2) the antero-posterior system resides in the periphery of the worm.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 417-424 
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    Keywords: Chicken gizzard ; Embryogenesis ; Myosin ; Myoglobin ; Immunoassay
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    Notes: Summary Antibodies to adult-type myosin and myoglobin from chicken gizzard were used to study the expression of these proteins during chicken embryogenesis. Using the indirect immunofluorescent technique, myosin was detected as discrete fluorescent foci in the central part of the presumptive chicken gizzard as early as day 5 of development. During the following days, immunoreactive myosin extends both craniocaudally as well as laterally and reaches the serosal and luminal borders by day 13/14. On day 16, the adult fascicular pattern is achieved. As judged by enzymelinked immunoassay and spectroscopic methods, myoglobin did not appear until day 18.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 425-428 
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    Keywords: Mouse blastocyst ; Blastocoele ; Cytokinesis ; Cell cortex ; Desmosomes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of mouse blastocysts with nascent and expanded blastocoele is described. In the early blastocyst cells adhere tightly and the blastocoele is often limited at its apex by cells containing a midbody. The expanding blastocyst exhibits a loose cell arrangement due to the presence of intercellular spaces and a cortical layer of filaments develops in cells enclosing the expanded blastocoele. When the blastocoele exceeds 1/2 the embryo diameter desmosomes appear between trophectoderm cells. Possible factors essential for blastocoele formation are discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 440-443 
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    Keywords: Melanosome differentiation ; Protein patterns ; Bufo bufo embryogenesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes in melanosome protein composition duringBufo bufo development have been investigated. The number of bands in SDS-PAGE varies from stage 7 (sixth cleavage) to stage 19 (heart beat), with a minimum at stages 17 (tail bud) and 19 (heart beat). At least eleven bands appear to be present throughout stages examined. The most relevant difference observed is that three protein bands of 40, 66 and 115 Kdal are expressed only at pre-neurular stages, when only maternal melanosomes are present in the embryo. Moreover, 5,6-dihydroxyindole oxidase activity has been evidenced in the gels, by specific staining. The activity appears to comigrate with tyrosinase.
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  • 70
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 436-439 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila oogenesis ; Protein synthesis ; SDS-gel electrophoresis ; Temperature-sensitive mutant
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ovarian protein synthesis in the temperature-sensitive mutantl(1)su(f) ts67g was analysed at the permissive and non-permissive temperature by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of35S-methionine labelled ovaries. The synthesis of yolk and three other ovarian proteins of approximative molecular weights of 92K, 82K and 76K, respectively, were affected by the shift to the restrictive temperature. Examination of protein synthesis pattern in staged egg chambers revealed that these three proteins were synthesized at stage 10. Analysis of separated cell types present at stage 10 demonstrate that the three proteins were follicle cell products. We have been unable to identify these proteins as any previously described follicle cell proteins.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Lectins ; Mammalian embryo ; Cell surface ; Cell adhesion ; Protease action
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fluorescein-conjugated lectins were used to examine the reappearance of glycoproteins on the surface of 8-cell mouse embryos after treatment with proteolytic enzymes. Embryos were decompacted in calcium ‘free’ medium, treated with various proteases and the process of recompaction monitored. The most effective enzymes in delaying recompaction were subtilopeptidase A and proteinase K at 1 mg/ml; the initiation of recompaction was delayed by about 5 h and 90% recompaction by 14–18 h. Papain and α-chymotrypsin were only effective in the absence of calcium. The reappearance of receptors for fluorescein-conjugated Con-A, MPA, RCA-I, FBP, BSL-II and DBA was examined photometrically at 0,8–10 and 17–18 h after proteinase K treatment. There was an increase in binding of MPA, RCA-I, FBP and BSL-II in control embryos during the period of the experiment, between approx. 61 and 80 h post coitum in which embryos passed from the 8-cell stage to the 16–32 cell stage. Con-A binding remained the same and that of DBA decreased. By the time that 50% of enzyme treated embryos had recompacted (8–10 h) binding of Con-A was similar to control embryos. Binding of FBP had almost reached control levels while that of BSL-II, DBA, RCA-I and MPA had reached 60–85% of control levels. When embryos were fully compact (17–18 h) Con-A, FBP and DBA were bound in equal or slightly greater amounts to enzyme treated as to control embryos, and receptors for BSL-II, MPA and RCA-I had recovered almost to control levels. The results clearly show that the recovery of glycoproteins on the surface of 8–16 cell embryos parallels recompaction, providing further evidence for the role of these molecules in compaction.
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  • 72
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Blastoderm fate map ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Here we propose a fate map of theDrosophila blastoderm based on reconstructions of increasingly aged embryos and on results of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in early gastrula cells. Boundaries of blastoderm anlagen have been extrapolated from size, form and location of the corresponding larval primordia, once these primordia become distinguishable at later embryonic stages.
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  • 73
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 181-195 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Embryogenesis ; Pattern of cell divisions ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The pattern of cell proliferation and cell movements inDrosophila embryogenesis has been analysed with the aim of constructing a blastoderm fate map. Post-blastoderm cell proliferation starts at gastrulation and ends around the stage of germ band shortening. Three mitotic waves affect the embryonic cells according to a constant spatio-temporal pattern. For any of these waves mitotic activity starts at well-defined loci, which have been called mitotic centres. During the first and second mitotic waves all cells undergo mitosis, except for those of the amnioserosa, which do not proliferate at all. The third wave spares most of the ectodermal cells. Neuroblasts, progenitors of epidermal sensilla and germ line cells show their own, different pattern of proliferation.
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  • 74
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 196-212 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Fate-mapping ; Morphogenetic movements ; HRP ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as an intracellular marker to follow the fate ofDrosophila embryonic cells. Injections were performed into 6- to 8-min-old gastrulae, when the cells have lost their connections with the yolk sack. Staining for HRP was made at the stage of germ band shortening, when most of the larval structures can be identified. By injecting at approximately 85 different sites we were able to locate the anlagen of the following structures: (a) epidermis: abdominal, thoracic and gnathal segments, dorsal ridge, procephalic lobe, clypeolabrum; (b) gut: pharynx, oesophagus, anterior and posterior midgut, proctodeum, Malpighian tubules and salivary glands; (c) central nervous system: abdominal, thoracic, sub-oesophageal and supra-oesophageal ganglia; (d) amnioserosa. The method proved to be useful in order to analyse morphogenetic movements. The anterior portion of the anterior midgut is shown to be formed from cells which invaginate with the stomodeum; the procephalic field is shown to rotate.
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  • 75
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Malic enzyme ; Distribution patterns ; Imaginal discs ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The spatial distribution patterns of malic enzyme-NADP+ (ME) inDrosophila melanogaster imaginal discs and other structures were demonstrated histochemically. Staining in the imaginal discs was limited to specific areas where intense reactions occurred primarily in differentiating structures. The eye-antennal disc possessed the most distinctive staining pattern. The ommatidial preclusters and clusters of the eye portion both stained, with heavier deposition in mature clusters. Staining in the preclusters closest to the morphogenetic furrow (MF) was obscured by a band of stained cells on either side of the MF that extends dorsoventrally across the disc. The ME low activity mutantMen NCl showed a dramatic reduction in staining of this band of cells but had no visible effect on eye morphogenesis. The larval optic nerve which traverses the entire length of the eye-antennal disc was a consistently stained feature. Two structures specifically stained in the leg discs. The most prominent was the chordotonal organ, while the second was a larval nerve extending the length of the disc. Limited staining was observed in the wing disc. No ME staining could be detected in the labial disc or haltere disc. Even though the genital discs did not stain for ME, the enzyme was induced sometime during the pupal stage since intense staining was noted in several adult internal genital disc derived structures. In general, ME staining in imaginal discs was associated with structures from the nervous system.
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  • 76
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 224-227 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Retinoic acid ; Cartilage resorption ; Bone culture ; Trifluoperazine ; Calmodulin antagonists
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In cultured fetal rat bones retinoic acid induces the release of proteoglycan, followed by cartilage tissue breakdown. This correlates with a shortening of the bone of up to 40%. The calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, diazepam and the naphthalenesulphonamide W-7 inhibited the retinoic acid-induced bone shortening. Inhibition by trifluoperazine and W-7 was noted at 40 and 75 μM, respectively, concentrations which were not cytotoxic as judged from3H-leucine incorporation into protein. Trifluoperazine and W-7 at the above concentrations did not affect the release of proteoglycan induced by retinoic acid, indicating that bone shortening is not necessarily linked with the release of proteoglycan. In consideration of our previous and present demonstrations that retinoic acid-induced cartilage resorption was inhibited by the ionophore A23187 and by calmodulin antagonists, we suggest that Ca2+ and calmodulin may be involved in the mediation of retinoic acid action in cartilage.
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  • 77
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 236-246 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; engrailed ; Selector gene ; Genetic complementation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In 1975, Morata and Lawrence proposed that theengrailed (en) locus was a selector gene that controlled the different pathways of development followed by anterior and posterior compartments. This hypothesis assumed that the phenotype ofen 1 flies results from partial inactivity of theen + product. However, the mutant phenotype ofen 1/DF(2R)en − is weaker thanen 1/en 1. This implies that the partial P→A transformation ofen 1 does not result primarily from reduction inen + activity. Heterozygotes betweenl(2) en alleles andDf(2R)en − deletions express a similar phenotype of fused embryonic segments to that described by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus, and also by Kornberg, forl(2) en homozygoes. By this criterion, the lethal phenotype results from partial or complete lack ofen _ activity. Despite this, the1(2) en alleles give only a weak P→A transformation, whether recovered as embryonic lethals or by failure to complementen 1. They appear to define only one locus and, with the exception ofen 1, the available genetic date suggest that the complementation pattern at this locus is simple. Thus, it is unlikely thatengrailed is the sole determinant of the A/P compartment separation. It might be one of a number of loci that affect the alternative pathways followed by anterior and posterior compartments.
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  • 78
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 228-235 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Retinoic acid ; Vitamin A ; Limb regeneration ; Pattern formation ; Axolotls
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The work described here is concerned with the effects of local application of retinoic acid to the regenerating limb, administered in silastin blocks. Using 14 C RA we have shown that its rate of diffusion into medium was the same as into regenerating limbs and that the curve of percent loss shows a fast rise tailing off to a plateau. RA caused specific alterations in the proximodistal axis of the regenerate such that complete limbs could be produced from distal amputation planes. Increasing concentrations of RA caused regeneration to commence from increasingly more proximal levels. The effect of time of administration after amputation on proximodistal duplication has been investigated as well as position effects with silastin blocks placed either at the anterior, posterior or dorsal poles of the blastema. These data permitted an estimate of the absolute amount of RA needed to cause alterations in the proximodistal axis −2 to 16 μg per limb or 1 ng per cell. Supernumerary limbs were also induced by these local implants and here there was a distinct position effect with the dorsal side causing the highest frequency. This reveals a possible effect of RA on the anteroposterior axis of regenerating limbs, but some of these supernumeraries were thought to arise from the irritant action of RA rather than a specific effect on pattern formation. The relevance of these results to those obtained on other systems is discussed.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Extracellular matrix ; Gastrulation ; Fibronectin ; Bufonids
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Most hybrids betweenBufo bufo andB. calamita obtained by nuclear transplantation become arrested at the early gastrula stage. In both parental controls and the hybrid embryos, the presence and distribution of extracellular matrix was analysed with fluorescent wheat germ agglutinin and by immunolabelling with antibodies directed against fibronectin. InB. bufo andB. calamita gastrulae and in the few hybrids that complete gastrulation, the inner surface of the blastocoel roof is covered by a fibronectin-rich fibrillar matrix. In nucleocytoplasmic hybrids whose development was arrested at the gastrula stage, the fibronectin-containing extracellular matrix was either totally absent or poorly developed and disorganized.
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  • 80
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 301-305 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Intestinal induction ; Organ culture ; Stomach endoderm ; ultrastructure ; Cell contacts
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    Notes: Summary Inductive action of duodenal mesenchyme on stomach endoderm in the chick embryo was chronologically analysed in vitro by the use of electron microscopy and immunofluorescence techniques. The behaviour of the endoderm-mesenchyme interfaces was particularly studied during the induction. In recombinates of 4-day stomach endoderm and 6-day duodenal mesenchyme, all the endodermal cells were undifferentiated at the start of cultivation. Small-intestinal sucrase antigen could first be detected on the 5th day of cultivation in one-third of the stomach endoderm, and a striated border on the 7th day. With a longer cultivation period, intestine-type cells increased in number in the stomach endoderm and the density of microvilli on the apical surface became higher. At the endoderm-mesenchyme interfaces a number of direct contacts between endodermal and mesenchymal cells were observed from the beginning to the end of cultivation. These were especially abundant in the early period before the appearance of signs of intestinal cytodifferentiation. These results suggest that the mesenchymal cells adjacent to the endodermal tissue play an important role in the intestinal induction which occurs during the early period of cultivation, probably via direct cell-to-cell contracts.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Symmetry ; Determination ; Induction ; Organizer ; Cytochalasin-B
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    Notes: Summary Spirally cleaving embryos in which the first two cleavages generate four equal-sized blastomeres remain radially symmetrical along their animal-vegetal axis until the interval between third and fourth quartet formation. At this time animal micromeres and vegetal macromeres contact each other as they elongate and occlude the central, fluid-filled cleavage cavity. The overlying micromeres focus their contacts onto one of the four macromeres, the presumptive 3D macromere, as it elongates to a central position within the embryo. We tested the hypothesis that this animal-vegetal interaction was causally involved in the determination of the symmetry properties in both the animal and vegetal hemispheres by reversibly inhibiting animal-vegetal contact at the 24 cell stage with cytochalasin-B. Embryos remained hollow throughout the treatment period and animal-vegetal interaction did not occur. After treatment, blastomere elongation occurred but no D quadrant macromere appeared and the vegetal hemisphere remained radialized. On the basis of cleavage and ciliation patterns of first quartet derivatives, treated embryos remained fully or partially radialized, showing a strong tendancy to develop as ventral quadrants. These results show that the quadrants of this equal-cleaving spiralian are not definitively determined until after the 24 cell stage and that animal-vegetal interaction is required for D quadrant determination. The mechanisms of symmetrization in the animal and vegetal hemispheres of equal-cleaving spiralians is also discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Epidermis ; Protein synthesis ; Insecticyanin ; Cuticle proteins ; Larval-pupal transformation ; Manduca sexta
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During the final larval instar the epidermis of the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta, synthesizes the larval cuticular proteins and the pigment insecticyanin. Then at the onset of metamorphosis the cells first become pupally-committed, then later produce the pupal cuticle. The changes in the pattern of epidermal protein synthesis during this period were followed by incubating the integument in vitro with either3H-leucine or35S-methionine, then analyzing the proteins by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Precipitation by larval and pupal cuticular antisera and by insecticyanin antibody identified these proteins. Three distinct changes in epidermal protein synthesis were noted: 1) Stage-specific proteins, some of which are larval cuticular proteins, appear just before and during the change of commitment on day 3. (2) By late the following day (wandering stage), synthesis of these and many other proteins including all the identified larval cuticular proteins and insecticyanin was undetectable. Several noncuticular proteins were transiently synthesized by this pupally committed cell during wandering and sometimes the following day. (3) During the production of pupal cuticle a new set of pupal-specific cuticular proteins as well as some common cuticular proteins (precipitated by both antisera) were synthesized. Some of the latter were also synthesized during the period between pupal commitment and pupal cuticle deposition. In spite of an apparent absence of methionine in both larval and pupal cuticle, many cuticular proteins incorporated35S-methionine. Thus they may be synthesized as proproteins. Insecticyanin was shown to have two forms differing in isoelectric point, the cellular form being more acidic than the hemolymph form. Synthesis of the cellular form ceased before that of the hemolymph form.
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  • 83
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    Keywords: Commitment change in vitro ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; Juvenile hormone ; Insecticyanin ; Cuticle proteins ; Pupal commitment ; Manduca sexta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The epidermis of final instar tobacco hornworm larvae,Manduca sexta, becomes committed to pupal differentiation in response to ecdysteroid in the absence of juvenile hormone (JH). Many changes in protein synthetic patterns have been noted during this time (Kiely and Riddiford 1985). To determine which of these changes are caused by ecdysteroid and which are important for the change of commitment, we have incubated larvally-committed epidermis for 24 h with 1 μg/ml 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) and 3 μg/ml epoxygeranylsesamole (EGS) (a JH mimic), with 3 μg/ml EGS alone, or in hormone-free medium. Synthesis of larval-specific proteins such as insecticyanin and larval cuticular proteins was reduced to trace amounts or was undetectable after culture with 20HE for 24 h. The larval cuticular proteins that are greatly increasedin vivo on day 3 were not synthesized after exposure to 20HEin vitro. Ecdysteroid increased the synthesis of many of the proteins first seenin vivo on day 3 or during the wandering stage. The synthesis of about half of these latter proteins was inhibited by JH, indicating that they were likely part of the change of commitment. Other proteins that appear at this stagein vivo showed increased synthesis also in hormone-free medium and therefore were independent of the change of commitment.
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  • 84
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 453-461 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra ; Peroxidase activity ; Foot cell differentiation ; Foot activator ; Foot inhibitor ; Head inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mucous cells in the basal disk of hydra contain a peroxidase-like enzyme allowing specific staining of these cells with substrates for peroxidases. The peroxidase activity provides an excellent marker for foot mucous cell, differentiation and was used to follow the reappearance of footspecific cells during foot regeneration after amputation. By choosing the appropriate either soluble or precipitable substrate the peroxidase reaction was used both for a qualitative and for a quantitative evaluation of foot-specific differentiation in hydra. For histological studies diaminobenzidien was found to be a suitable substrate which forms a dark brown precipitate within the cells containing the peroxidase activity. For a quantitative evaluation of foot regeneration the soluble substrate 2,2-azino-di(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-sulfonic acid-6) ammonium salt was used which after reaction with the enzyme gives rise to a diffusible green reaction product the concentration of which can be measured by its specific absorption at 415 nm. Based on the diffusible enzyme product a new quantitative assay for foot regenration was developed and applied to confirm the effect and specificity of morphogenetic substances which either inhibit or activate foot or head regeneration in hydra.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oogonial divisions ; Intercellular bridges ; Fusomes ; Telotrophic ovary ; Mitotic gradient
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During the premetamorphic development of coleopteran telotrophic ovaries the culsters of sister oogonial cells, in which the differentiation of nurse cells and oocytes occurs, are arranged in linear chains. This results from a series of mitoses with the consistent orientation of the spindle parallel to the long axis of the ovariole. As a result of incomplete cytokinesis, the oogonial cells in each sibling cluster are linked to each other by intercellular bridges occupied by fusomes. As a rule, at each cluster division the basal cell (i.e. the oocyte progenitor) starts to divide first. From this cell a wave of mitoses spreads toward the anterior end of the cluster, resulting in a mitotic gradient. It is suggested that the failure of the fusomes in adjacent cells to fuse into one continuous fusome (i.e. polyfusome) allows the spindles to orientate with their long axes parallel to the long axis of the sibling cluster. This would explain why the oogonial divisions in coleopteran telotrophic ovaries generate linear chains of cells rather than the cyst-like arrangement which is typical for polytrophic sibling clusters. Dividing sibling clusters within ovarioles are arranged in bundles. The presence of intercellular bridges between sibling clusters seems to be the underlying cause of this nonrandom distribution of the mitotically active clusters. The transverse bridges have been found to occur between the basal cells as well as between the cells located more anteriorly in adjacent sibling clusters. The transverse bridges are filled with typical fusomes, which in more anterior parts of sibling clusters may fuse with the fusomes of adjacent sister oogonial cells into polyfusomes. The transverse bridges between the basal cells are incorporated in the oocytes. The pattern of sibling cluster formation described in this paper apparently occurs widespread in polyphagous Coleoptera, since it has been found in three relatively distantly related families.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cnidaria ; Cassiopea ; Metamorphosis ; Cholera toxin ; Thyrotropine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The scyphozoan medusaCassiopea andromeda forms free swimming planulae and buds that metamorphose into tentacle bearing sedentary polyps. About 30% of the planulae and 7% of the buds undergo such metamorphosis within 30 days in sterile natural seawater from the Red Sea. In sterile artificial sea water devoid of any organic substances, normal metamorphosis does not take place. This indicates that both the planulae and the buds require organic morphogenetic inducers present in the sea to settle and metamorphose. The addition of cholera toxin or thyrotropin to preparations of sterile artificial sea water, induced normal metamorphosis. These inducers enhanced the rate of metamorphosis and up to 100% of the planulae and buds formed polyps within 2–18 days. We conclude that our preparations of cholera toxin and thyrotropin mimic the action of natural inducers.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 59-80 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Borehole strain ; strain monitoring ; shear stran ; earthquake strain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The response of a borehole strain meter to hydrostatic and shear deformations in an isotropic medium is calculated to facilitate optimum instrument design and produce instrument response factors for parameters typically encountered in installed instruments. Results for an empty borehole are first compared with results for an instrument in intimate contact with the surrounding rock. The effects of the grout used to install the instrument are then examined. Where possible, analytic forms for the response factors are given. Results for typical installations are then presented in graphical form for optimizing instrument design in an environment of known elastic parameters. Alternatively, the results may be applied in the measurement of unknown strain signals, to correct for instrument response or to provide in-situ estimates of the elastic properties of the environment by examination of observed strain response to known strain signals.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 173-198 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Ground motion prediction ; Dynamic stress-drop models
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We propose a finite difference method, using a hexagonal grid, to compute displacements (stresses, velocities, accelerations) in the near-field of a 2-D in-plane stress-drop crack, in both whole space (constant stress-drop) and half-space (depth-dependent stress-drop). To exercise the method, the stress field distribution is evaluated for both fundamental 2-D shear cracks, anti-plane. In order to test the method's reliability, the results are compared with some analytical and numerical solutions available in the literature (Kostrov, 1964;Virieux andMadariaga, 1982). For the in-plane source, the results emphasize that the method can resolve the stress concentration due to the rupture front from the stress peak associated with the shear wave propagating in front of the crack. Synthetic motions are computed on the fault, but also in an infinite medium and at the free surface. The rather complex waveforms generated in the near-field, even by simple sources, emphasize the contribution of all wave terms (near, intermediate and far-field) to the motion. The presence of near-field and the numerical procedure explain the significant low frequency content of the computed seismograms. The set of treated problems proves the method is stable and accurate.
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  • 89
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 232-238 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Magnetic interpretation ; Dykes ; Derivatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The horizontal and vertical derivative profiles of magnetic anomalies of dykes show some interesting properties. The points of zero derivatives and the points where the derivatives are equal are conjugate point pairs. A method of interpretation of dyke anomalies is suggested, which utilizes the distances between these points.
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  • 90
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 239-249 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Inversion ; Contact ; Thin sheet ; Interpretation
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The general expression for gravity and magnetic anomalies over thin sheets and sloping contacts may be expressed as a polynomial of the formFx 2+C1Fx+C2F+C3x3+C4x2+C5x+C6. The initial parameters of the source are obtained from the coefficientsC 1, C2,..., C6 which may be solved by inverting a 6×6 matrix. The initial parameters are modified by successive iteration process using the difference formula until the root mean square error between the observed and calculated anomalies is a minimum. The regional background which may be in the form of a polynomial is estimated by the computer itself. This method is applied on a number of field anomalies and is found to yield reliable estimates of depth and other parameters of the source.
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  • 91
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 757-775 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: auto-regressive moving-average model (ARIMA model)
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of 75 auto-regressive integrated moving-average (ARIMA) forecasts of monthly mean 100−50 kPa thickness anomalies with lead time of one month are produced for 455 grid points over the northern hemisphere. The results are indistinguishable from persistence forecasts when the scores are averaged over the domain. A more detailed view indicates some differences which may merit closer investigation. Differences in the behaviour of positive and negative anomaly forecasts are also described. Some aspects of the methodology are discussed briefly in the introductory sections. The model used in the experiment is described in detail. A shortcoming of the method is that it does not lend itself to seasonal stratification.
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  • 92
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 819-836 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Deep earthquakes ; Tyrrhenian Sea ; Seismotectonics ; Focal mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Joint hypocenter determination is performed for intermediate and deep earthquakes of the Tyrrhenian Sea region. This analysis allowed us to obtain a catalogue of 70 well-located events in this peculiar Benioff zone, which is characterized by quite low seismic activity, compared to the Pacific deep earthquake regions. The method used for the analysis is that ofFrohlich (1979), a variant of the successive approximation technique, which allows use of a great number of events and stations but saves computer memory. The results show a spoon-shaped Benioff zone, dipping NW in the Tyrrhenian Sea to 500km depth. 32 reliable fault-plane solutions have been determined using these new earthquake locations, confirming the predominance of down-dip compression in the central part of the slab and more complex motion along the borders of the zone, as previously suggested byGasparini et al. (1982).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 921-929 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric tides ; Newtonian cooling ; free modes ; Mars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The different forms of the classical atmospheric tidal vertical structure equation derived by Lindzen and McKenzie (1967) and by Dickinson and Geller (1968) are shown to be due solely to their different treatment of the infrared radiative damping of tidal temperature perturbations. While both parameterize the infrared cooling as a Newtonian cooling, the former use the tidal temperature perturbation along a constant geometric height surface while the latter use the perturbation along a constant pressure surface. These two tidal temperature perturbations differ when the background atmospheric temperature varies with height. Scaling arguments show that for most applications the differences between the use of these two forms of Newtonian cooling are negligible. However, relative differences of 30% in amplitude and 15° in phase can occur in the Martian atmosphere, with its relatively short radiative time constants, for a possibly resonant planetary-scale Rossby tidal mode.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 930-940 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Cloud drop spectra ; Turbulent eddies ; Microscale-fractional condensation (MFC) ; Cloud-top-gravity oscillations ; Vertical mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Characteristics of cloud drop spectra were studied using 400 samples obtained from 120 warm cumulus clouds formed during the summer monsoon season. The total concentration of cloud drops (N T) varied from 384 to 884 cm−3 and the maximum concentration was observed in the layer below the cloud-top. The width of the drop spectrum was broader in the cloud-base region and in the region below the cloud-top. The spectrum was multimodal at all levels except in the cloud-top region where it was unimodal. The concentration of drops with diameter greater than 50 μm (N L) varied from 0.0 to 0.674 cm−3.N L was larger in the cloud-base region.N L decreased with height up to the middle level and thereafter showed an increase. In the cloud-top region no large drops were present. The computed values of the liquid water varied between 0.132 and 0.536 g m−3 and the mean volume diameter (MVD) varied between 8.1 and 12.0 μm. The LWC and MVD showed a decrease with height except in the middle region of the cloud where the values were higher than the adjacent levels. The dispersion of the cloud drops was lower (0.65) in the cloud-top region and higher (1.01) in the cloud-base region. The observed cloud microphysical characteristics were attributed to vertical mixing in clouds induced by the cloud-top gravity oscillations (buoyancy oscillations) generated by the intensification of turbulent eddies due to the buoyant production of energy by the microscale-fractional-condensation (MFC) in turbulent eddies.
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 403-410 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung BeiRopalidia fasciata auf Okinawa entstehen die adulten Männchen während des gesamten Koloniezyklus. Die frühzeitig entstehenden Männchen können sich mit den Erstbrutweibchen paaren. Diese Erstbrutweibchen können sowohl selbst Kolonien gründen als auch weibchendeterminierte Eier in ihre mütterlichen Nester legen oder für ihre Kolonien arbeiten. Diese flexible Strategie vonRopalidia fasciata wird als Anpassung an eine Umwelt interpretiert, in der die meisten Nester durch Taifune, räuberische Ameisen und parasitische Wespen zerstört werden.
    Notes: Summary In Okinawa,Ropalidia fasciata males emerge at all stages of the colony cycle and they can inseminate first brood females. These first brood females can found their own nests, lay female-destined eggs on these, or work for their natal colonies. This flexible reproductive strategy ofR. fasciata is considered to be adaptive under environmental conditions where most of colonies are destroyed by typhoons, ant predation and parasitism.
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 463-463 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 411-426 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die numerischen Proportionen der Kasten sind bei monogynenN.c. Kolonien weniger variabel (höherer Korrelationskoeffizient und niedrigere Abweichung) als bei polygynen Kolonien. Polygyne Kolonien sind konstanter in ihren Kasten-Proportionen als Kolonien ohne Königinnen. Die Korrelationskoeffizienten von Mengen- und Gewichtsverhältnissen unter den sterilen Kasten (grosse Arbeiter: kleine Arbeiter; gesamte Arbeiter Population: Soldaten) sind weder beiN.c. noch beiN.e. signifikant verschieden. Sowohl beiN.c. wie auch beiN.e. findet man eine weite innerartliche Verteilung von proportionalen Anteilen von Soldaten, kleinen Arbeitern, und grossen Arbeitern. Der zahlen- und gewichtsmässige Anteil der Soldaten, kleinen und grossen Arbeitern, war zwischen monogynenN.c. Kolonien und monogynenN.e. Kolonien signifikant unterschiedlich. Das mittlere Gewicht von Soldaten, grossen Arbeitern und kleinen Arbeitern war nicht unterschiedlich zwischen den beiden Arten. In monogynenN.c. Kolonien ist gewöhnlich das Zahlenverhältnis zwischen kleinen Arbeitern: grossen Arbeitern, und Soldaten: Arbeitern grösser, dagegen ist das Verhältnis zwischen Prä-Soldaten: Soldaten kleiner als bei monogynenN.e. Kolonien. PolygyneN.c. Kolonien haben ein statistisch grösseres Zahlenverhältnis von Larven: Arbeitern, und Prä-Soldaten: Soldaten, als monogyne Kolonien. Dies alles lässt vermuten, dass monogyne und polygyne Kolonien unterschiedliche Wachstumsraten haben. Bei der Analyse der Zahlen- und Gewichtsverhältnisse verschiedenerN.c. Kasten waren die Korrelationskoeffizienten am höchsten beim Vergleich von Gesamtzahl oder Trockengewicht der Arbeiter versus Gesamtzahl oder Trockengewicht von Soldaten. Das durchschnittliche Trocken gewicht grosser und kleiner Arbeiter in königinlosen Kolonien war signifikant höher als in Kolonien mit Königin. Dies ist wahrscheinlich deshalb so, weil die Population der königinlosen Kolonie älter wird, ohne mehr Jungtiere zu produziern, sodass weniger Anfangsstadien von Arbeitern zu finden sind.
    Notes: Summary Caste ratios among monogynousN. corniger colonies are less variable (higher correlation coefficients and lower variances) than among polygynous colonies. Polygynous colony caste proportions are more constant than for queenless colonies. Correlation coefficients are not significantly different between numerical and biomass neuter caste ratios (large workers: small workers; total worker population: soldiers) inN. corniger orN. ephratae. The intraspecific range of both numerical and biomass percentages of soldiers, small workers, and large workers is large inN. corniger andN. ephratae. Numerical and biomass percentage of soldiers, small workers, and large workers were all significantly different between monogynousN. corniger and monogynousN. ephratae colonies. Mean individual weights of soldiers, large workers, and small workers did not differ between species. Single queenN. corniger colonies tend to have a higher ratio of the number of small workers: large workers and the number of soldiers: workers, and a lower proportion of presoldiers: soldiers than do monogynousN. ephratae nest. PolygynousN. corniger colonies have a statistically larger ratio of number of larvae: number of workers, and a higher number of presoldiers: soldiers than do single queen colonies. These all suggest differences in growth rate related to single versus multiple queens. Monogynous and polygynous nests have significantly higher ratios of larvae: workers than do queenless colonies. In both numerical and biomass analyses of variousN. corniger caste ratios, correlation coefficients were highest in comparisons between the total number or dry weight of all workers vs soldiers. Mean individual dry weights of large and small workers in queenlessN. corniger colonies are significantly higher than in queenright colonies. This may be because the queenless colony population is aging without generating more young so fewer individuals are in the early worker instars.
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 465-465 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 140-157 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Des ailés polymorphes ont été trouvés dans plusieurs nids deNasutitermes princeps (Desneux). A côté d'ailés normaux, nous pouvons rencontrer dans certaines colonies une forte proportion d'imagos plus petits, à ailes courtes, mais normalement constitués par ailleurs. Nous les avons appelés micro-imagos. Ce sont des adultes précoces, dérivés soit de nymphes 4, soit d'une catégorie de nymphes intermédiaires, plus grandes que les N4 mais nettement plus petites que les N5. L'origine exacte de ces nymphes reste à établir. Au laboratoire, les imagos à ailes courtes sont capables d'accomplir la plupart des phases de l'essaimage, à l'exception du vol, et de fonder une nouvelle colonie. Trois cinquièmes des colonies sauvages sont polygynes, et presque toutes celles-ci sont également polyandres. Le rapport rois/reines oscille autour de 1. Les sexués des deux formes sont également aptes à assurer la reproduction. Ils assument cette fonction conjointement dans certains nids. La quasi-totalité des nids monogynes possèdent des sexués normaux, tandis que la majorité des sociétés polygynes possèdent des reines micro-imaginales. Au total, celles-ci se rencontrent dans près de la moitié des sociétés. Toutes les reines d'une société polygyne ont le même degré de physogastrie, qu'elles soient micro-imaginales ou normales et se sont donc probablement différenciées au même moment. Il existe une bonne corrélation négative entre le nombre de reines et leur taille, indépendamment de la taille du nid, ce qui suggère une régulation progressive du nombre de sexués. Dans les associations polygynes, le taux moyen de ponte est corrélé à la taille moyenne des reines. En règle générale, la masse totale de reines est plus grande dans les sociétés polygynes que dans les sociétés monogynes et la production d'œufs est plus grande. Les nids des sociétés polygynes atteignent des dimensions plus grandes que celles des sociétés monogynes. La plupart des reines micro-imaginales sont des pseudimagos qui se sont différenciés dans leur société d'origine. Nous suggérons que chezN. princeps il existe deux modes de reproduction des sociétés: une reproduction à plus grande distance, par essaimage, conduisant à des sociétés monogynes et une reproduction à plus courte distance, par bouturage, conduisant à des sociétés polygynes. Cependant, la régulation du nombre de sexués peut conduire à une monogynie secondaire et des sociétés polygynes pourraient également résulter par apparition de sexués secondaires en remplacement des sexués primaires. L'évolution d'une forme micro-imaginale de reproducteurs par différenciation précoce des nymphes pourrait s'interpréter comme le résultat d'une compétition intracoloniale entre nymphes pour le statut de reproducteurs chez une espèce où ce statut peut s'acquérir normalement dans la société d'origine et où l'essaimage n'est plus la seule forme de reproduction possible.
    Notes: Summary Polymorphic alates were found in several nests ofNasutitermes princeps (Desneux). In some colonies, besides normal alates, a high proportion of smaller, short-winged, but otherwise normally constituted imagoes were encountered. We called them microimagoes. They are precocious adults derived either from seemingly normal nymphs of the fourth instar or from a distinct category of nymphs, intermediate in size between N4 and N5. The precise origin of those nymphs is yet to be investigated. In the laboratory, short-winged alates were able to accomplish most phases of swarming, except flight, and to found a colony. Polygyny occurred in 60 % of the wild colonies and was nearly always associated with polyandry. The kings/queens ratios oscillated around 1. Both forms of sexuals are equally able to assume reproduction. They actually share this function in certain nests. Nearly all monogynous societies contained a normal imaginal pair, whereas the majority of polygynous societies possessed microgynes. In total, microgynes were found in nearly half of the societies. Within polygynous associations, all queens exhibit the same level of physogastry, whatever their morph. They probably acquired a reproductive status at the same time. A good negative correlation was found between queen size and number per colony, independently of the nest size, suggesting a progressive regulation in their number. In polygynous associations, the mean egg-laying rate is correlated to the mean queen size. As a rule, the total queen mass is higher in polygynous colonies than in monogynous ones and egg production is greater. The nests of polygynous societies reach greater sizes than those of monogynous societies. The majority of microgynes were pseudimagoes (weakly pigmented imagoes) which differentiated in their parental colony. We suggest that inN. princeps two modes of colony reproduction occur: a long-range reproduction by swarming, leading to monogynous societies, and a short-range reproduction by budding, leading to polygynous societies. Secondary monogyny could also occur and some polygyny could be the result of the replacement of the primary pair. The evolution of microimaginal reproductives through precocious differentiation of nymphs could be interpreted as the result of intracolonial competition amongst nymphs for reproductive status in a species in which reproductive status can occasionally be attained in the parental colony and in which swarming is not the only normal way of reproduction.
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    Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 186-197 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Männliche Sternaldrüsen sind beschrieben für 28 Wespenarten von 12 polistinen Gattungen. Drüsen und zugehörene kutikulare Änderungen dieser und früherer beschreibten Männchen wurden mit Drüsen der konspezifischen Weibchen verglichen. Es stellte sich heraus, dass Männchen in 4 schwärmenden Gattungen Drüsen haben, die morphologisch und örtlich denen der Weibchen ähnlich sind. Diese Drüsen haben Kanäle, welche entweder mit aufrechten Schuppen am vorderen Rand des fünften Sterniten (Metapolybia, Chartergus, undPolybia) oder mit einem Band von Haaren an dem vorderen Rand des vierten und füften Sterniten (Apoica) versehen sind. Männchen vonRopalidia montana haben Kanal-Zellen auf dem fünften und sechsten Sterniten, während Weibchen solche nur auf dem sechsten Sterniten haben. Bei Männchen vorBrachygastra augusti sind Kanal-Zellen auf dem fünften, sechsten und siebten Sterniten zu finden, während die Weibchen solche nur auf dem fünften haben. Im gegensatz zu Weibchen, haben diese Drüsen keine abgeänderte Kutikula. Arten, die zu den anderen drei Schärmenden Gattungen gehören, zeigen bei Männchen keine Sternaldrüsen vor. Männchen von Gattungen, die Kolonien unabhängig gründen (Mischocyttarus, Polistes, Belonogaster, Parapolybia), haben Drüsenzellen die den hinteren 2/3 oder halben Teil des Sterniten bedecken, während bei Weibchen, diese Drüsenzellen am vorderen Teil des Sternits vorkommen.
    Notes: Summary The sternal glands of 28 species of male wasps belonging to 12 polistine genera are described. Glands and associated cuticular modifications of these males and of males described in past studies are compared to those of conspecific females. Males in species of four swarm-founding genera have glandular areas similar in morphology and location to those of females. The glands are comprised of ducted cells associated with either a bed of erect cuticular scales along the anterior edge of the fifth sternite (Metapolybia, Chartergus, andPolybia) or a band of hairs along the anterior margin of both the fifth and sixth sternites(Apoica). Ropalidia montana males have ducted gland cells on sternites five and six, rather than just on six as in congeneric females;Brachygastra augusti males have them on sternites five through seven, rather than just on five as in their conspecific females. Also unlike those of conspecific females, these glands are not associated with any cuticular modification. Species in the remaining three swarm-founding genera lack male sternal glands. Males of independent-founding genera (Mischocyttarus, Polistes, Belonogaster, andParapolybia) have glandular cells covering the posterior 2/3 or 1/2 of the sternite, rather than the anterior portion as in their congeneric females.
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