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  • American Geophysical Union  (58,558)
  • PANGAEA  (52,409)
  • 2010-2014  (82,380)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-12-18
    Description: The 2009 Arctic sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) was the most intense event of this kind ever observed. Unique ground-based measurements of middle atmospheric profiles for temperature, O3, CO, and N2O obtained at Thule (76.5°N, 68.8°W), Greenland, in the period January – early March are used to show the evolution of the 2009 SSW in the region of its maximum intensity. The first sign of the SSW was detected at θ~2000 K on January 19, when a rapid decrease in CO mixing ratio took place. The first evidence of a temperature increase was observed at the same level on 22 January, the earliest date on which lidar measurements reached above ~50 km. The warming propagated from the upper to the lower stratosphere in 7 days and the record maximum temperature of 289 K was observed between 1300 and 1500 K potential temperature on 22 January. A strong vortex splitting was associated with the SSW. Stratospheric backward trajectories indicate that airmasses arriving to Thule during the warming peak underwent a rapid compression and an intense adiabatic warming of up to 50 K. The rapid advection of air from the extra-tropics was also occasionally observed to produce elevated values of N2O mixing ratio. Starting from mid-February the temperature profile and the N2O mixing ratio returned to the pre-warming values in the mid and upper stratosphere, indicating the reformation of the vortex at these levels. In late winter, vertical descent from starting altitudes of ~60 km is estimated from CO profiles to be 0.25±0.05 km/day.
    Description: Published
    Description: D24315
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: sudden stratospheric warming ; winter polar stratosphere ; temperature ; O3 ; N2O ; CO ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.01. Composition and Structure ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.04. Processes and Dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-05-25
    Description: The largest events of the 1997 Umbria-Marche sesimic sequence were the two September 26 earthquakes of Mw=5.7 (00:33 GMT) and Mw=6.0 (09:40 GMT), which caused severe damage and ground cracks in a wide area around the epicenters. We created an ERS-SAR differenrtial interferogram, where nine fringes are visible in and around the Colfiorito basin, corresponding to 25 cm of coseismic surface dispalacements. GPS data show a maximum horizontal displacement...
    Description: Published
    Description: 883-886
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Colfiorito, SAR, GPS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-06-09
    Description: The 11–13 January 2011 eruptive episode at Etna volcano occurred after several months of increasing ash emissions from the summit craters, and was heralded by increasing SO2 output, which peaked at ∼5000 megagrams/day several hours before the start of the eruptive activity. The eruptive episode began with a phase of Strombolian activity from a pit crater on the eastern flank of the SE‐Crater. Explosions became more intense with time and eventually became transitional between Strombolian and fountaining, before moving into a lava fountaining phase. Fountaining was accompanied by lava output from the lower rim of the pit crater. Emplacement of the resulting lava flow field, as well as associated lava fountain‐ and Strombolian‐phases, was tracked using a remote sensing network comprising both thermal and visible cameras. Thermal surveys completed once the eruptive episode had ended also allowed us to reconstruct the emplacement of the lava flow field. Using a high temporal resolution geostationary satellite data we were also able to construct a detailed record of the heat flux during the fountain‐fed flow phase and its subsequent cooling. The dense rock volume of erupted lava obtained from the satellite data was 1.2 × 106 m3; this was emplaced over a period of about 6 h to give a mean output rate of ∼55 m3 s−1. By comparison, geologic data allowed us to estimate dense rock volumes of ∼0.85 × 106 m3 for the pyroclastics erupted during the lava fountain phase, and 0.84–1.7 × 106 m3 for lavas erupted during the effusive phase, resulting in a total erupted dense rock volume of 1.7–2.5 × 106 m3 and a mean output rate of 78–117 m3 s−1. The sequence of events and quantitative results presented here shed light on the shallow feeding system of the volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: B11207
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Etna ; lava fountains ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-06-09
    Description: We present a new method that uses cooling curves, apparent in high temporal resolution thermal data acquired by geostationary sensors, to estimate erupted volumes and mean output rates during short lava fountaining events. The 15 minute temporal resolution of the data allows phases of waxing and peak activity to be identified during short (150-to- 810 minute-long) events. Cooling curves, which decay over 8-to-21 hour-periods following the fountaining event, can also be identified. Application to 19 fountaining events recorded at Etna by MSG’s SEVIRI sensor between 10 January 2011 and 9 January 2012, yields a total erupted dense rock lava volume of 28 106 m3, with a maximum intensity of 227 m3 s 1 being obtained for the 12 August 2011 event. The timeaveraged output over the year was 0.9 m3 s 1, this being the same as the rate that has characterized Etna’s effusive activity for the last 40 years.
    Description: We are grateful to EUMETSAT for SEVIRI data.
    Description: Published
    Description: L06305
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: satellite ; lava fountains ; Etna ; erupted volume ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-06-07
    Description: We carried out a combined geophysical and gas-geochemical survey on an active fault strand along the North-Anatolian Fault (NAF) system in the Gulf of İzmit (eastern Sea of Marmara), providing for the first time in this area data on the distribution of methane (CH4) and other gases dissolved in the bottom seawater, as well as the CH4 isotopic composition. Based on high-resolution morphobathymetric data and chirp-sonar seismic reflection profiles we selected three areas with different tectonic features associated to the NAF system, where we performed visual and instrumental seafloor inspections, including in-situ measurements of dissolved CH4, and sampling of the bottom water. Starting from background values of 2-10 nM, methane concentration in the bottom seawater increases abruptly up to 20 nM over the main NAF trace. CH4 concentration peaks up to ~120 nM were detected above mounds related probably to gas and fluids expulsion. Methane is microbial (δ13CCH4: -67.3 and -76 ‰ vs. VPDB), and was found mainly associated with pre- Holocene deposits topped by a 10-20 m thick draping of marine mud. The correlation between tectonic structures and gas-seepages at the seafloor suggests that the NAF in the Gulf of İzmit could represent a key site for long-term combined monitoring of fluid exhalations and seismicity to assess their potential as earthquake precursors.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q10018
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: submarine ; gas seepage ; active fault ; Marmara sea ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-12-03
    Description: A model is presented of the growth rate of turbulently generated irregularities in the electron concentration of northern polar cap plasma patches. The turbulence is generated by the short‐term fluctuations in the electric field imposed on the polar cap ionosphere by electric field mapping from the magnetosphere. The model uses an ionospheric imaging algorithm to specify the state of the ionosphere throughout. The growth rates are used to estimate mean amplitudes for the irregularities, and these mean amplitudes are compared with observations of the scintillation indices S4 and s by calculating the linear correlation coefficients between them. The scintillation data are recorded by GPS L1 band receivers stationed at high northern latitudes. A total of 13 days are analyzed, covering four separate magnetic storm periods. These results are compared with those from a similar model of the gradient drift instability (GDI) growth rate. Overall, the results show better correlation between the GDI process and the scintillation indices than for the turbulence process and the scintillation indices. Two storms, however, show approximately equally good correlations for both processes, indicating that there might be times when the turbulence process of irregularity formation on plasma patches may be the controlling one.
    Description: Published
    Description: A04310
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: ionospheric irregularities ; scintillations ; Gradient Drift Instability ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.04. Plasma Physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.07. Scintillations ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: Long continuous seismic data recorded at five broadband seismic stations during 2006 at Campi Flegrei caldera have been analyzed. Introducing a coarse-grained method, we evaluate the time evolution of amplitude and polarization of the seismic noise in the frequency band common to long-period events. The series are modulated on tidal time scales: the root-mean square is basically dominated by solar contribution, while the azimuth of the polarization vector shows lunar diurnal and semidiurnal constituents. In addition, we find that in the frequency band common to long-period events the azimuths are polarized toward a specific area, suggesting that these persistent oscillations can be induced by the activity of the shallow geothermal reservoir.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2628–2637
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: sustained hydrothermal tremor ; Campi Flegrei Caldera ; polarization analysis ; tidal modulation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-12-18
    Description: Along the Italian peninsula adjoin two crustal domains, peri-Tyrrhenian and Adriatic, whose boundary is not univocal in central Italy. In this area, we attempt to map the extent of the Moho in the two terrains from variations of the travel time difference between the direct P wave and the P-to-S wave converted at the crust-mantle boundary, called PsMoho. We use teleseismic receiver functions computed at 38 broad-band stations in this and previous studies, and assigned each of the recording sites to the Adriatic or peri-Tyrrhenian terrains based on station location, geologic and geophysical data and interpretation, and consistency of delays with the regional Moho trend. The results of the present study show that the PsMoho arrival time varies from 2.3 to 4.1 s in the peri-Tyrrhenian domain and from 3.7 to 5.5 s in the Adriatic domain. As expected, the lowest time difference is observed along the Tyrrhenian coastline and the largest values are observed in the axial zone of the Apennine chain. A key new result of this study is a sharp E-W boundary in the Adriatic domain that separates a deeper Moho north of about 42 N latitude from a shallower Moho to the south. This feature is constrained for a length of about 40 km by the observations available in this study. The E-W boundary requires a revision of prior mapping of the Moho in central Italy and supports previous hypotheses of lithosphere segmentation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3929–3938
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: teleseismic receiver functions ; Moho discontinuity ; central Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-02-17
    Description: Pelagic marine carbonates provide important records of past environmental change. We carried out detailed low-temperature magnetic measurements on biogenic magnetite-bearing sediments from the Southern Ocean (Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Holes 738B, 738C, 689D, and 690C) and on samples containing whole magnetotactic bacteria cells. We document a range of low-temperature magnetic properties, including reversible humped low-temperature cycling (LTC) curves. Different degrees of magnetite oxidation are considered to be responsible for the observed variable shapes of LTC curves. A dipole spring mechanism in magnetosome chains is introduced to explain reversible LTC curves. This dipole spring mechanism is proposed to result from the uniaxial anisotropy that originates from the chain arrangement of biogenic magnetite, similar to published results for uniaxial stable single domain (SD) particles. The dipole spring mechanism reversibly restores the remanence during warming in LTC measurements. This supports a previous idea that remanence of magnetosome chains is completely reversible during LTC experiments. We suggest that this magnetic fingerprint is a diagnostic indicator for intact magnetosome chains, although the presence of isolated uniaxial stable SD particles and magnetically interacting particles can complicate this test. Magnetic measurements through the Eocene section of ODP Hole 738B reveal an interval with distinct magnetic properties that we interpret to originate from less oxidized biogenic magnetite and enrichment of a biogenic “hard” component. Co-occurrence of these two magnetic fingerprints during the late Eocene in the Southern Ocean indicates less oxic conditions, probably due to increased oceanic primary productivity and organic carbon burial.
    Description: Published
    Description: 6049–6065
    Description: 2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: pelagic carbonates ; biogenic magnetite ; rock magnetism ; environmental magnetism ; ODP ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.09. Environmental magnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: We perform a retrospective forecast experiment on the 1992 Landers sequence comparing the predictive power of commonly used model frameworks for short‐term earthquake forecasting. We compare a modified short‐term earthquake probability (STEP) model, six realizations of the epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model, and four models that combine Coulomb stress changes calculations and rate‐and‐state theory to generate seismicity rates (CRS models). We perform the experiment under the premise of a controlled environment with predefined conditions for the testing region and data for all modelers. We evaluate the forecasts with likelihood tests to analyze spatial consistency and the total amount of forecasted events versus observed data. We find that (1) 9 of the 11 models perform superior compared to a simple reference model, (2) ETAS models forecast the spatial evolution of seismicity best and perform best in the entire test suite, (3) the modified STEP model matches best the total number of events, (4) CRS models can only compete with empirical statistical models by introducing stochasticity in these models considering uncertainties in the finite‐fault source model, and (5) resolving Coulomb stress changes on 3‐D optimally oriented planes is more adequate for forecasting purposes than using the specified receiver fault concept. We conclude that statistical models perform generally better than the tested physics‐based models and parameter value updates using the occurrence of aftershocks generally improve the predictive power in particular for the purely statistical models in space and time.
    Description: Published
    Description: B05305
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Modelli per la stima della pericolosità sismica a scala nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: earthquake forecast ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: We obtained areal variations of crustal thickness, magnetic intensity, and degree of melting of the sub- axial upwelling mantle at Thetis and Nereus Deeps, the two northernmost axial segments of initial oceanic crustal accretion in the Red Sea, where Arabia is separating from Africa. The initial emplacement of oceanic crust occurred at South Thetis and Central Nereus roughly $2.2 and $2 Ma, respectively, and is taking place today in the northern Thetis and southern Nereus tips. Basaltic glasses major and trace element com- position suggests a rift-to-drift transition marked by magmatic activity with typical MORB signature, with no contamination by continental lithosphere, but with slight differences in mantle source composition and/or potential temperature between Thetis and Nereus. Eruption rate, spreading rate, magnetic intensity, crustal thickness and degree of mantle melting were highest at both Thetis and Nereus in the very initial phases of oceanic crust accretion, immediately after continental breakup, probably due to fast mantle upwelling enhanced by an initially strong horizontal thermal gradient. This is consistent with a rift model where the lower continental lithosphere has been replaced by upwelling asthenosphere before continental rupturing, implying depth-dependent extension due to decoupling between the upper and lower lithosphere with man- tle-lithosphere-necking breakup before crustal-necking breakup. Independent along-axis centers of upwell- ing form at the rifting stage just before oceanic crust accretion, with buoyancy-driven convection within a hot, low viscosity asthenosphere. Each initial axial cell taps a different asthenospheric source and serves as nucleus for axial propagation of oceanic accretion, resulting in linear segments of spreading.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q08009
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Red Sea ; Gravity and Magnetics ; magma genesis and partial melting ; mantle processes ; transition from continental to oceanic rift ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.04. Gravity anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: This paper presents a velocity model of the Italian (central Mediterranean) lithosphere in unprecedented detail. The model is derived by inverting a set of 166,000 Pg and Pn seismic wave arrival times, restricted to the highest-quality data available. The tomographic images reveal the geometry of the subduction-collision system between the European, Adriatic, and Tyrrhenian plates, over a larger volume and with finer resolution than previous studies. We find two arcs of low-Vp anomalies running along the Alps and the Apennines, describing the collision zones of underthrusting continental lithospheres. Our results suggest that in the Apennines, a significant portion of the crust has been subducted below the mountain belt. From the velocity model we can also infer thermal softening of the crustal wedge above the subducting Adriatic plate. In the Tyrrhenian back-arc region, strong and extensive low-Vp anomalies depict upwelling asthenospheric material. The tomographic images also allow us to trace the boundary between the Adriatic and the Tyrrhenian plates at Moho depth, revealing some tears in the Adriatic-Ionian subducting lithosphere. The complex lithospheric structure described by this study is the result of a long evolution; the heterogeneities of continental margins, lithospheric underthrusting, and plate indentation have led to subduction variations, slab tears, and asthenospheric upwelling at the present day. The high-resolution model provided here greatly improves our understanding of the central Mediterranean’s structural puzzle. The results of this study can also shed light on the evolution of other regions experiencing both oceanic and continental subduction.
    Description: Published
    Description: B05305
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: lithosphere ; crust ; italy ; plates ; subduction ; europe ; seismicity ; adria ; tyrrhenian ; boundary ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.07. Tomography and anisotropy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: In complex tectonics regions, seismological, geophysical, and geodynamic modeling require accurate definition of the Moho geometry. Various active and passive seismic experiments performed in the central Mediterranean region revealed local information on the Moho depth, in some cases used to produce interpolated maps. In this paper, we present a new and original map of the 3-D Moho geometry obtained by integrating selected high-quality controlled source seismic and teleseismic receiver function data. The very small cell size makes the retrieved model suitable for detailed regional studies, crustal corrections in teleseismic tomography, advanced 3-D ray tracing in regional earthquake location, and local earthquake tomography. Our results show the geometry of three different Moho interfaces: the European, Adriatic-Ionian, and Tyrrhenian. The three distinct Moho are fashioned following the Alpine and Apennines subduction, collision, and back-arc spreading and show medium- to high-frequency topographic undulations reflecting the complexity of the geodynamic evolution.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q09006
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Italy; controlled source seismology; crust; receiver function ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2020-11-25
    Description: We present crustal deformation results from a geodetic experiment (Retreating-Trench, Extension, and Accretion Tectonics (RETREAT)) focused on the northern Apennines orogen in Italy. The experiment centers on 33 benchmarks measured with GPS annually or more frequently between 2003 and 2007, supplemented by data from an additional older set of 6 campaign observations from stations in northern Croatia, and 187 continuous GPS stations within and around northern Italy. In an attempt to achieve the best possible estimates for rates and their uncertainties, we estimate and filter common mode signals and noise components using the continuous stations and apply these corrections to the entire data set, including the more temporally limited campaign time series. The filtered coordinate time series data are used to estimate site velocity. We also estimate spatially variable seasonal site motions for stations with sufficient data. The RMS scatter of residual time series are generally near 1 mm and 4 mm, horizontal and vertical, respectively, for continuous and most of the new campaign stations, but scatter is slightly higher for some of the older campaign data. Velocity uncertainties are below 1 mm/yr for all but one of the stations. Maximum rates of site motion within the orogen exceed 3 mm/yr (directed NE) relative to stable Eurasia. This motion is accommodated by extension within the southwestern and central portions of the orogen, and shortening across the foreland thrust belt to the northeast of the range. The data set is consistent with contemporaneous extension and shortening at nearly equal rates. The northern Apennines block moves northeast faster than the Northern Adria microplate. Convergence between the Northern Apennines block and the Northern Adria microplate is accommodated across a narrow zone that coincides with the northeastern Apennines range front. Extension occurs directly above an intact vertically dipping slab inferred by previous authors from seismic tomography. The observed crustal deformation is consistent with a buried dislocation model for crustal faulting, but associations between crustal motion and seismically imaged mantle structure may also provide new insights on mantle dynamics.
    Description: Published
    Description: B04408
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: GPS, northern Apennines, retreat, Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2021-03-24
    Description: On 24 August 2013 a sudden gas eruption from the ground occurred in the Tiber river delta, nearby Rome's international airport of Fiumicino. We assessed that this gas, analogous to other minor vents in the area, is dominantly composed of deep, partially mantle-derived CO2, as in the geothermal gas of the surrounding Roman Comagmatic Province. Increased amounts of thermogenic CH4 are likely sourced from Meso-Cenozoic petroleum systems, overlying the deep magmatic fluids. We hypothesize that the intersection of NE-SW and N-S fault systems, which at regional scale controls the location of the Roman volcanic edifices, favors gas uprising through the impermeable Pliocene and deltaic Holocene covers. Pressurized gas may temporarily be stored below these covers or within shallower sandy, permeable layers. The eruption, regardless the triggering cause—natural or man-made, reveals the potential hazard of gas-charged sediments in the delta, even at distances far from the volcanic edifices.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5632–5636
    Description: 2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: geothermal gas ; deep CO2 ; Tiber river delta ; thermogenic CH4 ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: Giant earthquake (moment magnitude Mw 〉=8.5) forecasts for subduction zones have been empirically related to both tectonic stresses and geometrical irregularities along the subduction interface. Both of these controls have been suggested as able to tune the ability of rupture to propagate laterally and, in turn, exert an important control on giant earthquake generation. Here we test these hypotheses, and their combined influence, by compiling a dataset of trench fill thickness (a proxy for smoothing of subducting plate relief by sediment input into the subduction channel) and upper plate strain (a proxy for the tectonic stresses applied to the subduction interface) for 44 segments of the global subduction network. We statistically compare relationships between upper plate strain, trench sediment thickness and maximal earthquake magnitude. We find that the combination of both large trench fill (≥1 km) and neutral upper plate strain explains spatial patterns of giant earthquake occurrence to a statistically significant degree. In fact, the concert of these two factors is more highly correlated with giant earthquake occurrence than either factor on its own. Less frequent giant earthquakes of lower magnitude are also possible at subduction zones with thinner trench fill and compressive upper plate strain. Extensional upper plate strain and trench fill 〈 0.5 km appear to be unfavorable conditions, as giant earthquakes have not been observed in these geodynamical environments during the last 111 years.
    Description: Published
    Description: L05304
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: subduction zones ; trench sediment thickness ; Upper plate strain ; megathrust earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.06. Subduction related processes
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2021-06-07
    Description: A major explosion occurred on 30 June 1908 in the Tunguska region of Siberia, causing the destruction of over 2,000 square km of taiga; pressure and seismic waves detected as far as 1,000 km away; bright luminescence in the night skies of Northern Europe and Central Asia; and other unusual phenomena. This “Tunguska Event” is probably related to the impact with the Earth of a cosmic body that exploded about 5-10 km above ground, releasing in the atmosphere 10-15 Mton of energy. Fragments of the impacting body have never been found, and its nature (comet or asteroid) is still a matter of debate. We report here results from a magnetic and seismic-reflection study of a small (~500 m diameter) lake, Lake Cheko, located about 8 km NW of the inferred explosion epicenter, that was proposed to be an impact crater left by a fragment of the Tunguska Cosmic Body. Seismic-reflection and magnetic data revealed a P-wave velocity/magnetic anomaly close to the lake center, about 10 m below the lake floor; this anomaly is compatible with the presence of a buried stony object and supports the impact crater origin for Lake Cheko.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q05008
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Tunguska ; Lake Cheko ; Central Siberia ; Impact cratering ; magnetometry ; seismic reflection ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.06. Seismic methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: Integrating seismic reflection profiles, well logs, and field evidence with GPS velocities from a network installed in Calabria, southern Italy, we have discovered that the Crotone basin is gliding toward the Ionian Sea over a buried viscous salt layer. This previously unknown megaslide (~1000 km2) is characterized by an onshore updip extensional domain and an offshore downdip toe-thrust rim. The GPS velocity from the Crotone station is significantly higher than velocities from other stations in the region and differently oriented. We ascribe at least part of the anomalous GPS velocity from the Crotone station to the seaward motion of the megaslide or part of it. From the GPS velocity and other evidence we obtain a viscosity of the buried salt layer within the known range of rock salt viscosity in nature.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4220-4224
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: seismic reflection profiles ; Calabria ; salt ; landslide ; GPS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2020-12-07
    Description: In this paper, fluid source(s) and processes controlling the chemical composition of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) in gas discharges from Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island (Sicily, Italy) were investigated. The main composition of the Etnean and Volcano gas emissions is produced by mixing, to various degrees, of “magmatic” and “hydrothermal” components. VOCs are dominated by alkanes, alkenes and aromatics, with minor, though significant, concentrations of O-, S- and Cl(F)-substituted compounds. The main mechanism for the production of alkanes is likely related to pyrolysis of organic matter-bearing sediments that interact with the ascending magmatic fluids. Alkanes are then converted to alkene and aromatic compounds via catalytic reactions (dehydrogenation and dehydroaromatization, respectively). Nevertheless, an abiogenic origin for the light hydrocarbons cannot be ruled out. Oxidative processes of hydrocarbons at relatively high temperatures and oxidizing conditions, typical of these volcanic-hydrothermal fluids, may explain the production of alcohols, esters, aldehydes, as well as O- and S-bearing heterocycles. By comparing the concentrations of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in the fumarolic discharges with respect to those of background air, it is possible to highlight that they have a geogenic origin likely due to halogenation of both methane and alkenes. Finally, CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) abundances appear to be consistent with background air, although the strong air contamination that affects the Mt. Etna fumaroles may mask a possible geogenic contribution for these compounds. On the other hand, no CFCs were detected in the Vulcano gases, which are characterized by low air contribution. Nevertheless, a geogenic source for these compounds cannot be excluded on the basis of the present data.
    Description: Published
    Description: D17305
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: etna, vulcano, VOC ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: In contrast to the seismic and infrasonic energy released from quiescent and erupting volcanoes, which have long been known to manifest episodes of highly periodic behavior, the spectral properties of volcanic gas flux time series remain poorly constrained, due to a previous lack of hightemporal resolution gas-sensing techniques. Here we report on SO2 flux measurements, performed on Mount Etna with a novel UV imaging technique of unprecedented sampling frequency (0.5 Hz), which reveal, for the first time, a rapid periodic structure in degassing from this target. These gas flux modulations have considerable temporal variability in their characteristics and involve two period bands: 40–250 and 500–1200 s. A notable correlation between gas flux fluctuations in the latter band and contemporaneous seismic root-mean-square values suggests that this degassing behavior may be generated by periodic bursting of rising gas bubble trains at the magma-air interface.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4818–4822
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: SO2 flux ; UV camera ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2014-05-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 22
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-20
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2014-06-25
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2014-06-27
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2014-07-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 27
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-30
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-17
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2014-08-31
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2014-07-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-06
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-23
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-19
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  • 41
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  • 42
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2014-08-24
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  • 44
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2014-08-28
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  • 48
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2014-10-13
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  • 50
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  • 52
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    Publication Date: 2017-07-18
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  • 53
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: A sediment core from the West Spitsbergen continental margin was studied to reconstruct climate and paleoceanographic variability during the last ~9 ka in the eastern Fram Strait (FS). Our multiproxy evidence suggests that the establishment of the modern oceanographic configuration in the eastern FS occurred stepwise, in response to the postglacial sea-level rise and the related onset of modern sea-ice production on the shallow Siberian shelves. The late Early and Mid-Holocene interval (9 to 5 ka) was generally characterized by relatively unstable conditions. High abundance of the subpolar planktic foraminifer species Turborotalita quinqueloba implies strong intensity of Atlantic Water (AW) inflow with high productivity and/or high AW temperatures, resulting in a strong heat flux to the Arctic. A series of short-lived cooling events (8.2, 6.9, and 6.1 ka) occurred superimposed on the warm late Early to Mid-Holocene conditions. Our proxy data imply that simultaneous to the complete postglacial flooding of Arctic shallow shelves and the initiation of modern sea-ice production, strong advance of polar waters initiated modern oceanographic conditions in the eastern FS at ~5.2 ka. The Late Holocene was marked by the dominance of the polar planktic foraminifer species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, a significant expansion of sea ice/icebergs, and strong stratification of the water column. Although planktic foraminiferal assemblages as well as sea subsurface temperatures suggest a return of slightly strengthened advection of subsurface AW after 3 ka, a relatively stable cold-water layer prevailed at the sea surface, and the study site was probably located within the seasonally fluctuating marginal ice zone during the Neoglacial period.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2016-02-02
    Description: Based on swath bathymetry, sediment echosounding, seismic profiling and sediment coring we present results of the RV „Polarstern“ cruise ARK-XIII/3 (2008) and RV "Araon" cruise ARA02B (2012), which investigated an area between the Chukchi Borderland and the East Siberian Sea between 165°W and 170°E. At the southern end of the Mendeleev Ridge, close to the Chukchi and East Siberian shelves, evidence is found for the existence of Pleistocene ice sheets/ice shelves, which have grounded several times in up to 1200 m present water depth. We found mega-scale glacial lineations associated with deposition of glaciogenic wedges and debris-flow deposits indicative of sub-glacial erosion and deposition close to the former grounding lines. Glacially lineated areas are associated with large-scale erosion, accentuated by a conspicuous truncation of pre-glacial strata typically capped with mostly thin layers of diamicton draped by pelagic sediments. Our tentative age model suggests that the youngest and shallowest grounding event of an ice sheet should be within Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3. The oldest and deepest event predates MIS 6. According to our results, ice sheets of more than one km in thickness continued onto, and likely centered over, the East Siberian Shelf. They were possibly linked to previously suggested ice sheets on the Chukchi Borderland and the New Siberian Islands. We propose that the ice sheets extended northward as thick ice shelves, which grounded on the Mendeleev Ridge to an area up to 78°N within MIS 5 and/or earlier. These results have important implication for the former distribution of thick ice masses in the Arctic Ocean during the Pleistocene. They are relevant for global sea-level variations, albedo, ocean-atmosphere heat exchange, freshwater export from the Arctic Ocean at glacial terminations and the formation of submarine permafrost. The existence of km-thick Pleistocene ice sheets in the western Arctic Ocean during glacial times predating that of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) also implies significantly different atmospheric circulation patterns, in particular availability and distribution of moisture during pre-LGM glaciations.
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2014-05-12
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-12
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-15
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-02
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 72
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    In:  EPIC3AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Calif., USA, 2012-12-03-2012-12-07American Geophysical Union
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Impacts of climate change have been most pronounced in Polar Regions. Most alarming is the accelerating decline in Arctic sea ice cover. The changing ice cover has implications for sea ice-associated ecosystems because they rely largely on carbon produced by ice-associated algae. In order to fully understand these ecosystems and to be able to accurately represent them in models there is a need to understand both the physical and biological components of the system. The study presented here is part of AWI’s research group Iceflux which takes an interdisciplinary approach to quantify the trophic carbon flux within sea ice associated ecosystems in the Arctic and Antarctic. Here we will present preliminary results from the ARK XXVII/3 Polarstern Cruise. Biological samples were acquired from the under-ice surface waters using the Surface and Under-Ice Trawl (SUIT) and from within the sea ice by extracting ice cores. To characterize the biophysical properties of the sea ice and under-ice environments several sensors were mounted on the SUIT including: spectral radiometer, ADCP, CTD, fluorometer, altimeter (distance to ice bottom) and video camera. Observations include ice thickness, biological diversity, biomass, light transmission, under-ice water properties and chlorophyll a content (in- and under-ice). Preliminary results will provide a description of the local- to meso-scale spatial variability of biological abundance in and under the ice and the relationship with different sea ice characteristics. During the cruise testing of sensors and equipment will be conducted in order to prepare for the deployment of two Autonomous Bio-Physical Sea Ice Observatories (ABiPSO) stations in the Weddell Sea during the ANT XXIX/6 cruise June 2013. A description of the ABiPSO system and testing of the sensors will be presented highlighting the objectives, challenges and lessons learned.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 75
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2017-08-31
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 77
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 78
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 79
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-06-13
    Description: This appendix details all the technical protocols used at LIENSs Stable Isotope Facility (LIENSs SIF) for stable isotope analysis of various sample types. Sampling strategies and methodologies depend on research objectives, sampling sites and sampled organisms or materials. As such they are under the responsability of the researcher and are thus not described here. Besides sample preparation protocols, this appendix concerns also sample encapsulation and sample submission to our laboratory. This appendix is focused on C & N analyses. However, a large part of it can be applied to other isotopes or other matrices which specificities are (or will be) given in additional appendices.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 80
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2020-06-12
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 81
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2020-06-12
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 82
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2021-02-11
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2020-11-27
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 85
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2017-01-03
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 86
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2014-11-06
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 87
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2014-09-12
    Description: Paper in Open Access related to EDP data sets
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2014-10-13
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2014-05-28
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 91
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2014-10-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 92
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2018-04-03
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 94
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2017-06-01
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: A high resolution P-wave image of Mt. Vesuvius edifice has been derived from simultaneous inversion of travel times and hypocentral parameters of local earthquakes, land based shots and small aperture array data. The results give detailsdownto300 – 500m.Therelocatedlocalseismicity appears to extend down to 5 km below the central crater, distributed in a major cluster, centered at 3 km below the central crater and in a minor group, with diffuse hypocenters inside the volcanic edifice. The two clusters are separated by an anomalously high Vp region at around 1 km depth. A zone with high Vp/Vs in the upper layers is interpreted as produced by the presence of intense fluid circulation. The highest energy quakes (up to M = 3.6) are located in the deeper cluster, in a high P-wave velocity zone. Our results favor an interpretation in terms of absence of shallow magma reservoirs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Velocity Tomography ; Mt. Vesuvius ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.07. Tomography and anisotropy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: Calabria represents an ideal site to analyze the topography of a subduction zone as it is located on top of a narrow active Wadati-Benioff zone and shows evidence of rapid uplift. We analyzed a pattern of surface deformation using elevation data with different filters and showed the existence of a long wavelength (〉100 km) relatively positive topographic signal at the slab edges. The elevation of MIS 5.5 stage marine terraces supports this pattern, although the record is incomplete and partly masked by the variable denudation rate. We performed structural analyses along the major active or recently reactivated normal faults showing that the extensional direction varies along the Calabrian Arc and laterally switches from arc-normal, within the active portion of the slab, to arc-oblique or even arc-parallel, along the northern and southern slab edges. This surface deformation pattern was compared with a recent high resolution P wave tomographic model showing that the high seismic velocity anomaly is continuous only within the active Wadati-Benioff zone, whereas the northern and southwestern sides are marked by low velocity anomalies, suggesting that large-scale topographic bulges, volcanism, and uplift could have been produced by mantle upwelling. We present numerical simulations to visualize the three-dimensional mantle circulation around a narrow retreating slab, ideally similar to the one presently subducting beneath Calabria. We emphasize that mantle upwelling and surface deformation are expected at the edges of the slab, where return flows may eventually drive decompression melting and the Mount Etna volcanism.
    Description: Published
    Description: TC1003
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: topography ; Calabrian Arc ; subduction ; tomography ; mantle flow ; uplift ; retreat ; anisotropy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On 16 November 2006 a flank collapse affected the unstable eastern slope of the South-East Crater (SEC) of Mount Etna. The collapse occurred during one of the paroxysmal events with sustained strombolian activity that characterized the August–December 2006 eruption and was triggered by erosion of loose, hydrothermally altered material of the steep south-east sector of SEC from the outpour of lava. The collapse produced a debris avalanche that involved both lithic and juvenile material and resulted in a deposit emplaced on the eastern flank of the volcano up to 1.2 km away from the source. The total volume of the deposit was estimated to be in the order of 330,000–413,000 m3. The reconstruction of the collapse event was simulated using TITAN2D software designed to model granular avalanches and landslides. This approach can be used to estimate areas that may be affected by similar collapse events in the future. The area affected by the 16 November 2006 lateral collapse of SEC was a small portion of the Mount Etna summit area, but the fact that no one was killed or injured should be considered fortuitous. The summit and adjacent areas of the volcano, in fact, are usually visited by many tourists who are not prepared to face this type of danger. The 16 November 2006 collapse points to the need to be prepared for similar events through scientific investigation (analysis of flank instability, numerical simulation of flows) and development of specific civil protection plans.
    Description: Published
    Description: B02204
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mount Etna ; flank instability ; volcaniclastic deposit ; granular flows ; numerical simulation ; volcanic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: One hundred years ago (December 1908) a devastating tsunami associated with an earthquake struck the Straits of Messina area, causing many casualties. On the basis of seismic data and observed runups and arrival times, we suggest that the tsunami was likely generated by coseismic seafloor displacement coupled with a small submarine landslide triggered by the earthquake. Backwards ray-tracing using a depth-dependent velocity field, submarine slope analysis and inferences form the main drainage network allowed us to identify possible locations for the source of the submarine landslide. We then performed direct simulations of tsunamis generated by the earthquake and landslides and identified the tsunami source (earthquake plus landslide) that best fits observational data in a small volume submarine landslide (1–5 km3) located offshore Nizza, Sicily.
    Description: Published
    Description: L16304
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Modelli per la stima della pericolosità sismica a scala nazionale
    Description: 4.6. Oceanografia operativa per la valutazione dei rischi in aree marine
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: earthquake ; landslide ; tsunami ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We (re)analyzed the source of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and tsunami through a nonlinear joint inversion of an in-homogeneous dataset made up of tide-gages, satellite altimetry, and far-field GPS recordings. The purpose is two-fold: (1) the retrieval of the main kinematics rupture parameters (slip, rake, rupture velocity); (2) the inference of the rigidity of the source zone. We independently estimate the slip from tsunami data and the seismic moment from geodetic data, so to derive the rigidity. Our results confirm that the source of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake has a complex geometry, constituted by three main slip patches, with slip peaking at ~30 meters in the Southern part of the source. The rake direction rotates counter-clockwise at North, according to the direction of convergence along the trench. The rupture velocity is higher in the deeper than in the shallower part of the source, consistently with the expected increase of rigidity with depth. It is also lower in the Northern part, consistently with known variations of the incoming plate properties and shear velocity. Our model features a rigidity (20-30 GPa), that is lower than PREM average for the seismogenic volume [Dziewonski and Anderson, 1981]. The source rigidity is one of the factors controlling the tsunamigenesis: for a given seismic moment, the lower the rigidity, the higher the induced seafloor displacement. The general consistence between our source model and previous studies supports the effectiveness of our approach to the joint inversion of geodetic and tsunami data for the rigidity estimation.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Source process ; Sumatra ; Tsunami ; joint inversion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Using a case study from the island of Elba, Italy, we seek to test the hypothesis that 7 the presence of minerals with low frictional strengths can explain prolonged slip on 8 low-angle normal faults. The central core of the Zuccale low-angle normal fault 9 contains a distinctive fault rock zonation that developed during progressive exhumation. 10 Most fault rock components preserve microstructural evidence for having accommodated 11 deformation entirely, or partly, by frictional mechanisms. One millimeter thick sample 12 powders of all the major fault rock components were deformed in a triaxial deformation 13 apparatus under water-saturated conditions, at room temperature, and at constant effective 14 normal stresses of 25, 50, and 75 MPa. Pore fluid pressure was maintained at 50 MPa 15 throughout. Overall, the coefficient of friction (m) of the fault rocks varies between 16 0.25 and 0.8, emphasizing the marked strength heterogeneity that may exist within 17 natural fault zones. Also, m is strongly dependent on fault rock mineralogy and is 18 〈0.45 for fault rocks containing talc, chlorite, and kaolinite and 〉0.6 for fault rocks 19 dominated by quartz, dolomite, calcite, and amphibole. Localization of frictional slip 20 within talc-rich portions of the fault core can potentially explain movements along the 21 Zuccale fault over a wide range of depths within the upper crust, although the 22 mechanical importance of the talc-bearing fault rocks likely decreased following their 23 dismemberment into a series of poorly connected fault rock lenses. Additionally, slip 24 within clay-bearing fault gouges with m between 0.4 and 0.5 may have facilitated 25 movements in the uppermost (〈2 km) crust. For several other fault rock components, 26 m varies between 0.5 and 0.8, and mineralogical weakening alone is insufficient to 27 account for low-angle slip. In the latter fault rock components, other weakening 28 mechanisms such as the development of high fluid pressures, or dissolution-precipitation 29 creep, may have been particularly important in reducing fault strength.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Friction ; Low-Angle Normal Faults ; Experiments ; Weakening ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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