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  • HPLC  (1,020)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
  • Elsevier  (783)
  • Springer  (276)
  • Geological Society of London  (2)
  • Blackwell Science Ltd
  • Hebei : SinoMaps Press
  • Irkutsk : Ross. Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Zemnoj Kory
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
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  • 1
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    New insights in the geodynamics of the Lipari–Vulcano area (Aeolian Archipelago, southern Italy) from geological, geodetic and seismological data (2015)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Geological, geodetic and seismological data have been analyzed in order to frame the Lipari–Vulcano complex (Aeolian archipelago, southern Italy) into the geodynamic context of the southeastern Tyrrhenian Sea. It is located at the northern end of a major NNW–SSE trending right-lateral strike-slip fault system named “Aeolian–Tindari–Letojanni” which has been interpreted as a lithospheric discontinuity extending from the Aeolian Islands to the Ionian coast of Sicily and separating two different tectonic domains: a contractional one to the west and an extensional one to the north-east. Structural field data consist of structural measurements performed on well-exposed fault planes and fractures. The mesostructures are mostly represented by NW–SE striking normal faults with a dextral-oblique component of motion. Minor structures are represented by N–S oriented joints and tension gashes widespread over the whole analyzed area and particularly along fumarolized sectors. The analyzed seismological dataset (from 1994 to 2013) is based on earthquakes with magnitude ranging between 1.0 and 4.8. The hypocenter distribution depicts two major alignments corresponding to the NNW–SSE trending Aeolian–Tindari–Letojanni fault system and to the WNW–ESE oriented Sisifo–Alicudi fault system. GPS data analysis displays ∼3.0 mm/yr of active shortening between the two islands, with a maximum shortening rate of about 1.0 × 10−13 s−1, between La Fossa Caldera and south of Vulcanello. This region is bounded to the north by an area where the maximum values of shear strain rates, of about 0.7 × 10−13 s−1 are observed. This major change occurs in the area south of Vulcanello that is also characterized by a transition in the way of the vertical axis rotation. Moreover, both the islands show a clear subsidence process, as suggested by negative vertical velocities of all GPS stations which exhibit a decrease from about −15 to −7 mm/yr from north to south. New data suggest that the current kinematics of the Lipari–Vulcano complex can be framed in the tectonic context of the eastward migrating Sisifo–Alicudi fault system. This is dominated by transpressive tectonics in which contractional and minor extensional structures can coexist with strike-slip motion.
    Description: Published
    Description: 150-167
    Description: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Description: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Southern Tyrrhenian sea ; Aeolian Archipelago ; Lipari–Vulcano complex ; Structural analysis ; GPS ; Seismological data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Magnetic fabric of Plio-Pleistocene sediments from the Crotone fore-arc basin: Insights on the recent tectonic evolution of the Calabrian Arc (Italy) (2014)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-07
    Description: Low-field anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analyses were performed on 532 samples col-lected in 36 (mostly lower Pliocene to lower Pleistocene) marine clay sites from the Crotone basin, afore-arc basin located on top of the external Calabrian accretionary wedge. The Crotone basin formedsince mid-late Miocene under a predominant extensional tectonic regime, but it was influenced there-after by complex interactions with NW–SE left-lateral strike-faults bounding the basin, which also yieldedpost-1.2 Ma ~30◦counterclockwise block rotations. The basin is filled by continental to marine sedimentsyielding one of the thickest and best-exposed Neogene succession available worldwide. The deep-marinefacies – represented by blue-grey marly clays gave the best results, as they both preserved a clear mag-netic fabric, and provided accurate chronology based on previously published magnetostratigraphy andcalcareous plankton (i.e. foraminifers and nannofossils) biostratigraphy. Magnetic susceptibility rangeand rock magnetic analyses both indicate that AMS reflects paramagnetic clay matrix crystal arrange-ment. The fabric is predominantly oblate to triaxial, the anisotropy degree low (〈1.06), and the magneticfoliation mostly subparallel to bedding. Magnetic lineation is defined in 30 out of 36 sites (where thee12 angle is 〈35◦). By also considering local structural analysis data, we find that magnetic fabric wasgenerally acquired during the first tectonic phases occurring after sediment deposition, thus validatingits use as temporally dependent strain proxy. Although most of the magnetic lineations trend NW–SE andare orthogonal to normal faults (as observed elsewhere in Calabria), few NE–SW compressive lineationsshow that the Neogene extensional regime of the Crotone basin was punctuated by compressive episodes.Finally, compressive lineations (prolate magnetic fabric) documented along the strike-slip fault boundingthe basin to the south support the significance of Pleistocene strike-slip tectonics. Thus the Crotone basinshows a markedly different tectonics with respect to other internal and western basins of Calabria, asit yields a magnetic fabric still dominated by extensional tectonics but also revealing arc-normal short-ening episodes and recent strike-slip fault activity. The tectonics documented in the Crotone basin iscompatible with a continuous upper crustal structural reorganization occurring during the SE-migrationof the Calabria terrane above the Ionian subduction system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 67-79
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Calabrian Arc, Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, Structural analysis, Fore-arc region ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Vein development during folding in the upper brittle crust: The case of tourmaline-rich veins of eastern Elba Island, northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Detailed structural analysis of tourmaline-rich veins hosted in the contact aureole of the ∼6 Ma Porto Azzurro granite in southeastern Elba Island, northern Tyrrhenian Sea is presented. Using geometric features of the veins, the physical conditions at the time of vein formation are estimated, namely the stress ratio (Φ = (σ2 − σ3)/(σ1 − σ3)), driving stress ratio (R′ = (Pf − σ3)/(σ1 − σ3)) and fluid overpressure (ΔPo = Pf − σ3). Two vein sets (A veins and B veins) have been recognized based on orientation and thickness distributions and infilling material. Analysis of vein pole distributions indicates Φ = 0.57 and R′ = 0.24 for the A veins and Φ = 0.58 and R′ = 0.47 for the B veins, and fluid pressures less than the intermediate stress magnitude. Analysis of geometric features of the veins gives estimated fluid overpressures of between ∼16 MPa (A veins) and ∼32 MPa (B veins). We propose a model for the tectonic environment of vein development, in which formation of secondary permeability in the deforming thermal aureole of the Porto Azzurro pluton was controlled by ongoing development of fracture systems in the hinge zone of a regional NNW–SSE trending fold that favored transport and localization of hydrothermal fluids.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1509-1522
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Thermal aureole ; Upper crust ; Deformation ; Fluid circulation ; Northern Apennines ; Elba Island ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Fault architecture in the Main Ethiopian Rift and comparison with experimental models: Implications for rift evolution and Nubia–Somalia kinematics (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-28
    Description: The Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) offers a complete record of the time–space evolution of a continental rift. We have characterized the brittle deformation in different rift sectors through the statistical analysis of a new database of faults obtained from the integration between satellite images and digital elevation models, and implemented with field controls. This analysis has been compared with the results of lithospheric-scale analogue models reproducing the kinematical conditions of orthogonal and oblique rifting. Integration of these approaches suggests substantial differences in fault architecture in the different rift sectors that in turn reflect an along-axis variation of the rift development and southward decrease in rift evolution. The northernmost MER sector is in a mature stage of incipient continental rupture, with deformation localised within the rift floor along discrete tectono-magmatic segments and almost inactive boundary faults. The central MER sector records a transitional stage in which migration of deformation from boundary faults to faults internal to the rift valley is in an incipient phase. The southernmost MER sector is instead in an early continental stage, with the largest part of deformation being accommodated by boundary faults and almost absent internal faults. The MER thus records along its axis the typical evolution of continental rifting, from fault-dominated rift morphology in the early stages of extension toward magma-dominated extension during break-up. The extrapolation of modelling results suggests that a variable rift obliquity contributes to the observed along-axis variations in rift architecture and evolutionary stage, being oblique rifting conditions controlling the MER evolution since its birth in the Late Miocene in relation to a constant post ca. 11 Ma ~ N100°E Nubia–Somalia motion.
    Description: Published
    Description: 479-492
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: continental rifting ; East African Rift ; Main Ethiopian Rift ; rift kinematics ; plate kinematics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Macroseismic effects highlight site response in Rome and its geological signature (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-05
    Description: A detailed analysis of the earthquake effects on the urban area of Rome has been conducted for the L’Aquila sequence, which occurred in April 2009, by using an on-line macroseismic questionnaire. Intensity residuals calculated using the mainshock and four aftershocks are analyzed in the light of a very accurate and original geological reconstruction of the subsoil of Rome based on a large amount of wells. The aim of this work is to highlight ground motion amplification areas and to find a correlation with the geological settings at a sub-regional scale, putting in evidence the extreme complexity of the phenomenon and the difficulty of making a simplified model. Correlations between amplification areas and both near-surface and deep geology were found. Moreover, the detailed scale of investigation has permitted us to find a correlation between seismic amplification in recent alluvial settings and subsiding zones, and between heard seismic sound and Tiber alluvial sediments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 425-443
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Earthquakes ; Intensity residuals ; Urban geosciences ; Macroseismic effects ; Amplification areas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Self-similar clustering of cinder cones and crust thickness in the Michoacan–Guanajuato and Sierra de Chichinautzin volcanic fields, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-20
    Description: The spatial clustering of basaltic vents in monogenetic volcanic fields has been used as a proxy for crustal thickness in extensional and back-arc tectonic settings. The basaltic vents have a fractal clustered distribution (self-similar clustering) described by a power-law. The power-law is defined over a range, the size range of the distribution, of values (in this case the vents' separation) delimited by a lower and an upper cut-offs. Here we apply the fractal clustering analysis to the two largest monogenetic volcanic fields of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), a continental arc built on different crustal terranes. The Michoacan–Guanajuato volcanic field (MGVF), located in the central-western TMVB, includes over 1000 vents of late Pliocene to Quaternary age, built on attenuated crust of Mesozoic to Tertiary age. The Sierra de Chichinautzin volcanic field (SCVF), in the central-eastern TMVB, is composed of ~ 220 Late Pleistocene to Holocene vents laying above thicker crust of Precambrian to Tertiary age. Monogenetic vents in both volcanic fields show self-similar clustering with fractal exponent D = 1.67 in the range 1.3–38 km (MGVF) and D = 1.56 in the range 1.5–32 km (SCVF). The upper cut-off (Uco) for the power-law distribution of the MGVF well fits the crustal thickness below the volcanic field as derived from independent geophysical data. The Uco value of SCVF indicates a crust thickness of about 32 km, this value is in agreement with new geophysical data that indicate magma underplating the crust beneath the volcanic field area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 55-64
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcanic fields ; Tectonic ; Vent distribution ; Crust thickness ; Mexico ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Fluid circulation in the upper brittle crust: Thickness distribution, hydraulic transmissivity fluid inclusion and isotopic data of veins hosted in the Oligocene sandstones of the Macigno Formation in southern Tuscany, Italy (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-30
    Description: We present structural analysis, fluid inclusion data on calcite and quartz, and isotopic composition of calcite forming veins occurring in the upper crustal level and hosted in Oligocene sandstone in southern Tuscany (Italy). The veins have been analysed in two sites few kilometres apart, along well-exposed coastal cliffs and in an abandoned quarry. These two sites were at a different depths at the time of the vein formation with a Δh ~ 100 m. Structural analysis of veins provided estimations of stress ratio (Φ = (σ2 − σ3)/(σ1 − σ3)), driving stress ratio (R′ = (Pf − σ3)/(σ1 − σ3)) and fluid overpressure (ΔPo = Pf − σ3) at the time of vein formation. The estimated ΔPo is in the range of 42–103 MPa, Φ = 0.24 and R′ = 0.45, indicating that fluid pressure was higher than the intermediate principal stress at the time of veins formation. The veins' thickness (t) shows a clear power-law distribution (D = 1.8835 and R2 = 0.9762) in the lowermost site (coast) and a negative exponential distribution (a = 0.6943 and R2 = 0.9921) in the uppermost site (abandoned quarry). The vein thickness distributions have been used to compute the average transmissivity of the veins in the two sites. The computed transmissivity for the vein formation is ~ 10−4 m2 s−1, with higher values attained by the veins having negative exponential thickness distribution. Fluid inclusions studies highlighted that in both calcite and quartz, water-rich inclusions, with salinities of 2.2–4.3 wt.% NaCl equiv., and methane-rich inclusions were coevally trapped during fluid un-mixing processes. Thermogenic origin, from thermal maturation of organic matter present in the Macigno Formation, is proposed for methane. Whereas, the similarity between the δ18O (from 14.9 to 17.4‰) and δ13C (from −0.4 to −2.4‰) data of representative calcite veins and the isotopic composition (δ18O: 16.1‰, δ13C: −1.0‰) of host-rock carbonate component, indicates that the fluid which formed calcite was in isotopic equilibrium with the carbonates present in the Oligocene sandstones. The calculated pressure–temperature conditions during the formation of these inclusions are prevalently within the 40–145 MPa and 160–260 °C ranges. The highest pressure values approximate the lithostatic pressure (~ 120 MPa) computed from geological data and are coherent with a geothermal gradient ranges of 35–45 °C/km. Whereas, the lower pressure values are comparable with hydrostatic pressure conditions. The pressure range indicated by fluid inclusion data is also comparable with the fluid pressure estimated from structural analysis. The considerable pressure range can be related to pressure cycling between lithostatic and hydrostatic conditions as a consequence of fault-valve actions and rock fracturing with subsequent pressure recover due to self-sealing process.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118-138
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Vein systems ; Fluid type ; Fluid pressure ; Fluid inclusions ; Upper crust ; Tuscany ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
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  • 8
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    Relations between deformation and upper crustal magma emplacement in laboratory physical models (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-28
    Description: This paper presents analogue models for the emplacement of granitic magmas in upper crustal levels with different mechanical layering during shortening, extension and strike–slip deformation. In particular, we investigated how a weak layer embedded in the upper brittle crust can control the level of magma emplacement. The adopted experimental setup was used to examine the control of soft rocks on the movement of magma through a deforming brittle crust. Model results indicate that the occurrence of a weak (soft) layer embedded in brittle (stiff) material has an impact on the level of magma emplacement. The level of emplacement during both extension and shortening was systematically deeper for models with a soft layer than for purely brittle models. During strike–slip deformation the magma pierced the surface in both purely brittle and brittle–ductile models.
    Description: Published
    Description: 139-146
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mechanical layering of upper crust ; Magma emplacement ; Analogue modelling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.05. Rheology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
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  • 9
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    A microscopic information system (MIS) for petrographic analysis (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The database and visualization facilities of Geographic Information System (GIS) software are employed to support the analysis of rock texture from thin section by image processing. A Microscopic Information System (MIS) is hence obtained. The method is applied to transmitted light images of 137 samples obtained from 8 granitoid rocks. A slide scanner and a mount for crossed polarization are used to acquire the input images. For each thin section 5 collimated RGB images are scanned: 4 under different directions of crossed polarization and 1 without polarization. A grain segmentation procedure, based on two region growing functions is applied. The output is converted to vector format and refined using editing tools in the MIS environment, which enables a straightforward match between the input imagery and the final vectorized texture. GIS software provides optimal management of the MIS database, allowing the cumulative measurement of more than 87,000 grains.
    Description: Published
    Description: 665-674
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 5.3. TTC - Banche dati vulcanologiche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Granitoid rocks ; Geographic Information System (GIS) ; Image processing ; Petrography ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques
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  • 10
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    Late Quaternary deformation on the island of Pantelleria: New constraints for the recent tectonic evolution of the Sicily Channel Rift (southern Italy). (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: Structural observations carried out on the volcanic Island of Pantelleria show that the tectonic setting is dominated by NNE trending normal faults and by NW-striking right-lateral strike-slip faults with normal component of motion controlled by a ≈N 100°E oriented extension. This mode of deformation also controls the development of the eruptive fissures, dykes and eruptive centres along NNE–SSW belts that may thus represent the surface response to crustal cracking with associated magma intrusions. Magmatic intrusions are also responsible for the impressive vertical deformations that affect during the Late Quaternary the south-eastern segment of the island and producing a large dome within the Pantelleria caldera complex. The results of the structural analysis carried out on the Island of Pantelleria also improves the general knowledge on the Late Quaternary tectonics of the entire Sicily Channel. ESE–WNW directed extension, responsible for both the tectonic and volcano-tectonic features of the Pantelleria Island, also characterizes, at a greater scale, the entire channel as shown by available geodetic and seismological data. This mode of extension reactivates the older NW–SE trending fault segments bounding the tectonic troughs of the Channel as right-lateral strike-slip faults and produces new NNE trending pure extensional features (normal faulting and cracking) that preferentially develop at the tip of the major strike-slip fault zones. We thus relate the Late Quaternary volcanism of the Pelagian Block magmatism to dilatational strain on the NNE-striking extensional features that develop on the pre-existing stretched area and propagate throughout the entire continental crust linking the already up-welled mantle with the surface.
    Description: Published
    Description: 75-82
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Extensional tectonics ; Quaternary ; Volcanism ; Pantelleria Island ; Southern Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
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  • 11
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    A Microscopic Information System (MIS) for petrographic analysis (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The database and visualization facilities of Geographic Information System (GIS) software are employed to support the analysis of rock texture from thin section by image processing. A Microscopic Information System (MIS) is hence obtained. The method is applied to transmitted light images of 137 samples obtained from 8 granitoid rocks. A slide scanner and a mount for crossed polarization are used to acquire the input images. For each thin section 5 collimated RGB images are scanned: 4 under different directions of crossed polarization and 1 without polarization. A grain segmentation procedure, based on two region growing functions is applied. The output is converted to vector format and refined using editing tools in the MIS environment, which enables a straightforward match between the input imagery and the final vectorized texture. GIS software provides optimal management of the MIS database, allowing the cumulative measurement of more than 87 000 grains.
    Description: In press
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 5.3. TTC - Banche dati vulcanologiche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Granitoid rocks ; Geographic Information System ; Image processing ; Petrography ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques
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  • 12
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    Quantitative analysis of extensional joints in the southern Adriatic foreland (Italy), and the active tectonics of the Apulia region (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Adriatic foreland of the Apennines comes ashore only in Apulia (easternmost Italy). Its southern part, our study area, lacks any structural analysis devoted to define its recent-to-active tectonics. Throughout the Quaternary, this region was affected by mild brittle deformation with rare faults, characterized by small displacement, and widespread extension joints, frequently organized in sets. Therefore, we conducted a quantitative and systematic analysis of the joint sets affecting Quaternary deposits, by applying an inversion technique ad hoc to infer the orientation and ratio of the principal stress axes, R = (σ2 - σ3)/(σ1 - σ3). Within a general extensional regime, we recognized three deformational events of regional significance. The oldest event, constrained to the early and middle part of the Middle Pleistocene, is characterized by variable direction of extension and R between 0.64-0.99. The penultimate event, dated late Middle Pleistocene, is characterized by an almost uniaxial tension, with a horizontal σ3 striking ~N43°E; R is high, between 0.85-0.99. The most recent event is characterized by the lowermost R values, that never exceed 0.47 and are frequently 〈0.30, indicating a sort of horizontal „radial‟ extension. This event is not older than the Late Pleistocene and possibly reflects the active stress field still dominating the entire study area.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Quaternary tectonics ; brittle deformation ; fracture ; Pleistocene ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
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  • 13
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    Pre-existing cross-structures and active fault segmentation in the northern-central Apennines (Italy) (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The multideformed axial zone of the Apennines provides a great opportunity to explore the influence of preexisting cross-structures (inherited from pre-Quaternary tectonic phases) on the segmentation of Quaternary/active seismogenic extensional faults. Detailed geological and structural data and their comparison with seismological data show that although the attitudes (strike and dip) of oblique preexisting faults are certainly an important factor in determining a segment boundary, the size of the inherited oblique structures seems to be more crucial. Pre-existing cross-structures with lengths ranging from several kilometers to a few tens of kilometers show a twofold behavior. They can act as segment barriers during the rupture of a single fault segment or they can be reactivated as transfer zones inducing the activation of two adjacent segments that belong to the same fault system. Regional basement/crustal oblique pre-existing cross-structures, with lengths ranging from several tens of kilometers to hundreds of kilometers (commonly NNE-striking), may act as “persistent structural barriers” that halt both fault segment and fault system propagation, thus determining their terminations and maximum sizes. In the northern-central Apennines, the NNE-striking Ancona–Anzio, Valnerina, and Ortona–Roccamonfina tectonic lineaments, although having been repeatedly reactivated since the Mesozoic, represent the most important examples of these structures. Moreover, probably due to their misorientation with respect to the present extensional stress field, regional NNE-striking pre-existing structures appear to be less likely to produce strong magnitude events (no surface evidence for Quaternary faulting has been found thus far and historical and instrumental seismicity shows only Mb6 events). M ~7 event, on the other hand, is more likely to occur along the (N)NW–(S)SE trending normal fault systems. Lastly, we propose a model that can explain the different sizes of fault segments and fault systems on the basis of their location with respect to the “persistent structural barriers” and their spacing. In this view, our results may contribute to a more reasonable assessment of the nature and size of future surface ruptures in the northern-central Apennines, which are of critical importance to estimating seismic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 304-319
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Active faults ; Segmentation ; Pre-existing cross-structure ; Structural barrier ; Northern/central Apennines ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    Miocene–Quaternary structural evolution of the Uyuni–Atacama region, Andes of Chile and Bolivia (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe the Miocene–Quaternary geological–structural evolution of the region between the Salar de Uyuni and de Atacama, Andes of Chile and Bolivia. We recognized four main tectonic events based on fold geometry, fault kinematics and stratigraphic data. The oldest event, of Miocene age, is characterized by folding and reverse faulting of the sedimentary successions with an E–W direction of shortening in the northern part of the studied area and a WNW–ESE shortening in the southern part. The following two events, of Pliocene age, are characterized by lower shortening amounts; they occurred first by reverse faulting with a NW–SE-trending greatest principal stress (ó1, computed with striated fault planes) and a vertical least principal stress (ó3), followed by pervasive strike-slip faulting with the same NW–SE-trending ó1 and a horizontal NE–SW ó3. The fourth event, dating to the late Pliocene–Quaternary is characterized by normal faulting: the ó3 still trends NE–SW, whereas the intermediate principal stress ó2 exchanged with ó1. Volcanism accompanied both the contractional, transcurrent and extensional tectonic phases. The Mio–Pliocene compression appears directly linked to a rapid convergence and an apparently important coupling between the continental and oceanic plates. The E–W to WNW–ESE direction of shortening of the Miocene structures and the NW–SE ó1 of the Pliocene structures seem to be more linked to an intra-Andean reorientation of structures following the WNW-directed absolute motion of the South-American Plate. The extensional deformations can be interpreted as related to gravity forces affecting the highest parts of the volcanic belt in a sort of asymmetrical (SW-ward) collapse of the belt.
    Description: Published
    Description: 114-135
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Chile ; Bolivia ; Andes ; Fault ; Fold ; Tectonic phases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Dike propagation in volcanic edifices: Overview and possible developments (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Eruptions are fed by dikes; therefore, better knowledge of dike propagation is necessary to improve our understanding of how magma is transferred and extruded at volcanoes. This study presents an overview of dike patterns and the factors controlling dike propagation within volcanic edifices. Largely based on published data, three main types of dikes (regional, circumferential and radial) are illustrated and discussed. Dike pattern data from 25 volcanic edifices in different settings are compared to derive semi-quantitative relationships between the topography (relief, shape, height, and presence of sector collapses) of the volcano, tectonic setting (presence of a regional stress field), and mean composition (SiO2 content). The overview demonstrates how dike propagation in a volcano is not a random process; rather, it depends from the following factors (listed in order of importance): the presence of relief, the shape of the edifice and regional tectonic control. We find that taller volcanoes develop longer radial dikes, whose (mainly lateral) propagation is independent of the composition of magma or the aspect ratio of the edifice. Future research, starting from these preliminary evaluations, should be devoted to identifying dike propagation paths and likely locations of vent formation at specific volcanoes, to better aid hazards assessment.
    Description: Partly fundedwith DPC-INGVfunds (LAVAProject).
    Description: Published
    Description: 67–77
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: dikes ; volcanoes ; topography ; tectonic setting ; eruptions ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 16
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    Intrusion of eccentric dikes: The case of the 2001 eruption and its role in the dynamics of Mt. Etna volcano (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2001 eruption represents one of the most studied events both from volcanological and geophysical point of view on Mt. Etna. This eruption was a crucial event in the recent dynamics of the volcano, marking the passage from a period (March 1993–June 2001) of moderate stability with slow, continuous flank sliding and contemporaneous summit eruptions, to a period (July 2001 to present) of dramatically increased flank deformations and flank eruptions. We show new GPS data and high precision relocation of seismicity in order to demonstrate the role of the 2001 intrusive phase in this change of the dynamic regime of the volcano. GPS data consist of two kinematic surveys carried out on 12 July, a few hours before the beginning of the seismic swarm, and on 17 July, just after the onset of eruptive activity. A picture of the spatial distribution of the sin-eruptive seismicity has been obtained using the HypoDD relocation algorithm based on the double-difference (DD) technique. Modeling of GPS measurements reveals a southward motion of the upper southern part of the volcano, driven by a NNW–SSE structure showing mainly left-lateral kinematics. Precise hypocenter location evidences an aseismic zone at about sea level, where the magma upraise was characterized by a much higher velocity and an abrupt westward shift, revealing the existence of a weakened or ductile zone. These results reveal how an intrusion of a dike can severely modify the shallow stress field, triggering significant flank failure. In 2001, the intrusion was driven by a weakened surface, which might correspond to a decollement plane of the portion of the volcano affected by flank instability, inducing an additional stress testified by GPS measurements and seismic data, which led to an acceleration of the sliding flanks.
    Description: This work was funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and by the Dipartimento per la Protezione Civile (Italy).
    Description: Published
    Description: 78–86
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: stress release ; dike ; volcano-tectonics ; flank instability ; Mt. Etna ; instrumental monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 17
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    Extensional tectonics in the Amantea basin (Calabria, Italy): a comparison between structural and magnetic anisotropy data (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: We report on structural and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) results from the Upper Miocene sediments of the Amantea basin, located on the Tyrrhenian coast of the Calabrian Arc (Southern Italy). The stratigraphic succession of the basin is organized in three depositional sequences, separated by two major angular unconformities. Detailed geologica1 mapping and structural analysis demonstrate that the stratigraphic evolution of the Amantea basin is strongly controlled by a synsedimentary extensional tectonic regime. Severa1 NNE-SSW-trending norma1 fault arrays with large scatter in inclination values have been interpreted as due to a domino faulting mechanism, consistent with a WNW-ESE stretching direction. AMS data have been obtained for 13 sites, both in the not constrained in age first depositional sequence (3 sites), and in the upper Tortonian-lower Messinian clays from the second depositional sequence (10 sites). Al1 the sites show a strong magnetic foliation parallel to the bedding planes, and a well defined magnetic lineation subparallel to the local bedding dip directions. The magnetic lineations cluster around a WNW-ESE trend and are parallel to the stretching directions inferred by fault-slip analysis and basin architecture. These new data then confirm the possibility to use the magnetic lineation to map the strain trajectory in weakly deformed extensional sedimentary basins. Paleomagnetic data (from previous studies) show that the whole Calabrian block underwent a 15°-20° clockwise rotation probably in the Pleistocene, postdating the extensional tectonic events which controlled the Amantea basin geometry. Therefore we suggest for the Amantea basin an original E-W-oriented stretching direction, which may be considered as the older extensional direction characterizing the Late Miocene evolution of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea domain.
    Description: Published
    Description: 33-49
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: magnetic fabric ; extentional tectonics ; Miocene ; Calabrian Arc ; Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism
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  • 18
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    The Miocene tectono-sedimentary evolution of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea: stratigraphy, structural and paleomagnetic data from the on-shore Amantea basin (Calabrian Arc, Italy) (2008)
    Blackwell Science Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: We report on new stratigraphic, palaeomagnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) results from the Amantea basin, located on-shore along the Tyrrhenian coast of the Calabrian Arc (Italy). The Miocene Amantea Basin formed on the top of a brittlely extended upper plate, separated from a blueschist lower plate by a low-angle top-to-the-west extensional detachment fault. The stratigraphic architecture of the basin is mainly controlled by the geometry of the detachment fault and is organized in several depositional sequences, separated by major unconformities. The first sequence (DS1) directly overlaps the basement units, and is constituted by Serravallian coarse-grained conglomerates and sandstones. The upper boundary of this sequence is a major angular unconformity locally marked by a thick palaeosol (type 1 sequence boundary). The second depositional sequence DS2 (middle Tortonian-early Messinian) is mainly formed by conglomerates, passing upwards to calcarenites, sandstones, claystones and diatomites. Finally, Messinian limestones and evaporites form the third depositional sequence (DS3). Our new biostratigraphic data on the Neogene deposits of the Amantea basin indicate a hiatus of 3 Ma separating sequences DS1 and DS2. The structural architecture of the basin is characterized by faulted homoclines, generally westward dipping, dissected by eastward dipping normal faults. Strike-slip faults are also present along the margins of the intrabasinal structural highs. Several episodes of syn-depositional tectonic activity are marked by well-exposed progressive unconformities, folds and capped normal faults. Three main stages of extensional tectonics affected the area during Neogene-Quaternary times: (1) Serravallian low-angle normal faulting; (2) middle Tortonian high-angle syn-sedimentary normal faulting; (3) Messinian-Quaternary high-angle normal faulting. Extensional tectonics controlled the exhumation of high-P/low-T metamorphic rocks and later the foundering of the Amantea basin, with a constant WNW-ESE stretching direction (present-day coordinates), defined by means of structural analyses and by AMS data. Palaeomagnetic analyses performed mainly on the claystone deposits of DSl show a post-Serravallian clockwise rotation of the Amantea basin. The data presented in this paper constrain better the overall timing, structure and kinematics of the early stages of extensional tectonics of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. In particular, extensional basins in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea opened during Serravallian and evolved during late Miocene. These data confirm that, at that time, the Amantea basin represented the conjugate extensional margin of the Sardinian border, and that it later drifted south-eastward and rotated clockwise as a part of the Calabria-Peloritani terrane.
    Description: Published
    Description: 147-168
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: paleomagnetism ; structural geology ; syn-sedimentary tectonics ; Amantea ; Calabria ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism
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  • 19
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    Mechanisms for ground-surface fracturing and incipient slope failure associated with the 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy: analysis of ephemeral field data (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: During the July^August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna development of extensional fractures/faults and grabens accompanied magma intrusion and subsequent volcanic activity. During the first days of the eruption, we performed an analysis of attitude, displacement and propagation of fractures and faults exposed on the ground surface in two sites, Torre del Filosofo and Valle del Leone, located along the same fracture system in the region surrounding the Valle del Bove depression on the eastern flank of Mt. Etna. Fractures and faults formed as the consequence of a shallow intruding dyke system that fed the several volcanic centres developed along the fracture system. The investigated sites differ in slope attitude and in geometrical relationships between fractures and slopes. In particular, the fracture system propagated parallel to the gentle slope (67‡ dip) in the Torre del Filosofo area, and perpendicular to the steep slope (V25‡ dip) in the Valle del Leone area. In the Torre del Filosofo area, slight graben subsidence and horizontal extension of the ground surface by about 3 m were recorded. In the Valle del Leone area, extensional faulting forming a larger and deeper graben with horizontal extension of the ground surface by about 10 m was recorded. For the Valle del Leone area, we assessed a downhill dip of 14‡ for the graben master fault at the structural level beneath the graben where the fault dip shallows. These results suggest that dyke intrusion at Mount Etna, and particularly in the region surrounding the Valle del Bove depression, may be at the origin of slope failure and subsequent slumps where boundary conditions, i.e. geometry of dyke, slope dip and initial shear stress, amongst others, favour incipient failures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 281-294
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: dykes ; extensional fractures ; grabens ; slope failures ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 20
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    Extensional tectonics on Sardinia (Italy): insights into the arc–back-arc transitional regime (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: Although the tectonic features and stress regime typical for accretionary complexes and back-arc domains have been widely documented so far, few are known on the transitional zone separating these two systems. Here we report on structural analysis and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) results from Eocene–Pliocene sediments exposed in western Sardinia. From late Oligocene to middle Miocene, the studied area was located between the Alpine–Apennine wedge to the east, which was undergoing shortening and accretion, and the Liguro–Provenc al basin, undergoing extension and spreading. We find that, prior to the formation of the Liguro–Provenc al basin, the middle Eocene–lower Oligocene sediments cropping out at the southwesternmost edge of Sardinia were subjected to NE–SW shortening (in present-day coordinates), in agreement with recently reported geological information. Conversely, the upper Oligocene–Pliocene sedimentary sequences record a different evolutionary stage of extensional processes. Upper Oligocene–middle–upper Burdigalian sediments clearly show a N–S-oriented magnetic lineation that can be related to extensional direction along the prevalent E–W-oriented normal faults. On the other hand, no magnetic lineation has been detected in upper Burdigalian–Serravallian sediments, which mark the end of the first rifting process in Sardinia, which likely coincides with the rift-to-drift transition at the core of the Liguro–Provençal basin. Finally, a NE–SW extension is observed in two Tortonian–Pliocene sites at the northwestern margin of the NNW–SSE-oriented Campidano graben. Our study confirms that AMS may represent a valuable strain-trajectory proxy and significantly help to unravel the characters of temporally superimposed tectonic events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 213-232
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Back-arc basin ; Magnetic anisotropy susceptibility (AMS) ; Sardinia ; Mediterranean area ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
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  • 21
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    Relationships between magmatism and tectonics in a continental rift: The Pantelleria Island region (Sicily Channel, Italy) (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: Field geological data of the Pantelleria Island, a large Late Quaternary volcano located in the Sicily Channel rift zone, integrated with offshore geophysical information, are used to derive the structural setting of the Island and the surrounding region, and to analyse the relationships between tectonics and magmatism. Field work shows that the principal faults exposed on the Island fall into two systems trending NNE–SSW and NW–SE. Mapped faults from offshore multichannel seismic profiles show similar trends, and some of them represent the offshore extension of the Pantelleria Island structures. The NW–SE faults bound the Pantelleria Graben, one of the three main depressions formed since the Late Miocene–Early Pliocene within the African continental platform, which compose the Sicily Channel rift zone. A 3-D Moho depth geometry, derived from inversion of Bouguer gravity data, shows a significant uplift of the discontinuity up to 16–17 km beneath the westernmost part of the Pantelleria Graben and beneath the Pantelleria Island; it lows rapidly to 24–25 km away from the graben northeastward and south-westward. The Moho uplift could explain the presence of a shallow magma chamber in the southern part of the Island, where processes of magmatic differentiation are documented. Geological and geophysical data suggest that the northwestern part of the Sicily Channel is presently dominated by a roughly E–W directed extensional regime. Crustal cracking feeding the Quaternary volcanism could be also related to this extensional field that would be further responsible for the development of the N–S trending volcanic belt that extends in the Sicily Channel from Lampedusa Island to the Graham Bank. This mode of deformation is confirmed also by geodetic data. This implies that in the northwestern part of the Sicily Channel, the E–W extension replaced the NE–SW crustal stretching that originated the NW-trending tectonic depressions constituting the rift zone. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
    Description: Published
    Description: 32-46
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Pantelleria Island ; Channel rift zone ; structural analysis ; Quaternary volcanism ; gravity modelling ; tectonic extension ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
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  • 22
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    Paleomagnetic analysis of curved thrust belts reproduced by physical models (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-14
    Description: This paper presents a new methodology for studying the evolution of curved mountain belts by means of paleomagnetic analyses performed on analogue models. Eleven models were designed aimed at reproducing various tectonic settings in thin-skinned tectonics. Our models analyze in particular those features reported in the literature as possible causes for peculiar rotational patterns in the outermost as well as in the more internal fronts. In all the models the sedimentary cover was reproduced by frictional low-cohesion materials (sand and glass micro-beads), which detached either on frictional or on viscous layers. These latter were reproduced in the models by silicone. The sand forming the models has been previously mixed with magnetite-dominated powder. Before deformation, the models were magnetized by means of two permanent magnets generating within each model a quasi-linear magnetic field of intensity variable between 20 and 100 mT. After deformation, the models were cut into closely spaced vertical sections and sampled by means of 1x1-cm Plexiglas cylinders at several locations along curved fronts. Care was taken to collect paleomagnetic samples only within virtually undeformed thrust sheets, avoiding zones affected by pervasive shear. Afterwards, the natural remanent magnetization of these samples was measured, and alternating field demagnetization was used to isolate the principal components. The characteristic components of magnetization isolated were used to estimate the vertical-axis rotations occurring during model deformation. We find that indenters pushing into deforming belts from behind form non-rotational curved outer fronts. The more internal fronts show oroclinal-type rotations of a smaller magnitude than that expected for a perfect orocline. Lateral symmetrical obstacles in the foreland colliding with forward propagating belts produce non-rotational outer curved fronts as well, whereas in between and inside the obstacles a perfect orocline forms only when the ratio between obstacles’ distance and thickness of the cover is greater than 10. Finally, when a belt collides with an obstacle in the foreland oblique to the shortening direction the outer front displays rotations opposite in sign to oroclinal-type rotations, whereas the internal fronts seem to assume an "oroclinal type" rotational pattern. Furthermore rotation is easier in laterally unconfined models, i.e. when the wedge can "escape" laterally. The results from our models may be useful when compared to paleomagnetic rotations detected in natural arcs. In these cases, our results may allow for better understanding the tectonic setting controlling the genesis of curved mountain fronts, as is the case of the Gela Nappe of Sicily we compare with some of our models.
    Description: Published
    Description: 633-654
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: paleomagnetism ; tectonic rotations ; physical models ; arcuate belts ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism
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  • 23
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    Structural features of the July–August 2001 Mount Etna eruption: evidence for a complex magma supply system (2008)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: We describe the evolution of the volcanic activity and deformation patterns observed at Mount Etna during the July–August 2001 eruption. Seismicity started at 3000 m below sea level on 13 July, accompanied by moderate ground swelling. Ground deformation culminated on 16 July with the development of a NE–SW graben c. 500 m wide and c. 1 m deep in the Cisternazza area at 2600–2500 m above sea level on the southern slope of the volcano. On 17 July, the eruption started at the summit of Mount Etna from the SE Crater (central–lateral eruptive system), from which two radial, c. 30 m wide, c. 3000 m long fracture zones, associated with eruptive fissures, propagated both southward (17 July) and northeastward (20 July). On 18 July, a new vent formed at 2100 m elevation, at the southern base of the Montagnola, followed on the next day by the opening of a vent further upslope, at 2550 m (eccentric eruptive system). The eruption lasted for 3 weeks. Approximately 80% of the total lava volume was erupted from the 2100 m and the 2550 m vents. The collected structural data suggest that the Cisternazza graben developed as a passive local response of the volcanic edifice to the ascent of a north–south eccentric dyke, which eventually reached the ground surface in the Montagnola area (18–19 July). In contrast, the two narrow fracture zones radiating from the summit are interpreted as the lateral propagation, from the conduit of the SE Crater, of north–south- and NE–SW-oriented shallow dykes, 2–3 m wide. The evolution of the fracture pattern together with other volcanological data (magma ascent and effusion rate, eruptive style, petrochemical characteristics of the erupted products, and petrology of xenoliths within magma) suggest that the eccentric and central–lateral eruptions were fed by two distinct magmatic systems. Examples of eccentric activity accompanied by central–lateral events have never been described before at Etna.
    Description: Published
    Description: 531-544
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mount Etna ; July–August 2001 Eruption ; magmas ; dykes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 24
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    Unknown
    Magnetic fabric of clay sediments from the external northern Apennines (Italy) (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We report on the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analyses of fine-grained sediments deposited during the Messinian in foredeep basins at the front of the northern Apenninic chain. The data refer to 32 sampling sites, mostly distributed in the fine-grained intervals of the Laga and Colombacci formations, extending along the belt for a total length of about 300 km. Rock magnetism analyses indicate that the magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy are in most cases dominated by the paramagnetic minerals of the clay matrix. In order to delineate the contribution of the ferrimagnetic fraction to the overall susceptibility fabric, the anisotropy of the anhysteretic remanent magnetisation was investigated at some representative sites. The magnetic fabric of the studied sediments mostly reflects the effects of compaction, showing a predominant magnetic foliation parallel to the bedding piane. At all the sites a well distinct magnetic lineation was also found, which is parallel to the fold axes and thrust fronts, both at local and regional scales. This feature is maintained in sequences that differ for sedimentological character and age, implying that the magnetic lineation was produced by a mild tectonic overprint of the primary sedimentary-compactional fabric. The relationship between the magnetic lineation trends and the vertical axis rotations detected by Speranza et al. [Speranza, F., Sagnotti, L.. Mattei, M., 1997. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 3153-3166] indicates that the magnetic lineation formed during the compressive phases of the Messinian-early Pliocene, when the Apenninic front was almost rectilinear and oriented N32O°.
    Description: Published
    Description: 73-93
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: magnetic anisotropy ; rock strain ; northern Apennines ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism
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  • 25
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    Intrusion of eccentric dikes: The case of the 2001 eruption and its role in the dynamics of Mt. Etna volcano (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2001 eruption represents one of the most studied events both from volcanological and geophysical point of view on Mt. Etna. This eruption was a crucial event in the recent dynamic of the volcano, marking the passage from a period (March 1993 – June 2001) of moderate stability with slow, continuous flank sliding and contemporaneous summit eruptions, to a period (July 2001 to present) of dramatically increased flank deformations and flank eruptions. We show new GPS data and high precision relocation of seismicity in order to demonstrate the role of the 2001 intrusive phase in this change of the dynamic regime of the volcano. GPS data consist of two kinematic surveys carried out on 12 July, a few hours before the beginning of the seismic swarm, and on 17 July, just after the onset of eruptive activity. A picture of the spatial distribution of the sin-eruptive seismicity has been obtained using the HypoDD relocation algorithm based on the double-difference (DD) technique. Modeling of GPS measurements reveal a southward motion of the upper southern part of the volcano, driven by a NNW-SSE structure showing mainly left-lateral kinematics. Precise hypocenter location evidences an aseismic zone at about sea level, where the magma upraise was characterized by a much higher velocity and an abrupt westward shift, revealing the existence of a weakened or ductile zone. These results reveal how an intrusion of a dike can severely modify the shallow stress field, triggering significant flank failure. In 2001, the intrusion was driven by a weakened surface, which might correspond to a decollement plane of the portion of the volcano affected by flank instability, inducing an additional stress testified by GPS measurements and seismic data, which led to an acceleration of the sliding flanks.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionale
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stress release ; Dike ; Volcano-tectonics ; Flank instability ; Mount Etna ; Instrumental monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 26
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Structural features of the 2007 Stromboli eruption (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On 27 February 2007, two NE–SW and NNW–SSE dike-fed effusive vents opened to the North (at 650 and 400 m above sea level, asl) of the summit craters at Stromboli, forming a fissure parallel to the inner walls of the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) sector collapse depression. The formation of these vents was soon followed by rapid subsidence of the summit crater area. This partly obstructed the central conduit, temporarily choking the fissure and increasing the deformation of the upper part of SdF. The reactivation of the NNW–SSE vent and the opening of a new vent located at 500 m asl, fed by a second dike, released the internal pressure and surface deformation ceased. The eruption then continued again from the 400 m vent, after a summit explosion on 15 March, until ending in early April after a progressive decrease of magma output. Repeated NE–SW dike intrusions have occurred in recent years, close to the upper SE limit of the SdF. In that zone, named Bastimento, the eruptive fractures traced the discontinuities that borders the SdF, increasing the risk of triggering new sector collapse. Whereas the NE–SW trending structures lie along the regional volcanostructural trend of the Aeolian arc through Stromboli, the NNW–SSE vents are oblique to this trend and may be controlled by the anomalous stress field within the unstable flank of the SdF. Another fundamental aspect of the 2007 eruption is the collapse of the central conduit, due to the rapid and deep magma drainage linked to the opening of the 400 m vent. The intrusion of dikes and development of flank vents during the 2007 eruption could possibly have triggered catastrophic landslides and related tsunami or eruptive paroxysms, but the opening of new effusive vents released the internal pressures, diminishing the hazard.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: 2007 Stromboli eruption ; Dike-fed vent ; Volcano-Tectonics ; Conduit collapse ; Flank instability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.08. Volcanic arcs ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 27
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    Comparison between different methodologies for detecting Radon in soil along an active fault: the case of the Pernicana fault system, Mt. Etna (Italy) (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Three different methodologies were used to measure Radon (222Rn) in soil, based on both passive and active detection system. The first technique consisted of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTD), CR-39 type, and allowed integrated measurements. The second one consisted of a portable device for short time measurements. The last consisted of a continuous measurement device for extended monitoring, placed in selected sites. Soil 222Rn activity was measured together with soil Thoron (220Rn) and soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux, and it was compared with the content of radionuclides in the rocks. Two different soil gas horizontal transects were investigated across the Pernicana fault system (NE flank of Mount Etna), from November 2006 to April 2007. The results obtained with the three methodologies are in a general agreement with each other and reflect the tectonic settings of the investigated study area. The lowest 222Rn values were recorded just on the fault plane, and relatively higher values were recorded a few tens of meters from the fault axis on both of its sides. This pattern could be explained as a dilution effect resulting from high rates of soil CO2 efflux. Time variations of 222Rn activity were mostly linked to atmospheric influences, whereas no significant correlation with the volcanic activity was observed. In order to further investigate regional radon distributions, spot measurements were made to identify sites having high Rn emissions that could subsequently be monitored for temporal radon variations.. SSNTD measurements allow for extended-duration monitoring of a relatively large number of sites, although with some loss of temporal resolution due to their long integration time. Continuous monitoring probes are optimal for detailed time monitoring, but because of their expense, they can best be used to complement the information acquired with SSNTD in a network of monitored sites.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Soil Radon and Thoron activity ; soil CO2 efflux ; Pernicana fault system ; Mount Etna ; volcano-tectonic monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.07. Radioactivity and isotopes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.01. Geochemical exploration ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.05. Downhole, radioactivity, remote sensing, and other methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 28
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    Hydrofracturing-related sill and dyke emplacement at shallow crustal levels: the Eastern Elba Dyke Complex, Italy, Geological Society, London, Special Publications (2008)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An example of sheet-like intrusion emplacement at very shallow crustal levels on Elba Island, Italy, is described. The Eastern Elba Dyke Complex (EEDC) consists of decimetre- to metre-thick sheeted aplites emplaced within intensely folded low-grade metamorphic rocks. Field data indicate that sill and dyke emplacement was controlled by mechanical discontinuities, represented by fractures in the host rocks, and was strongly favoured by magma overpressure. The occurrence of angular fragments of host rocks in the dyke border zones and the branching of sills testify to hydraulic fracturing. Analysis of the spatial distribution and geometry of EEDC sills and dykes provides clues on fluid pressure conditions and the stress state at the time of magma emplacement, as well as on the depth of emplacement. The calculated stress ratio and driving pressure ratio were used to estimate a magma overpressure of 6–54 MPa at the time of emplacement of the EEDC at a depth of about 2 km.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121-129
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Hydrofractures ; magma emplacement ; upper crust ; southern Tuscany ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
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  • 29
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    Modes of fault reactivation from analogue modeling experiments: implications for the seismotectonics of the southern Adriatic foreland (Italy) (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: 14th MAEGS Volume
    Description: The active tectonics at the front of the Southern Apennines and in the Adriatic foreland is characterized by E-W striking, right-lateral seismogenic faults, interpreted as reactivated inherited discontinuities. The best studied among these is the Molise-Gondola shear zone (MGsz). The interaction of these shear zones with the Apennines chain is not yet clear. To address this open question we developed a set of scaled analogue experiments, aimed at analyzing: 1) how dextral strike-slip motion along a pre-existing zone of weakness within the foreland propagates toward the surface and affects the orogenic wedge; 2) the propagation of deformation as a function of increasing displacement; 3) any insights on the active tectonics of Southern Italy. Our results stress the primary role played by these inherited structures when reactivated, and confirm that regional EW dextral shear zones are a plausible way of explaining the seismotectonic setting of the external areas of the Southern Apennines.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2-13
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Active fault ; Strike-slip kinematics ; Fault reactivation ; Sandbox model ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
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  • 30
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    The role of pre-existing thrust faults and topography on the styles of extension in the Gran Sasso range (central Italy) (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Structural analysis and field mapping together with simple geometrical and flexural elastic models, document that two styles of Quaternary extensional tectonics characterized the Gran Sasso range (central Apennines, Italy). In the western part of the range, extension took place on 10–15-km-long range-front normal faults with associated 600–1000-m-high escarpments showing evidence of Late Glacial–Holocene activity. This topography has been reproduced with a thin elastic plate subjected to the isostatic forces induced by the movement along high-angle (55°–65°) planar normal faults. In the eastern part of the belt extension occurred on shallow-dipping normal faults (30°–35°) which reactivated progressively deeper pre-existing thrusts. In this area antithetic "domino" faults formed to accommodate the mechanical adjustment of the hanging-wall over a variably dipping major fault surface. The eastward increase in shortening, due to the earlier compressional phase, documented in the Gran Sasso belt by previous authors, accounts for the more developed zones of weakness and high topographic relief in the eastern sector. This setting could explain the different styles of extension and the more advanced northeastern limit of normal faulting in the eastern sector. This work suggests that normal faults can originate either with low- or high-angle geometry in the upper crust according to the pre-existing tectonic setting and that topography could be important in controlling the geometry and pattern of migrating normal faulting.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229-254
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: extensional tectonics ; Quaternary ; thrust faults ; topography ; Apennines ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 31
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    Seismic activity in the transition zone between Southern and Central Apennines (Italy): Evidences of longitudinal extension inside the Ortona–Roccamonfina tectonic line (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We analyze the 1997–2006 seismicity of the transition zone between Southern and Central Apennines, which is one of the most active seismic areas of Italy. Our aim is to add information on the seismotectonic picture of this area. Seismic activity is characterized by single events with Mb3.0 and low magnitude (Mb4.0) seismic sequences (1997–98 and 2005) and swarms (1999, 2000 and 2001). Hypocenters are within the upper 15 km of the crust. The epicentral distribution of the relocated seismicity shows that single events prevalently align NW–SE along the Apennine chain axis. This seismicity is related to the main, NE–SW extension affecting the chain. Single events concentrate also: at the south of the seismogenetic source responsible for the 1915 earthquake, where the 2000 swarm occurred; between the faults of the 1984 and 1805 events, where the 2001 sequence developed; between the faults of the 1805 and 1688 events, where the 1997–1998 seismic sequence concentrated. The seismic swarms occurred in 1999, 2000 and 2005 are located inside the Ortona– Roccamonfina structural line, which strikes NNE–SSW and separates the Central Apennines from the Southern ones. The epicentral distribution of these swarms and focal mechanisms suggest the presence of active NE–SW faults moving in response to a NW–SE extension. The results of the strain analysis on 52 wellconstrained focal mechanisms evidence a prevailing NE–SW extension, corresponding to the large scale stress field acting in the Apennine Chain, and a second-order NW–SE extension. This last direction of extension was already observed in the 1997–98 and 2001 seismic sequences. The location of the NE–SW striking faults responsible for the seismic swarms suggest that some segments of the Ortona–Roccamonfina line are still active and move in response to both the NE–SW regional extension of Southern Apennines, and to a NW–SE striking longitudinal extension.
    Description: Published
    Description: 102-110
    Description: 1.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionale
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Apennines ; seismicity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
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  • 32
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    Dike propagation in volcanic edifices: Overview and possible developments (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Eruptions are often fed by dikes; therefore, better knowledge of dike propagation is necessary to improve our understanding of how magma is transferred and extruded at volcanoes. This study presents an overview of dike patterns and the factors controlling dike propagation within volcanic edifices. Largely based on published data, three main types of dikes (regional, circumferential and radial) are illustrated and discussed. Dike pattern data from 25 volcanic edifices in different settings are compared to derive semi-quantitative relationships between the topography (relief, shape, height, and presence of sector collapses) of the volcano, tectonic setting (presence of a regional stress field), and mean composition (SiO2 content). The overview demonstrates how dike propagation in a volcano is not a random process; rather, it depends from the following factors (listed in order of importance): the presence of relief, the shape of the edifice and regional tectonic control. We find that taller volcanoes develop longer radial dikes, whose (mainly lateral) propagation is independent of the composition of magma or the aspect ratio of the edifice. Future research, starting from these preliminary evaluations, should be devoted to identifying dike propagation paths and likely locations of vent formation at specific volcanoes, to better aid hazards assessment.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: dikes ; volcanoes ; topography ; tectonic setting ; eruptions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 33
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    Paleo-environmental and volcano-tectonic evolution of the southeastern £ank of Mt. Etna during the last 225 ka inferred from the volcanic succession of the ‘Timpe’, Acireale, Sicily (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The tectonic escarpments locally known as ‘Timpe’ cut a large sector of the eastern flank of Etna, and allow an ancient volcanic succession dating back to 225 ka to be exposed. Geological and volcanological investigations carried out on this succession have allowed us to recognize relevant angular unconformities and volcanic features which are the remnants of eruptive fissures, as well as important changes in the nature, composition and magmatic affinity of the exposed volcanics. In particular, the recognition in the lower part of the succession of important and unequivocal evidence of ancient eruptive fissures led us to propose a local origin for these volcanics and to revise previous interpretations which attributed their westward-dipping to the progressive tectonic tilting of strata. These elements led us to reinterpret the main features of the volcanic activity occurring since 250 ka BP and their relationship with tectonic structures active in the eastern flank of Etna. We propose a complex paleo-environmental and volcanotectonic evolution of the southeastern flank of Mt. Etna, in which the Timpe fault system played the role of the crustal structure that allowed the rise and eruption of magmas in the above considered time span.
    Description: Published
    Description: 289-306
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mount Etna ; tectonics ; fisssure eruptions ; columnar basalt ; fault escarpment ; xenoliths ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 34
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    The 2004-05 Etna eruption: implications for flank deformation and structural behaviour of the volcano (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The development of the 2004–2005 eruption at Etna (Italy) is investigated by means of field surveys to define the current structural state of the volcano. In 2004–2005, a fracture swarm, associated with three effusive vents, propagated downslope from the SE summit crater towards the SE. Such a scenario is commonly observed at Etna, as a pressure increase within the central conduits induces the lateral propagation of most of the dikes downslope. Nevertheless, some unusual features of this eruption (slower propagation of fractures, lack of explosive activity and seismicity, oblique shear along the fractures) suggest a more complex triggering mechanism. A detailed review of the recent activity at Etna enables us to better define this possible mechanism. In fact, the NW–SE-trending fractures formed in 2004–2005 constitute the southeastern continuation of a N–S-trending fracture system which started to develop in early 1998 to the east of the summit craters. The overall 1998–2005 deformation pattern therefore forms an arcuate feature, whose geometry and kinematics are consistent with the head of a shallow flank deformation on the E summit of Etna. Similar deformation patterns have also been observed in analogue models of deforming volcanic cones. In this framework, the 2004–2005 eruption was possibly induced by a dike resulting from the intersection of this incipient fracture system with the SE Crater. A significant acceleration of this flank deformation may be induced by any magmatic involvement. The central conduit of the volcano is presently open, constantly buffering any increase in magmatic pressure and any hazardous consequence can be expected to be limited. A more hazardous scenario may be considered with a partial or total closing of the central conduit. In this case, magmatic overpressure within the central conduit may enhance the collapse of the upper eastern flank, triggering an explosive eruption associated with a landslide reaching the eastern lower slope of the volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 195–206
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: eruption triggering ; volcano-tectonics ; fracture fields ; flank spreading ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
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  • 35
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    Geometric and kinematic variations along the active Pernicana fault: Implication for the dynamics of Mount Etna NE flank (Italy) (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Geological and structural analyses and ground deformation measurements performed along the eastern portion of the Pernicana fault system and its splay segments allow the structural setting and the kinematic behaviour of the fault to be defined. In addition, the interrelationship between the deformation style of fault segments and the variations of the volcanic pile thickness along the fault strike are investigated using detailed sedimentary basement data. Brittle deformation dominates the N105° fault segment, where the volcanic pile is more than 200 m thick, with the development of a well-defined fault plane characterised by main left-lateral kinematics. The transtensive deformation of the N105° fault is partitioned eastward at Rocca Campana to a main N120° segment. Here, this segment crosses a culmination of the sedimentary basement close to Vena village where the deformation pattern of the thin volcanic pile, less than 100 m thick, is influenced by the more ductile behaviour of the basement generating local short structures with different orientation and kinematics in the southern block of the fault. On the northern one, short E–W trending faults show left-lateral displacements with a minor reverse component on south-dipping planes. This kinematics is related to the oblique orientation of the N120° segment with respect to the seaward motion of the NE flank of Etna. On the whole, the compressive component of the deformation affecting the N120° segment of the Pernicana fault system generates a positive flower structure.
    Description: Published
    Description: 210-232
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: faults ; ground deformation ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques
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  • 36
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    Hydraulic connection and fluid overpressure in upper crustal rocks: Evidence from the geometry and spatial distribution of veins at Botrona quarry, southern Tuscany, Italy (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: Veins are the geologic record of fluids that filled fractures at depth in the crust. In southern Tuscany (Italy), well-exposed Oligocene–Early Miocene sandstones hosting vein systems provide insight into the role of pore fluid and the stress state at the time of vein formation. The stress ratio (Φ = (σ2 − σ3)/(σ1 − σ3)) and driving stress ratio (R ′ = (Pf − σ3)/(σ1 − σ3)) were determined by analysing the distribution, length and aperture of fractures and veins and the magnitude of fluid overpressure. The derived fluid overpressure for the whole vein system ranges from 30 MPa to 64 MPa, with an average of 43 MPa; these values indicate that veins formed under supra-hydrostatic pressure conditions. Despite their spatial contiguity, two different vein arrays show very different stress and driving pressure ratios. One vein system is characterised by Φ = 0.62 and R ′ = 0.60, the other by Φ = 0.54 and R ′ = 0.78. The described vein systems are an example of a close spatial association of two non-hydraulically connected vein systems representing fluids focused through the upper crust.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1386-1399
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Fracture systems ; Vein systems ; Fluid overpressure ; Sandstones ; Tuscany ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
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  • 37
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    Late Quaternary kinematics, slip-rate and segmentation of a major Cordillera-parallel transcurrent fault: The Cayambe-Afiladores-Sibundoy system, NW South America (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe the recent activity of the Cayambe-Afiladores-Sibundoy Fault (CASF) and recognise it as one of the major potential active structures of northwestern South America, based on field observations, stereoscopic aerial photos of offset late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits and landforms, and crustal seismic activity. The CASF runs for at least 270 km along the sub-Andean zone of northern Ecuador and southern Colombia. We measured systematic latest Pleistocene-Holocene right-lateral strike-slip motion and right-lateral reverse motion consistent with earthquake focal mechanism solutions, and estimated a 7.7 +/- 0.4 to 11.9 +/- 0.7 mm/yr slip-rate. Magnitudes of the earthquakes that could be generated by possible fault-segment reactivation range up to M 7.0 +/- 0.1. The CASF should be considered as a major source of possible future large magnitude earthquakes, presenting a seismic hazard for the densely populated regions to the west. The CASF is part of the tectonic boundary of the North Andean block escaping NNE-wards with respect to the stable South American plate.
    Description: Published
    Description: 664-680
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Active fault ; Seismicity ; Slip-rate calculation ; Colombia ; Ecuador ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
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  • 38
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    Structural features of an active strike-slip fault on the sliding flank of Mt. Etna (Italy) (2005)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The strike-slip Pernicana fault system (PFS) was activated along the eastern flank of Mt. Etna during an earthquake in September 2002 and, one month later, during the eruption of the NE Rift. Structural and volcanological data suggest that the PFS was activated as a result of the slide of the NE flank of Etna. This activation produced surface fracturing on walls and on paved and unpaved roads. The segments of the PFS, arranged in a right stepping en échelon configuration, show (a) an inverse proportion between length and frequency; (b) fractal behavior over scales of 10−2 –101 m, between their length, overstep and overlap; (c) consistent strike with regard to their fault array; and (d) a progressive eastward decrease in the displacement, along the smallest faults. The consistent geometric and kinematic features of the PFS, related to the sector collapse of Etna, are similar to those of faults in strike-slip settings.
    Description: Published
    Description: 343-355
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Active faulting ; Strike-slip faults ; Fractal behavior ; Volcano collapse ; Mt. Etna ; Pernicana fault system ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
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  • 39
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    The role of hydrothermal fuids in triggering the July-August 2000 seismic swarm at Campi Flegrei, Italy:evidence from seismological and mesostructural data (2005)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This study presents a detailed analysis and interpretation of the seismicity that occurred on July 2-7 and August 22, 2000, during a ground uplift episode which started on March 2000 at Solfatara crater, Campi Flegrei. Earthquakes are located using a probabilistic grid-search procedure acting on a 3-D heterogeneous earth structure. The mainshock of the July swarm depicts a spectrum characterized by a few narrow peaks spanning the 1^5-Hz frequency band. For this event, we hypothesize a direct involvement of magmatic fluids in the source process. Conversely, the spectra of the August events are typical of shear failure. For these latter events, we evaluate the source properties from P-and Swave displacement spectra. Results for the most energetic shocks (Md around 2) yield a source radius in the order of 100 m and stress drop around 10 bars, in agreement with most of the earthquakes that occurred during the 1982-1984 bradyseismic crises. For the August swarm we identify two clusters of similar earthquakes. Application of highresolution relative location techniques to these events allows for the recognition of two parallel alignments trending NE^SW. The relationship among source dimension and relative location evidences overlapping of sources. This may be interpreted in terms of either a heterogeneous stress field or a lubrication process acting over the fault surface. For a selected subset of the August events, we also analyze the splitting of the shear waves: results are indicative of wave propagation through a densely fractured medium characterized by a distribution of cracks oriented NE-SW. The pattern of faulting suggested by relative locations and shear-wave splitting is not consistent with the surface trace of NW^SE striking faults. However, a detailed mesostructural analysis carried out over the Solfatara area indicated the occurrence of two main crack systems striking NW-SE and NE-SW. This latter system shows a strike consistent with that derived from seismic evidence. Results from a stress analysis of the crack systems indicate that a fluid overpressure within the NW-SE-striking faults is able to form NE-SW cracks. We found that the pressure of fluids Pf required to activate the NW-SE faults is less than cHmin, while the Pf value required to open the NE-SW cracks is higher than cHmax. Our main conclusions are: (a) the Solfatara area is affected by two orthogonal fracture systems, and the fluid pathway during the 2000 crisis mainly occurred along the NNE-SSW/NE-SW-striking crack system; (b) the July seismicity is associated to the upward migration of a pressure front triggered by an excess of fluid pressure from a small-size magmatic intrusion; conversely, the August events are associated to the brittle readjustment of the inflated system occurring along some lubricated structures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229-246
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Hydrothermal fuids ; Fuid pressure ; Faults ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
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  • 40
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    The buried caldera of Misti volcano, Peru, revealed by combining a self-potential survey with elliptic Fourier function analysis of topography (2005)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This survey proposes a new approach to identify buried caldera boundaries of a volcanic cone, combining (1) a systematic elliptic Fourier functions (EFF) analysis on the contour lines based on the external shape of the edifice with (2) self-potential (SP) measurements on volcano flanks. The methodology of this approach is to investigate the relationships between (1) vertical morphological changes inferred from EFF analysis and (2) lateral lithological transition inside the edifice inferred from SP/elevation gradients. The application of these methods on Misti volcano in southern Peru displays a very good correlation. The three main boundaries evidenced by hierarchical cluster analysis on the contour lines coincide with the two main boundaries characterised by SP signal and with a secondary SP signature related with a summit caldera. In order to explain these results showing a very good correlation between morphologic and lithologic changes as function of elevation, caldera boundaries have been suggested. The latter would be located at an average elevation of (1) 4350–4400 m, (2) 4950–5000 m, and (3) 5500– 5550 m. For the lowest boundary in elevation, the coincidence with the lateral extension of the hydrothermal system inferred from SP measurements suggests that caldera walls act as a barrier for lateral extension of hydrothermal systems. In the summit area, the highest boundary has been related with the summit caldera, inferred by a secondary SP minimum and geological evidence.
    Description: - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) - Instituto Geofisico del Peru´ (IGP).
    Description: Published
    Description: 283– 297
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: caldera ; elliptic Fourier functions ; geomorphology ; self-potential ; Misti volcano ; Peru ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.02. Hydrological processes: interaction, transport, dynamics ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.03. Groundwater processes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.04. Magnetic and electrical methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.04. Hydrogeological data ; 05. General::05.05. Mathematical geophysics::05.05.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 41
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    The role of the Pernicana Fault System in the spreading of Mt. Etna (Italy) during the 2002-2003 eruption (2005)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Flank instability and collapse are observed at many volcanoes. Among these, Mt. Etna is characterized by the spreading of its eastern and southern flanks. The eastern spreading area is bordered to the north by the EW-trending Pernicana Fault System (PFS). During the 20022003 Etna eruption, ground fracturing along the PFS migrated eastward from the NE Rift, to as far as the 18 km distant coastline. The deformation consisted of dextral en-echelon segments, with sinistral and normal kinematics. Both of these components of displacement were one order of magnitude larger (~1 m) in the western, previously known, portion of the PFS with respect to the newly surveyed (~9 km long) eastern section (~0.1 m). This eastern section is located along a pre-existing, but previously unknown, fault, where displaced man-made structures give overall slip rates (11.9 cm/year), only slightly lower than those calculated for the western portion (1.42.3 cm/year). After an initial rapid motion during the first days of the 20022003 eruption, movement of the western portion of the PFS decreased dramatically, while parts of the eastern portion continued to move. These data suggest a model of spreading of the eastern flank of Etna along the PFS, characterized by eruptions along the NE Rift, instantaneous, short-lived, meter-scale displacements along the western PFS and more long-lived centimeter-scale displacements along the eastern PFS. The surface deformation then migrated southwards, reactivating, one after the other, the NNWSSE-trending Timpe and Trecastagni faults, with displacements of ~0.1 and ~0.04 m, respectively. These structures, along with the PFS, mark the boundaries of two adjacent blocks, moving at different times and rates. The new extent of the PFS and previous activity over its full length indicate that the sliding eastern flank extends well below the Ionian Sea. The clustering of seismic activity above 4 km b.s.l. during the eruption suggests a deep décollement for the moving mass. The collected data thus suggests a significant movement (volume 〉1,100 km3) of the eastern flank of Etna, both on-shore and off-shore.
    Description: Published
    Description: 417-430
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Volcano spreading ; Fracturing ; Mt. Etna ; Pernicana Fault System ; NE Rift ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 42
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    Nested zones of instability in the Mount Etna volcanic edifice, Italy (2005)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Large-scale flank instability on Mount Etna is associated with a distinct set of faults radiating generally from the summit area and restricted to the volcanic edifice itself. New observations and mapping of very recent and continuing deformation along these faults and related structures have been analysed in combination with published information, including recent seismic and eruption data, enabling the faults to be placed in three groups. Two of these, the Pernicana fault system (PFS) and the Ragalna fault system (RFS) bound, respectively, the northern and south-western margins of instability. Their activity responds to cycles of magma pressure associated with flank eruptions, together with subsequent deflation as gravity dominates. These cycles may operate at different depths, with the RFS bordering deep-seated instability. Their positions appear governed by the contact, in the substrate of the volcano, between relatively weak early Quaternary clays and stronger rocks of the Apennine–Maghrebian Chain that rise towards the north and west in the subsurface, buttressing the edifice in these directions. The unstable mass to the un-buttressed south and east is thus defined by its weak substrate and displays structures similar to those produced in model experiments. The third fault group, the Mascaluci–-Trecastagni fault system, borders a rather faster-moving zone of instability in the eastern part of the large unstable mass, outlining one element in a nested pattern in map view. Low-angle detachments below the unstable zones are thought to occur at different levels above a deep and laterally extensive detachment associated with the RFS, producing a nested pattern in section as well. This is illustrated by the PFS where the long-recognised western half of the fault borders a fast moving zone of instability riding above a detachment that daylights as a thrusted deformation front marked by recurring landsliding at an approximate mid-slope position on the volcano. Downslope, the newly recognised eastern extension of the PFS, exhibiting slip-rates an-order-of-magnitude lower than the western segment, is thought to border a deeper slow-moving detachment that daylights offshore. Windows of deformed sub-Etnean clays at anomalously high altitudes may indicate where similar detachments, no longer mechanically favoured and now inactive, have daylighted. As a result, the edifice can be considered, overall, as consisting of multiple unstable areas, nested in plan view and with basal detachments occurring at different levels in section. This model of edifice behaviour is regarded as an evolving one, with detachments waxing and waning in their activity as flank movement progresses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 137-153
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Mount Etna ; instability; flank faults ; volcano collapse models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokinins in pathogenesis and disease resistance of Pyrenophora teres-barley and Dreschslera maydis-maize interactions during early stages of infection (2000)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 148 (2000), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; barley ; cytokinins ; Dreschslera maydis ; green islands ; HPLC ; maize ; Pyrenophora teres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Infection of Hordeum vulgare L. by Pyrenophora teresand of Zea mays by Dreschslera maydis were characterized by ‘green island’ formation, higher cytokinin levels and accumulation of metabolites in the infected areas. Higher cytokinin concentrations of the order 6-Y,Y-dimethylallylaminopurine 〉 zeatinriboside 〉 zeatin 〉dihydrozeatinriboside were detected at infection sites of susceptible hosts. By virtue of these cytokinins, infection sites may be acting as metabolic sinks helping proliferation of the pathogen. Existence of translocatory sinks at infection zones was confirmed from autoradiographic studies,where, accumulation of labeled metabolites was prominent at infection sites of susceptible hosts. Upon infection the lower cytokinin levels of resistant hosts decreased further with progress of infection. In the infected resistant hosts the concentrations of zeatin/zeatinriboside were the maximum among the four identified cytokinins. The pathogen is also capable of secreting cytokinins as evident from quantification of cytokinins in culture filtrate extracts using HPLC. Since detached leaves were used in the experiments the increase/decrease of various cytokinin levels may be attributed to pathogen influence. The increase in cytokinin levels in the susceptible host may be aiding the growth of the pathogen on one hand, while the decrease in the infected resistant host may signal the host to activate defenses against a potential pathogen at the early stage of infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007126025955
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and Chromatographic Application of Macroporous Silicate in a Capillary (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 19 (2000), S. 371-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: phase separation ; silica ; capillary column ; HPLC ; CEC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Continuous macroporous silica gel networks were prepared in a fused silica capillary, and evaluated in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Under pressure-driven conditions, considerable dependence of column efficiency on the linear velocity of the mobile phase was observed in spite of the small size of the silica skeletons. A major source of band broadening in the pressure-driven mode was found in the A-term of van Deemter equation. The performance of the continuous silica capillary column in the electro-driven mode was much better than that in the pressure-driven mode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008770707572
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extraction of pigments and fatty acids from the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus (Chlorophyceae) (2000)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 34 (2000), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: carotenoids ; chlorophyll ; GC ; HPLC ; lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the efficiency of pigment and fatty acid extraction from resistant algae using Scenedesmus obliquus as an example was examined. We found that adding quartz sand and solvent to freeze-dried algal material and subsequent extraction in an ultrasound bath for 90min at −4 °C resulted in excellent extraction of these compounds. This extraction method was compared with a method regularly used for extraction of fatty acids and pigments, i.e. addition of solvents to algal material with subsequent incubation. Our extraction using the ultrasound and sand method was about twice as efficient as this method for both pigments and fatty acids. The ultrasound method is simple, extracts over 90% of the different substances in one step and conserves the relationships of pigments and fatty acids. In addition, no alteration- or breakdown products were observed with the new method. Thus, this method allows accurate quantitative extraction of both pigments and fatty acids from Scenedesmus obliquus and other algae. The method was also been found to be as effective for Cryptomonas erosa (Cryptophyceae), Cyclotella meneghiniana (Bacillariophyceae), Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyceae), and Staurastrum paradoxum (Chlorophyceae, Desmidiaceae) and is thus applicable to a wide spectrum of algae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009911418606
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae) as source of commercially valuable pigments (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 12 (2000), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: pigments ; ketocarotenoids ; xanthophyll cycle ; microalgae culture ; Nannochloropsis ; Eustigmatophyceae ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pigment composition and its variation with culture agewere analyzed in six strains of Nannochloropsis(Eustigmatophyceae). The capacity for accumulationof the ketocarotenoids astaxanthin and canthaxanthinwas higher in N. salina and N. gaditanathan in the other strains studied here. Theinfluence of salinity (15 to 100 practical units) onpigment production was studied in N. gaditana,where a defined pattern of variation could not befound apart from a notable increase in zeaxanthin at100‰. In cultures grown in a photobioreactor and athigh cell densities of about 109 cells mL-1,pigment production reached: 350 mg L-1 forchlorophyll a, 50 mg L-1 for violaxanthin,5 mg L-1 for canthaxanthin, 3 mg L-1 forastaxanthin. The highest contents of canthaxanthin andastaxanthin obtained in experiments with N.gaditana were 19.4 and 14.6 ng pigment (106cells)-1, respectively, which accounts for 0.7%dry weight. By means of xanthophyll cycle inductionthrough exposure of cells to high irradiance and at40 °C, conversion of violaxanthin intozeaxanthin may attain up to 70% of the violaxanthincontent, which corresponds to 0.6% dry weight. Theresults indicate that interest in Nannochloropsis as a source of valuable pigments isnot related to its capacity for single pigmentaccumulation, but the availability of a range ofpigments such as chlorophyll a, zeaxanthin,canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, each with highproduction levels.
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    Gene Transfer In Vitro and In Vivo by Cationic Lipids Is Not Significantly Affected by Levels of Supercoiling of a Reporter Plasmid (2000)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 17 (2000), S. 967-973 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: cationic lipids ; transfection ; DNA supercoiling ; HPLC ; lipofection ; gene therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. It is a common preconception that supercoiledplasmid DNA is more desirable for the transfection of cells that the relaxedform of the plasmid. This notion has led to the recommendation that aspecification for the minimum amount of plasmid in the supercoiled formshould exist in a gene therapy product. We have tested this notion byexamining the effects of the degree of supercoiling on cationiclipid-mediated gene transfer in vitro and in vivo. Methods. An ion-exchange high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) method was developed to accurately quantitatethe relative amounts of supercoiled DNA in purified plasmid. A sample of thepurified plasmid was fully relaxed using topoisomerase. Next, the ability ofvarious levels of supercoiled plasmid to transfect mammalian cells wasmeasured. Results. This study suggests that there is no relationbetween the degree of supercoiling and lipofection efficiency. Subsequenttransfection using several different lipofection agents, different celltypes, and an in vivo model support these results. Conclusions. In considering a specification for the amountof supercoiled plasmid in a gene therapy product, it must be noted that therelaxed forms of the plasmid are no less efficient at gene delivery than thesupercoiled forms.
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    Characterization of carotenes in a combination of a C18 HPLC column with isocratic elution and absorption spectra with a photodiode-array detector (2000)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 65 (2000), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: absorption spectrum ; carotene ; carotenoid ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carotenes have attracted much attention in recent years for their biological function in processes such as photosynthesis. The characterization of carotenes is difficult, however, because they consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, without oxygen. In the present study, we systematically examined the chemical structures of more than 30 carotenes, including most of the carotenes found in phototrophic organisms, and observed their elution order using a Novapak C18 HPLC column with simple isocratic elution. The elution order of the carotenes was C30, C40,C45 then C50. The C40 carotenes with fewer conjugated double bonds (N) had longer retention times. With respect to the end groups, the carotenes eluted in the following order: φ, Ψ, ∈ then β end groups. Furthermore, absorption spectra in the HPLC eluent used were recorded with a photodiode-array detector. A greater N value was associated with a longer absorption maximum wavelength. Since the conjugated end groups (φ and β) influenced the absorption spectra and the non-conjugated end groups (Ψ and ∈) did not, the number of conjugated end groups (zero, one and two) was clearly distinguishable. Therefore, the chemical structures of carotenes can be easily determined by a combination of the HPLC retention times and the absorption spectra.
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    Determination of the Tropospheric Hydroxyl Radical by Liquidphase Scrubbing and HPLC: Preliminary Results (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 36 (2000), S. 81-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: hydroxyl radical ; OH ; HPLC ; chromatography ; atmosphere ; air ; troposphere ; determination ; analysis ; air scrubbing ; scavenging ; fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A preliminary study was carried out toexamine the feasibility of measuring tropospherichydroxyl radicals (OH) by liquidphase scrubbing andhigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Thepotential advantages of this approach are itssimplicity, portability, and low expense. Thesampling system employs glass bubblers to trapatmospheric OH into a buffered solution of salicylicacid (o-hydroxybenzoic acid, OHBA). Rapidreaction of OH with OHBA produces a stable fluorescentproduct, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA), whichis determined by reverse-phase HPLC and fluorescencedetection. Our preliminary field results indicatethat this method is most suitable for OH measurementsin clean tropospheric air, where interferences fromother atmospheric species appear to be negligible orminor relative to polluted air. In clean air, thesampling period is about 45–90 minutes, which yieldsa detection limit of approximately 3–6 ×105 radicalscm-3. During an OHintercomparison experiment at the Caribou samplingsite in Colorado, our liquidphase scrubber method wascompared with the ion-assisted mass spectrometry (MS)method. Our results were within the same range asthose of the ion-assisted MS method (1–5 ×106 radicals cm-3) within our precision atthat time (about ±30–50%). Preliminary testsin Pullman, WA indicated that the method might alsofunction in moderately polluted air by acidifying thescrubbing solution or by adding a scavenger tosuppress interferences. In Pullman, mid-day OHconcentrations were usually in the range of 2–20 ×106 radicals cm-3. Nighttime OHconcentrations were always low, either at or slightlyabove the detection limit.
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    HPLC Screening and GC-MS Confirmation of Triazine Herbicides Residues in Drinking Water from Sugar Cane Area in Brazil (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 329-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ametryn ; atrazine ; GC-MS ; HPLC ; simazine ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The extensive use of chlorotriazines as selectiveherbicides in agriculture and their relatively highpersistence imply that these compounds are now presentin the environment, contaminating surface and groundwater. In European countries, United States andCanada, the drinking water ordinance demands a limitedconcentration of 0.5 μg L-1 for the sum of allpesticides and 0.1 μg L-1 with respect to eachcompound, implying on the necessity of sensitive andselective analytical methods. In the present study wedescribe two methods for the analysis of atrazine,simazine and ametryn residues in surface and groundwater collected from the Espraiado Stream watershed,Ribeirão Preto region, SP, Brazil. The HPLC methodused for sample screening was based on herbicideextraction with dichloromethane:isopropanol (9:1, v/v)followed by reversed-phase chromatography (RP-8) withdetection at 220 nm. The presence of herbicides wasconfirmed by GC-MS after ethyl acetate extraction. Atotal of 250 samples collected at different sites fromOctober 1995 to July 1996 were analyzed. Ametrynresidues were detected in 17 samples but almost alwaysat concentrations below those maximum levels recommended by international agencies of environmental control.
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    Autotoxic Compounds from Fresh Alfalfa Leaf Extracts: Identification and Biological Activity (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 315-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alfalfa extract ; autotoxicity ; bioassay ; chlorogenic acid ; salicylic acid ; HPLC ; GC-MS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Many investigators have attempted to identify the allelochemicals in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), that cause autotoxicity. The autotoxic compounds from fresh alfalfa leaves were separated and quantified, and their biological activity was determined. Chemical separation procedures involved an 80% methanol extract of fresh alfalfa leaves, treatment with activated charcoal, microcrystalline cellulose thin-layer chromatography (MCTLC), and finally separation by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The various fractions were examined further by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Preliminary identification by HPLC analysis resulted in peaks with retention times close to those of chlorogenic (m/z = 354) and salicylic acid (m/z = 138) standards, and these compounds were confirmed with GC-MS. Several other peaks remain unidentified. Chlorogenic acid occurs in relatively large amounts (0.39 mg/g) in alfalfa aqueous extracts as compared to salicylic acid (0.03 mg/g), and bioassays suggest that chlorogenic acid is involved in alfalfa autotoxicity.
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    HPLC analysis ofArtemisia dracunculus extracts (2000)
    Springer
    Chemistry of natural compounds 36 (2000), S. 144-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8388
    Keywords: Artemisia dracunculus ; flavonoids ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Flavonoids in extracts ofArtemisia dracunculus L. are studied. The principal component is identified as pinocembrine. Pinocembrine is analyzed quantitatively using an internal standard. The uncertainties in the chromatographic measurements are estimated.
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    Differential Effect of Cd2+ and Ni2+ on Amino Acid Metabolism in Soybean Seedlings (2000)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 43 (2000), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: alanine aminotransferase ; aspartate aminotransferase ; cysteine ; Glycine max ; heavy metals ; HPLC ; nitrate assimilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 10-d-old soybean seedlings, the growth of roots and shoots was significantly inhibited at 50 and 100 μM and more Cd2+, respectively, and by 50 μM or more Ni2+. Although total protein content of roots exposed to 200 μM Cd2+ or Ni2+ was similarly decreased compared to the control, the activity of nitrate reductase was much more inhibited by Cd2+. Ni2+-treatment (200 μM) induced an accumulation of all free amino acids in roots associated with a decrease in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities reflecting the accumulation of both alanine and aspartic acid, respectively. Cd2+-treatment (200 μM) decreased the amount of all free amino acids. In addition, cysteine which is the main amino acid consisting the phytochelatin complexes constituted about 17.5 % of total free amino acids. The activities of both ALT and AST in Cd2+-treated roots were higher than in Ni2+-treated roots suggesting higher conversion of alanine and aspartate to pyruvate and oxaloacetate. Primary leaves excised from either Cd2+ or Ni2+-treated seedlings showed similar pattern of enzyme activities as roots.
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    A new approach for development of rugged sample preparation of metabolites of albendazole in cow milk (1999)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 130 (1999), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: Optimisation ; Taguchi method ; HPLC ; Solid phase extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sample preparation is the critical step in analysis of residues in biological samples. The development of a ragged method is time-consuming, because a huge number of parameters must be checked. To reduce the number of experiments Taguchi's method was applied in the sample preparation of metabolites of albendazole. During the experiments 11 controllable and 7 noise factors were investigated. From the influence of controllable and noise factors on recovery and standard deviation, conditions for the sample preparation and recovery could be concluded with high accuracy and reliability.
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    Validation of an HPLC method for the determination of *-dichlorobenzene and naphthalene in mothrepellents (1999)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 4 (1999), S. 473-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Validation ; HPLC ; *-Dichlorobenzene ; Naphthalene ; Mothrepellents.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  The determination of dichlorobenzene and naphthalene in commercial repellents used in Spain has been validated. This was done using an isocratic regime, to test the reverse -phase HPLC system with acetonitrile: water 65 : 35 (v: v) as the mobile phase, at 20  °C. This technique is proposed for the modular validation of the HPLC system . The results obtained with this method show good agreement with the results provided by the manufacturers of the mothrepellents.
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    Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Need for Assessment of Health Risks in India? Study of An Urban-Industrial Location in India (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 287-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: BaP ; carcinogens ; GC-MS ; HPLC ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the PAHs levels in the atmosphere of an urbanised industrial site of India. A high-resolution capillary gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometric detector (HRCGC-MS) and a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) equipped with a fluorescence detector were used for the identification and quantitation of PAHs. The atmospheric levels of PAHs were higher (4.66 ng/m3 yearly average) than most of the concentrations previously reported in the literature. Indian sites were found more contaminated with potently carcinogenic: four and above ringed PAHs. Based on a good correlation between the levels of lead, vanadium, BaP and BghiP, the vehicular emission appears to be a major source of the PAHs. Further, the higher levels of observed PAHs could be attributed to the vertical distribution of the aerosols, the preference of the PAHs for the particulate phase and the greater availability of the substrate in the atmosphere for their sorption. This paper also discusses the need for development of a PAHs monitoring protocol and related health effect studies in developing countries such as India.
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    The Intermolecular Disulfide Bridge of Human Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: Its Selective Reduction and Biological Activity of the Modified Protein (1999)
    Springer
    The protein journal 18 (1999), S. 585-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor ; partial reduction ; HPLC ; chemical modification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recombinant human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor has been implicated to have therapeutic potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The mature protein is a single polypeptide of 134 amino acid residues and functions as a disulfide-linked dimer. Reduction of the protein with dithiothreitol at pH 7.0 and in the absence of denaturant showed that the single intermolecular cystine bridge was reduced preferentially. Direct alkylation of the generated free sulfhydryl group using iodoacetamide or iodoacetate without denaturant was incomplete. Unfolding the protein in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride prior to the modification showed rapid disulfide scrambling. However, the sulfhydryl-modifying reagent N-ethylmaleimide was able to label quantitatively the free cysteinyl residue in the absence of any added chaotropic agent. By a combination of peptide mapping, Edman degradation, and mass spectrometric analysis, the labeled residue was identified to be Cys101, hence verifying the location of the intermolecular disulfide bond. The modified protein behaved as a noncovalent dimer when chromatographed through a Superdex 75 column under nondenaturing conditions and was comparable in biological activity to an unmodified control sample. The results therefore indicate that the intermolecular disulfide bridge of the protein is not essential for its biological function.
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    Biosynthesis and Characterization of 4-Fluorotryptophan-Labeled Escherichia coli Arginyl-tRNA Synthetase (1999)
    Springer
    The protein journal 18 (1999), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Arginyl-tRNA synthetase ; 4-fluorotryptophan ; 19F NMR ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Escherichia coli 4-fluorotryptophan-substituted arginyl-tRNA synthetase was biosynthetically prepared and purified from a tryptophan auxotroph which could overproduce this enzyme. A method was developed to separate 4-fluorotryptophan from tryptophan and to determine accurately their contents in the 4-fluorotryptophan-containing proteins. It was confirmed that more than 95% of the tryptophan residues in the purified 4-fluorotryptophan-substituted arginyl-tRNA synthetase were replaced by 4-fluorotryptophan. Studies on the effect of the 4-fluorotryptophan replacement on properties of the enzyme showed that, when compared with the native enzyme, both the specific activity and the first-order rate constant of the fluorinated enzyme decreased by approximately 20% with just slightly higher K m values. CD studies, however, did not reveal any difference between the secondary structure of the native and fluorinated enzymes. In addition, thermal unfolding studies showed that the 4-fluorotryptophan replacement did not significantly affect the thermal stability of the enzyme. We may conclude that the substitution of 4-fluorotryptophan in arginyl-tRNA synthetase had no substantial effect on the structure and function of the enzyme. Finally, a preliminary study of 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the fluorinated enzyme has shown promising prospect for further investigation of its structure and function with NMR.
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    Residues of free and bound maleic hydrazide in potato tubers (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: analysis ; HPLC ; β-glucoside ; 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The method of Vadukul (1991) for determining maleic hydrazide (MH) was modified and gave recoveries of free MH of 89%±4%. The values recorded on individual tubers ranged from 2–14 mg kg−1. Maleic hydrazide was evenly distributed throughout the tuber (peel, outer and inner flesh) but concentration increased slightly as tuber size increased. The concentration of free MH decreased from 7 to 3 mg kg−1 over the storage period of 5 1/2 months. Acid hydrolysis released substantial amounts of MH particularly from older potatoes (13 mg kg−1) compared with 6 mg kg−1 from new potatoes, implying that free MH is gradually converted to a bound form with time after treatment. No evidence was found for the presence of a β-glucoside of MH.
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    The recovery of maleic hydrazide from processed potato products (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: analysis ; HPLC ; filter paper model ; Diels-Alder reaction ; 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method used for estimating extractable maleic hydrazide (MH) concentrations in fresh potato material, concentration range 5–17 mg kg−1, was found not to be suitable for processed potato products (10–33% recoveries) although, boiling potato pieces enhanced recovery by 20%. Each step of the determination was examined and a modified procedure developed with particular emphasis on the extraction of MH from the dried potato matrix, and the quality of the HPLC column used. Potato slices and model systems based on filter papers plus additives were used. Recoveries from fried potato slices were 74±6%. Based on the effect of glucose in reducing extractable MH recoveries, it is suggested that the remainder of the MH (20–25%) is converted into a conjugated structure on reaction with dehydrated sugar (Diels-Alder reaction).
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    Detection of laxative abuse by urine analysis with HPLC and diode array detection (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 21 (1999), S. 40-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Laxative abuse ; Factitial diarrhea ; Chronic diarrhea ; Urine analysis ; Bisacodyl ; Bisoxatin ; Phenolphthalein ; Emodine ; Aloe‐emodine ; Rheine ; Danthron ; Picosulphate ; HPLC ; Diode array
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A simple method is proposed for analysis of stimulant laxatives and metabolites of laxatives in urine. All stimulant laxatives commercially available in Germany, Begium and the Netherlands, the diphenylmethane derivatives and the anthraquinones, were included. Chromatography was performed with a standardized isocratic HPLC system with diode array detection ('STIP'), which is commonly used in the Netherlands for toxicological screening. The method was validated by ingestion of a normal dose of the laxatives by human volunteers. In all cases the expected laxative metabolite could be detected in urine twelve hours after intake. Also urine samples of patients, suspected of laxative abuse, were analyzed.
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    Isolation, Characterization, and Stability of Positional Isomers of Mono-PEGylated Salmon Calcitonins (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 16 (1999), S. 813-818 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: calcitonin ; polyethylene glycol ; PEGylation ; peptide ; tryptic digestion ; stability ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. To separate and characterize the different positional isomers of mono-PEGylated salmon calcitonins (mono-PEG-sCTs) and to evaluate the effects of the PEGylation site on the stability of different mono-PEG-sCTs in rat kidney homogenate. Methods. Mono-PEG-sCTs were prepared using succinimidyl carbonate monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (5,000 Da) and separated by gel-filtration HPLC followed by reversed-phase HPLC. To characterize PEGylated sCTs, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (M ALDI-TOF MS) and reversed-phase HPLC of the trypsin digested samples were performed. Mono-PEG-sCTs and sCT in rat kidney homogenates were measured by column-switching reversed-phase HPLC with on-line detection of the radioiodinated samples using a flow-through radioisotope detector. Results. Three different mono-PEGylated sCTs were separated by reversed-phase gradient HPLC. From the MALDI-TOF MS analysis, the average molecular weight of mono-PEG-sCTs was confirmed as around 8650 Da. The presence of PEG moiety in the mono-PEG-sCTs was also manifested by the fact that the distance between two adjacent mass spectum lines was 44 Da which corresponds to PEG monomer unit. Tryptic digestion analysis demonstrated that these mono-PEG-sCTs are 3 positional isomers of N-terminus, Lys18- and Lys11-residue modified mono-PEGylated sCTs. The degradation half-life of these 3 positional isomers in rat kidney homogenates significantly increased in order of the N-terminus (125.5 min), Lys11- (157.3 min), and Lysl8-residue modified mono-PEGylated sCT (281.5 min) over the native sCT (4.8 min). Conclusions. Three positional isomers of mono-PEGylated sCTs were purified and characterized. Of these, the resistance to proteolytic degradation was highest for the Lysl8-residue modified mono-PEG-sCT. These studies demonstrate that the in vivo stability of PEGylated sCTs is highly dependent on the site of PEG molecule attachment.
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    Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Features and Tissue Distribution of the Potent Nonnucleoside Inhibitor of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase, N-[2-(2-fluorophenethyl)]-N′-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)]-thiourea (HI-240) with an Analytical HPLC Method (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 16 (1999), S. 1226-1232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: HI-240 ; nonnucleoside inhibitor ; pharmacokinetics ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. The purpose of the present study was to examine the pharmacokinetic features and tissue distribution of N-[2-(2-fluorophenethyl)]-N′-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)]-thiourea (HI-240), a novel non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase with potent anti-viral activity against AZT-sensitive as well as multidrug-resistant HIV-1 strains. Methods. A sensitive and accurate high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based quantitative detection method was established to measure concentrations of HI-240 in pharmacokinetic studies. The plasma concentration-time data were modeled by using the WinNonlin program to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameter values. Results. HI-240 had an elimination half-life of 78.3 ± 2.0 min after i.v. administration and 196.8 ± 3.1 min after i.p. administration. The systemic clearance of HI-240 was 2194 ± 61 ml/h/kg after i.v. administration and 9339 ± 1160 ml/h/kg after i.p. administration. Following i.v. injection, HI-240 rapidly distributed to and accumulated in multiple tissues with particularly high accumulation in adipose tissue, adrenal gland, and uterus+ovary. The concentration of HI-240 in brain tissue was comparable to that in the plasma, indicating that HI-240 easily crosses the blood-brain-barrier. Following i.p. injection, HI-240 was rapidly absorbed with a t1/2ka and a tmax values of less than 10 min. Following oral administration, HI-240 was absorbed with a t1/2ka of 4.2 ±1.1 min and a tmax of 95.1 ± 25.1 min. The intraperitoneal bioavailability was estimated at 23.5%, while the oral bioavailability was only 1%. Conclusions. The HPLC-based accurate and precise analytical detection method and pilot pharmacokinetic studies described herein provide the basis for advanced preclinical pharmacodynamic studies of HI-240. The ability of HI-240 to distribute rapidly and extensively into extravascular compartments and easily cross the blood-brain barrier represent significant pharmacokinetic advantages over AZT.
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    Pharmacokinetic Features and Metabolism of Calphostin C, A Naturally Occurring Perylenequinone with Antileukemic Activity (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 16 (1999), S. 1003-1009 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; Calphostin C ; HPLC ; perylenequinone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. To examine the pharmacokinetic features and metabolism of calphostin C, a naturally occurring perylenequinone with potent antileukemic activity. Methods. HPLC-based quantitative detection methods were used to measure calphostin C levels in lysates of leukemic cells and in plasma of mice treated with calphostin C. The plasma concentration-time data were analyzed using the WinNonlin program. In vitro esterases and a microsome P450 preparation in conjunction with a LC-MS(API-EI) system were used to study the metabolism of calphostin C. Results. An intracellular exposure level (AUC0−6h) of 257 μM·h was achieved after in vitro treatment of NALM-6 cells with calphostin C at a 5 μM final concentration in culture medium. After intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a 40 mg/kg nontoxic bolus dose of calphostin C, the estimated Cmax was 2.9 μM, which is higher than the effective in vitro concentration of calphostin C against leukemic cells. Drug absorption after i.p. administration was rapid with an absorption half-life of 24.2 min and the estimated tmax was 63.0 min. Calphostin C was cleared with an elimination half-life of 91.3 min. An inactive and smaller metabolite (calphostin B) was detected in plasma of calphostin C-treated mice with a tmax of 41.3 min. Esterase (but not P450) treatment of calphostin C in vitro yielded an inactive metabolite (calphostin B) of the same size and elution profile. Conclusions. Target plasma calphostin C concentrations of potent antileukemic activity can be reached in mice at nontoxic dose levels. This pilot pharmacokinetic study of calphostin C combined with the availability of the described quantitative HPLC method for its detection in cells and plasma provide the basis for future preclinical evaluation of calphostin C and its potential as an anti-leukemic drug.
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    Disruption of specific flavonoid genes enhances the accumulation of flavonoid enzymes and end-products in Arabidopsis seedlings (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 40 (1999), S. 45-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: antibodies ; Arabidopsis ; flavonoid biosynthesis ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polyclonal antibodies were developed against the flavonoid biosynthetic enzymes, CHS, CHI, F3H, FLS, and LDOX from Arabidopsis thaliana. These antibodies were used to perform the first detailed analysis of coordinate expression of flavonoid metabolism at the protein level. The pattern of flavonoid enzyme expression over the course of seedling development was consistent with previous studies indicating that chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), and flavonol synthase (FLS) are encoded by ‘early’ genes while leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) is encoded by a ‘late’ gene. This sequential expression may underlie the variations in flavonoid end-products produced during this developmental stage, as determined by HPLC analysis, which includes a shift in the ratio of the flavonols, quercetin and kaempferol. Moreover, immunoblot and HPLC analyses revealed that several transparent testa lines blocked at intermediate steps of the flavonoid pathway actually accumulated higher levels of specific flavonoid enzymes and end-products. These results suggest that specific intermediates may act as inducers of flavonoid metabolism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026414301100
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    Chemical potential of Aphelandra sp. cell cultures (1999)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 58 (1999), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: callus culture ; ESI-MS ; HPLC ; polyamines ; secondary metabolites ; verbascoside
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six different callus lines and three different suspension culture lines were established from plants of two Aphelandra species (Acanthaceae). All established lines were analyzed for secondary metabolite accumulation. A discrepancy between secondary metabolites accumulated in the plants and in the cell cultures could be observed. All established Aphelandrasp. cell cultures produced verbascoside (acteoside) as the major extractable metabolite. Time course experiments were carried out to investigate the relationship between cell growth and verbascoside production. In the present study it was shown that verbascoside accumulation was growth dependent and positively related to the presence of 2,4-D in the medium. The conditions in which verbascoside represents ca. 18% of cell culture weight have been defined. Free polyamines were detected in the cell culture lines cultivated in MS liquid medium (cysteine 10 mg l-1, thiamine 1 mg l-1, 2,4-D 1 mg l-1, kinetin 0.2 mg l-1 and sucrose 30 g l-1). Putrescine and spermidine accumulated within 8 days to a maximum of 8.4 μmol g-1 of dry wt and 2.6 μmol g-1 of dry wt respectively and thereafter their concentration decreased rapidly. There was no evidence for the presence of spermine or any other type of free or conjugated polyamines in the tested cell culture lines.
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    Isolation and characterization of chloroplast Photosystem II antenna of spinach by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 61 (1999), S. 281-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: antenna system ; chlorophyll–proteins ; HPLC ; LHC II ; Photosystem II ; spinach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The protein components of the Photosystem II antenna system, isolated from spinach thylakoids, have been resolved by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using a butyl-silica stationary phase packed either into analytical or semi-preparative columns. Peak identification has been accomplished by a combination of various SDS–PAGE systems employing either Comassie (or silver) staining or immunological detection using polyclonal antibodies raised against LHC II and against CP29, CP26 and CP24 proteins and by aminoacid microsequence. Moreover, peak identification is consistent with the molecular masses determined by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). The developed RP-HPLC method allows the resolution of all the protein components of the Photosystem II major Light Harvesting Complex (LHC II) and minor PS II antenna complex (CP24, CP26 and CP29) from grana membranes (BBY) and estimation of their relative stoichiometry in natural and stressed conditions, avoiding the expensive and time consuming separation procedure by sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation and isoelectrofocusing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006397419473
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    Differential Distribution of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Variants in the Brain of Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Mammalia, Rodentia) (1999)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 19 (1999), S. 635-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: gonadotropin-releasing hormone ; HPLC ; radioimmunoassay ; mammalian ; capybara
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1.In a previous paper we reported evidence for the presence of mGnRH- and sGnRH-like peptides in the preoptic–hypothalamic region of the capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Montaner et al., 1998). In that study, the presence of a cGnRH-II like molecule in olfactory bulb extracts was suggested. 2.The capybara, the largest living rodent in the world, belongs to the order Hystricomorpha, which is considered to be one of the oldest groups of rodents. Some authors consider that this group is the ancestor of all remaining rodents. 3.In this study we have characterized GnRH molecular variants found in extracts from the olfactory bulbs and the mesencephalic region of capybara. These regions represent the two GnRH neuronal systems: the terminal nerve–septopreoptic and the midbrain systems. 4.An indirect method combining reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to characterize GnRH variants. The analysis of both extracts with two different RIA systems revealed three immunoreactive GnRH peaks, coeluting with mGnRH, cIIGnRH, and sGnRH synthetic standards. These results were additionally supported by serial dilution studies with specific antisera. 5.To our knowledge this the first report on the presence of three GnRH variants in the brain of an eutherian mammal. These results suggest that, similarly to other vertebrates, the expression of multiple GnRH variants may also be a common pattern in mammals.
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    No feeding on Phaeocystis sp. as solitary cells (post-bloom period) by the copepod Temora longicornis in the coastal waters of the English Channel (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 414 (1999), S. 13-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Phaeocystis sp. ; grazing ; copepods ; pigments ; HPLC ; English Channel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Phaeocystis sp. (Prymnesiophyceae) bloom regularly occurs in April–May in the Eastern English Channel. In the literature, views are divided about the in situ appetence of copepods for this alga. In a study carried out in the coastal waters off the bay of Somme, at the end of the bloom, from 29 of April to 1 of May 1996, HPLC pigment analysis on both gut algal pigments and algal pigments from the water column shows that Temora longicornis adults did not feed on single cells of Phaeocystis sp. Alternatively, T. longicornis ingested diatoms and the gut content was correlated with the diatom biomass in the water. More, T. longicornis fed selectively on Dinophyceae and Cryptophyceae, which were scarcely present in the food environment. An inverse relationship was found between the concentration of Phaeocystis sp. in seawater and both gut content and abundance of young stages (CI–CIII copepodites) of T. longicornis. These results suggest an unfavourable impact of Phaeocystis sp. post-bloom on both feeding activity and distribution of T. longicornis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003899100526
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    Automation of sample pretreatment for liquid chromatography (1998)
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    Microchimica acta 128 (1998), S. 19-29 
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    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: automation ; sample preparation ; chromatography ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this review is to discuss the strategic problems of automating sample preparation (SP) for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). There is a general feeling that SP is the bottleneck of many HPLC procedures. Despite numerous reports of successful automation of SP, there are still many laboratories using manual or semiautomated SP procedures. This calls for a reevaluation of the present situation.
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    Combining immunoassays with chromatographic and electrophoretic separation techniques — a review (1998)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 129 (1998), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: competitive ; non-competitive ; homogeneous ; heterogeneous ; pre-column immunoassay ; post-column immunoassay ; sandwich ; epitope ; on-line immunoassay ; off-line immunoassay ; laser-induced fluorescence ; microchip system ; HPLC ; CE ; digoxin digoxigenin ; solid phases affinity column ; urine ; plasma ; ELISA ; FAB fragments ; estrogen ; leukotriene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The combination of immunoassays with separation techniques such as chromatography and electrophoresis can provide both selectivity and sensitivity that is competitive with any method currently available for molecular analysis. Immunoassays can be carried out on-line and off-line, pre and post separation. The on-line post separation mode is the most promising for routine analysis because of the high throughput that can be achieved but also provides the greatest challenge with regard to compatibility of the interfaced systems. This paper reviews the various approaches that have been researched from a practical immunochemical point of view with emphasis on the special problems incurred with matrix compatibility for on-line post separation systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01246844
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    Analysis of fossil pigments from algae and bacteria in meromictic Lake Fidler, Tasmania, and its application to lake management (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 19 (1998), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: fossil pigments ; meromixis ; Lake Fidler ; Tasmania ; HPLC ; Mass Spectrometry ; lake management ; algae ; bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Lake Fidler is an ectogenic meromictic lake with a monimolimnion maintained by periodic incursions of brackish water from the lower Gordon River estuary. A dam across the middle reaches of the Gordon River has restricted these incursions of brackish water and meromictic stability has rapidly declined. A palaeolimnological study was carried in order to assess the historical development of meromixis and the impact of the dam on the microbiological communities in the lake. Fossil pigments in a 17 m sediment core were analysed using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (rp-HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, taphonomic studies of pigment production, deposition and degradation in the water column and surface sediments were used to identify planktonic and benthic pigment degradation processes and constrain the stratigraphic interpretation. Results comparing the pigment composition of pelagic sediment traps and littoral surface sediments indicated that the core from the centre of the lake would permit a historical reconstruction of planktonic bacterial and algal communities. Marked increases in prokaryotic pigments ca 3500 yr B.P. suggested the possible colonisation of a chemocline by phototrophic bacteria. Further changes in chlorophyll: carotenoid ratios and changes in relative abundances of both chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll c derivatives also indicated that a change in the depositional environment had occurred; possibly due to altered stratification or anoxia. From this we infer the onset of either intermittent or permanent meromixis. Further increases in prokaryotic pigment abundance suggested that the present state of permanent meromixis was firmly established by 2070 ±50 14C yr B.P., and diatom analysis confirmed the development of a stable mixolimnion. High resolution studies of the top 10 cm of sediments measured pigments in mean concentrations of 15.1 ng g-1 with a mean S.D. of only 2.78 indicating little change in pigment abundance since the construction of the dam. Thus, Lake Fidler still retains most of the features of meromixis. However, evidence from nearby Lake Morrison and Sulphide Pool has shown that any further declines in meromictic stability will cause a rapid reversion to holomixis. Palaeolimnological evidence from the early stages of meromictic development of Lake Fidler suggests that such reversion to holomixis may not permanently eliminate all the microbiological communities, and that, given time, they may return and prosper with re-establishment of a suitable chemocline. These studies will guide recommendations for a management strategy to prevent the further decay of meromixis in the Gordon River lakes.
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    Antibacterial activity of marine-derived fungi (1998)
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    Mycopathologia 143 (1998), S. 135-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: antibiotics ; HPLC ; marine penicillia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total of 227 marine isolates of ubiqituous fungi were cultivated on different media and the secondary metabolite content of the extracts (ethyl acetate/chloroform/methanol 3 : 2 : 1) characterized by HPLC. The fungi were secured from animals, plants and sediments of Venezuelan waters (0–10 m) including mangroves and lagoonal areas. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity. A total of 7 were active towards Vibrio parahaemolyticus and 55 towards Staphylococcus aureus, representing 18 different fungal species from 8 ascomycetous genera. For 61 strains of Penicillium citrinum antibacterial activity correlated well with content of secondary metabolites as measured by HPLC. Thirteen isolates of Penicillium steckii produced very similar profiles of secondary metabolites and 6 of these had activity against either V. parahaemolyticus or S. aureus or both.
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    Analysis of Fusarium toxins in maize and wheat using thin layer chromatography (1998)
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    Mycopathologia 142 (1998), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Deoxynivalenol ; Fumonisin B1 ; Zearalenone ; TLC ; HPLC ; ELISA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods for identifying and quantifying deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and zearalenone in grain samples were compared to immunoassay (ELISA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods to determine the reliability of the less expensive TLC. There was a very good agreement between levels of DON measured by TLC and competitive-direct ELISA, and between levels of fumonisin B1 measured by TLC and HPLC, over a wide range of concentrations. Correlation coefficients (Pearson's) were 0.978, 0.914 and 0.953 for DON in maize, DON in wheat and FB1 in maize respectively. A lower correlation coefficient (r = 0.672) was obtained when zearalenone was quantified by TLC and HPLC. Possible reasons for this are discussed. A cost comparison of the various methods revealed that TLC was the least expensive for sample analysis. It is recommended that researchers choose which analytical method to use based upon individual considerations of cost and precision.
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    Variability of some phenolic acids in phloem of 1-year-old shoots of Scots pine trees growing with Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. (1998)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1998), S. 230-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Scots pine ; Phenolic acids ; HPLC ; Heterobasidion annosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  HPLC chromatographic analyses of some phenolic acids in phloem of 1-year-old shoots sampled from 32 trees of eight Polish provenances of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing under conditions of annosum root [Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.] are discussed. Considerable quantitative and qualitative differentiation was found among individual trees. The variability of trees was estimated with regard to the level of phenolic acids and correlations were established in order to assess the character of their joint occurrence in shoot phloem. In view of pathogen presence, the content of phenolic acids varies between individuals depending upon the genotype of pine, the stage of development of the disease and upon the effect of tree growth conditions.
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    Production of a hepatoprotective cerebroside from suspension cultures of Lycium chinense (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 18 (1998), S. 252-254 
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    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key wordsLycium chinense ; Hepatoprotective cerebroside ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Suspension cultures derived from Lycium chinense Miller seedlings produced significant amounts of a hepatoprotective cerebroside. Callus was induced from the stem of aseptic seedlings of L. chinense and maintained on MS solid media supplemented with 1.0 ppm 2,4-D and 0.1 ppm kinetin. Suspension cultures were established, and the cells were grown in the same liquid media in the dark. Lyophilized cells were extracted with a combined reagent of chloroform and methanol (2:1, v/v). An aqueous suspension of the evaporated cell extract was partitioned with chloroform, and the chloroform layer was subjected to silicic acid column chromatography followed by semi-preparative reverse phase C8 high pressure liquid chromatography. The purified compound showed hepatoprotective activity comparable to that shown by silymarin, and the structure was identified as 1-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-(2S,3R,4E,8Z)-2-N-2′-hydroxy-(palmitoyl)-4,8-sphingadiene on the basis of spectral data. The content of the compound in cultured cell was tenfold higher than that of the fruit of L. chinense. The biosynthesis of the compound in cultured cell systems appears to parallel cell growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050566
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    Purification of combinatorial libraries (1998)
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    Molecular diversity 4 (1998), S. 47-52 
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    ISSN: 1573-501X
    Keywords: chromatography ; HPLC ; library ; purification ; SPE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the early days of combinatorial chemistry, much attention focused on preparation of large libraries for lead discovery. Recently, though, the focus has shifted toward smaller, more focused libraries for lead optimization. These focused libraries generally consist of individual discrete compounds. Biological assay requirements often require compounds of high purity, thus development of automated high throughput purification methods has received new attention in the past several years. This paper covers automated high throughput purification methods that have been applied to libraries of discrete compounds. Literature published through February 1998 is included. Purification methods discussed include extraction methods, scavenger methods, solid phase extraction, and preparative HPLC.
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    Free amino acid analysis of five microalgae (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 131-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Free amino acids ; HPLC ; microalgae ; Tetraselmis suecica ; Isochrysis galbana ; Thalassiosira sp. ; Skeletonema costatum ; Chaetoceros calcitrans ; cosmetology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The HPLC separation of fluorescent o-phtaldialdehyde (OPA) derivatives has been applied to the assay of free amino acids from five microalgae commonly used in aquaculture: Tetraselmis suecica, Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros calcitrans, Thalassiosira sp. and Isochrysis galbana, as part an assessment of their potential use in cosmetic products. Thirteen free amino acids were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. There were considerable differences between species. However, four amino acids were responsible for more than 60% total concentration in all species: ASP, GLU, ARG and TYR; the next most important (accounting for less than 30%) were: ALA, VAL, PHE and LYS.
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    Changes in the photosynthetic pigments in bean leaves during the first photoperiod of greening and the subsequent dark-phase. Comparison between old (10-d-old) leaves and young (2-d-old) leaves (1998)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 57 (1998), S. 203-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: carotenoid ; chlorophyll b formation ; chlorophyllide a esterification ; accumulation of photosynthetic pigments ; HPLC ; protochlorophyllide a
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chlorophyll and carotenoid variations of 2-d-old and 10-d-old bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris var Red Kidney) were analyzed by HPLC during the first photoperiod of greening (16 h light + 8 h dark). The HPLC method used is suitable for the separation of cis- and trans-carotenoid isomers, Pchlide a and Chlide a as well as their esters. The main results are (1) before illumination the composition of the carotenoid pool is similar at the two developmental stages; (2) non-illuminated 2-d-old leaves are devoid of Pchlide a ester; (3) chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation in 2-d-old leaves presented a lag phase twice longer than observed in 10-d-old ones; (4) Chlide a seems directly esterified to Chl a in 2-d-old leaves whereas esterification requires four steps in 10-d-old leaves and, (5) the kinetics of Chl and carotenoid accumulation are different at the two investigated developmental stages.
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    Potential of Immobilized Artificial Membranes for Predicting Drug Penetration Across the Blood−Brain Barrier (1998)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 15 (1998), S. 1270-1274 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: blood-brain barrier (BBB) ; drug transport ; prediction of brain uptake ; immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. The present study evaluates immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) chromatography for predicting drug permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and outlines the potential and limitations of IAMs as a predictive tool by comparison with conventional methods based on octanol/water partitioning and octadecylsilane (ODS)-HPLC. Methods. IAM- and ODS-HPLC capacity factors were determined in order to derive the hydrophobic indices log kIAMand log kwfor two sets of compounds ranging from very lipid soluble (steroids) to more hydrophilic agents (biogenic amines). The uptake of the compounds across the in vivoBBB expressed as brain uptake index (BUI) has been correlated with these HPLC capacity factors as well as octanol/ water partition (ClogP) and distribution coefficients (log D7.4). Results. For both test groups log kIAMcorrelates significantly with the respective log BUI of the drug (r2= 0.729 and 0.747, p 〈 0.05), whereas with log kw, log D7.4and ClogP there is only a correlation for the group of steroids (r2= 0.789, 0.659 and 0.809, p 〈 0.05) but not for the group of biogenic amines. There is a good correlation between log kIAMand log kw, ClogP or log D7.4for the group of steroids (r2= 0.945, 0.867 and 0.974, p 〈 0.01) but not for the biogenic amines. Conclusions. All physico-chemical descriptors examined in this study equally well describe brain uptake of lipophilic compounds, while log kIAMis superior over log D7.4, ClogP and log kwwhen polar and ionizable compounds are included. The predictive value of IAMs combined with the power of HPLC holds thus great promise for the selection process of drug candidates with high brain penetration.
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    Permeability of Articular Cartilage to Matrix Metalloprotease Inhibitors (1998)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 15 (1998), S. 1414-1418 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: cartilage permeability ; matrix metal loprotease inhibitors ; hydrophilicity ; cartilage location ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. To develop an in vitro cartilage permeation model for cartilage permeability study and to evaluate the effects of molecular hydrophilicity and cartilage location on the permeability of articular cartilage to matrix metalloprotease inhibitors. Methods. An in vitro cartilage permeation model was developed and utilized to determine the permeability of articular cartilage to the matrix metalloprotease inhibitors of different hydrophilicity. Permeability coefficients were obtained by measuring the steady-state flux of the inhibitor compounds. HPLC methods were also developed and employed for the analysis of drug levels in assay media. Results. The relationship between permeability and hydrophilicity of drug molecules was examined. Results indicated that the permeability coefficient increased with increasing hydrophilicity of the molecule. Additionally, the relationship between the permeability and the location of the cartilage section within the animal joint was investigated. Our results showed that the drug molecules penetrated faster in the surface layer cartilage than in the deep layer cartilage. Conclusions. Increasing the hydrophilicity of a molecule would increase its permeability across articular cartilage. The in vitro cartilage permeation model developed could be used to rank order drug compounds according to their cartilage permeability profiles and to aid in drug selection and development.
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    Chiral Discrimination of Amino Acids by an Optically Active Crown Ether Studied by HPLC, Extraction and a Liquid Membrane Transport Experiments (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 30 (1998), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Crown ether ; amino acids ; enantioselection ; membrane transport ; chiral receptors ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A chiral crown ether incorporating a methyl α-d-mannopyranoside unit displayed pronounced enantioselection of amino acids in partition liquid chromatography experiments involving solvent systems of limited miscibility: water–ethanol–2,2,4-trimethylpentane. The same system has been used for amino acid transport across a liquid membrane containing the crown ether, and in liquid–liquid extraction experiments. Remarkable enantioselection has been noted for amino acids in all the processes studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007944024868
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    Enantiomere und diastereomere 2-Methoxymethyl-pyrrolidin-1-dithiocarbonsäureester (1997)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 128 (1997), S. 881-891 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: 2-Methoxymethylpyrrolidine ; Carbon disulfide ; Pyrrolidine-1-dithiocarboxylates ; Crystal structure ; Diastereomers ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Formation of the 2-methoxymethyl-pyrrolidine-1-dithiocarboxylates2–4 and alkylation of2 and3 were studied. Enantiomeric and diastereomeric derivatives of4, the preparation of diastereomeric mixtures of4 by alkylation of3 in the presence of strong bases, and formation of6 by phase transfer alkylation of2 are described. The two enantiomers of 2-(4-bromophenyl)-2-oxo-ethyl 2-methoxymethylpyrrolidine-1-dithiocarboxylate2 have been characterized by X-ray analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00807097
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    Determination of arsenic species in marine organisms by HPLC-ICP-OES and HPLC-HG-QFAAS (1997)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 127 (1997), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: arsenic speciation ; liquid chromatography ; ICP-OES ; HG-QFAAS ; marine organisms ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Separation and quantification of six arsenic species have been performed in cod, tuna and mussel samples by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and hydride generation-quartz furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-QFAAS) as detection techniques. It has been shown that arsenic extraction with a water-methanol (1∶1) mixture is sufficiently quantitative for the cod and tuna, in which arsenic is mainly present as arsenobetaine (about 90% of total As extracted). In contrast, only 60% of the element is extracted from the mussels and the chromatograms obtained reveal the presence of an unknown compound. Detection limits are in the μg ml−1 range for the HPLC-ICP-OES technique (quantification of arsenobetaine and arsenocholine) and in the ng ml−1 range for the HPLC-HG-QFAAS system (quantification of arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic and dimethylarsinic acids).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242722
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    Tris (2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) electrogenerated chemiluminescence in analytical science (1997)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 127 (1997), S. 19-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: electrogenerated Chemiluminescence ; Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ; detector ; flow injection analysis ; HPLC ; biosensing ; immunoassay ; DNA probe assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ru(bpy) 3 2+ electrogenerated chemiluminescence (CL) has rapidly gained importance as a sensitive and selective detection method in analytical science. The Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ECL is observed when Ru(bpy) 3 3+ reacts with Ru(bpy) 3 + and yields an excited state Ru(bpy) 3 2+* . ECL emission can also be obtained when a variety of oxidants and reductants react with the reduced or oxidized forms of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ . Either the reductant or the oxidant can be treated as an analyte. The Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ECL is used as a detection method for the determination of oxalate and a variety of amine-containing analytes without derivatization in flowing streams such as flow injection and HPLC. When the ECL format is used as a detector for HPLC, unstable post-column reagent addition can often be eliminated and, the problems of both sample dilution and band broadening can be avoided because the Ru(bpy) 3 3+ species are generatedin situ in the reaction/observation flow cell. Since NADH is sensitively detected with the Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ECL, many clinically important analytes can be detected by coupling them to dehydrogenase enzymes that utilize β-nicotinamide adenine cofactors to convert NAD+ to NADH. Ru(bpy) 3 2+ -derivatives are used as CL labels for immunoassay and PCR assay with Ru(bpy) 3 2+ /tripropylamine ECL system. The Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ECL label can be sensitively determined at subpicomolar concentrations, along with an extremely wide dynamic range of greater than six orders of magnitude. Furthermore, it can eliminate disposal and lifetime problems inherent in radio immunoassays. In this paper, basic principles of the Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ECL are discussed. In addition, analytical applications of the Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ECL are illustrated with examples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01243160
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    Mass Spectrometry and reverse phase HPLC techniques for the identification of degraded fossil pigments in lake sediments and their application in palaeolimnology (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 18 (1997), S. 335-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: palaeolimnology ; pigments ; massspectrometry ; HPLC ; carotenoids ; chlorophylls ; bacteriochlorophylls ; biomarkers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Accurate identification of fossil pigments is essential if they are to be used as biomarker compounds in palaeolimnological studies. In recent years High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) has greatly enhanced the efficiency with which fossil pigments can be characterised and quantified. Using HPLC, undegraded pigments are typically identified through retention times, absorbance spectra and co-chromatography with authentic reference standards. However, lake sediments may also contain degraded pigments for which there are often no standards, and which may be difficult to identify using HPLC alone. In this study, we submitted HPLC fractions of fossil pigments and pigment derivatives collected from a meromictic lake in south west Tasmania, to a combination of Mass Spectrometry (MS) techniques including Electron Impact (EI) and static Liquid Secondary Ion MS (LSIMS) to identify their molecular ion characteristics and organic chemical composition. Mass Spectrometry permitted the detection of specific mass ions which were used to verify the identity of pigments and their derivatives. These included five carotenoids, chlorophyll a and derivatives, three previously described bacteriochlorophyll c derivatives with molecular weights of 770, 784, and 802, and two undescribed derivatives of bacteriochlorophyll c with molecular weights of 766 and 788. With these improved identifications we speculate on the pathways and modes of pigment degradation in the lake and asses the value of the degraded pigments as biomarkers. The use of MS permitted the identification of a greater number of signature pigments of algal and bacterial communities thus increasing the palaeolimnological value of the sediments. These methods are best applied in fossil pigment studies where there are a large number of unknown pigments and pigment degradation products, and where there are no authentic standards for co-chromatography. Practical suggestions for pigment MS are included in the discussion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007943119392
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    Structural Features of Glycera dibranchiata Monomer Hemoglobins. Primary Sequences of Monomer Hemoglobin Components II and III (1997)
    Springer
    The protein journal 16 (1997), S. 139-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Glycera dibranchiata ; monomer hemoglobin ; primary sequence ; mass spectrometry ; HPLC ; alignments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Primary sequences for the remaining two members (GMH2, GMH3) of the group of three major monomeric hemoglobins from the marine annelid Glycera dibranchiata have been obtained. Full sequences of each 147-amino acid globin were achieved with a high degree of confidence using standard Edman technology in combination with molecular mass determinations of the intact globins and of the cyanogen bromide cleavage fragments using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. When minor assumptions concerning Q/E identities are made these new results indicate the likely correspondence of GMG2 with the protein represented by the first Glycera dibranchiata monomer hemoglobin complete sequence [Imamura et al., (1972), J. Biol. Chem. 247, 2785–2797]. When these new sequences are combined with the previously determined primary sequence for the third major monomer hemoglobin, GMH4 [Alam et al., J. Protein Chem. (1994), 13, 151–164], it becomes clear that these three (GMG2–4) are truly distinct proteins, contrary to previous suggestions. Surprisingly, our results show that none of these three primary sequences is identical to the published sequence of the refined monomer hemoglobin crystal structure protein; however, there is a strong correspondence to the GMG2 sequence. The present sequencing results, in combination with the published GMH4 sequence, confirm the presence of a distal Leu in place of the more commonly encountered distal His in all three of the major monomer hemoglobins isolated in this laboratory and indicate that the unusual B10 Phe occurs only in GMH4. Analysis of the sequences presented here, along with comparison of amino acid content for Glycera dibranchiata monomer hemoglobins isolated from three different laboratories, and comparison of NMR results from two laboratories suggest further correspondences which unify disparate published isolations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026346202134
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    Injury-Induced Enzymatic Methylation of Aging Collagen in the Extracellular Matrix of Blood Vessels (1997)
    Springer
    The protein journal 16 (1997), S. 269-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Protein (D-aspartyl/L-aspartyl) carboxy methyltransferase ; aging ; isoaspartyl ; HPLC ; electrophoresis ; AdoMet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract As a result of blood vessel injury, protein D-aspartyl/L-isoaspartyl carboxyl methyltransferase (PIMT), a normally intracellular enzyme, becomes trapped within the meshwork of the vascular extracellular matrix where it can methylate substrate proteins. In this investigation we examined the distribution of such altered aspartyl-containing substrate proteins in the vascular wall. Nearly 90% of all the altered aspartyl residues were inaccessible to intracellular PIMT. Proteins of the extracellular matrix were found to be the major repository of altered aspartyl-containing polypeptides in the blood vessel wall, accounting for ∼70% of the total amount. Proteolytic cleavage of extracellular matrix proteins with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) revealed that collagens account for most of the altered aspartyl-containing proteins of the ECM. As a consequence of blood vessel injury, both type I and type III collagen along with other proteins were found to become methylated by injury-released PIMT. It is estimated that 1 cm of vein contains on the order of 5×1014 altered aspartyl residues involving between 1% and 5% of the total extracellular protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026352908978
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    Covalent Structure of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E: Location of Sulfhydryl Groups, and Disulfide Bridges and Identification of C-Termini of Light and Heavy Chains (1997)
    Springer
    The protein journal 16 (1997), S. 787-799 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Botulinum neurotoxin ; CNBr, pepsin, clostripain fragmentation ; HPLC ; SDS-PAGE separation ; sulfhydryl ; disulfide ; C-termini
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Botulinum neurotoxin (NT) serotype E is synthesized by Clostridium botulinum as an ∼150-kDa single-chain polypeptide of 1252 amino acid residues of which 8 are Cys residues [Puolet et al. (1992), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 183, 107–113]. The posttranslational processing of the gene product removes only the initiating methionine. A very narrow segment of this 1251-residue-long mature protein—at one-third the distance from the N-terminus (between residues Lys 418 and Arg 421)—is highly sensitive to proteases, such as trypsin. The single-chain NT easily undergoes an exogenous posttranslational modification by trypsin; residues 419–421 (Gly–Ile–Arg) are excised. The proteolytically processed NT is a dichain protein in which Pro 1–Lys 418 constitute the ∼50–kDa light chain, Lys 422–Lys 1251 constitute the ∼100–kDa heavy chain; Cys 411–Cys 425 and Cys 1196–Cys 1237 form the interchain and intrachain disulfide bonds, respectively; the other four Cys residues at positions 25, 346, 941, and 1035 remain as free sulfhydryl groups. The ∼150–kDa dichain NT, and separated light and heavy chains, were fragmented with CNBr and endoproteases (pepsin and clostripain); some of these fragments were carboxymethylated with iodoacetamide (with or without I4C label) before and after fragmentation. The fragments were separated and analyzed for amino acid compositions and sequences by Edman degradation to determine the complete covalent structure of the dichain type E NT. A total of 208 amino acid residues, i.e., 16.5% of the entire protein's sequence deduced from nucleotide sequence, was identified. Direct chemical identification of these amino acids was in complete agreement with that deduced from nucleotide sequence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026367917639
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    A new method for the characterization of chemical libraries – solely by HPLC retention times (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular diversity 3 (1997), S. 253-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-501X
    Keywords: analytical methods ; chemical libraries ; HPLC ; quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method has been developed for the assignment of HPLC peaks to their corresponding compounds in libraries of single compounds (parallel syntheses). The basis of the new method is the correlation of the product retention times with the different substituents in the variable positions of the molecule. The correlation is performed automatically by a new algorithm which is part of the computer program LIBFINDER. This practical, easy-to-use tool accelerates the analysis, characterization and purification of chemical libraries, without the need for expensive HPLC-MS equipment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009691313347
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    High Throughput Analysis and Purification in Support of Automated Parallel Synthesis (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular diversity 3 (1997), S. 61-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-501X
    Keywords: combinatorial chemistry ; combinatorial library ; purification ; HPLC ; preparative HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid reverse-phase analytical and preparative HPLC methods havebeen developed for application to parallel synthesis libraries.Gradient methods, short columns, and high flow rates allowanalysis of over 300 compounds per day on a single system, orpurification of up to 200 compounds per day on a singlepreparative system. Hardware and software modifications allowcontinuous unattended use for maximum efficiency and throughput.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009636725336
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    Neuronal and nonneuronal taurine-like immunoreactivity in the sea pansy, Renilla koellikeri (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Taurine ; Immunohistochemistry ; HPLC ; Amino acid neurotransmitters ; Renilla koellikeri (Cnidaria)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A quantitative evaluation of putative amino acid neurotransmitters in sea pansy polyps by high-performance liquid chromatography indicates that the taurine content exceeds that of other amino acids by a 100-fold. The cellular source of this taurine was investigated by immunohistochemistry with two polyclonal antisera raised in rabbit, one against a glutaraldehyde-polylysine-taurine conjugate and the other against a succinylated ovalbumin-carbodiimide-taurine conjugate. Taurine-immunoreactive neurons were localized in a perioral subectodermal nerve net and in the zooid nerve net of the endodermal retractor muscle of the polyp mesenteries. Double labeling experiments revealed that taurine immunostaining does not colocalize with Phe–Mat–Ang–Phe –NH2 FMRFamide immunoreactivity. In addition, strong taurine immunoreactivity was found in nematocytes and other ectodermal cells, in myoepithelial cell bodies of the endoderm, and in calcareous spicule-producing cells of the colonial tissue mass. The limited distribution of neuronal taurine immunostaining to nerve nets associated with muscle systems subtending autozooid polyp retraction supports a role for taurine as a neuromuscular transmitter for this protective reflex. In contrast, the widespread distribution of taurine immunoreactivity in nematocytes and in other nonneuronal cells points to additional cellular functions of taurine, one of which may be to mediate responses to osmotic or metabolic stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050800
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    Comparative HPLC analysis of seed albumins fromVicia faba andV. kalakhensis (Fabaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 208 (1997), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia faba ; V. kalakhensis ; Seed albumins ; HPLC ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously reported electrophoretic seed albumin data have shown an unexpected association ofVicia faba withV. kalakhensis. In the present work, seed albumins ofV. faba (subsp.paucijuga and subsp.faba) were compared with those ofV. kalakhensis using ionexchange (IE) and reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two subspecies ofV. faba displayed similar seed albumin profiles. On the other hand, seed albumin profiles ofV. faba andV. kalakhensis showed no major protein peak in common either in IE-HPLC or RP-HPLC chromatograms. The reported differences in seed albumin composition ofV. faba andV. kalakhensis are consistent with other taxonomical data showingV. faba to be genetically distant from the wild relatives.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986078
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    Serum Protein Binding of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs: A Comparative Study (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 25 (1997), S. 63-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: NSAIDs ; protein binding ; serum ; unbound fraction ; binding site ; binding constant ; HPLC ; ultrafiltration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The unbound fraction in serum f u , is a critical parameter in describing and understanding the pharmacokinetics of NSAIDs. We compared f u for 6 different NSAIDs using ultrafiltration of pooled serum at pH 7.4 and 24C. Measurements covered a wide concentration range in order to define binding affinity and number of binding sites. HPLC was used to measure drug concentrations in serum and ultrafiltrate. Direct injection of ultrafiltrate and serum (diluted 250X) permitted quantitation down to approximately 70 nM for most of the NSAIDs, i.e., approximately 15–20 ng/ml. Assuming binding only to albumin, the data were fitted to a model of two classes of binding sites with dissociation constants K1 and K2. The lowest K1 (highest affinity) was found with flurbiprofen, 0.0658 μM, the highest with ketoprofen, 5.23 μM, an 80-fold difference. At low drug concentrations, f u becomes virtually constant and approaches a lower limit, $${\text{f}}_u^{\min } $$ . The following $${\text{f}}_u^{\min } $$ values were calculated: diclofenac 0.21% fenoprofen 0.25%, flurbiprofen 0.022%, ketoprofen 0.52%, naproxen 0.039%, and tolmetin 0.37%. Thus the least bound NSAID, ketoprofen, had a value 24-fold that of the most highly bound, flurbiprofen. The NSAIDs also differed widely with regard to the extent of variation in f u within the range of therapeutic concentrations, and hence with regard to their potential as displacers of other drugs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025719827072
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    Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish from the Red Sea Coast of Yemen (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 352 (1997), S. 251-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Red Sea ; PAHs ; oil pollution ; HPLC ; GC/MS ; fish ; origin ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A detailed analytical study using combined normal phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish from the Red Sea was undertaken. This investigation involves a preliminary assessment of the sixteen parent compounds issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). The study revealed measurable levels of Σ PAHs (the sum of three to five or six ring parent compounds) (49.2 ng g−1 dry weight) and total PAHs (all PAH detected) (422.1 ng g−1 dry weight) in edible muscle of fishes collected from the Red Sea. These concentrations are within the range of values reported for other comparable regions of the world. Mean concentrations for individual parent PAH in fish muscles were; naphthalene 19.5, biphenyl 4.6, acenaphthylene 1.0, acenaphthene 1.2, fluorene 5.5, phenanthrene 14.0, anthracene 0.8, fluoranthene 1.5, pyrene 1.8, benz(a)anthracene 0.4, chrysene 1.9, benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.5, benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.5, benzo(e)pyrene 0.9, benzo(a)pyrene 0.5, perylene 0.2, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 0.1 ng g−1 dry weight respectively. The Red Sea fish extracts exhibit the low molecular weight aromatics as well as the discernible alkyl-substituted species of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and dibenzothiophene. Thus, it was suggested that the most probable source of PAHs is oil contamination originating from spillages and/or heavy ship traffic. It was concluded that the presence of PAHs in the fish muscles is not responsible for the reported fish kill phenomenon. However, the high concentrations of carcinogenic chrysene encountered in these fishes should be considered seriously as it is hazardous to human health. Based on fish consumption by Yemeni‘s population it was calculated that the daily intake of total carcinogens were 0.15 µg/person/day.
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    Chromatographic Indexes on Immobilized Artificial Membranes for Local Anesthetics: Relationships with Activity Data on Closed Sodium Channels (1997)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 14 (1997), S. 1699-1705 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: local anesthetics ; HPLC ; immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) ; sodium channels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. To elucidate the effectiveness of the different parameters for the prediction of biological activity, the n-octanol/buffer partition coefficients and theoretical calculated lipophilicity parameters of thirteen local anesthetic drugs (LAs), including two β-blockers, were compared to the affinity values for phospholipids, calculated by a recent technique. Methods. Interactions with phospholipids were measured by high performance liquid chromatography on a stationary phase made up of phospholipids, the so-called 'Immobilized Artificial Membrane' (IAM). Reference lipophilicity parameters were measured by shake-flask method between n-octanol and buffer phases. Results. Interactions with phospholipids were predicted from log P for all compounds except tocainide, which also showed additive polar extra-interactions. Moreover, when the retention on Immobilized Artificial Membrane (IAM) phase was mainly lipophilicity-based, a unique scale included the correlation between log kw IAM and log P values, for both LAs (bases) and the structurally unrelated (nonionizable and acidic) compounds previously studied. IAM interaction values for LAs were predictive of the partition measures on liposome membranes already reported in literature. The half-blocking doses for closed sodium channel, corrected for ionization at pH 7.4, were successfully correlated with the respective IAM values for eleven compounds while procaine and tetracaine, which are ester-linked compounds and have a p-amino group as well, gave more potent results than predicted by phospholipid interactions. Conclusions. The IAM chromatographic parameters were much more effective than reference lipophilicity values in describing partition on model membranes and in predicting pharmacological potency on closed sodium channels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012119527214
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    Radiation Sterilization of Formoterol (1997)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 14 (1997), S. 810-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: formoterol ; radiation treatment ; ESR spectroscopy ; dosimetry ; storage ; HPLC ; degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. Radiation sterilization is becoming increasingly popular for the sterilization of many pharmaceutical products. We have investigated the gamma radiation induced effects on formoterol fumarate by HPLC and ESR spectroscopy. Results and Discussion. Numerical simulation of the evolution of the ESR signal versus dose was performed using linear regression, quadratic fit and power function. The shape of the dosimetric curve is linear in the range 5−30 kGy. Owing to the weak number of free radicals generated during the irradiation, the accuracy of measurements is low. For a dose of 25 kGy, discriminating irradiated from unirradiated samples is possible if the storage period is less than 250 days. The comparison between chromatographic profiles of irradiated and unirradiated samples showed minor differences. Conclusions. From our preliminary results, radiosterilization of formoterol fumarate may be technically feasible. Estimation of the irradiation dose by ESR may be possible but, due to the weak number of free radicals generated during the irradiation, the accuracy of measurements appeared low.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012119026422
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    Separation and Quantitation of Cationic Liposome Components by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Evaporative Light-Scattering Detection (1997)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 14 (1997), S. 1269-1271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: cationic lipid ; HPLC ; evaporative light scattering detection ; liposome ; lipofection ; gene therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012131613160
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    Isolation and Characterization of Major Phase I and II Metabolites of Ibuprofen (1997)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 14 (1997), S. 676-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: ibuprofen ; metabolites ; NMR ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012125700497
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  • 100
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    Serotonin levels as a function of age inAplysia californica (1997)
    Springer
    Invertebrate neuroscience 2 (1997), S. 253-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-1104
    Keywords: Aplysia ; serotonin ; aging ; weight ; development ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in a number of behaviors inAplysia californica some of which have been shown to vary with age. We were thus interested in examining the age-dependence of 5-HT inA. californica. Because animals of the same age can have very different weights, and weight alone is reliably known for wild-caught animals, we also examined the variation of 5-HT with weight. Serotonin was measured in the ring and abdominal ganglia combined, in lab-reared animals from 3 to 12 months post-hatch across a wide weight range. Serotonin increased rapidly from 4 to 6 months, and more slowly from 6 to 13 months. Serotonin scaled by soluble ganglion protein increased from 3 to 6–7 months, reached a maximum, and then decreased again. Serotonin, but not scaled 5-HT, increased significantly with weight across the whole weight range. Animals of the same weight, but different ages, had different 5-HT levels, as did young animals of the same age but different weight. Serotonin varied significantly with both age and weight, with the age-dependence being the more significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211938
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