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  • Articles  (133)
  • Nitrogen fixation  (67)
  • Heavy metals  (66)
  • Springer  (133)
  • Geosciences  (133)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of pasture contamination by copper, chromium, arsenic timber preservative on soil biological activity (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 200-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworms ; Soil microfauna ; Decomposition ; Cotton strip ; Heavy metals ; Enchytraeids ; Nematodes ; Pasture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Contamination of grazed pasture gave 0–5 cm soil contents of 19–835 mg kg-1 Cu, 47–739 mg kg-1 Cr, and 12–790 mg kg-1 As. Soil Cu, Cr, As contents were correlated and declined with depth to 30 cm. In plots with medium and high contamination buried cotton strips retained most of their original tensile strength, indicating repression of decomposition processes.Lumbricus rubellus andAporrectodea rosea were absent in plots with medium and high contamination; there was no evidence of heavy metal accumulation in earthworm tissue; soil bulk density was greater in the absence of lumbricids. Enchytraeids and nematodes were most abundant with low contamination. Nematode diversity was greater with low (0–5 cm) or medium (5–10 cm) contamination than in control plots or those with high contamination; the proportion of predators increased with contamination. Basal soil respiration was less sensitive than substrate-induced respiration to contamination. Although contamination reduced the nitrification rate, all mineral N was found as NO inf3 sup- after 14 days. Sulphatase was the enzyme activity most sensitive to high contamination. Whereas contamination by 100 mg kg-1 of Cu, Cr, and As caused little depression of soil biological activity, there was some supperssion at 400 mg kg-1 and at 800 mg kg-1 normal processes were inhibited and herbage production was negligible. No single measurement adequately indicated the need for site remediation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647667
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-course of nitrogen fixation in two bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) cultivars (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 231-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: A-value ; Bradyrhizobium ; Genotype ; Growth stage ; 15N ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract TheA-value method, involving the application of a higher15N rate to a reference non-N2-fixing plant, was used to assess the magnitude of N2 fixation in two bambara groundnut cultivars at four growth stages [vegetative, 0–47 days after planting (DAP); early pod-filling, 47–99 DAP; mid-pod-filling, 99–120 DAP; physiological maturity, 120–148 DAP). The cultivars were Ex-Ada, a bunchy type, and CS-88-11, a slightly spreading type. They were grown on a loamy sand. Uninoculated Ex-Ada and CS-88-11 were used as reference plants to measure the N2 fixed in the inoculated bambara groundnuts. In this greenhouse study, soil was the major source of N in bambara groundnuts during vegetative growth, and during this period it accounted for over 80% of the N accumulaed in the plants. However, N2 fixation became the major source of plant N during reproductive growth. There were significant differences between the two cultivars in the ability to fix N2, and at physiological maturity, almost 75% of the N in CS-88-11 was derived from the atmosphere compared to 55% in Ex-Ada. Also, the total N fixed in CS-88-11 at physiological maturity was almost double that in Ex-Ada. Our data indicate that the higher N2 fixation in CS-88-11 was due to two factors, a higher intensity of N2 fixation and a longer active period of N2 fixation. The results also suggest that bambara groundnut genotypes could be selected for higher N2 fixation in farining systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647672
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability and effects of heavy metals on soil microbial biomass survival during laboratory incubation (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bioavailability ; CO2−C evolution ; Heavy metals ; Microbial biomass C ; Metabolic quotient ; Soil incubation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this work we studied the influence of Pb, Zn, and Tl on microbial biomass survival and activity during a laboratory incubation of soil. In comparison to uncontaminated soil, the microbial biomass C decreased sharply in soil contaminated with Zn and Tl, whereas the addition of Pb did not have any significant inhibitory effect on the level of microbial biomass C. Zn displayed the greatest biocidal effect, confirmed by the measurement of the death rate quotient (q D). The microbial activity, measured as CO2 evolution, increased significantly in contaminated soils, emphasizing the need of living organisms to expend more energy to survive. The greater demand for energy by microorganisms in order to cope with the toxicity of pollutants was also confirmed by measurement of the metabolic quotient (q CO2). In order to determine whether soil microorganisms affect the bioavailability of these metals through their mobilization and release, we studied the relationships between available Pb, Zn, and Tl, and microbial biomass C. The water-soluble fraction of Tl, available Tl, and Zn, and microbial biomass C were related significantly, but not Pb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336144
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of soil treatment with cereal straw and method of crop establishment on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) N2 fixation (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Crop rotation ; Field pea ; Mineral N ; Nitrogen fixation ; immobilisation ; Pisum sativum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil incorporation with cereal straw (nil, 2.5, 5 and 10 t straw ha−1) and direct drilling on the proportion and amount of pea N derived from biological N fixation were investigated in three field experiments. Fixed N was determined by15N dilution using barley as a reference plant. The three sites were on acidic, red clay-loams in the cropping zone of southeastern Australia. Seasonal plant available soil N, as determined by the N accumulated in barley, was 31, 56 and 158 kg N ha−1, for the three sites. Incorporated straw reduced soil nitrate at sowing by 10–50 kg N ha−1 (0–30 cm), and 5 or 10 t straw ha−1 reduced barley uptake of N by 10–38 kg N ha−1. However, reducing plant available soil N was generally ineffective for increasing the N fixed by pea. Fixed N increased only at the site with the least plant-available N, and only one-third of the increase could be attributed to lower soil N uptake by pea. There was no evidence that direct drilling pea increased fixed N by decreasing crop uptake of soil N. It is proposed that a lower requirement for soil N by pea as compared to barley, and availability of mineral N beneath the soil layer treated with straw, minimise the effectiveness of straw incorporation for increasing the N fixed by pea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420226
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of soil treatment with cereal straw and method of crop establishment on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) N2 fixation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Crop rotation ; Field pea ; Mineral N ; Nitrogen fixation ; immobilisation ; Pisum sativum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil incorporation with cereal straw (nil, 2.5, 5 and 10 t straw ha–1) and direct drilling on the proportion and amount of pea N derived from biological N fixation were investigated in three field experiments. Fixed N was determined by 15N dilution using barley as a reference plant. The three sites were on acidic, red clay-loams in the cropping zone of southeastern Australia. Seasonal plant available soil N, as determined by the N accumulated in barley, was 31, 56 and 158 kg N ha–1, for the three sites. Incorporated straw reduced soil nitrate at sowing by 10–50 kg N ha–1 (0–30 cm), and 5 or 10 t straw ha–1 reduced barley uptake of N by 10–38 kg N ha–1. However, reducing plant available soil N was generally ineffective for increasing the N fixed by pea. Fixed N increased only at the site with the least plant-available N, and only one-third of the increase could be attributed to lower soil N uptake by pea. There was no evidence that direct drilling pea increased fixed N by decreasing crop uptake of soil N. It is proposed that a lower requirement for soil N by pea as compared to barley, and availability of mineral N beneath the soil layer treated with straw, minimise the effectiveness of straw incorporation for increasing the N fixed by pea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420226
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of long-term waste water irrigation on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities in central Mexico (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 414-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Waste water irrigation ; Heavy metals ; Soil organic matter ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of long-term waste water irrigation (up to 80 years) on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities was studied in two agricultural soils (Vertisols and Leptosols) irrigated for 25, 65 and 80 years respectively at Irrigation District 03 in the Valley of Mezquital near Mexico City. In the Vertisols, where larger amounts of water have been applied than in the Leptosols, total organic C (TOC) contents increased 2.5-fold after 80 years of irrigation. In the Leptosols, however, the degradability of the organic matter tended to increase with irrigation time. It appears that soil organic matter accumulation was not due to pollutants nor did microbial biomass:TOC ratios and qCO2 values indicate a pollutant effect. Increases in soil microbial biomass C and activities were presumably due to the larger application of organic matter. However, changes in soil microbial communities occurred, as denitrification capacities increased greatly and adenylate energy charge (AEC) ratios were reduced after long-term irrigation. These changes were supposed to be due to the addition of surfactants, especially alkylbenzene sulfonates (effect on denitrification capacity) and the addition of sodium and salts (effect on AEC) through waste water irrigation. Heavy metals contained in the sewage do not appear to be affecting soil processes yet, due to their low availability. Detrimental effects on soil microbial communities can be expected, however, from further increases in pollutant concentrations due to prolonged application of untreated waste water or an increase in mobility due to higher mineralization rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003749900188
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen-fixing stem nodules on Aeschynomene afraspera (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Stem nodulation ; Aeschynomene afraspera ; Legume ; Nitrogen fixation ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aeschynomene afraspera is a wild annual legume growing in periodically waterlogged soils in western Africa. This legume is characterized by a profuse stem nodulation. Nodules are formed on the stem at the emergence of lateral root primordia, called nodulation sites. These sites are irregularly distributed on vertical rows all along the stem and branches. Stem nodules are hemispherically shaped. Their outside is dark green and they contain a red-pigmented central zone. Stem nodules exhibit a high nitrogen-fixing potential. Acetylene reduction assays result in stem nodule activity of 309 μmol C2H4 g−1 dry nodule h−1. Field-grown stem nodulated Aeschynomene accumulated more N (51 g N m−2 in 10 weeks) than the root nodulated one. Because of this nitrogenfixing potential and its ability to grow in waterlogged conditions, A. afraspera could probably be introduced into tropical rice cropping systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280352
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Azospirillum — plant root associations: A review (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 356-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Plant-root associations ; Azospirillum spp ; Rhizosphere ; Nitrogen fixation ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA) ; Phytohormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum are extensively studied for their plant-growth promoting effect following inoculation. Physiological and biochemical studies of these diazotrophic bacteria are now benefiting from recent breakthroughs in the development of genetic tools for Azospirilum. Moreover, the identification and cloning of Azospirillum genes involved in N2 fixation, plant interaction, and phytohormone production have given new life to many research projects on Azospirillum. The finding that Azospirillum genes can complement specific mutations in other intensively studied rhizosphere bacteria like Rhizobia will certainly trigger the exploration of new areas in rhizosphere biology. Therefore a review of the Azospirillum-plant interactions is particularly timely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263169
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen-fixing potential of Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis seedlings inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium spp. (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Acacia mangium ; Acacia auriculiformis ; Bradyrhizobium spp. ; Rhizobium spp. ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule efficiency ; Tree legumes ; Agroforestry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two Australian Acacia species, A. mangium and A. auriculiformis were inoculated in vitro with eight strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. and two strains of Rhizobium spp. On the two plant species, only Bradyrhizobium spp. strains formed effective N2-fixing nodules. A. mangium, which nodulates effectively with a restricted range of Bradyrhizobium spp. strains, is a specific host compared to A. auriculiformis. A. auriculiformis is assumed to be a promiscuous host because it nodulates effectively with a wide range of Bradyrhizobium spp. strains. Nodule efficiency as expressed by the ratio of N2 fixed to nodule dry weight appeared to be higher in A. auriculiformis (0.44–0.81) than in A. mangium (0.23–0.55).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336237
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of phosphorus or phosphorus-potassium fertilization on biomass and dinitrogen fixation of the stem-nodulating green-manure legume Sesbania rostrata in different marginally productive wetland rice soils (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Wetland rice soils ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sesbania rostrata ; PK fertilization ; Soil Mn ; Acetylene reduction assay ; ARA ; Green manure ; N dilution method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The performance of Sesbania rostrata varies widely from site to site. This makes it difficult to predict the N yield and biomass of this plant in marginally productive soils, and to arouse the interest of farmers in green manure technology. Three consecutive pot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to evaluate growth, nodulation, N2 fixation (C2H2 reduction assay and 15N dilution method), and N yield of 6-week-old S. rostrata on 13 physicochemically different wetland rice soils of the Philippines and on three artificial substrates. The performance of S. rostrata on the unfertilized controls was compared with two fertilizer treatments containing either P (100 mg P kg-1 dry soil) or P+K (100 mg P kg-1 and 200 mg K kg-1 dry soil). In the control soils and substrates, the N yield of S. rostrata varied between 20 and 470 mg N per pot, with the N rate from N2 fixation ranging between 0 and 95%. In three of the nutritionally poor soils even Mn toxicity symptoms apparently occurred with S. rostrata. P application alleviated these symptoms and increased the overall N yield considerably, mainly through increased biological N2 fixation. An additional increase in N yield was obtained by the PK treatment. Multiple regression analysis between soil characteristics and the N yield of S. rostrata showed that the original level of P (Olsen-extracted) and Mn in the soil accounted for 73% of the variance in biomass production by S. rostrata among the unfertilized soils and substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336588
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of potassium fertilizer in nodulation and nitrogen fixation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants under drought stress (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Faba bean ; Water stress ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Leghaemoglobin ; Invertase ; Protease ; K fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three-week-old nodulated faba bean plants were subjected to different levels of drought stress (onehalf, one-quarter, or one-eighth field capacity) for 5 weeks. Half the stressed plants were treated with KCl at 10 mg kg-1 soil or 150 mg kg-1 soil at the beginning of the drought stress. Nodulation and nitrogenase activity were significantly decreased by increasing drought stress. Leghaemoglobin and protein contents of nodule cytosol were also severely inhibited by drought sttess. This decline was attributed to the induction of protease activity. However, carbohydrate contents of the nodule cytosol increased significantly. This accumulation was attributed to a sharp decline in invertase activity and low use of sugar by the bacteroids We conclude that harmful effects of water deficits can be alleviated by increasing K+ supplementation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336594
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of nodulation, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen use and biomass yield over time in pot-grown Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Leucaena ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen use ; 15N ; Time course
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of nodulation, N2-fixation and N use in Leucaena leucocephala cv. K28 over time was investigated in a screenhouse at 4, 8, 12 and 16 months after planting (MAP) using the 15N-labelling method. Leucaena had a consistently increasing pattern of nodulation, dry biomass and nitrogen yield. A sharp rise in nodulation was observed between 12 and 16 MAP, whereas for biomass, N accumulation and N2-fixation, and N2-fixation, an upward surge occurred between 4 and 12 months. Nodulation, N accumulation, N2-fixation and biomass yield all peaked at 16 MAP. Along with the steady increase in N2-fixation throughout the 16-month growth period, the % N derived from the atmosphere rose from 17.9% to 61.5%, 70.1% and 74%, equivalent to 191, 1623, 2395 and 3385 mg N2 fixed plant-1 at 4, 8, 12 and 16 MAP, respectively. Nitrogen assimilation from soil and fertilizer decreased inversely to the increase in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336553
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium sp. with positive hydrogen-uptake activity compared with negative mutants in relation to nitrogen fixation in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 270-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mungbean ; Vigna radiata ; Nitrogen fixation ; Hydrogen uptake ; Mutation ; Nitrosoguanidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract H2 uptake activity was well distributed in Rhizobium sp. strains isolated from nodules of mung-bean (Vigna radiata L.). Two effective strains, RMP1 und RMP2, exhibiting significantly higher H2 uptake activity were subjected to mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine. The respective mutation frequencies were 0.18 and 0.19%. Three Hup- mutants each of RMP1 und RMP2 were compared with the wild-type parent strains under pot culture experiments to evaluate the significance of the H2 uptake system in biological N2 fixation. Nodulation capabilities, plant growth characteristics, and the chlorophyll content of the leaves were significantly reduced in the plants treated with Hup- mutants. Nitrogenase activity in Hup- nodules was reduced by 8–41%. Similarly, N accumulation was also reduced singificantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336089
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence of the endophytic diazotrophs Herbaspirillum spp. in roots, stems, and leaves, predominantly of Gramineae (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Herbaspirillum ; Endophytes of Gramineae ; Diazotrophs ; Survival in soil ; Nitrogen fixation ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since the first description of Herbaspirillum seropedicae in 1986, few data have been published on this diazotroph, possibly due to difficulties in isolating it from soil. In the present study we found that this bacterium seems to be an obligate endophyte which has been isolated from roots, stems, and leaves of a large number of samples of more than 10 different species of the Gramineae family, but only exceptionally from other plants. H. rubrisubalbicans, previously misnamed as “Pseudomonas” rubrisubalbicans, and known as a mild pathogen of sugarcane causing mottled stripe disease, confirms the endophytie habitat of this genus. This species occurs in roots, stems, and leaves of sugarcane and seems to be restricted to this crop. Inoculation of strains from both species into soil in high numbers resulted in a rapid decline in their numbers. In only 30 days the population of Herbaspirillum spp. in soil decreased below detection limits (〈100 cells g-1). When sorghum was planted in this soil, the bacteria reappeared and multiplied within the plant tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335935
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  • 15
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    Influence of different temperatures on metal tolerance measurements and growth response in bacterial communities from unpolluted and polluted soils (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil bacteria ; [3H]-Thymidine ; [14C]-Leucine ; Temperature ; Metal tolerance ; Heavy metals ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of temperature on the growth rate and metal toxicity in soil bacterial communities extracted from unpolluted and polluted soils were investigated using the thymidine and leucine incorporation techniques. An agricultural soil, which was contaminated in the laboratory with Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni or Pb, and an uncontaminated forest soil were used. Measurements were made at 0°C and 20°C. Leucine incorporation was found to be as sensitive to heavy metals as thymidine incorporation in the short-term trial used to indicate heavy metal tolerance. Similar IC50 values (the log of the metal concentration that reduced incorporation to 50%) were also obtained at 0 and 20°C, independently of the technique used. Metal tolerance could thus be measured using both techniques at any temperature in the range 0–20°C. In the long-term experiment different temperature-growth relationships were obtained on the basis of the rate of thymidine or leucine incorporation into bacterial assemblages from unpolluted and polluted soils, as judged from the minimum temperature values. This could not be attributed to the metal addition alone since different patterns were observed when different metals were added to the soil. Thus, the minimum temperature for thymidine incorporation was similar in Cu-polluted and unpolluted soil, while in soils polluted with Cd and Zn the minimum temperature increased by 2°C, and Ni and Pb additions increased the minimum temperature by 4°C compared to the unpolluted soil. This suggested that heavy metal pollution led to bacterial communities showing different temperature characteristics to those in the corresponding unpolluted soil. Similar observations were deduced from the minimum temperatures required for leucine incorporation. Three groups of bacterial communities were distinguished according to the growth response to temperature in polluted soils, one group in Cu-polluted soil, a second group in soil polluted with Zn and Cd, and a third group in soils polluted with Ni and Pb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334897
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  • 16
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    Short- and long-term effects of ammonium on photodependent nitrogen fixation in wetland rice fields of Spain (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acetylene reduction assay ; Anabaena sp. ; Ammonium ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Wetland rice fields ; Nitrogenase activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Short- and long-term experiments were conducted in the rice fields of Valencia, Spain, to determine the ecological significance of ammonium on nitrogen fixation. A significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium, at concentrations higher than 0.5mM, was observed after 8h of incubation in short-term experiments done with a bloom of the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. In a second set of short-term experiments for in situ assays of nitrogenase activity in the field, a significant correlation between nitrogenase activity and the number of N2-fixing cyanobacteria in soil was found. No significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium at concentrations up to 2mM was observed in these assays after 24h of incubation. This lack of inhibition was probably due to the rapid decrease in ammonium content in the flood water. Only 5% of the ammonium initially added remained in the water 24h later. In the long-term experiments, nitrogenase activity was assayed in plots fertilized with 0, 70 and 140kgNha–1, over the cultivation cycle, for 5 years. A partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by deep-placed N fertilizers was observed. Differences were only significant in 2 years. Mean results from 5 years only showed significant differences between plots fertilized with 0 and 140kgNha–1. The partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium increased over the cultivation cycle. Inhibition was only significant in September, at the end of the cultivation cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050257
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  • 17
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    Phenotypic grouping of Brazilian Bradyrhizobium strains which nodulate soybean (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 407-415 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsBradyrhizobium japonicum ; Bradyrhizobium elkanii ; Genetic variability ; Glycine max ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several years of research have shown that there is a high genetic and physiological variability among Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains, culminating in a subdivision into two bacterial genotypes, and the description of the new species B. elkanii. In Brazil, large-scale soybean inoculation started in 1960 and today 15 million doses of inoculants are sold per year for an estimated area of 12 million ha. Efforts have been made to find strains able to fix high amounts of N2 under Brazilian soil conditions, but few laboratories cover basic studies on N2 fixation, such as strain classification into the two Bradyrhizobium species. In this study several characteristics of 40 soybean Bradyrhizobium strains, including 4 reference strains of B. japonicum (genotype I) species, 3 of B. elkanii (genotype II) and 1 of a mixed genotype were evaluated. The parameters analysed in vitro were: colony morphology, serological grouping, intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, synthesis of indole acetic acid, expression of hydrogenase activity and growth in a medium enriched with asparagine. In vivo, analyses performed included the nodulation of Rj 4 soybean cultivar Hill and the detection of symptoms caused by rhizobitoxine. These evaluations allowed a phenotypic grouping which positioned most of the strains utilized in Brazilian inoculants and studies, as well as some new strains isolated from the Cerrado region, within the species B. elkanii. However, environmental stresses and adaptation of Bradyrhizobium strains to the soil caused a large physiological and genetic variability in some isolates from the Cerrado soils in relation to the putative parental strain introduced 15 years ago, placing these isolates in an intermediate position between the two Bradyrhizobium species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050333
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    Nodulation pattern and acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) activity of some highland and lowland Acacia species of Ethiopia (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 60-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acacia spp. ; Bradyrhizobium ; Rhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Endosymbionts from the Ethiopian highland acacia species Acacia abyssinica, A. negrii and A. etbaica, and the lowland species A. nilotica, A. prasinata, A.senegal, A. seyal, A. tortilis and Faidherbia (Acacia) albida were isolated and characterized. Seven tree species were found to be nodulated by species of both Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium. F. (Acacia) albida and A. senegal were nodulated by only Bradyrhizobium or Rhizobium, respectively. In A. abyssinica, both genera were isolated from the same nodule, whereas in A. nilotica and A. tortilis, both strains were isolated from different nodules of the same plant. The nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) activities varied considerably and showed no correlation with the nitrogen content of the plant. Highland species were as effective as lowland plants, thus demonstrating good potential for soil reclamation. The endosymbionts isolated proved rather promiscuous, efficiently nodulating other Acacia spp. and some tropical grain legumes, but did not nodulate temperate legumes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050400
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  • 19
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    Microbiological and chemical changes in two arable soils after long-term sludge amendments (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (1999), S. 160-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Sludge ; Heavy metals ; Xenobiotica ; Soil quality ; Soil microbial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Sludge amendments increase the input of carbon and nutrients to the soil. However, the soil concentrations of heavy metals and xenobiotica can also increase due to sludge amendments, with possible effects on soil microorganisms and soil fertility. Therefore, we studied the effects on soil microorganisms and soil chemistry in two arable soils after 12 and 16 years of sewage sludge amendment (0, 1 and 3 dry matter ha–1 year–1). The sludge amendments were combined with nitrogen addition at three rates according to crop requirements, and all combinations were replicated 4 times, giving a total number of 36 parcels at each experimental site in a non-randomised block design. Univariate data evaluation as well as principal component analysis and discriminant function analysis (DFA) were used to identify differences between treatments in microbial and chemical parameters. The DFA showed that acid and alkaline phosphatase, potential ammonium oxidation and total nitrogen were the most important parameters to discriminate between a priori defined groups of sludge treatments. Among the heavy metals, copper showed the highest increase in soil concentration with sludge amendments, but this increase was still not high enough to have a significant influence on the measured parameters. None of the xenobiotica investigated was found in high soil concentrations. In conclusion, the present study showed that the sewage sludge affected several of the biological and chemical parameters investigated. However, no severe negative effects on soil microorganisms were detected at these moderate levels of sludge amendment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050603
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  • 20
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    Nitrogen fixation capacity and nodule occupancy by Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. elkanii strains (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 393-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Bradyrhizobium elkanii ; Competitiveness ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In a previous study soybean Bradyrhizobium strains, used in Brazilian studies and inoculants over the last 30 years, and strains adapted to the Brazilian Cerrados, a region frequently submitted to environmental and nutritional stresses, were analyzed for 32 morphological and physiological parameters in vivo and in vitro. A cluster analysis allowed the subdivision of these strains into species Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii and a mixed genotype. In this study, the bacteria were analyzed for nodulation, N2 fixation capacity, nodule occupancy and the ability to increase yield. The goal was to find a relationship between the strain groups and the symbiotic performance. Two strains of Brazilian B. japonicum showed higher rates of N2 fixation and nodule efficiency (mg of N mg–1 of nodules) under axenic conditions. These strains also showed greater yield increases in field experiments when compared to B. elkanii strains. However, no differences were detected between B. japonicum and B. elkanii strains when comparing nodule occupancy capacity. The adapted strains belonging to the serogroup B. elkanii SEMIA 566, most clustered in a mixed genotype, were more competitive than the parental strain, and some showed a higher capacity of N2 fixation. Some of the adapted strains, such as S-370 and S-372, have shown similar N2 fixation rates and nodulation competitiveness to two Brazilian strains of B. japonicum. This similarity demonstrates the possibility of enhancing N2 fixing ability, after local adaptation, even within B. elkanii species. Differences in the DNA profiles were also detected between the parental SEMIA 566 and the adapted strains by analyses with the ERIC and REP-PCR techniques. Consequently, genetic, morphological and physiological changes can be a result of adaptation of rhizobia to the soil. This variability can be used to select strains capable of increasing the contribution of N2 fixation to soybean nutrition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050449
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  • 21
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    The "oxygen paradox" of dinitrogen-fixing bacteria (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (2000), S. 363-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Azospirillum species ; Oxygen paradox ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizosphere ; Nitrogenase complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  N2 fixation by aerobic bacteria is a very energy demanding process, requiring efficient oxidative phosphorylation, while O2 is toxic for the nitrogenase complex. N2-fixing bacteria have evolved a variety of strategies to cope with this apparent "O2 paradox". This review compares strategies that azospirilla and other well-known N2-fixing soil bacteria use to overcome this O2 paradox. Attention will be given to the relationships between the natural habitat of these soil bacteria and their prevailing adaptations. In view of this knowledge the following questions will be addressed: are the specific adaptations observed in azospirilla sufficient to allow optimal proliferation and N2 fixation in their natural habitat? Could improving the O2 tolerance of the N2-fixing process contribute to the development of more efficient strains for the inoculation of plants?
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050017
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  • 22
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    Effect of inoculum rate on the performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Rhizobium strains in the field (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Inoculation ; Inoculum dose ; Nitrogen fixation ; Chickpea ; Rhizobium spp. ; Cicer arietinum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of three inoculum rates on the performance of three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Rhizobium strains was examined in the field on a Mollisol soil. Increasing amounts of inoculum improved the performance of the strains. A normal dose (104 cells per seed) applied at different intervals gave non-significant increases in nodulation, nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction assay), nitrogen uptake and grain yield. A ten-fold increase in inoculum increased nodule number, shoot dry weight, nitrogenase activity (ARA) and grain yield, but increases over the control were significant only for nodule dry weight and nitrogen uptake by shoot and grain. The highest level of inoculum (100 × normal) significantly increased nodule dry weight, grain yield, total nitrogenase activity (ARA) and nitrogen uptake by shoot and grain. Strain TAL 620 was more effective than the other two. Combined nitrogen (60 kg N ha−1) suppressed nodulation and nitrogenase activity (ARA).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264351
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  • 23
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    Incorporation of heavy metals by the mud snail, Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata Reeve, in submerged paddy soil treated with composted sewage sludge (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mud snail ; Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata Reeve ; Heavy metals ; Paddy soil ; Reed-sludge compost ; Bioconcentration of Cu and Zn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The biomass of newborn snails was higher in paddy soil without rice plants than in the soil with rice plants. There was an inverse correlation between shell width and concentratins of Zn and Cu in snail flesh. The Zn and Cu concentrations in snail flesh were extremely high compared with those in the paddy soil surrounding the snails, possibly because snails ingest sludge, one of the main components of the composts. These results suggest that this type of snail may be used to eliminate Zn and Cu from paddy soil when composted sewage sludge has been applied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257641
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  • 24
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    Presence and dispersal of infective Frankia in peat and meadow soils in Sweden (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Alnus ; Energy forestry ; Frankia ; Meadow soil ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Peat soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Use of the N2-fixing grey alder, Alnus incana (L.) Moench, as a short-rotation crop for energy production is currently being explored. To evaluate the need for inoculation of alders, the distribution of infective propagules of Frankia in the soil at potential sites for alder plantations was examined. Uninoculated grey alder seedlings were grown in three types of soil. Frequent nodulation was found in a meadow soil which had been free from actinorhizal plants for nearly 60 years, but the alder seedlings failed to nodulate in peat soil from two different bog sites. One of these bogs had been exploited for peat and the surface layer of the peat had been removed, so that the soil samples were taken from deep layers of the peat. At the other site, an area of cultivated peat, there were no infective propagules of Frankia in plots without alders; the infective Frankia was present in plots only where it had been introduced by inoculated alders. There was no detectable air-borne dispersal of Frankia. Instead, water movement might account for the dispersal of Frankia in peat. Although the apparent absence of Frankia in these peat soils necessitates inoculation of alder seedlings before planting out, this makes it possible to introduce and maintain Frankia strains with selected beneficial characteristics, since there is no competition from an indigenous Frankia flora.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257918
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  • 25
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    Genetic variability in dinitrogen fixation between cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] cultivars determined using the nitrogen-15 isotope dilution technique (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 318-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Genetic variability ; Vigna unguiculata ; Nitrogen-15 method ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  N fixed in 16 cultivars of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] inoculated with effective Bradyrhizobium strains collected from the West African MIRCEN culture collection was measured by 15N isotope dilution technique. In all plant parts, significant differences in the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) and the amount of Ndfa occurred between the cultivars. Ndoute variety exhibited the highest %Ndfa (74.33% in shoots; 60.90% in roots) and accumulated more fixed N (960 mg N plant–1 and 38 mg N plant–1 in shoots and roots, respectively). Therefore this cultivar should be selected as the highest N-fixing cowpea cultivar. It also should be used in a breeding programme to contribute to the development of cultivars that could stimulate an intensive use of cowpea in many different cropping systems in Africa with a view to maintaining soil fertility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000254
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    Structure and function of the soil microbial community in microhabitats of a heavy metal polluted soil (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 390-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Keywords Soil microbial biomass ; Soil enzymes ; Particle-size fractions ; Heavy metals ; Phospholipid fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Particle-size fractionation of a heavy metal polluted soil was performed to study the influence of environmental pollution on microbial community structure, microbial biomass, microbial residues and enzyme activities in microhabitats of a Calcaric Phaeocem. In 1987, the soil was experimentally contaminated with four heavy metal loads: (1) uncontaminated controls; (2) light (300 ppm Zn, 100 ppm Cu, 50 ppm Ni, 50 ppm V and 3 ppm Cd); (3) medium; and (4) heavy pollution (two- and threefold the light load, respectively). After 10 years of exposure, the highest concentrations of microbial ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen were found in the clay (2–0.1 μm) and silt fractions (63–2 μm), and the lowest were found in the coarse sand fraction (2,000–250 μm). The phospholipid fatty acid analyses (PLFA) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) separation of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that the microbial biomass within the clay fraction was predominantly due to soil bacteria. In contrast, a high percentage of fungal-derived PLFA 18 : 2ω6 was found in the coarse sand fraction. Bacterial residues such as muramic acid accumulated in the finer fractions in relation to fungal residues. The fractions also differed with respect to substrate utilization: Urease was located mainly in the 〈2 μm fraction, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulfatase in the 2–63 μm fraction, and xylanase activity was equally distributed in all fractions. Heavy metal pollution significantly decreased the concentration of ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen of soil microorganisms in the silt and clay fraction and thus in the bulk soil. Soil enzyme activity was reduced significantly in all fractions subjected to heavy metal pollution in the order arylsulfatase 〉phosphatase 〉urease 〉xylanase. Heavy metal pollution did not markedly change the similarity pattern of the DGGE profiles and amino sugar concentrations. Therefore, microbial biomass and enzyme activities seem to be more sensitive than 16S rRNA gene fragments and microbial amino-sugar-N to heavy metal treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000268
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  • 27
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    Renodulation and characterization of Rhizobium isolates from cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsAstragalus cicer ; Nodulation ; DNA ; Milkvetch ; Nitrogen fixation ; Forage legume ; Rhizobium spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1993 and 1994, 12 bacterial isolates were isolated from root nodules of cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer). In the tests for nodulation of A. cicer by these bacterial isolates, five were found to form hypertrophic structures, while only two formed true nodules. These true nodules were formed in a sterilized soil system. This system might be able to act as a DNA donor to provide residual DNA to other microbes in the soil. The rhizobial isolates were thought to have lost genetic material crucial to nodulation during the isolation process. This hypothesis was supported by an experiment in which isolate B2 was able to nodulate A. cicer in vermiculite culture after being mixed with heat-killed rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and R. loti. The nodulation would not occur in vermiculite culture system without the heat-killed rhizobia. Based on the biochemical data, the B2 and 9462L, which formed true nodules with A. cicer, were closely related. The rhizobia type cultures that nodulate A. cicer include Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, R. leguminosarum bv. viceae, and R. loti. All of these rhizobia were from different cross-inoculation groups. The B2 and 9462L isolates could only nodulate Medicago sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Melilotus officinalis, but not these species within the genus from which they were isolated: Astragalus. The traditional cross-inoculation group concept obviously does not fit well in the classification of rhizobia associated with Astragalus. The rhizobia isolated from A. cicer can be quite different, and the rhizobia able to renodulate A. cicer also quite diverse.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050299
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    Impact of nodule damage by Rivellia angulata on N2-fixation, growth, and yield of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) grown in a Vertisol (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nodule damage ; Rivellia angulata ; Nitrogen fixation ; Cajanus cajan ; Pigeonpea ; Vertisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Damage caused by Rivellia angulata larvae to pigeonpea root nodules at the ICRISAT center in India was greater in the crop grown on Vertisols (up to 86%) compared to that on Alfisols (20%). Attempts to quantify the field effects of nodule damage on growth and yield of pigeonpea in a Vertisol, involving many heavy applications of soil insecticides (aldrin and hexachlorocyclohexane) failed because the insecticides did not control the pest and adversely affected the growth of the pigeonpea and the subsequent crop of sorghum (Sorgorum bicolor L. Moench). The impact of nodule damage on pigeonpea growth, yield and nutrient uptake was successfully studied in greenhouse-grown plants at three N levels. In this pot study, artificial inoculation with Rivellia sp. led to substantial nodule damage (70%). The results of this damage were a significant overall reduction in nodule dry weight (46%), acetylene reduction activity (31%), total leaf area (36%), chlorophyll content of leaves (39%) and shoot dry weight (23%) 68 days after sowing. At maturity, Rivellia sp. infestation caused significant reductions in top dry weight (22%), root and nodule dry weight (27%), seed dry weight (14%), and total N (29%) and P uptake (19%). The problems and prospects of manipulating nodule damage so as to reduce N losses in pigeonpea are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292565
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    Yield response of spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum and T. turgidum) to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense under field conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. turgidum ; Nitrogen fixation ; Field inoculation ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Eight commercial Israeli spring wheat cultivars (six Triticum aestivum and two T. turgidum) grown with 40 and 120 kg N/ha were tested for responses to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. At the low level of N fertilization (40 kg/ha), five cultivars showed significant increases in plant dry weight measured at the milky ripe stage; however, by maturation only the cultivar “Miriam” showed a significant increase in grain yield. Two cultivars, which had shown a positive inoculation effect at the earlier stages, had a significant decrease in grain yield. No significant effect of inoculation was found at the high N level. To confirm those results, four wheat (T. aestivum) cultivars were tested separately over 4 years in 4 different locations under varying N levels. Only Miriam showed a consistently positive effect of Azospirillum inoculation on grain yield. Inoculation increased the number of roots per plant on Miriam compared with uninoculated plants. This effect was found at all N levels. Nutrient (N, P and K) accumulation and number of fertile tillers per unit area were also enhanced by Azospirillum, but these parameters were greatly affected by the level of applied N. It is suggested that the positive response of the spring wheat cultivar “Miriam” to Azospirillum inoculation is due to its capacity to escape water stresses at the end of the growth season.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280347
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    Nitrogen fixation and balance studies of rice soil (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 15-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; N-balance studies ; Azolla ; Blue-green algae ; Chemical N fertilization ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A nitrogen balance study conducted in ceramic pots under net house conditions for four seasons showed that flooded rice soil leaves a positive nitrogen balance (N increase) in soil after rice cropping in both fertilized and unfertilized soil. Recovery of nitrogen from rice soil was more than its input in unfertilized soil, but it was reverse in fertilized soil. Incorporation of Azolla or BGA twice as basal and 20 days after transplanting (DAT) alone or in combination showed higher nitrogen balance and N2-fixation (N gain) in soil than in that where it was applied once either as basal or 20 DAT. Planted soil showed more N2-fixation than that of fallow rice, and flooded soil fixed more nitrogen in comparison to non-flooded soil in light but less in dark. Soil exposed to light fixed more nitrogen than that of unexposed soil in both flooded and non-flooded conditions.
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    Stimulation of root exudation of rice seedlings by Azospirillum strains: carbon budget under gnotobiotic conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizosphere ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root exudates ; Soil bacteria ; Carbon budget ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The association of rice seedlings (cv. Delta) with different strains of Azospirillum was studied under monoxenic conditions in the dark. Axenic 3-day-old seedlings were obtained on a C- and N-free medium and inoculated with 6 · 107 bacteria per plant in a closed vial. Seven days later, different components of a carbon budget were evaluated on them and on sterile controls: respired CO2, carbon of shoot and roots, bacterial and soluble carbon in the medium. Two strains (A. lipoferum 4B and A. brasilense A95) isolated from the rhizosphere of rice caused an increase in exudation, + 36% and + 17% respectively compared with sterile control. Shoot carbon incorporation and respiration were reduced by inoculation. A third strain (A. brasilense R07) caused no significant change in exudation. A. lipoferum B7C isolated from maize did not stimulate rice exudation either. We further investigated a possible effect of nitrogen fixation on this phenomenon: inhibition of nitrogen fixation by 10% C2H2 did not modify the extent of C exudation by rice associated with A. lipoferum 4B or with the non-motile A. lipoferum 4T.
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  • 32
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    Nitrogenase activity and nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with the roots ofAtriplex spp. growing in saline sodic soils of Pakistan (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 315-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Atriplex spp. ; Root-associated diazotrops ; Acetylene reduction assy (ARA) ; Saline sodic soils ; Enterobacter agglomerans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary TwoAtriplex spp. growing in low-fertility saline sodic soils were assayed for root-associated nitrogenase activity. The excised washed and unwashed root of the two species.A. lentiformis andA. amnicola, showed high root-associated nitrogenase activity. Acetylene-reducing activity seemed to be directly influenced by moisture. The highest number of diazotrophs, enumerated using a most probable number technique was observed on the root surface. Most of the isolated diazotrophs were identified asEnterobacter agglomerans. Root-associated nitrogenase activity inAtriplex spp. may explain the high protein and biomass content of these plants growing in low-fertility saline sodic soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634108
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    Influence of heavy metals on the functional diversity of soil microbial communities (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Soil microbial biomass ; Soil enzymes ; Functional diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three soil types-Calcaric Phaeozem, Eutric Cambisol and Dystric Lithosol-in large container pots were experimentally contaminated with heavy metals at four different levels (light pollution: 300 ppm Zn, 100 ppm Cu, 50 ppm Ni, 50 ppm V and 3 ppm Cd; medium pollution: twofold concentrations; heavy pollution: threefold concentrations; uncontaminated control). We investigated the prognostic potential of 16 soil microbial properties (microbial biomass, respiration, N-mineralization, 13 soil enzymes involved in cycling of C, N, P and S) with regard to their ability to differentiate the four contamination levels. Microbial biomass and enzyme activities decreased with increasing heavy metal pollution, but the amount of decrease differed among the enzymes. Enzymes involved in the C-cycling were least affected, whereas vartous enzyme activities related to the cycling of N, P and S showed a considerable decrease in activity. In particular, arylsulfatase and phosphatase activities were dramatically affected. Their activity decreased to a level of a few percent of their activities in the corresponding unpolluted controls. The data suggest that aside from the loss of rare biochemical capabilities-such as the growth of organisms at the expense of aromatics (Reber 1992)-heavy metal contaminated soils lose very common biochemical propertities which are necessary for the functioning of the ecosystem. Cluster analysis as well as discriminant analysis underline the similarity of the enzyme activity pattern among the controls and among the polluted soils. The trend toward a significant functional diversity loss becomes obvious already at the lowest pollution level. This implies that concentrations of heavy metals in soils near the current EC limits will most probably lead to a considerable reduction in decomposition and nutrient cycling rates. We conclude that heavy metal pollution severely decreases the functional diversity of the soil microbial community and impairs specific pathways of nutrient cycling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335958
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    Microbial biomass, activity, and organic matter accumulation in soils contaminated with heavy metals (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Microbial biomass ; Soil respiration ; Soil organic C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Chemical characteristics and some parameters related to biological components were determined in 16 soils from a fairly homogeneous area in the north of Italy, contaminated with different levels of heavy metals. Correlation analysis of the parameters studied showed close positive relationships among the metals and with the organic C content in the soils studied. Negative relationships were observed among the heavy metals, soil respiration, and the ratio between evolved CO2−C and microbial biomass C per unit time (specific respiratory activity). This was ascribed to an adverse heavy metal effect on the soil microflora, which appeared to increase the accumulation of organic matter as the heavy metal content increased, probably because the biomass was less effective in mineralising soil organic matter under these conditions.
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    Dual inoculation with strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense to improve growth and biological nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 317-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soybean ; Isotope dilution ; Nitrogen fixation ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Soil sterilization ; 15N ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Bacterial inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense strains on the growth of soybean were evaluated with regard to the estimation of N2 fixation using the 15N isotope dilution technique. Inoculation, in general, increased the dry mass of soybean as well as nitrogen content. Dual inoculation with a mixture of B. japonicum and A. brasilense strains was superior over single inoculation with B. japonicum. Nitrogen fixed (Ndfa) varied according to inoculant and soil conditions. Percentages of nitrogen derived from air (% Ndfa) using a non-nodulating isoline were 72% and 76% for B. japonicum and B. japonicum plus A. brasilense, respectively, in non-sterile soil. A similar but higher trend was recorded in sterilized soil, in which the percentages of N2 fixed were 81% and 86% for single and dual inoculation, respectively. The correlation coefficient between N2 fixed and N uptake (r=0.94) and dry mass (r=0.89) was significant. Application of special bacterial inoculants in agricultural systems of Egypt seems to be a promising technology and could be used for improving soybean growth as well as soil fertility, thus minimizing environmental pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050250
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    Influence of long-term conservation tillage on soil and rhizosphere microorganisms (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 81-86 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil tillage ; Rhizosphere microorganisms ; Cereals ; Nitrogen fixation ; Gaeumanomyces graminis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In long-term field experiments on sandy loam and loamy sand soils, the influence of conservation and conventional tillage on soil and rhizosphere microorganisms was studied. Conservation tillage stimulated rhizosphere bacteria on winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye and maize in different soil layers. Particularly the populations of Agrobacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were increased. On the sandy loam, N2 fixation and nodulation of pea plants were significantly increased. No influence of different soil tillage was determined on the colonization of the rhizosphere by mycorrhiza and saprophytic fungi. Stubble residues infected with Gaeumanomyces graminis were infectious for a longer time on the soil surface than after incorporation into the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050528
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    Fate of blue-green algae in the food web of flooded rice-field ecosystems (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 141-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Blue-green algae ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rice ecosystem ; Zooplankton ; Benthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  As part of an integrated pest management project to study the role blue-green algae (BGA) may play in the food web of rice-field ecosystems, 14C-labelled filamentous and monocellular BGA were used as food for fish, zooplankton and benthic fauna in artificial rice fields in the form of three aquaria. 14C present in the organisms was then traced by liquid scintillation to follow the manner in which the labelled BGA were consumed by different organisms. In this study the grazing rate of fish (mud carp) was compared to that of benthic organisms and zooplankton. It was found that fish consumed the BGA at the fastest rates and in the largest amounts, followed by the benthic species and zooplankton. It was also found that filamentous BGA were consumed in higher amounts than monocellular BGA. The importance of grazing in nutrient recycling is emphasized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050536
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    Diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogenase activity of red alder in comparison with white clover in silvopastoral agroforestry systems (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Red alder ; White clover ; Nitrogenase activity ; Acetylene reduction assay ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Simultaneous measurements were made to assess the diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogenase activity of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growing together in a silvopastoral agroforestry system using the acetylene reduction assay. Diurnal measurements were made in the summer and autumn at 3-h intervals whereas seasonal nitrogenase activity was assessed based on observations made at midday in July, September and January to represent the summer, autumn and winter seasons, respectively. No obvious diurnal patterns of nitrogenase activity were found in either red alder or white clover in summer and no significant variations in nitrogenase activity were observed between day and night. However, in autumn, pronounced diurnal patterns were observed in both species. Significantly higher rates of nitrogenase activity per unit dry weigh (dwt) of nodules were detected at 1500 hours in red alder, whereas, in white clover, significantly higher rates were obtained at 2100 hours. There was no significant correlation between diurnal nitrogenase activity and air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation and soil temperature at 10 cm depth in either red alder or white clover. Seasonal rates of nitrogenase activity showed significantly higher activity in summer, which subsequently decreased in autumn, to reach very low levels in the winter. The rates of nitrogenase activity of white clover were consistently higher than those of red alder both diurnally and seasonally. In the three seasons sampled, the average nitrogenase activity for white clover was 66.42 μmol C2H4 g dwt–1 h–1, which was 3.5 times higher than the 18.67 μmol C2H4 g dwt–1 h–1 obtained for red alder.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050492
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    Relationships between soil aggregation and mycorrhizae as influenced by soil biota and nitrogen nutrition (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 356-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Collembola ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soil aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of the form of N nutrition on soil stability is an important consideration for the management of sustainable agricultural systems. We grew soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants in pot cultures in unsterilized soil, and treated them by (1) inoculating them with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, fertilizing with (2) nitrate or (3) ammonia, or (4) by providing only minimum N amendment for the controls. The soils were sampled at 3-week intervals to determine changes in water-stable soil aggregates (WSA), soil pH, the development of roots, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) soil and root colonization, and selected functional groups of soil bacteria. The soil fauna was assayed at the end of the experiment (9 weeks). WSA was correlated positively with root and AM soil mycelium development, but negatively with total bacterial counts. Soil arthropod (Collembola) numbers were negatively correlated with AM hyphal length. Soils of nodulated and ammonia-fertilized plants had the highest levels of WSA and the lowest pH at week 9. Sparse root development in the soils of the N-deficient, control plants indicated that WSA formation was primarily influenced by AM hyphae. The ratio of bacterial counts in the water-stable versus water-unstable soil fractions increased for the first 6 weeks and then declined, while counts of anaerobic bacteria increased with increasing WSA. The numbers of soil invertebrates (nematodes) and protozoans did not correlate with bacterial counts or AM soil-hyphal lengths. Soil pH did not affect mycorrhiza development, but actinomycete counts declined with decreasing soil pH. AM fungi and roots interacted as the factors that affect soil aggregation, regardless of N nutrition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050504
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    Influence of inorganic and organic fertilization on soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient and heavy metal bioavailability (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 371-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Organic fertilization ; Soil microbial biomass carbon ; Metabolic quotient ; Bioavailability ; Heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  We studied the long-term effects (12 years) of municipal refuse compost addition on the total organic carbon (TOC), the amount and activity of the microbial biomass (soil microbial biomass C, BC and metabolic quotient qCO2) and heavy metal bioavaiability in soils as compared to manuring with mineral fertilizers (NPK) and farmyard manure (FYM). In addition, we studied the relationships between among the available fraction [Diethylenetriaminopentacetic acid (DTPA) extractable] of heavy metals and their total content, TOC and BC. After 12 years of repeated treatments, the TOC and BC of control and mineral fertilized plots did not differ. Soils treated with FYM and composts showed a significant increase in TOC and BC in response to the increasing amounts of organic C added. Values of the BC/TOC ratio ranged from 1.4 to 2, without any significative differences among soil treatments. The qCO2 increased in the organic-amended soil and may have indicated microbial stress. The total amounts of metals in treated soils were lower than the levels permitted by the European Union in agricultural soils. DTPA-extractable metals increased in amended soils in response to organic C. A multiple regression analysis with stepwise selection of variables was carried out in order to discriminate between the influence exerted on DTPA-extractable metals by their total content, TOC and BC. Results showed that each metal behaved quite differently, suggesting that different mechanisms might be involved in metal bioavailability
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050506
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    Field evaluation of lentil cultivars inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains for nitrogen fixation using nitrogen-15 isotope dilution (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrogen-15 isotope dilution ; Legumes ; Lens culinaris ; Rhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  A 15N isotope dilution technique was applied to quantify the extent of N2 fixation in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars as influenced by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains in a field experiment in Pakistan. The experiment was conducted on a soil with a very small indigenous rhizobial population and where N was a limiting factor for crop production. Significant variations in number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, biomass yield, grain yield, total N yield, proportion of plant N derived from N2 fixation (Pfix) and amount of N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) were observed among combined treatments of four rhizobial strains and six lentil varieties. In a field previously labelled with 15N, to which a basal dose of 75 kg P2O5 ha–1 was applied as single super phosphate, Ndfa ranged from 15 to 24 kg N ha–1 when calculated according to rhizobial strain and from 4 to 38 kg N ha–1 when calculated according to lentil variety. Lc 26 was the most effective strain and fixed 243% more N than the indigenous population in the uninoculated control. In treatments with the lentil variety PL-406, Ndfa was 38 kg N ha–1, which was 850% higher than with the lentil variety Precoz/F6-20-1×M-85. Generally, the varieties with greater Pfix produced a higher dry matter yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050625
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    Inoculation of rice plants with the endophytic diazotrophs Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Burkholderia spp. (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (2000), S. 485-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Herbaspirillum seropedicae ; Burkholderia spp. ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rice ; Gnotobiotic conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Four experiments were performed under gnotobiotic conditions to select strains of the endophytic diazotrophs Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Burkholderia spp. as inocula of rice plants. Eighty strains of H. seropedicae originally isolated from rice, sorghum and maize plants, were tested in test tube cultures with N-free agar as the substrate. Rice plants showed medium and high increases in their fresh weight in response to inoculation with nineteen strains. These strains were tested again, and six strains were then selected to evaluate their contribution to the N of the plant via biological N2 fixation (BNF) using an agar growth medium containing 5 mg N l–1of 15N-labelled (NH4)2SO4. The contribution of the strains to plant N via BNF varied from 54% when rice plants were inoculated with strain ZAE94, to 31% when strain ZAE67 was used. These results were confirmed in the fourth gnotobiotic experiment, which also included strains of the new N-fixing bacteria belonging to the genus Burkholderia, isolated from rice, as well as a strain of Burkholderia vietnamiensis, isolated from rice rhizosphere. Burkholderia spp. strains showed similar effects to those observed for H. seropedicae strains, while B. vietnamiensis fixed only 19% of plant total N. The best four strains were tested in a pot experiment where pre-germinated, inoculated rice seedlings were grown in soil labelled with 15N. The results confirmed the gnotobiotic experiments, although the levels of N in the rice plants derived from BNF of the selected H. seropedicae and Burkholderia spp. strains were lower. Nevertheless, there was an increase in N content in grains of inoculated plants, and the results showed that the method used for strain selection is very useful and can be applied to other strains of N2-fixing bacteria and plants.
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    Adaptation of green manure legumes to adverse conditions in rice lowlands (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Adverse soil conditons ; Aeschynomene ; Green manure ; Lowland rice ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sesbania ; Forming system development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poor adoption of sustainable pre-rice green manure technology by lowland farmers is frequently associated with unreliable legume performance under adverse environmental conditions such as marginal soils, short photoperiod, and unfavorable hydrology. A series of field and microplot experiments were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1991 and 1992 to screen and evaluate 12 promising flood-tolerant legumes for adaptation (N accumulation and biological N2 fixation) to a range of environmental stresses, frequently encountered in rice lowlands. Legumes belonging to the genera Sesbania and Aeschynomene were grown for 8 weeks at 10×10 cm spacing: (1) in a fertile control soil and in four marginally productive irrigated lowland rice soils (sandy Entisol, P-deficient Inceptisol, acid Ultisol, and saline Mollisol); (2) during short- (11.7 h) and long-day (12.3 h) seasons in a favorable irrigated lowland soil; and (3) in an aerobic soil (drought-prone rain-fed lowland) and a deep-flood-prone lowland soil (1 week seedling submergence). A large variability in N accumulation was observed among legume species and across different environments, ranging from less than 1 to over 70 mg N plant–1. The nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) accounted on average for 82% of total N accumulation. Sesbania virgata was least affected by unfavorable soil conditions but its Ndfa was the lowest among the tested species (less than 60%). Stem nodule formation did not convey a significant advantage to legumes grown under adverse soil conditions. However, flooding reduced N2 fixation less in stem-nodulating than in solely root-nodulating species. Most species drastically reduced N accumulation under short-day conditions. Aeschynomene afraspera and S. speciosa were least affected by photoperiod. The considerable genetic variability in the germplasm screened allows the selection of potentially appropriate legumes to most conditions studied, thus increasing N accumulation in green manures.
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    Soil surface disturbances in cold deserts: effects on nitrogenase activity in cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 362-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cryptobiotic ; Cryptogamic ; Microphytic ; Microbiotic ; Deserts ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nutrient cycling ; Lichens ; Microcoleus vaginatus ; Collema tenax ; Heterocysts ; Acetylene reduction assay ; ARA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts can be a dominant source of nitrogen for cold-desert ecosystems. Effects of surface disturbance from footprints, bike and vehicle tracks on the nitrogenase activity in these crusts was investigated. Surface disturbances reduced nitrogenase activity by 30–100%. Crusts dominated by the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus on sandy soils were the most susceptible to disruption; crusts on gypsiferous soils were the least susceptible. Crusts where the soil lichen Collema tenax was present showed less immediate effects; however, nitrogenase activity still declined over time. Levels of nitrogenase activity reduction were affected by the degree of soil disruption and whether sites were dominated by cyanobacteria with or without heterocysts. Consequently, anthropogenic surface disturbances may have serious implications for nitrogen budgets in these ecosystems.
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    Soil surface disturbances in cold deserts: effects on nitrogenase activity in cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 362-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Cryptobiotic ; Cryptogamic ; Microphytic ; Microbiotic ; Deserts ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nutrient ; cycling ; Lichens ; Microcoleus vaginatus ; Collema tenax ; Heterocysts ; Acetylene reduction assay ; ARA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts can be a dominant source of nitrogen for cold-desert ecosystems. Effects of surface disturbance from footprints, bike and vehicle tracks on the nitrogenase activity in these crusts was investigated. Surface disturbances reduced nitrogenase activity by 30–100%. Crusts dominated by the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus on sandy soils were the most susceptible to disruption; crusts on gypsiferous soils were the least susceptible. Crusts where the soil lichen Collema tenax was present showed less immediate effects; however, nitrogenase activity still declined over time. Levels of nitrogenase activity reduction were affected by the degree of soil disruption and whether sites were dominated by cyanobacteria with or without heterocysts. Consequently, anthropogenic surface disturbances may have serious implications for nitrogen budgets in these ecosystems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050184
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    Soil microbial effects of a Cu-Ni smelter in southwestern Finland (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Pollution ; Bacteria ; Soil respiration ; Litter decomposition ; Fungal hyphal length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of a Cu-Ni smelter on the soil microbial parameters: physiological groups of bacteria, soil respiration, fungal hyphal length, and green-needle litter decomposition, were investigated. The microbial parameters were reduced and this was significantly explained (P〈0.01) by the supplied environmental variables: exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn, soil moisture, pH, and organic C as loss on ignition (Canoco, RDA-analysis). The importance of measuring exchangeable cations for major and trace elements appeared to be a relevant factor that must be considered when establishing relationships between microbial populations, their activity and the effect of heavy metals.
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    Survival and symbiotic properties of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in the presence of thiram: isolation of fungicide resistant strains (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 141-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsBradyrhizobium japonicum ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybean ; Thiram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fungicide thiram, widely used as a chemical seed protectant, induces a strong inhibition of primary nodulation in the crown zone of soybean roots. The present work reports on the isolation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains resistant to thiram, some of which (T3B, A86 and A2) maintained their capacity for nodulation and were still efficient symbionts, but some (A1, C1 and C6) lost the ability to stimulate nodulation. Characterization tests such as growth at different pH, denitrifying ability, salt tolerance, production of siderophores and phosphate solubilization were performed on the resistant strains. Inoculants produced from these strains could be appropriate for use with thiram-treated seeds, without causing a loss of bacteria viability.
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    Natural abundance of 15N in sweet potato, pumpkin, sorghum and castor bean: possible input of N2-derived nitrogen in sweet potato (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 152-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsCucurbita moschata ; Ipomoea batatas ; Nitrogen fixation ; δ15N method ; Sorghum bicolor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two combinations of plant species, sweet potato (three cultivars) and pumpkin, and sweet sorghum (three cultivars) and castor bean were grown separately in three plots of alluvial soil from June to September 1996. The shoots (leaves plus stems) of sweet potato and pumpkin, and the whole tops (leaves plus stems and grains) of sweet sorghum and castor bean were harvested twice, once in August and once in September in order to analyze their natural abundance of 15N (δ15N). The δ15N values of two of the varieties of sweet potato harvested in September were significantly lower than those of pumpkin, while δ15N values of sweet potato and pumpkin harvested in August, as well as those of sweet sorghum and castor bean harvested in August and September, did not significantly differ. The lower δ15N values observed in the September-harvested sweet potato may indicate that as much as 40% of the N intake of this species is derived from dinitrogen. This species is known to have a high ability to take up N from undefined sources.
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    Adaptation of green manure legumes to adverse conditions in rice lowlands (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Adverse soil conditons ; Aeschynomene ; Green manure ; Lowland rice ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sesbania ; Forming system development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poor adoption of sustainable pre-rice green manure technology by lowland farmers is frequently associated with unreliable legume performance under adverse environmental conditions such as marginal soils, short photoperiod, and unfavorable hydrology. A series of field and microplot experiments were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1991 and 1992 to screen and evaluate 12 promising flood-tolerant legumes for adaptation (N accumulation and biological N2 fixation) to a range of environmental stresses, frequently encountered in rice lowlands. Legumes belonging to the genera Sesbania and Aeschynomene were grown for 8 weeks at 10×10 cm spacing: (1) in a fertile control soil and in four marginally productive irrigated lowland rice soils (sandy Entisol, P-deficient Inceptisol, acid Ultisol, and saline Mollisol); (2) during short- (11.7h) and long-day (12.3 h) seasons in a favorable irrigated lowland soil; and (3) in an aerobic soil (drought-prone rain-fed lowland) and a deep-flood-prone lowland soil (1 week seedling submergence). A large variability in N accumulation was obsersed among legume species and across different environments, ranging from less than 1 to over 70 mg N plant-1. The nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) accounted on average for 82% of total N accumulation. Sesbania virgata was least affected by unfavorable soil conditions but its Ndfa was the lowest among the tested species (less than 60%). Stem nodule formation did not convey a significant advantage to legumes grown under adverse soil conditions. However, flooding reduced N2 fixation less in stem-nodulating than in solely root-nodulating species. Most species drastically reduced N accumulation under short-day conditions. Aeschynomene afraspera and S. speciosa were least affected by photoperiod. The considerable genetic variability in the germplasm screened allows the selection of potentially appropriate legumes to most conditions studied, thus increasing N accumulation in green manures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335951
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    Soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation on soil previously amended with sewage sludge (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizobia ; Heavy metals ; Waste disposal ; Nonnodulating ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse study was conducted to examine the residual effects of sewage sludge on soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr., nodulation, and N fixation. Nodulating and nonnodulating isolines of Clark soybean were grown to the R2 stage in soils (Typic Paleudults) obtained from plots where heat-treated sludge had been applied in 1976 at rates equal to 0, 56,112, and 224 Mg ha−1 high (7.0) and low (6.2) soil pH regimes were established by CaCO3 additions. Sludge and soil pH treatments resulted in clearly defined differences in metal uptake by soybean shoots. Plant Zn, Cd, and Ni concentrations were greater on pH 6.2, sludge-amended soil than on the pH 7.0, amended soil. At low soil pH, soybean Zn and Cd concentrations, respectively, increased from 41 and 0.19 mg kg−1 (control) to 120 and 0.58 mg kg−1 at the 224 Mg hat sludge rate. At the high soil pH and 224 hg hat sludge rate, Zn and Cd concentrations were 45 and 0.15 mg kg−1, respectively. Symbiotic N fixation provided 90% of the total N accumulation. Total N accumulation, shoot N concentration, dry matter, and N fixation by nodulating soybeans exhibited a significant linear increase with sludge rate. Total N accumulation, dry matter, and N fixation were significantly greater at high soil pH. For high and low soil pH, respectively, N fixation increased from 422 and 382 mg N per plant (control) to 614 and 518 mg N per plant at the 224 Mg ha−1 sludge rate. While soybean nodulation also increased linearly on sludge-amended soil, a significant rate times pH interaction for nodule number indicated that nodulation was less strongly enhanced by sludge at low soil pH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260841
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    Nitrogen use in maize-grain legume cropping systems in semi-arid Kenya (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen use ; Nitrogen fertilizer recovery ; Zea mays ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Vigna unguiculata ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Locally suitable cultivars of maize, beans, and cowpeas were grown in field experiments for four seasons in semi-arid Kenya. For three seasons, the dry matter production and grain yield of maize and beans were not increased by N fertilizer additions up to 120 kg N ha-1. Fertilizer recoveries measured by 15N isotope dilution techniques were low, less than 20%. Inoculated and uninoculated beans failed to fix N2. By contrast the cowpea derived 50% of its N from fixation, equivalent to 197 kg N ha-1. The N content of the grain generally exceeded 40 kg N ha-1, and the N content of the seeds from the grain legumes were greater than those from the cereals. Large inputs of N fertilizer or N by fixation are required if maize-grain legume cropping system in semiarid Kenya are to be sustained in the long term.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307842
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    Fallow residue management effects on upland rice in three agroecological zones of West Africa (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 501-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Fallow ; Legumes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Côte d'Ivoire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Improving fallow quality in upland rice-fallow rotations in West Africa through the site-specific use of leguminous cover crops has been shown to sustain the productivity of such systems. We studied the effects of a range of residue management practices (removal, burning, mulching and incorporation) on fallow biomass and N accumulation, on weed biomass and yield response of upland rice and on changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics in 2-year field trials conducted in three agroecological zones of Côte d'Ivoire. Across fallow management treatments and agroecological zones, rice yields were on average 20–30% higher in legume than in natural fallow plots. Weed biomass was highest in the savanna zone and lowest in the bimodal forest and tended to be less following a legume fallow. Regardless of the type of fallow vegetation and agroecological zone, biomass removal resulted in the lowest rice yields that varied from 0.5 t ha–1 in the derived savanna zone to 1.5 t ha–1 in the Guinea savanna zone. Burning of the fallow vegetation significantly increased yield over residue removal in the derived savanna (0.27 t ha–1, P〈0.05) and bimodal forest zones (0.27 t ha–1, P〈0.01), but not in the Guinea savanna. In both savanna environments, residue incorporation was superior to the farmers' practice of residue removal and rice yield increases were related to amounts of fallow N returned to the soil (r 2=0.803, P〈0.01). In the forest zone, the farmers' practice of residue burning produced the highest yield (1.43 t ha-1 in the case of legumes) and resulted in the lowest weed biomass (0.02 t ha–1). Regardless of the site, improving the quality of the fallow or of its management had no significant effects on either soil physical or soil chemical characteristics after two fallow cycles. We conclude that incorporation of legume residues is a desirable practice for rice-based fallow rotation systems in savanna environments. No promising residue management alternatives to slash-and-burn were apparent for the forest zone. Determining the possible effects on soil productivity will require longer-term experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000199
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    Nodulation of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) by Bradyrhizobium sp. isolated from Erythrina brucei (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 209-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsBradyrhizobium ; Sphenostylis stenocarpa ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soil reclamation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), which is widely cultivated in Africa because of its growth capability on marginal soils, was nodulated by an endosymbiont (characterized and designed Bradyrhizobium sp. AUEB20) isolated from the Ethiopian tree Erythrina brucei with the formation of a small number of large, indeterminate N2-fixing nodules. In contrast, 24 other isolates from Ethiopian woody legumes were ineffective. Strain AUEB20 promiscuously nodulated a number of tropical legumes, but none out of five European crop plants tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050305
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    Diversity, adaptation and activity of the bacterial flora in saline environments (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Bacterial flora ; Salt-affected soils ; Salt marshes ; Osmotic adjustment ; Microbial activity ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Saline environments have a natural bacterial flora, which may play a significant role in the economy of these habitats. The natural saline environments (usually containing salinity equivalent to 4–30% NaCl) are aquatic (e.g. salt marshes) or terrestrial (e.g. saline lands). Saline environments include an increasing area of salt-affected cultivated soils throughout the world. These environments contain various ions which may interfere with uptake of water and which may be toxic to a large number of organisms. Saline environments harbour taxonomically diverse bacterial groups, which exhibit modified physiological and structural characteristics under the prevailing saline conditions. The majority of these bacteria can osmoregulate by synthesizing specific compatible organic osmolytes such as glutamine, proline and glycine betaine and a few of them accumulate inorganic solutes such as Na+, K+ and Mg2+. The morphology of the bacteria is usually modified, cells are usually elongated, swollen and showing shrinkage, in addition to changes in the cell and cytoplasmic volume. The chemical composition of membranes may also occasionally be modified, and the synthesis pattern of proteins, lipids, fatty acids and polysaccharides may change with a moderate increase in salinity. However, ultrastructural alterations in cells of halophilic bacteria have not been reported, and profound changes in cellular properties of these bacteria only occur at concentrations above 2MNaCl. Evidence has accumulated that the bacteria are essential elements in the saline environment because of their activity such as degradation of plant remains, nitrogen fixation and production of active metabolites.
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    Variation in nitrogen fixation among populations ofFrankia sp. andCeanothus sp. in actinorhizal association (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Frankia-Ceanothus spp. association ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA) ; Microsymbiont population ; Nodules ; Actinomycetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wildland shrub improvement is needed for sound range and disturbed land revegetation practice. The possibility of selecting superior N2-fixingFrankia-Ceanothus spp. actinorhizal associations was examined. Greenhouse tests were used to expose various soil-borne microsymbiont andCeanothus sp. population accessions in reciprocal combination. The acetylene reduction rate was used as a measure of N2-fixation capacity. There was no significant interaction between host and microsymbiont regardless of source for all variables measured. The acetylene reduction rate, nodule number and mass, plant biomass, and root: shoot ratio were significantly different among soil sources. The acetylene reduction rate was not significantly different amongCeanothus sp. accessions. Neither was it strongly correlated with other variables. It was concluded that the N2-fixation rate is more a function ofFrankia sp. than the hostCeanothus sp. in actinorhizal associations. It appears possible to select soil sources with superior N2-fixing microsymbiont populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709660
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    Seeding vs. vegetative propagations of the stem-nodulating green manure Sesbania rostrata (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 279-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Sesbania rostrata ; Green manure ; Biofertilizer ; Nitrogen fixation ; Stem nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ratooning and stem cutting were compared with seeding in order to reduce the amount of seeds of Sesbania rostrata for green-manure growth. Both methods increased the biofertilizer yield highly significantly within a 6-week growth period.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261012
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    Effect of heavy metals on growth and survival of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 311-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Macrophomina phaseolina ; Heavy metals ; Toxicity ; Growth ; Survival ; Cd ; Ni ; Co ; Zn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of Cd, Co, Ni and Zn on growth and survival of Macrophomina phaseolina were studied in vitro. Cd, Ni and Co at 500 μg ml−1 inhibited growth by 78.8%, 73.6% and 11.8%, respectively, after 4 days at 25 ± 1°C. The mycelial dry weight yield was enhanced by 2.1% at 100 μg ml−1 Zn. The population of the pathogen declined in soil amended separately with Cd, Co, Ni and Zn. Cd (4000 mg kg−1) proved to be the most toxic, by completely inhibiting the survival of the pathogen in soil after 20 days.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261019
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    Statistical comparisons of heavy-metal concentrations in river sediments (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 27 (1996), S. 54-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Statistics ; River sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Statisticalt tests were used to determine lead, copper, and chromium enrichment in sediments from the Lower Branch of the Rouge River in southeast Michigan, USA. Both absolute metal concentrations and ratios of trace metal to conservative metal concentrations were used to compare sampled sites along the Lower Branch of the Rouge River to background sites in the headwaters region. Concentration ratios were used to reduce the effects of certain chemical and physical characteristics on the level of metal contained in a given sediment. Results from the comparison of sample sites to the background reveal metal enrichment at several sites, particularly along the highly urbanized, downstream section of the river. This section of the Lower Branch of the Rouge River exhibits significant lead and copper contamination, as well as measurable chromium enrichment when using either concentrations alone or ratios as methods of comparison. The areas of metal enrichment appear to coincide closely with areas of known anthropogenic activities. Of particular interest, however, is the enrichment of lead and copper at two upstream sites where the statistical tests suggest an anthropogenic source for the enrichment, but where no previously known cultural activities existed. These data prompted a historical search of records, which discovered several abandoned landfills immediately upstream of the metal enrichment sites.
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    Supergene processes on ore deposits—a source of heavy metals (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 23 (1994), S. 156-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Pore solution ; Supergene alteration ; Acid mine drainage ; Heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The study of supergene processes (i.e., secondary processes running in ore deposits and driven by thermodynamic nonequilibrium between ore-and rock-forming minerals and natural waters, gasses, etc.) is important in order to understand the migration of heavy metals from ore into their adjacent surroundings. The contamination of the local environment can be characterized by the composition of pore waters. The Pb-Zn-Cu ore deposits of Zlaté Hory (Czech Republic) have been chosen for a detailed study of pore solutions. A simple model has been created to describe the evolution of supergene processes in the ore deposits. This model is based on the determination of chemical composition of pore solutions. The dilution of pore solutions of such mineral deposits results in acid mine drainage. Pore solutions can have, during specific stages of their evolution, relatively high concentrations of Cu (0.09 mol/kg), Zn (0.1 mol/kg), SO4 (0.8 mol/kg) and an extremely low pH (1.38). The supergene alteration of pyrite is the most important process determining the character of pore water. This reaction causes significant acidification and is a leading source of acid mine drainage. The leached zone originates from the interaction of pyrite and limonite. Increased concentrations of heavy metals and sulfates occur in pore waters. The dynamic composition of pore waters within ore deposits undergoing the supergene process can be used to distinguish: (1) three main zoneslimonite, transition, and primary zone and (2) two areas—an area with the highest intensity of weathering processes and an area of weathering initiation. In these areas the rate of sulfide oxidation is higher as a result of low pH. From the study of these zones and areas we can further our knowledge of ore body, pore solution, acid mine drainage, and contamination of the local environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00766989
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    Evolution of heavy-metal profiles in river Weser Estuary sediments, Germany (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 24 (1994), S. 223-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Sediments ; Heavy metals ; Estuary ; River Weser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Studies of heavy metal concentrations in porewaters and in sediments from the Weser Estuary, Germany, indicate that the depth distribution of Mn, Cd, and Cu in the solid phase is predominantly influenced by the subsurface redox regime, while Ni shows only moderate alteration. Based on solid-phase heavy metal data from eight locations in the study area, linear regressions of Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Cd on Al allowed differences between the initial metal concentration and the concentration preserved in the sediments to be predicted. We calculate that, due to early diagenetic processes, Mn is enriched to 145 percent, while Cu and Cd are depleted to 71 percent and 46 percent, respectively, of the initial metal concentration in the near-surface sediment. Maximum depletion of Cd (84 percent), Cu (68 percent), Mn (54 percent), and Ni (24 percent) concentrations in the sediment, observed at a restricted area downcore, indicate the importance of post-depositional processes to metal preservation in the sediment. Without knowledge of the quantitative effects of diagenetic reactions on the preservation of metal concentrations in sediments, the depth distribution of metals in sediment cores may be misinterpreted as the effect of human activities.
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    A comparison of the early diagenetic environment in intertidal sands and muds of the Manukau Harbour, New Zealand (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 24 (1994), S. 254-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Sequential extraction ; Diagenesis ; Estuary ; Sediment ; Heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The early diagenetic environment of intertidal sandy sediments (sands) and muddy sediments (muds) is described and compared from two cores taken from an unpolluted part of the Manukau Harbour, New Zealand. Extraction techniques characterized the form of the trace elements (Fe, Mn, S, C, Pb, Zn, Cu) at different depths in the sediment. Dissolved forms of Fe, Mn, and S were measured in interstitial water. Nonresidual metal concentrations, humic acid, FeS, and FeS2 are an order of magnitude higher in the muds than in the sands because of dilution by unreactive sand particles. Muds contain a larger proportion of metals in the mobile fractions; exchangeable (Mn), carbonate (Mn, Fe, Zn), and easily-reducible oxide (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb). This is due to greater surface area (for Mn adsorption); the favorable conditions for MnCO3, FeCO3, and FeS precipitation; and higher concentrations of easily reducible iron oxide and humic acid. Therefore, compared to the sands, muds are more important as reservoirs for toxic metals, both in terms of quantity and availability. At either site there was very little difference between the forms of Zn, Pb or Cu identified by sequential extraction as sediments changed from oxic to anoxic conditions. One reason for this is that the amounts and proportions of some of the important components that bind metals, viz., amorphous iron hydrous oxides, humic acids, and FeS2, do not change much. Other components that do change with redox conditions, for example, manganese phases and FeS, are only minor components of the sediment. Redox conditions, then, have relatively little effect on trace-metal partitioning in the sediment matrix of these unpolluted sediments.
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    Sediment and heavy metal accumulation in the Cauvery basin (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 27 (1996), S. 155-163 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Radiometric dates ; Heavy metals ; Anthropogenic input ; Cauvery basin ; Remobilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Eleven cores were collected from the Cauvery basin. Radiometric dates were used to determine modern sediment accumulation rates. Sediment accumulation rates ranged from 0.4 to 4 mm yr–1. Heavy metal concentration decreases with the increase of depth. The heavy metal concentrations at certain depths are attributed to the irregular input of metals and their remobilization. Heavy metal accumulations have been computed using sediment accumulation rates, and accumulation rates show an additional anthropogenic input of metals and sediments in the recent past. Factor analysis and correlation analysis show the diverse source and accumulation mechanism influencing the metal distribution in the basin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050046
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    Distribution of heavy metals in the Piscinas beach sediments (SW Sardinia, Italy) (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 38 (1999), S. 91-100 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Sediments ; Mineralogy ; Geochemistry ; Heavy metals ; Biogeochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We have studied sediments of the Piscinas beach (SW Sardinia, Italy), which is supplied by two streams that wash mine dumps of abandoned lead and zinc mines at Montevecchio and Ingurtosu, situated inland from the supply basin of the beach itself. A study of the texture, mineralogy and geochemistry of the sediments was conducted for the purpose of assessing the possible influence of the mine waste on the composition of the sediments, looking for any anomalous enrichments in heavy metals. Furthermore, to evaluate and quantify metal release into the sea, samples of Posidonia oceanica, a bioaccumulator marine plant, were also examined. The results indicate that the distribution of heavy metals in the foreshore sediments is particularly affected by the contribution of the streams, while in the shoreface the distribution is affected by the currents that disperse the sediments both out to sea and southwards. The metal contents of the Posidonia oceanica are correlated with the different stages of activity of the mines.
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    The use of sediments to detect human impact on the fluvial system (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1015-1028 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Contaminants ; Heavy metals ; Organochlorines ; Fluvial sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediments have been used to detect sources of contamination in a catchment of the Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) estuary and to evaluate the effects of different land-use practices on the fluvial environment. Mean enrichment (mean concentrations over pre-anthropogenic background) of size-normalized (〈62.5 μm) aquatic sediment is 10 × for Cu, 20× for Pb and 90× for Zn adjacent to industrialized areas and 2×, 7× and 7×, respectively for these metals in highly urbanized subcatchments. Diffuse sources contribute minor metals to fluvial sediment even in the most underdeveloped subcatchment (2×, 3× and 3× for Cu, Pb and Zn respectively). Organochlorine pesticide residue concentrations parallel heavy-metal trends due to a common mixed industrial base. Effects-based sediment criteria suggest that some adverse biological impacts are probably occurring in streams flowing through the industrial areas. This interpretation is supported by sequential extraction data which show that a moderate proportion of total heavy metals, especially Zn, is associated with the more bioavailable exchangeable/adsorbed phases in these aquatic sediments. High total suspended solid loads in water downstream of one of the industrial centers, and high particle-bound Cu and Pb concentrations, suggest that most contaminants exiting the catchment do so in association with the solid phase.
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    Inorganic pollutants in the Padma River, Bangladesh (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1059-1062 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words River water ; Bed sediment ; Trace metal ; Heavy metals ; River pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The water and bed-sediment pollution status of the Padma River was determined by analysis of representative samples for selected metals and ions. Water and bed-sediment samples were collected at a T-dam, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, for 7 months. Water and silt-metal content analysis was performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry or other analytical methods. The data showed the variation of the metal ion-levels in water as follows: Ca 17.11–48.37 ppm, Na 17.51–20.09 ppm, K 1.00–3.60 ppm, Cr 2.80–7.00 ppm, and SO4 4.17–5.48 ppm; in bed sediment, the levels were Cr 35–1050 ppm and Pb 12–48 ppm. The occurrence of Na, K and Ca was in the normal range (US EPA permissible limit), but the levels of Cr in water were much higher than the permissible limit. The SO4 ion content was well below the pollution level. The concentration of Pb in the bed sediment was within the permissible limit for the standard International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Soil-5a, but the concentration of Cr in the bed sediment was significantly higher than the permissible limit for the standard IAEA Soil-5a. Thus the Padma river water was polluted with Cr. The occurrence of some ions showed a monthly variation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002549900098
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    Sediment and heavy metal accumulation in the Cauvery basin (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 27 (1996), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Radiometric dates ; Heavy metals ; Anthropogenic input ; Cauvery basin ; Remobilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Eleven cores were collected from the Cauvery basin. Radiometric dates were used to determine modern sediment accumulation rates. Sediment accumulation rates ranged from 0.4 to 4 mm yr−. Heavy metal concentration decreases with the increase of depth. The heavy metal concentrations at certain depths are attributed to the irregular input of metals and their remobilization. Heavy metal accumulations have been computed using sediment accumulation rates, and accumulation rates show an additional anthropogenic input of metals and sediments in the recent past. Factor analysis and correlation analysis show the diverse source and accumulation mechanism influencing the metal distribution in the basin.
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    Heavy metals distribution and fractionation in sediments of the Mahanadi River basin, India (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 22 (1993), S. 80-87 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Mahanadi River ; Heavy metals ; Fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metals distribution in core sediments, different size fractions of bed sediments (〉212 urn, 90-212 jam, 63–90 urn, 53–63 urn, 〈 53 urn), and suspended sediments (〉30 urn, 20–30 μm, 10–20 urn, 2–10 urn, 〈2 μm) have been discussed. Pb, Zn, and Cr have been accumulating in recent years in the sediments. Si, Al, Fe, Ca, and Mg dominate the bed and suspended sediment composition. Metals show increasing concentrations in finer sediments. Applying multivariate analysis to sediment composition, metals have been grouped into different factors depending upon their source of origin. Chemical fractionation studies on suspended and bed sediments show Fe, Zn, Cu, and Pb are associated with the residual fraction and Mn with the exchangeable fraction.
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    Mercury, arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River, Bethel, Alaska, USA (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 22 (1993), S. 106-110 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; River-deposited sediment ; Contamination ; Water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.
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    Natural and anthropogenic influences on the geochemistry of Quaternary lake sediments from Holzmaar, Germany (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 31 (1997), S. 236-247 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Lake sediments ; Heavy metals ; Geochemistry ; Element fluxes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The accumulation of heavy metals and trace elements has been investigated in a well laminated sequence of Holocene and late Pleistocene lake sediments composed of diatomaceous gyttja, tuff and silt and clay sediments. Varve chronology of the annually deposited gyttja yielded a continuous high-resolution time sequence and allowed the absolute age dating of the sediment. Fluxes of elements remained largely uniform from the late Pleistocene into the Holocene (12 867–2 364 VT years ago; VT: varve time, years before 1950). Higher trace element and heavy metal fluxes occur from 2 322 to 862 VT years ago and reached their maxima in the uppermost sediments (〈845 VT years ago). These increasing element fluxes correlate with increasing inputs of clastic material. The changing accumulation rates are the result of elevated soil erosion in the lake catchment caused by human settlement, deforestation and agricultural activities. Thus disturbances of the natural geochemical cycles of the Holzmaar region have occurred since the beginning of the Iron Age and especially since the beginning of the Middle Ages.
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    Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of tree-ring profiles in pine and birch from N Norway and NW Russia – a reliable record of the pollution history of the area? (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 32 (1997), S. 9-16 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words ICP-MS laser ablation ; Tree-ring profiles ; Heavy metals ; Pollution history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Laser ablation ICP-MS analysis of tree rings provides a rapid and sensitive method for investigating element concentrations and fluctuations in trees along time profiles. Time profiles obtained from pine and birch trees from a strongly polluted area in northwest Russia and a slightly polluted area at the Norwegian-Russian border show that single trees behave rather individualistically in terms of heavy metal contents as observed in the yearly growth rings. The obtained profiles can not be linked to the pollution history of the area. No correlation between pollution levels of the soils and observed metal content in tree rings can be established.
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    Heavy metal pollution of coastal river sediments, north-eastern New South Wales, Australia: lead isotope and chemical evidence (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 36 (1998), S. 118-126 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words River sediments ; Heavy metals ; Lead isotopes ; Geochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Heavy metal and metalloid concentrations within stream-estuary sediments (〈180-μm size fraction) in north-eastern New South Wales largely represent natural background values. However, element concentrations (Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) of Hunter River sediments within the heavily industrialized and urbanized Newcastle region exceed upstream background values by up to one order of magnitude. High element concentrations have been found within sediments of the Newcastle Harbour and Throsby Creek which drains into urbanized and light industry areas. Observed Pb enrichments and low 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb ratios are likely caused by atmospheric deposition of Pb additives from petrol and subsequent Pb transport by road run-off waters into the local drainage system. Sediments of the Richmond River and lower Manning, Macleay, Clarence, Brunswick and Tweed River generally display no evidence for anthropogenic heavy metal and metalloid contamination (Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn). However, the rivers and their tributaries possess localized sedimentary traps with elevated heavy metal concentrations (Cu, Pb, Zn). Lead isotope data indicate that anthropogenic Pb provides a detectable contribution to investigated sediments. Such contributions are evident at sample sites close to sewage outlets and in the vicinity of the Pacific Highway. In addition, As concentrations of Richmond River sediments gradually increase downstream. This geochemical trend may be the result of As mobilization from numerous cattle-dip sites within the region into the drainage system and subsequent accumulation of As in downstream river and estuary sediments.
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    Status of anthropogenically induced metal pollution in the Kanpur-Unnao industrial region of the Ganga Plain, India (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 38 (1999), S. 25-33 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Anthropogenic pollution ; Heavy metals ; Ganga Plain ; Monsoon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The Ganga Plain is one of the most densely populated regions and one of the largest groundwater repositories of the Earth. For several decades, the drainage basin of the Ganga Plain has been used for the disposal of domestic and industrial wastes which has adversely affected the quality of water, sediments and agricultural soils of the plain. The concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn and organic carbon were determined in river sediments and soils of the Ganga Plain in the Kanpur-Unnao industrial region in 1994 and 1995 (pre-monsoon period of April–May). High contents (maximum values) of C-org (12.0 wt. %), Cr (3.40 wt. %), Sn (1.92 wt. %), Zn (4000 mg/kg), Pb (646 mg/kg), Cu (408 mg/kg), Ni (502 mg/kg) and Cd (9.8 mg/kg) in sediments (〈20 μm fraction); and C-org (5.9 wt. %), Cr (2.16 wt. %), Sn (1.21 wt %), Zn (975 mg/kg) and Ni (482 mg/kg) in soils (〈20 μm) in the pre-monsoon period of 1994 were found. From 1994 to 1995 the contents of Fe and Sn in sediments increase whereas those of C-org, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn decrease. Considering the analytical errors, Al, Co, Cr, Mn and Pb do not show any change in their concentrations. In soils, the contents of Cd, Fe and Sn increase whereas those of Ni decrease from 1994 to 1995. Aluminium, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn do not show any change in their concentrations from 1994 to 1995. About 90% of the contents of Cd, Cr and Sn; 50–75% of C-org, Cu and Zn; and 25% of Co, Ni and Pb in sediments are derived from the anthropogenic input in relation to the natural background values, whereas in soils this is the case for about 90% of Cr and Sn; about 75% of Cd; and about 25% of C-org, Cu, Ni and Zn. The sediments of the study area show enrichment factors of 23.6 for Cr, 14.7 for Cd, 12.2 for Sn, 3.6 for C-org, 3.2 for Zn, 2.6 for Cu and 1.6 for Ni. The soils are enriched with factors of 10.7 for Cr, 9.0 for Sn, 3.6 for Cd, 1.8 for Ni and 1.5 for Cu and Zn, respectively.
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    A study of heavy metal pollution in the Tinto-Odiel estuary in southwestern Spain using factor analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1095-1101 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Factorial analysis ; Heavy metals ; Estuarine waters ; Huelva coast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The estuary of Odiel and Tinto rivers, located on the southwestern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, receives acidic fluvial water discharges with high concentrations of sulphates and heavy metals from these rivers. In addition, a big industrial complex which efflues directly on the system is located in the same estuary. The effluents induce the presence in the estuary of high concentrations of heavy metals and phospates (nutrients). The application of factorial analysis techniques on the nutrients and heavy metal concentrations in 46 water samples taken from 32 different sampling stations located along the estuary, allows three groups of elements and compounds with a distinct origin to be determinated. So, Cu and Zn have a clear fluvial provenance, whereas PO4 and As are clearly industrial wastes and Cl, K, Ca, Li, Rb and Sr come from the sea. From the factorial analyses we can deduce the existence of two agents controlling the behavior of the analyzed elements, which are: the tidal exchange with the open sea and the fluvial supply.
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    Reservoir sediments – a witness of mining and industrial development (Malter Reservoir, eastern Erzgebirge, Germany) (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1341-1351 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words East Germany ; Erzgebirge ; Eutrophication ; Heavy metals ; Lake sediments ; Mining ; Pollution development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. The Malter Reservoir is situated about 30 km south of Dresden (eastern Germany) in a historical mining area of the eastern Erzgebirge. It was built in 1913 for the protection from floodwaters, droughts and for generating electricity. The river Rote Weißeritz is the main source of clastic input into the lake. Geochemical and sedimentological data of gravity-and piston-cores, recovered from the deepest point of the lake, document the environmental history of the drainage area since 1963. 137Cs dating gives an average sedimentation rate of ∼2.9 cm/year. Within the whole core, heavy metals are strongly enriched (parentheses refer to enrichment factors as compared with average shale): cadmium (290), silver (140), bismuth (90), antimony (25), lead (21), zinc (14), tin (13), uranium (9), tungsten (9), molybdenum (5), copper (4), thallium (3) and chromium (2). Enrichments are detectable for the whole registered time-period of 81 years. Peaks of up to 27 mg/kg silver, 37 mg/kg bismuth, 91 mg/kg cadmium, 410 mg/kg chromium, 240 mg/kg copper, 20 mg/kg molybdenum, 14000 mg/kg phosphorus, 740 mg/kg lead, 6,5 mg/kg antimony, 74 mg/kg tin, 52 mg/kg tungsten and 1900 mg/kg zinc reflect local events caused by human impact. Inputs from different pollution sources at different times are represented by highly variable elemental concentrations and ratios within the core. High pH values within the water and the sediment column, the large adsorption capacity of the fine-grained Corg.-rich sediment, and the presence of low Eh-values and sulphide ions in the sediment prevent the remobilisation of the toxic elements. Erosion of these contaminated sediments during floods, channel flows or resuspension during removal of the sediments may lead to a downstream transfer of pollutants. Contents of P and Corg., as well as diatom abundance, indicate a change from oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions in the lake during ∼1940–1950. This was mainly caused by high agricultural activity in the drainage area. Reduced contents of Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr since the reunification of East and West Germany are obviously caused by increasing environmental protection measures, such as wastewater purification and especially the closing of contaminating industries.
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    Seasonal variation of particulate heavy metals in the Lower Paraíba do Sul River, R.J., Brazil (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 297-302 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Particulate matter ; Heavy metals ; Tropical river ; Seasonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Temporal and spatial variability of particulate metal concentrations (Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn and Fe) were investigated in the lower drainage basin of the Paraíba do Sul River. The results showed that the spatial variability was not important for all the studied metals, however, temporal variations seems to be considerable. In general, two distinct behaviors were observed for particulate heavy metals: (1) metal concentration increase together with water flow (Fe and Cu) and (2) concentration decrease with increasing water flux (Zn, Cr and Mn). The Fe and Cu behavior is probably due to the strong association of these metals with surface runoff, although their sources seem to be distinct. Iron probably originates from the regional soils rich in iron oxides, and Cu is possibly associated to the large-scale use of copper fungicides in the sugar cane plantations. The opposite trend observed for Zn, Cr and Mn probably reflects the importance of the industrial and urban effluents as a secondary source of these elements for the system. Their behavior is probably associated with the dilution effect caused by the input of a suspended matter poor in these metals originated from the surface runoff during the rainy season.
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    Long-range atmospheric transport of trace metals: the need for geoscience perspectives (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 33 (1998), S. 96-108 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Atmospheric transport ; Heavy metals ; Natural emissions ; Risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The scientific literature of the past 25 years indicates a lack of consensus over the relative significance of anthropogenic and natural sources of metals in rural and remote ecosystems, meaning areas located several hundred to several thousand kilometers from industrial point sources. Geoscience perspectives are needed to address the critical information gaps associated with this issue, particularly where information on the significance and variability of naturally occurring metals is required. Uncertainties in source apportionment need to be addressed by improving methods of fingerprinting sources of airborne particles, and establishing identities of individual particles on the basis of characteristic morphologies and chemical composition. Further research is required to obtain robust estimates of total metal emissions to the atmosphere and to the oceans in order to determine the relative contribution from anthropogenic sources. Such research must involve a systematic attempt to obtain spatially and temporally representative data on the natural release of metals at the global scale. Moreover, a clear understanding of all local natural and anthropogenic loadings to an ecosystem is required before firm conclusions can be drawn about the relative importance of long-range atmospheric transport.
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    Stable isotopes and heavy metal distribution in Dreissena polymorpha (Zebra Mussels) from western basin of Lake Erie, Canada (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 33 (1998), S. 122-129 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Stable isotopes ; Heavy metals ; Zebra mussels ; Lake Erie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Dreissena polymorpha is an exotic freshwater bivalve species which was introduced into the Great Lakes system in the fall of 1985 through the release of ballast water from European freighters. Utilizing individual growth rings of the shells, the stable isotope distribution (δ18O and δ13C) was determined for the life history of selected samples which were collected from the western basin of Lake Erie. These bivalves deposit their shell in near equilibrium with the ambient water and thus reflect any annual variation of the system in the isotopic records held within their shells. Observed values for δ18O range from -6.64 to –9.46‰ with an average value of –7.69‰ PDB, while carbon values ranged from –0.80 to –4.67‰ with an average value of –1.76‰ PDB. Dreissena polymorpha shells incorporate metals into their shells during growth. Individual shell growth increments were analyzed for Pb, Fe, Mg, Mn, Cd, Cu, and V concentrations. The shells show increased uptake of certain metals during periods of isotopic enrichment which correspond with warmer water temperatures. Since metals are incorporated into the shells, the organism may be useful as a biomonitor of metal pollution within aquatic environments.
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    Heavy metal retention in secondary precipitates from a mine rock dump and underlying soil, Dalarna, Sweden (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 33 (1997), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key wordsAcid mine drainage ; Sulfide oxidation ; Goethite ; Jarosite ; Heavy metals ; Hydrated ferrous sulfates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the retention of heavy metals in secondary precipitates from a sulfidic mine rock dump and underlying podzolic soils by means of mineralogical and chemical extraction methods. The rock dump, which is at least 50 years old, consists of a 5–10-cm-thick leached zone and an underlying 110–115-cm-thick accumulation zone. Optical microscopy and electron microprobe analyses confirm that pyrrhotite weathering has proceeded much further in the leached horizon relative to the accumulation horizon. The weathering of sulfides in the leached zone has resulted in the migration of most heavy metals to the accumulation zone or underlying soils, where they are retained in more stable phases such as secondary ferric minerals, including goethite and jarosite. Some metals are temporarily retained in hydrated ferrous sulfates (e.g., melanterite, rozenite).
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    Channel processes as a factor controlling accumulation of heavy metals in river bottom sediments: consequences for pollution monitoring (Upper Silesia, Poland) (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 36 (1998), S. 45-54 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Channel processes ; River sediments ; River pollution ; Heavy metals ; Upper Silesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  An evaluation of the influence of channel processes (erosion, accumulation, processing of channel sediments) on the dispersal of heavy metals in bottom sediments was carried out in the channels of the Sztoła and Biała Przemsza rivers in Upper Silesia, Poland. These rivers receive waters from a Zn and Pb mine. Mine waters transport a large amount of fine-grained sediments contaminated with heavy metals. The polluted material is accumulated in these stream courses and mixed with nearly homogeneous sandy sediment derived from erosion of the river banks and bed. Because these alluvia are easily set in motion, the distribution of heavy metal concentration in the channel in fraction 〈1 mm reflects differences in physical processes of sedimentation in its cross-section. The minimal values in active channel and maximal in the near-bank zone are typical for those channel sections where heavy metals, present in a solid state, are transported as a suspended load (normally the largest part of a polluted river course). In short sections heavy metals associated with the grains of a large mass which has accumulated in the active channel are transported as a bed load and the typical distribution pattern is reversed (in fractions both 〈1 mm and 〈0.063 mm). Such regularities can be disturbed in localities where strong, turbulent flow or frequent eddying occur and Mn oxides and hydrooxides and associated elements precipitate. The smallest variation in heavy metal concentration in the homogenous, fine-grained bank sediments which are trapped by plants below water level is a feature which recommends these localities as being the most suitable for monitoring of river pollution.
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    Accumulation of muds and metals in the Hudson River estuary turbidity maximum (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 34 (1998), S. 214-222 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Hudson River ; Estuary ; Heavy metals ; Turbidity maximum ; Mud
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  In the Hudson River estuary, fine mud and toxic metals are enriched in the upstream turbidity maximum. The mechanisms causing the enrichment were assessed through the analysis of suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) (bottom and surface), particle size, and trace metal distributions. Bottom SSCs varied across the study area by a factor of ten, and the turbidity maximum activity was observed in between kilometers 45 and 80. The particle-size analysis defined two accumulation modes: 〈4.65 and 〉22.1 μm. The ratio of the fine-to-coarse mode increased from 1.75 to 2.75 in the turbidity maximum. The fine mud concentration (55–60%) in the turbidity maximum was found to have a high correlation (r=0.98;p〈0.005) with the concentration of 〈2-μm particles. A conceptual model was derived in order to understand the possible mechanisms by which fine mud (and specifically 〈2-μm particles) is concentrated. The two dominant size modes were analyzed for toxic metals. The upstream tributaries are major sources of metals compared to point sources at downstream locations. In the turbidity maximum, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb are significantly enriched compared to average shale metal values and ERM toxicity guidelines by 580, 42, 10, 16 and 12, 7, 2.4, 1.4 times, respectively. Decreasing metal concentrations downstream of the turbidity maximum imply that Haverstraw Bay acts as temporary storage for fine particles and enriched metals. It is demonstrated in this study that toxic metals are enriched in Haverstraw Bay due to the mud accumulation. The high levels of toxic metals in the sediments of the Hudson River estuary are a major concern because human activities (dredging and river traffic) cause resuspension of sediments and can change the mobility patterns of bioavailable contaminants.
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    Metal retention in a thin karstic soil, Christian County, Missouri (1999)
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    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 107-111 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Karst ; Heavy metals ; Soil contamination ; Sequential extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The response of a Wilderness cherty loam series soil to repeated dosages of metals (as sewage sludge) using a two-step sequential extraction procedure was investigated. Variations in metal content between amended and control soils were related to organic matter, clay content, and clay mineralogy. Of the four metals investigated, Cu was found to accumulate in the top 20 cm of amended soils; Pb and Zn were present in even smaller amounts with respect to the control soils, and Cr concentrations were unaffected with respect to both depth and amendment. None of the metals indicated accumulation in deeper (〉20 cm) parts of the soil profile. Overall, results suggest that the metals remobilize in the top 20 cm, being readily uptaken by the fescue grass growing in this lot. Precipitation of insoluble forms of metal into deeper parts of the soil profile was proven unlikely based on the distribution of metal concentrations throughout the profile.
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    Correlation between magnetic susceptibility and distribution of heavy metals in contaminated sea-floor sediments of Hong Kong Harbour (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 36 (1998), S. 77-86 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic susceptibility ; Sea-floor sediments ; Heavy metals ; Hong Kong
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Magnetic susceptibility measurements were conducted on 24 vibrocores obtained from an area located off the northeastern coast of Lantau Island in Hong Kong. High intensities of magnetic susceptibility were detected in the uppermost sections of the majority of the cores. Several magnetic parameters measured for one of the cores suggest that the variations in the magnetic characteristics over depth are mainly due to varying concentrations of the magnetic minerals. Since a strong correlation has been found between magnetic susceptibility and the heavy metals Pb, Cu, Zn and Cr, an anthropogenic contamination origin is thought to be the cause. The present study shows that magnetic susceptibility is a fast, inexpensive and non-destructive method for the detection and mapping of contaminated sediments.
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    Heavy metals in Oka river sediments (Urdaibai National Biosphere Reserve, northern Spain): lithogenic and anthropogenic effects (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 54-63 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Oka River ; Spain ; Sediments ; Heavy metals ; Geochemical fractionation ; Lithogenic effects ; Anthropogenic inputs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The Oka River basin is located in the Urdaibai National Biosphere Reserve, North Spain. In order to obtain a preliminary view of its environmental conditions, nitric acid extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni and Co, organic matter content (L.O.I.), geochemical fractionation of heavy metals and mineralogical composition were analysed in surficial sediments (fraction 〈63 μm) collected in October 1991. Relatively high concentrations of metals occurred in a sampling site upstream, due to a local natural enrichment controlled by weathering of volcanic rocks. Geochemical fractionation confirmed the lithogenic origin of metals, which were mainly associated to the detrital phase. The significant increase of heavy metals found in some samples collected in the municipal area of Gernika suggested a pollution effect, related to anthropogenic wastes. Large amounts of metallic slags have been found mixed with the sediments upstream from this locality. Nevertheless, in view of their composition, it is unlikely that these slags constitute a significant source of heavy metals in the studied area. In a second sampling in October 1997 an apparent decreasing trend in some heavy metal levels was noted, particularly for Pb and Cu. Nowadays, enrichment factors relative to background values confirm moderate anthropogenic influence on Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni concentrations. However, heavy metal levels in the Oka river sediments are much lower than those detected in other major rivers of the Basque Country (Nervión, Urumea, Deba).
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    Impact of polluted canal water on adjacent soil and groundwater systems (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 945-950 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Water quality ; Heavy metals ; Pollution ; Groundwater ; Canal water ; Soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002549900069
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    Grain size and geochemical partitioning of heavy metals in sediments of the Damodar River – a tributary of the lower Ganga, India (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (1999), S. 90-98 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Damodar River ; Heavy metals ; Grain size ; Chemical fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The distribution of Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr in different grain-size fractions and geochemical association of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn with 〈63-μm size fraction of bed sediments of Damodar River has been studied. In general, concentrations of heavy metals tend to increase as the size fractions get finer. However at two sites, near mining areas, the coarser particles show similar or even higher heavy metal concentrations than finer ones. The higher residence time and/or presence of coarser particles from mining wastes are possibly responsible for higher metal content in the coarser size fractions. The chemical fractionation study shows that lithogenic is the major chemical phase for heavy metals. Fe and Mn are the major elements of the lithogenic lattice, constituting 34–63% and 22–59%, respectively, of total concentrations. Fe-Mn oxide and organic bound fractions are significant phases in the non-lithogenic fraction. The carbonate fraction is less significant for heavy metal scavenging in the present environment and shows the following order of abundance Zn〉Cu〉Mn〉Fe. The exchangeable fraction of the Damodar sediments contains very low amounts of heavy metals suggesting poor bioavailability of metals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050439
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    Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in oyster (Crassostrea virginica) tissue and shell (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1216-1226 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Bioaccumulation ; Heavy metals ; Oyster ; Sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Oysters and sediment have been collected from most major US Gulf of Mexico bays and estuaries each year since 1986. Selected samples of oyster soft tissue, shell and sediments were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn for this study. Concentrations varied considerably from place to place but ratios of metals remained relatively constant. Cu and Zn are greatly enriched in oyster tissues, which is related to their physiological function. Cd is enriched in oyster shell because of the easy substitution between Cd and Ca. The concentrations of Pb and Cr in oysters are significantly lower than that in sediment, suggesting a good discrimination against these metals by oysters. Metal variations are a result of both nature and human activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540000110
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    Geochemical fractionation of heavy metals in Chilka Lake (east coast of India)—a tropical coastal lagoon (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 26 (1995), S. 199-210 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Coastal lagoon ; Chilka Lake ; Sediment ; Heavy metals ; Chemical fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Chilka lake, the largest coastal lagoon of Asia is one of the most dynamic ecosystems along the Indian coast. Historically the lagoon has undergone a considerable reduction in surface area due, in part, to input from natural processes but mostly due to human activities. The purpose of this investigation is to document the heavy metals' affinity for specific geochemical phases in the recently deposited sediments in the lagoon. Thirty-three samples were collected and analyzed for different geochemical phases of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn utilizing a sequential extraction scheme. In the nonlithogenous fraction, the exchangeable fraction was not geochemically significant, having 〈2% of the total metal concentration for all the elements. However, the carbonate fraction contained the following percentages of the total concentration: 〈1% Fe, 13% Mn, 6% Cu, 4% Cr, 8% Ni, 13% Pb, and 12% Zn, suggesting the detrital origin of the sediments. Reducible and organic matter-bound fractions were the significant phases in the nonlithogenous fraction, containing 9% Fe, 16% Mn, 15% Cu, 16% Cr, 16% Ni, 14% Pb, and 14% Zn in the former and 4% Fe, 3% Mn, 17% Cu, 3% Cr, 14% Ni, 15% Pb, and 14% Zn in the latter. The phenomenon has been attributed to the scavenging affinity of Fe-Mn oxides and affinity for sorption into organic matter of the lagoon sediments. The lithogenous, residual fraction generally considered as a guide for natural background values was determined to contain 87% Fe, 67% Mn, 61% Cu, 77% Cr, 61.3% Ni, 56% Pb, and 60% Zn of the total concentrations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00770470
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    Calcareous skeletons of sea urchins as indicators of heavy metals pollution. Portman Bay, Spain (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 29 (1997), S. 78-83 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Sea urchins ; Heavy metals ; Pollution ; Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Portman Bay presents elevated quantities of metals and heavy metals in the sediments and rocky outcrops. The calcitic skeletons of the sea urchins that live there present elevated concentrations of Mn, Fe, Zn, and Pb (249, 273, 32, and 59 ppm) in comparison with control zones (beach of La Vila) where the concentrations for these elements are 5, 7, 8, and 2 ppm, respectively. Two species of sea urchins have been studied: Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula. The different compositions between the plates and the spines of their skeletons have also been studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050106
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    Groundwaters of Florence (Italy): Trace element distribution and vulnerability of the aquifers (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 22 (1993), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Groundwaters ; Nitrates ; Heavy metals ; Aquifer vulnerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Geochemical and hydrogeological research has been carried out on 109 wells in the alluvial plain of Florence, in order to evaluate conductivity and main chemistry of ground waters, the pattern of some possible pollutant chemical species (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, NO2, NO3), and the vulnerability of the aquifers. The plain is made up of Plio-Quaternary alluvial and lacustrine sediments for a maximum thickness of 600 m. Silts and clays, sometimes with lenses of sandy gravels, are dominant, while considerable deposits of sands, pebbles, and gravels occur along the course of the Arno river and its tributary streams, and represent the most important aquifer of the plain. The groundwaters analyzed belong to this aquifer or to the smaller ones, hosted in the gravel lenses. Most waters show conductivity values around 1000–1200 μS, and almost all of them have an alkaline-earth-bicarbonate chemical character; these features are consistent with the mainly calcareous lithology of the aquifers. In the western areas a higher salt content of the groundwaters is evident, probably related to the presence of industrial activities which use water desalinators. Heavy metal and NO2, NO3 analyses point out that no important pollution phenomena affect the groundwaters; all the mean values of the chemical considered species are below the maximum admissible concentration (MAC) fixed by the European Community for drinkable waters. Nevertheless, some anomalies of NO2, NO3, Fe, Mn, and Zn are present in the plain. Apart from Mn, which seems to be released by certain calcareous gravels, the other anomalies have a local influence, since they disappear even in the nearest wells. The most plausible causes can be recognized in losses of the sewage system (NO2=3–4 mg/t); use of nitrate compounds in agriculture (NO3=60–70 mg/l); oxidation of well pipes (Fe ≈ 20 mg/l; Zn ≈ 6 mg/l). As regards Cr, Cu, and Pb, all the observations are below the MAC; therefore, the median values of 〈 3, 3.9, and 1.1 μg/l, respectively, could be considered reference concentrations for groundwaters circulating in calcareous lithotypes, under undisturbed natural conditions. Finally, a map of vulnerability related to the most superficial and important aquifer has been elaborated on the basis of thickness and permeability of the covers. The map shows that the areas near the Arno river are highly vulnerable, for the minimum thickness (or lacking) of sediments covering the aquifer. On the other hand, in the case of pollution, several factors not considered in the map could significantly increase the self-purification capacity of the aquifer, such as the dilution of groundwaters caused by the feeding of the rivers, the bacteria oxidation of nitrogenous species, and the sorption capacity of clay minerals and organic matter with respect to trace metals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00767403
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    Plant species as indicators of geochemical anomalies: Experiences onIlex aquifolium (holly) (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 25 (1995), S. 114-118 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Plants ; Heavy metals ; Biogeochemical prospecting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu, in plants growing in mineralized and sterile areas of Tuscany has been studied to verify if and to what extent metalaccumulating species represent evidence of geochemical anomalies in soils. Samples of leaves and twigs from trees were collected, and analyzed by means of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Hollies, brambles, and Holm oaks in particular were considered in the mineralized area of Bottino, and the special aptitude of hollies in concentrating Cd with respect to the other metals has been verified. Cadmium has been previously recognized as a pathfinder for zinc ore bodies; the results of this investigation appear to point out the relevance of holly as a bioindicator of geochemical zinc anomalies. Lower metal concentration characterizes the same species from other mineralized and sterile zones, with the exception of the urbanized area of Florence, where relatively higher Zn concentrations in hollies appear to be due to atmospheric pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00767867
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    Mobility of heavy metals from coal fly ash (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 23 (1994), S. 264-270 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Fly ash ; Sequential extraction ; Heavy metals ; Voltammetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The mobility of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn from six different coal-fired power plant fly ashes that show a wide compositional range was examined using a sequential extraction procedure in order to assess their mobility when these wastes are ponded or landfilled. The extraction sequence was as follows: (1) water extractable, (2) cation exchangeable (CH3COONH4 at pH 7), (3) surface oxide-bound cations (CH3COONH4 at pH 5), (4) Fe oxide-bound cations (HONH3Cl), and (5) residual (HF, HCl, HNO3, 2∶1∶1). The heavy metal contents in the extraction solutions were determined by anodic (Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn) and cathodic (Ni and Co) stripping voltammetry. The results reveal differences in the total contents of the selected trace elements among the fly ash samples, which must be related to differences in coal composition and combustion technology. The extractable fraction under natural conditions ranges from 1.5 to 36.4 percent of the total element content. Cadmium, Co, Cu, and Zn show the highest extractable fraction (10.8–18.9 percent on average). Cadmium is the most easily water-extractable element, while Co, Cu, and Zn increase their mobility as the severity of the extraction increases. Cobalt, Ni, Pb, and Zn are mainly associated with the surface oxide-bound and Fe oxide-bound fractions. Nickel, Pb, and Sb have low mobility potentials (5.3–6.6 percent as extractable fraction), but Sb presents a relatively high water-extractable fraction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00766741
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    Effects of historical mining activities on surface water and groundwater - an example from northwest Arizona (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 33 (1998), S. 224-230 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Historical mining ; Groundwater pollution ; Surface-water pollution ; Heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The focus of this research was to determine the impact of abandoned mines on surface water and groundwater in the historical mining districts of the Cerbat Mountains, Arizona. The surface water in the mining areas was found to be contaminated by various combinations and concentrations of heavy metals. Elevated arsenic, cadmium, and iron concentrations were detected in most surface-water samples, while lead, copper, and zinc contamination differed from region to region, depending on the ore mined. The groundwater was seriously polluted by arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc, iron, and manganese in the immediate vicinity of mines that processed ore on the site, such as the Tennessee Mine near Chloride. Chloride's groundwater, however, showed no evidence of contamination. Three possible explanations are discussed: immobilization of the heavy metals in the soil by chemical reactions and adsorption, dilution effects due to the rainy season in spring, or the existence of different groundwater systems.
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    Mobilization and attenuation of heavy metals within a nickel mine tailings impoundment near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 36 (1998), S. 305-319 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Sulfide oxidation ; Mine tailings ; Heavy metals ; Metal attenuation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The oxidation and the subsequent dissolution of sulfide minerals within the Copper Cliff tailings area have led to the release of heavy metals such as Fe, Ni, and Co to the tailings pore water. Dissolved concentrations in excess of 10 g/l Fe and 2.2 g/l Ni have been detected within the shallow pore water of the tailings, with increasing depth these concentrations decrease to or near analytical detection limits. Geochemical modelling of the pore-water chemistry suggests that pH-buffering reactions are occurring within the shallow oxidized zones, and that secondary phases are precipitating at or near the underlying hardpan and transition zones. Mineralogical study of the tailings confirmed the presence of goethite, jarosite, gypsum, native sulfur, and a vermiculite-type clay mineral. Goethite, jarosite, and native sulfur form alteration rims and pseudo-morphs of the sulfide minerals. Interstitial cements, composed of goethite, jarosite, and gypsum, locally bind the tailings particles, forming hardpan layers. Microprobe analyses of the goethite indicate that it contains up to 0.6 weight % Ni, suggesting that the goethite is a repository for Ni. Other sinks detected for heavy metals include jarosite and a vemiculite-type clay mineral which locally contains up to 1.6 weight % Ni. To estimate the mass and distribution of heavy metals associated with the secondary phases within the shallow tailings, a series of chemical extractions was completed. The experimental design permitted four fractions of the tailings to be evaluated independently. These four fractions consisted of a water-soluble, an acid-leachable, and a reducible fraction, as well as the whole-rock total. Twenty-five percent of the total mass of heavy metals was removed in the acid-leaching experiments, and 100% of the same components were removed in the reduction experiments. The data suggest that precipitation/coprecipitation reactions are providing an effective sink for most of the heavy metals released by sulfide mineral oxidation. In light of these results, potential decommissioning strategies should be evaluated with the recognition that changing the geochemical conditions may alter the stability of the secondary phases within the shallow tailings.
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    Distribution of heavy metals in urban soils – a case study of Danang-Hoian Area (Vietnam) (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 603-610 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Soils ; Heavy metals ; Anthropogenic impacts ; Vietnam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  This work is part of a research study which is intended to study the degree of anthropogenic influences of the trace metal distribution of soils from Danang-Hoian area (Vietnam). Cu, Ni, Zn and Zr show significant effects in most of the cultivated soil categories, especially in the industrial soils. Extremely high levels of Pb (up to 742 μg/g) are observed in the industrial soil category, which shows an enrichment factor 114 as compared to rural soils. Cd shows only a relative local enrichment with the maximum level of 4.6 μg/g in urban soils. Sequential extraction was performed in selected samples to evaluate the geochemical trace metals. The result indicates that Zn and Cr are mainly found in the crystal and amorphous Fe oxide bounded forms. The contents of Cr in these fractions comprise more than 94% of total extractable Cr. In the case of Zn, 85% of total extractable Zn is in fractions FV and FVI. Cu is mainly found in the organic fraction at an average of 39.3% of total extractable content. On the other hand, heavy metal contents show an increasing tendency in the fine fraction (silt and clay).
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    Environmental geochemistry of the Gulf Creek copper mine area, north-eastern New South Wales, Australia (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (1999), S. 61-74 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Acid mine drainage ; Heavy metals ; Contamination ; Bioavailability ; Rehabilitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Past mining and smelting of sulphide ore (pyrite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite) at the abandoned Gulf Creek mine has resulted in a stream highly contaminated by acid mine drainage (pH: 2.2–3.4), as well as degradation of local soil and vegetation. Physical dispersion of secondary metal-bearing minerals from abandoned ore and waste dumps into Gulf Creek and adsorption and coprecipitation of dissolved metals and metalloids in the stream bed cause elevated Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn values in stream sediments. The bioavailability of individual heavy metals to freshwater organisms changes downstream, however, selective bioaccumulation processes in algae reject readily bioavailable Zn and concentrate less bioavailable Cu. Polluted soils in the vicinity of the mine and smelter sites are subject to continuing soil erosion and either support no vegetation, or a depauperate flora with certain species showing bioaccumulation of metals and resistance to high metal contents. Rehabilitation of disturbed areas should involve covering and sealing sulphidic mine waste or removal of ore and waste dumps, installation of a physical and chemical plant or construction of a wetland environment (plus anoxic lime drains), and import of topsoil and planting of local, metal-tolerant plant species.
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    Influence of soluble phosphorus fertilizer on the interaction between a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and Azospirillum brasilense in barley (Herdeum vulgare L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 10 (1990), S. 57-60 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Phosphorus fertilizer ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Glomus versiforme ; Barley ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen-15 ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pot-culture studies were carried out to examine the response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Glomus versiforme, singly and/or in combination, under varying levels of nitrogenous [(15NH4)2SO4] and soluble phosphatic (single superphosphate) fertilizers. The interaction between both the endophytes led to increased growth and nutrition of the barley plants. Roots from plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and Glomus versiforme exhibited very low acetylene reduction activity. N2 fixation in the plants increased with the increase in plant growth but the mycorrhiza alone gave a low level of N2 fixation in the plants compared to combined inoculation with both the endophytes.
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    Diversity of diazotroph populations in the rhizosphere of maize (Zea mays L.) growing on different French soils (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 210-215 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizosphere ; Maize ; Bacillus circulans ; Enterobacteriaceae ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We studied the dominant diazotrophs associated with maize roots and rhizosphere soil originating from three different locations in France. An aseptically grown maize plantlet, the “spermosphere model”, was used to isolate N2-fixing (acetylene-reducing) bacteria. Bacillus circulans was the dominant N2-fixing bacterium in the rhizosphere of maize-growing soils from Ramonville and Trogny, but was not found in maize-growing sandy soil from Pissos. In the latter soil, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella terrigena, and Pseudomonas sp. were the most abundant diazotrophs. Azospirillum sp., which has been frequently reported as an important diazotroph accociated with the maize rhizosphere, was not isolated from any of these soils. The strains were compared for their acetylene-reducing activity in the spermosphere model. The Bacillus circulans strains, which were more frequently isolated, also exhibited significantly greater acetylene-reducing activity (3100 nmol ethylene day-1 plant-1) than the Enterobacteriaceae strains (180 nmol ethylene day-1 plant-1). This work indicates for the first time that Bacillus circulans is an important maizerhizosphere-associated bacterium and a potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium.
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    Variation in nodulation and N2 fixation by the Gliricidia sepium/Rhizobium spp. symbiosis in a calcareous soil (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Genetic variability ; N-15 methods ; Nitrogen fixation ; Provenances ; Rhizobium strains ; Gliricidia sepium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Variation in nodulation and N2 fixation by the Gliricidia sepium/Rhizobium spp. symbiosis was studied in two greenhouse experiments. The first included 25 provenances of G. sepium inoculated with a mixture of three strains of Rhizobium spp. N2 fixation was measured using the 15N isotope dilution method 12 weeks after planting. On average, G. sepium derived 45% of its total N from atmospheric N2. Significant differences in fixation were observed between provenances. The percentage of N derived from atmospheric N2 ranged from 26 to 68% (equivalent to 18–62 mg N plant-1) and was correlated with total N in the plant (r=0.70; P=0.05). The second experiment included six strains of Rhizobium spp. and two methods of inoculation and the plants were harvested 14,35 and 53 weeks after planting. In the first harvest significant differences were found between the number of nodules and the percentage and amount of N2 fixed. There was also a significant correlation between the number of nodules and the amount of N2 fixed (r=0.92; P=0.05). In the final harvest no correlation was observed, although there were significant differences between the number of nodules and the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere. The amount of N2 fixed increased with time (from an average of 27% at the first harvest to 58% at the final harvest) and was influenced by the Rhizobium spp. strain and the method of inoculation. It ranged from 36% for Rhizobium sp. strain SP 14 to 71% for Rhizobium SP 44 at the last harvest. Values for the percentage of atmosphere derived N2 obtained by soil inoculation were slightly higher than those obtained by seed inoculation.
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    The influence of blue-green algae on the biological amelioration of alkali soils (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 306-312 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Alkali soil ; Blue-green algae ; Calcium carbonate ; Gypsum ; Nitrogen fixation ; Organic matter ; Soil reclamation ; Sodic soil ; Waterlogged soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Virgin alkali (sodic) soils have a high pH and high exchangeable Na and are often barren. Blue-green algae, however, tolerate excess Na and grow extensively on the soil surface in wet seasons. Experiments using a highly degraded alkali soil (silt loam, pH 10.3, electrical conductivity 3.5 dS m-1, 90% exchangeable Na) were conducted in soil columns, with or without gypsum, in order to study the influence of waterlogging on the growth of indigenous and inoculated blue-green algae and hence, soil reclamation. The growth of indigenous blue-green algae was initially slow in alkali soil, due to the high pH and exchangeable Na, and depressed in gypsum-amended soil, due to excess Ca. Inoculation hastened the establishment of blue-green algae in both the unamended alkali soil and the gypsum-amended soil, overcoming the adverse influence of excess Na in the former and excess Ca in the latter. Gypsum was effective in amelioration (pH 9.05, electrical conductivity 1.2 dS m-1, 41% exchangeable Na after 11 weeks) but blue-green algae were ineffective even after 17 weeks. In combination with gypsum, blue-green algae had no additional effect, and the C and N increases due to the growth of indigenous or inoculated blue-green algae were insignificant. Alkali soil reclamation by biological methods requires mobilization of Ca from native soil calcite and the exchange of Ca for Na in the exchange complex. The ineffectiveness of blue-green algae was ascribed to their inability to mobilize Ca. It is argued that current theories favouring blue-green algae as a biological amendment to bring about alkali soil reclamation are untenable and are not comparable with an effective chemical amendment such as gypsum.
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    Influence of sewage sludge and heavy metals on nematodes in an arable soil (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 5-9 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nematodes ; Sewage sludge ; Heavy metals ; Pratylenchus spp. ; Heterodera spp. ; Aphelenchoides spp. ; Ecumenicus spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The abundance of nematodes was investigated in agricultural plots treated in three different ways, the first with no treatment, the second with 300 m3 ha-1 a-1 raw sewage sludge and the third with 300 m3 ha-1 a-1 sewage sludge with the addition of heavy metals. The nematodes were determined down to the genus and were assigned to five feeding groups. Total nematode numbers were highest in the site treated with sewage sludge and heavy metals. The smallest total numbers were found in the control site. The plant-feeding nematode genera showed different patterns of abundance depending on the sludge treatment and heavy metal content. For the mycophagic and bacteriophagic nematodes, numbers increased with the amount of sludge, especially in the sites with a higher heavy metal content. The family Rhabditidae was the most numerous group in the sludge plus heavy metals treatment. In contrast to these findings, the omnivorous nematodes were very rare in the sludgetreated plots and were completely absent in plots treated with sludge plus heavy metals, whereas predatory nematodes were numerous only after the application of sludge alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369381
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