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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The breakdown of malathion in soil and soil components (1977)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 3 (1977), S. 219-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The disappearance of the organophosphorus insecticide, malathion, from a silt loam soil and from its organic and inorganic components was examined. Half-lives and the time taken for 90% decomposition in nonsterile, sodium azide-treated, and 2.5 Mrad-irradiated soils were similar (3/4–1 1/2 days and 4–6 days, respectively) but breakdown in autoclaved soils was negligible. Decay in nonsterile sand, silt, and clay minus organic matter fractions was 3–6 times slower than that recorded in the original soil. Breakdown of malathion in the clay plus organic matter fraction (organo-mineral complex) was rapid (half-life, 1 day), as was the case in the separated organic matter (half-life, 1 3/4 days). Filter-sterilized organic matter was not as effective in catalyzing the breakdown of malathion (half-life, 4 days), and no loss occurred from any of the autoclaved components. Irradiation doses of 2.5 and 5.0 Mrad had little influence on the ability of soil to degrade malathion. Thereafter, increases up to 20 Mrad had a more drastic, though far from totally inhibitory, effect. Our results suggest that either the colloidal organic matter itself, or a fraction associated with it, is the most important single factor concerned with the rapid breakdown of malathion in the soil studied. Direct microbial metabolism is a slower process and may have a significant role in malathion disappearance in coarsetextured soils low in colloidal organic matter. The catalytic component of the organic matter is suggested to be a stable exoenzyme and is supportive of reports by other workers. The quantitative effect of organo-mineral complex (containing the active degradative ingredient) additions to sand and silt fractions on the rate of subsequent malathion decay is also described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010619
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A sensitive method for measuring cyanide and cyanogenic glucosides in sand culture and soil (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cyanogenic glucosides ; Cyanide ; Root exudates ; Rhizosphere ; Linum usitatissimum ; Pteridium aquilinum ; Linamarase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sensitive methods for measuring cyanide and cyanogenic glucosides in soil and sand culture have been developed. A microdiffusion technique is described which depends on the enzymic conversion of linamarin and lotaustralin to HCN, its release following acidification and incubation, and its detection in NaOH. Conditions for hydrolysis and HCN recovery have been optimised. The cyanide content of a silt loam soil (under non-cyanogenic wheat) was 5.47 nmol cyanide g−1 air-dried soil whilst that in an organic soil under the cyanogenic bracken, Pteridium aqgilinum, was 12.2 nmol g−1. Exudation of cyanogenic glucosides by linseed, Linum usitatissimum, was measured in plant growth tubes containing sand and a nutrient medium. Sterile plants exuded an average of 6.88 nmol glucosides plant−1 week−1 whilst, in contaminated tubes, the level fell to 4.72 nmol. Analysis of plant roots on each sampling occasion showed that 6.88 nmol was, on average, equivalent to 16.15% of the total root content of cyanogenic glucosides. There was a low but positive correlation between fresh weight of plant roots and the level of exuded glucosides. There was no evidence that plant roots produced free HCN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257649
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of surface growth of blue-green algae and bryophytes on some microbiological, biochemical, and physical soil properties (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Blue-green algae ; Soil inoculation ; Microbial biomass ; Enzyme activities ; Soil nitrogen ; Soil aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of surface growth of inoculated cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) on subsurface properties of a brown earth, silt loam soil was studied in reconstituted flooded soil columns. One blue-green algae species, Nostoc muscorum, become dominant within the first 7 days of inoculation. In light control columns (not inoculated) a bryophyte, Barbula recurvirostra, was dominant although significant growth of indigenous blue-green algae occurred. The blue-green algae counts were in the range of 1×106 g-1 dry soil in the surface layer (0–0.7 cm) in both columns. Any effect of surface phototrophic growth on soil properties was restricted to the surface layer. In inoculated columns there was a twofold increase in microbial biomass and an eightfold increase in bacterial numbers by week 13. However, bacterial numbers declined so that there was only a 2.8-fold increase by week 21. Dehydrogenase (x2.1), urease (x2.8) and phosphatase (x3.1) activities and polysaccharides (+69%) increased by week 21 as a result of the blue-green algae inoculation along with a significant improvement in soil aggregation. However, similar increases occurred in the light control columns, indicating that given appropriate conditions of light and moisture indigenous species may be ultimately as effective as introduced species in bringing about biochemical and microbiological changes to soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336233
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyanide production by rhizobacteria as a possible mechanism of plant growth inhibition (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 232-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Plant growth inhibition ; rhizobacteria ; Cyanide ; Microbial inoculation ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Rifampicin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Volatile metabolites from a number of rhizosphere pseudomonads prevented lettuce root growth in a seedling bioassay. One of these metabolites was identified as cyanide. Direct contact between rhizobacteria and plant roots produced, with one exception, similar responses. However, not all cyanogenic isolates were plant-growth-inhibitory rhizobacteria. When grown in liquid culture, cyanogenic strains produced an average of 37 nmol HCN ml−1 over a 36-h period and inhibition of root growth occurred at concentrations as low as 20 nmol ml−1. Cyanogenic strains introduced into sand or soil also produced HCN. Two cyanogenic strains ofPseudomonas fluorescens, one (5241) a plant-growth inhibitory rhizobacterium and the other (S97) a plant-growth-promotory rhizobacterium, were used to treat bean and lettuce seedlings prior to planting in soil. Lettuce dry weight was reduced by 49.2% (day 28) and 37.4% (day 49) when inoculated with S241 whereas S97 increased growth initially (+64.5% at day 28, no difference from control at day 49). Equivalent figures for inoculated bean plants were: −52.9% and −65.1% (5241); +40.7% and +23.3% (S97). A more detailed experiment using only bean plants confirmed these contrasting affects. Inhibition by S241 was related to consistently higher levels of rhizosphere cyanide in comparison with S97-treated plants and control soils. S241 also survived in the rhizosphere at higher densities and for a longer period of time than S97. The possible contribution of rhizobacterial cyanogenesis to plant growth inhibition is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709654
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activity, origins and location of cellulases in a silt loam soil (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 164-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil cellulase ; Enzyme characterisation ; β-D-Glucosidase ; Trichoderma viride ; Endoglucanase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary “Cellulase” activity in a silt loam soil was assayed and characterised using a microcrystalline cellulose substrate (Avicel). Activity was maximal between pH 5.3 and pH 6.0. A 64% loss in activity was observed on air-drying the soil. However, the residual activity was stable to storage at 40°C for 7 days and was resistant to the action of added protease. The component endoglucanase and β-D-glucosidase activities in field-moist and air-dried soil were also assayed. The proportion of the soil microbial population able to utilise cellulose was investigated and the persistence of two free (soluble) cellulase preparations of microbial origin was determined following their addition to soil. A rapid decline in the endoglucanase activity of a Streptomyces sp. cellulase preparation was observed while 30% of the original activity of a Trichoderma viride cellulase preparation could still be detected after 20 days. From the data obtained in this study it appears that the major portion of the β-D-glucosidase activity is bound to and protected by the soil colloids. By contrast, the major portion of the exo- and endoglucanase activity appears to be “free” in the soil solution, attached to the outer surfaces of cellulolytic microorganisms or associated in enzyme substrate complexes. The low residual activity measured in air-dried soil may owe its stability to an association with soil colloids or with recalcitrant cellulosic material present in soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257653
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation state of iron in neptunite from Mössbauer spectroscopy (1967)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 22 (1967), S. 934-935 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-5520
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0365110X67001884
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A DECISION MODEL TO PREDICT SEDIMENT YIELD FROM FOREST PRACTICES (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : In order to choose among “best management practices,” forest managers need to predict sediment yield to perennial streams following various forest land operations. The “universal soil loss equation” (USLE) is not directly applicable to forest operations because of the heterogenous soil surface conditions left by harvesting, site preparation, and planting. A sediment hazard index is proposed, to be based on the amount of exposed mineral soil and its proximity to streams. The model offered includes rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility and average land slope, together with the index W. A paired watershed experiment in the central Georgia Piedmont was used to estimate parameters in the model. The experimental basin (80 acres) was clearcut, drum roller chopped twice, and planted by machine. The standard error of estimate of sediment yield was computed to be about 50/lbs/ac per sampling period (four months). Use of William's erogivity index (storm flow times peak flow) reduced the standard error to 33/lbs/ac.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1983.tb04550.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intervalence Transitions in Mixed Valence Minerals of Iron and Titanium (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 9 (1981), S. 345-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.09.050181.002021
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behaviour of Nickel during Magmatic Crystallization (1966)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 210 (1966), S. 1147-1148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In order to account for the enrichment it is necessary to postulate that solid-liquid distribution coefficients may be inverted in systems of different chemical composition. Thus, in the binary system Mg2Si04-Ni2Si04 we have: VMgyolivine \ VMgAquid while in a basaltic system we find VMgyolivine / ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2101147a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological control of damping-off of sugar beet by Pseudomonas putida applied to seed pellets (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Pseudomonas putida 40RNF applied to seed pellets reduced the occurrence of Pythium damping-off of sugar beet. A density of 6 × 107 40RNF per pellet reduced Pythium damping-off from 70 to 26% when seeds were sown in artificially infested soil (250 propagules Pythium ultimum per g dry soil). The efficacy of 40RNF was dependent on its density in the seed pellet (in the range 2 × 104–6 × 108 per pellet) and on the number of propagules of Pythium in soil. 40RNF declined to or stabilized at approximately 1 × 106 per pellet 3 days after planting, and this was independent of the inoculum density. This indicated that the crucial steps resulting in damping-off of sugar beet caused by Pythium ultimum must occur within 3–4 days of sowing. 40RNF reduced pericarp colonization by P. ultimum by 43% 48 h after planting and caused a 68% decrease in the number of sporangia of P. ultimum in the surrounding soil (0.0–5.0 mm). P. putida 40RNF also reduced pre and post-emergence damping-off (from 69.5 to 37.5%) caused by indigenous populations of Pythium species in an infested soil and this was as effective as the fungicide hymexazol (69.5 to 40%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1996.d01-156.x
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