ALBERT — All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

1

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Long-range atmospheric transport of trace metals: the need for geoscience perspectives (1998)

Rasmussen, P. E.

Springer

Environmental geology 33 (1998), S. 96-108

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ISSN: 1432-0495

Keywords: Key words Atmospheric transport ; Heavy metals ; Natural emissions ; Risk assessment

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Abstract The scientific literature of the past 25 years indicates a lack of consensus over the relative significance of anthropogenic and natural sources of metals in rural and remote ecosystems, meaning areas located several hundred to several thousand kilometers from industrial point sources. Geoscience perspectives are needed to address the critical information gaps associated with this issue, particularly where information on the significance and variability of naturally occurring metals is required. Uncertainties in source apportionment need to be addressed by improving methods of fingerprinting sources of airborne particles, and establishing identities of individual particles on the basis of characteristic morphologies and chemical composition. Further research is required to obtain robust estimates of total metal emissions to the atmosphere and to the oceans in order to determine the relative contribution from anthropogenic sources. Such research must involve a systematic attempt to obtain spatially and temporally representative data on the natural release of metals at the global scale. Moreover, a clear understanding of all local natural and anthropogenic loadings to an ecosystem is required before firm conclusions can be drawn about the relative importance of long-range atmospheric transport.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050229

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Mercury in lake sediments of the Precambrian Shield near Huntsville, Ontario, Canada (1998)

Rasmussen, P. E. ; Villard, D. J. ; Gardner, H. D. ; [et al.]

Springer

Environmental geology 33 (1998), S. 170-182

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ISSN: 1432-0495

Keywords: Key words Mercury ; Fish ; Natural sources ; Sediment profiles

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Long sediment cores (〉1 m) were collected from eight Precambrian Shield lakes in southern Ontario, Canada and analyzed for mercury (Hg), loss-on-ignition (LOI), and a suite of 36 other elements. Results indicated at least 100-fold variation in sediment Hg concentrations between lakes in close proximity (from 450 ppb), comparable to the variation reported for lakes across the whole of Canada. Strong areal correlations between Hg concentrations and LOI (r 2 =0.77), between Hg and other trace element concentrations (Pb, Zn, Cd, Sb, As, Br), and similarities in the vertical concentration profiles of Hg and LOI, all point to the importance of organic matter in the release, transport and redistribution of metals in watershed systems. The spatial pattern of Hg concentrations in deep, precolonial sediments (〉20 cm) was found to mirror the pattern of Hg concentrations in modern surface sediments, an observation that was confirmed in a follow-up survey (r 2 =0.85;n=25 lakes), indicating that natural processes govern the unequal distribution of Hg among these lakes. Between-lake differences in surface sediment Hg concentrations normalized to organic carbon (Hg/C) were also reflected by Hg concentrations in smallmouth bass normalized to 35 cm length (R 2 =0.63;n=15 lakes). The latter relationship suggests that smallmouth bass and lake sediment indicators provide mutually supportive information regarding Hg loading to the lacustrine environment from geological sources in the watershed system.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050236

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Influence of long-term residue management on soil enzyme activities in relation to soil chemical properties of a wheat-fallow system (1988)

Dick, R. P. ; Rasmussen, P. E. ; Kerle, E. A.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 159-164

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Residue management ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Manure ; Burning ; Soil enzymes

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Soil enzyme activities (acid and alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, β-glucosidase, urease and amidase) were determined (0- to 20-cm depth) after 55 years of crop-residue and N-fertilization treatment in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow system on semiarid soils of the Pacific Northwest. All residues were incorporated and the treatments were: straw (N0), straw with fall burn (N0FB), straw with spring burn (N0SB), straw plus 45 kg N ha−1 (N45), straw plus 90 kg N ha−1 (N90), straw burned in spring plus 45 kg N ha−1 (N45SB), straw burned in spring plus 90 kg N ha−1 (N90SB), straw plus 2.24 T ha−1 pea-vine residue and straw plus 22.4 T ha−1 of straw-manure. Enzyme activities were significantly (P〈0.001) affected by residue management. The highest activities were observed in the manure treated soil, ranging from 36% (acid phosphatase) to 190% increase in activity over the control (N0). The lowest activities occurred in the N0FB (acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase and β-glucosidase) and N90 treated soils (alkaline phosphatase, amidase and urease). Straw-burning had a significant effect only on acid phosphatase activity, which decreased in spring burn treated soil when inorganic N was applied. Urease and amidase activity decreased with long-term addition of inorganic N whereas the pea vine and the manure additions increased urease and amidase activity. There was a highly significant effect from the residue treatments on soil pH. Arylsulfatase, urease, amidase and alkaline phosphatase activities were positively correlated and acid phosphatase activity was negatively correlated with soil pH. Enzyme activities were strongly correlated with soil organic C and total N content. Except for acid phosphatase, there was no significant relationship between enzyme activity and grain yield.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257667

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Tissue analyses guidelines for diagnosing sulfur deficiency in white wheat (1977)

Rasmussen, P. E. ; Ramig, R. E. ; Skin, L. G. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 46 (1977), S. 153-163

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Visual identification of S deficiency in white wheat is difficult since deficiency symptoms are nearly identical with those of N deficiency. In this study, S deficiency was best identified by determining the total N/S ratio rather than S concentration in vegetative tissue. Vegetative growth generally decreased from tillering to boot when the whole plant N/S ratio exceeded 17. The N/S ratio in S-sufficient plants declined gradually with age, implying that the critical N/S ratio may decline with advancing growth. Changes in stem: leaf ratio could have been responsible for the decline since the N/S ratio in stem tissue at heading was less than that of green leaf tissue. Sulphur concentration less reliably indicated S-deficiency, because differences in S levels between S-deficient and S-sufficient wheat, were often less than year-to-year variation of S concentration of plants sampled at the same growth stage. In addition, S concentration in whole plants declined sharply between tillering and heading. These factors make it difficult to designate a critical S level. Sulfur distribution among various plant organs suggests that critical S levels might best be obtained by utilizing green leaf tissue. Nitrogen concentration in S-sufficient wheat plants also decreased quite rapidly with growth, which indicates a similar difficulty for determining critical N percentages. Consequently, the most reliable distinction between N and S deficiency in wheat was accomplished by evaluation of the total N/S ratio in whole plant tissue.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693122

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The influence of tillage and cropping-intensity on cereal response to nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus (1992)

Rasmussen, P. E. ; Douglas, C. L.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 15-19

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: Tillage ; crop rotation ; cereal grain ; wheat ; nitrogen ; sulfur ; phosphorus ; no-till

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Efficient fertilizer use is a prerequisite for achieving optimum crop yield while avoiding environmental contamination. Cereal response to nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) were determined for 6 years under differing tillage [conventional-till (CT) vs. no-till (NT)] and intensity of cropping (cereal/fallow vs. cereal/cereal). Semidwarf white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) alternated yearly with either fallow or spring cereal [barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or spring wheat] on a Typic Haploxeroll soil in a 415 mm rainfall zone. Fertilizer treatments were no fertilizer (None), N only (N), N plus S (NS), and N plus S plus P (NSP). Average application rate, when applied, was 109 kg N, 18 kg S, and 11 kg P ha−1. Average cereal yield without fertilizer was 1.82 t ha−1. Nitrogen increased grain yield in 6 of 6, S in 4 of 6, and P in 3 of 6 years, with P and S response significant the remaining years at the 10% probability level. Average yield increases were 1.11 t ha−1 for N, 0.93 t ha−1 for S, and 0.47 t ha−1 for P. The NT/CT yield ratio was 0.60, 0.75, 0.93, and 0.95 with None, N, NS, and NSP addition, respectively, indicating that N and S deficiency were more severe in no-till. Limited increase in the NT/CT ratio with P addition indicated that P deficiency was less affected by tillage. Winter wheat always yielded less under NT than CT regardless of fertility, whereas spring cereals reached equality when fertilized with NSP. Annually-cropped wheat yielded 52, 67, 89, and 90% of wheat after fallow with None, N, NS, and NSP, respectively. Thus N and S, but not P, deficiency was more intense with increased frequency of cropping. Adequate fertility was a prime prerequisite for efficient yield in all systems.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064223

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