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  • Climate change  (30)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous  (26)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations  (23)
  • American Geophysical Union  (67)
  • Frontiers Media  (11)
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  • 1
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    Carbon accumulation, flux, and fate in Stordalen Mire, a permafrost peatland in transition (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 36(1), (2022): e2021GB007113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GB007113.
    Beschreibung: Stordalen Mire is a peatland in the discontinuous permafrost zone in arctic Sweden that exhibits a habitat gradient from permafrost palsa, to Sphagnum bog underlain by permafrost, to Eriophorum-dominated fully thawed fen. We used three independent approaches to evaluate the annual, multi-decadal, and millennial apparent carbon accumulation rates (aCAR) across this gradient: seven years of direct semi-continuous measurement of CO2 and CH4 exchange, and 21 core profiles for 210Pb and 14C peat dating. Year-round chamber measurements indicated net carbon balance of −13 ± 8, −49 ± 15, and −91 ± 43 g C m−2 y−1 for the years 2012–2018 in palsa, bog, and fen, respectively. Methane emission offset 2%, 7%, and 17% of the CO2 uptake rate across this gradient. Recent aCAR indicates higher C accumulation rates in surface peats in the palsa and bog compared to current CO2 fluxes, but these assessments are more similar in the fen. aCAR increased from low millennial-scale levels (17–29 g C m−2 y−1) to moderate aCAR of the past century (72–81 g C m−2 y−1) to higher recent aCAR of 90–147 g C m−2 y−1. Recent permafrost collapse, greater inundation and vegetation response has made the landscape a stronger CO2 sink, but this CO2 sink is increasingly offset by rising CH4 emissions, dominated by modern carbon as determined by 14C. The higher CH4 emissions result in higher net CO2-equivalent emissions, indicating that radiative forcing of this mire and similar permafrost ecosystems will exert a warming influence on future climate.
    Beschreibung: We would like to acknowledge the following funding in support of this project: Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, VR) grants (NT 2007-4547 and NT 2013-5562 to P. Crill), U.S. Department of Energy grants (DE-SC0004632 and DE-SC0010580 to V. Rich and S. Saleska), and U.S. National Science Foundation MacroSystems Biology grant (NSF EF #1241037, PI Varner). This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research under the Genomic Science program. We also acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation for the EMERGE Biology Integration Institute, NSF Award #2022070.
    Beschreibung: 2022-07-03
    Schlagwort(e): Peat ; Carbon cycling ; Permafrost ; Carbon-14 ; Lead-210 ; Climate change
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 2
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    Summer surface CO2 dynamics on the Bering Sea and eastern Chukchi Sea shelves from 1989 to 2019 (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 127(1), (2022): e2021JC017424, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017424.
    Beschreibung: By compiling boreal summer (June to October) CO2 measurements from 1989 to 2019 on the Bering and eastern Chukchi Sea shelves, we find that the study areas act as a CO2 sink except when impacted by river runoff and wind-driven upwelling. The CO2 system in this area is seasonally dominated by the biological pump especially in the northern Bering Sea and near Hanna Shoal, while wind-driven upwelling of CO2-rich bottom water can cause episodic outgassing. Seasonal surface ΔfCO2 (oceanic fCO2 – air fCO2) is dominantly driven by temperature only during periods of weak CO2 outgassing in shallow nearshore areas. However, after comparing the mean summer ΔfCO2 during the periods of 1989–2013 and 2014–2019, we suggest that temperature does drive long-term, multi-decadal patterns in ΔfCO2. In the northern Chukchi Sea, rapid warming concurrent with reduced seasonal sea-ice persistence caused the regional summer CO2 sink to decrease. By contrast, increasing primary productivity caused the regional summer CO2 sink on the Bering Sea shelf to increase over time. While additional time series are needed to confirm the seasonal and annual trajectory of CO2 changes and ocean acidification in these dynamic and spatially complex ecosystems, this study provides a meaningful mechanistic analysis of recent changes in inorganic carbonate chemistry. As high-resolution time series of inorganic carbonate parameters lengthen and short-term variations are better constrained in the coming decades, we will have stronger confidence in assessing the mechanisms contributing to long-term changes in the source/sink status of regional sub-Arctic seas.
    Beschreibung: We gratefully acknowledge the support of the funding agencies that supported this analysis, including the New Sustained Observations for Arctic Research project and the DBO-NCIS project (NA14OAR4320158, NA19OAR4320074) from the NOAA Arctic Research Program.
    Beschreibung: 2022-06-17
    Schlagwort(e): Pacific Arctic region ; Sea-air CO2 flux ; Ocean acidification ; Climate change ; Sea-ice loss ; Surface ocean CO2 Atlas
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Increasing inhomogeneity of the global ocean (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-12-23
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 49(12), (2022): e2021GL097598, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097598.
    Beschreibung: The ocean is inhomogeneous in hydrographic properties with diverse water masses. Yet, how this inhomogeneity has evolved in a rapidly changing climate has not been investigated. Using multiple observational and reanalysis datasets, we show that the spatial standard deviation (SSD) of the global ocean has increased by 1.4 ± 0.1% in temperature and 1.5 ± 0.1% in salinity since 1960. A newly defined thermohaline inhomogeneity index, a holistic measure of both temperature and salinity changes, has increased by 2.4 ± 0.1%. Climate model simulations suggest that the observed ocean inhomogeneity increase is dominated by anthropogenic forcing and projected to accelerate by 200%–300% during 2015–2100. Geographically, the rapid upper-ocean warming at mid-to-low latitudes dominates the temperature inhomogeneity increase, while the increasing salinity inhomogeneity is mainly due to the amplified salinity contrast between the subtropical and subpolar latitudes.
    Beschreibung: This work is supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant XDB42000000 and XDB40000000), the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFA0603200), and the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2020JQ17), and the U.S. National Science Foundation Physical Oceanography Program (OCE- 2048336).
    Beschreibung: 2022-12-23
    Schlagwort(e): Global ocean ; Temperature ; Salinity ; Spatial inhomogeneity ; Climate change
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Landscape genomics provides evidence of ecotypic adaptation and a barrier to gene flow at treeline for the arctic foundation species Eriophorum vaginatum0 (2022)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Stunz, E., Fetcher, N., Lavretsky, P., Mohl, J., Tang, J., & Moody, M. Landscape genomics provides evidence of ecotypic adaptation and a barrier to gene flow at treeline for the arctic foundation species Eriophorum vaginatum. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, (2022): 860439, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.860439.
    Beschreibung: Global climate change has resulted in geographic range shifts of flora and fauna at a global scale. Extreme environments, like the Arctic, are seeing some of the most pronounced changes. This region covers 14% of the Earth’s land area, and while many arctic species are widespread, understanding ecotypic variation at the genomic level will be important for elucidating how range shifts will affect ecological processes. Tussock cottongrass (Eriophorum vaginatum L.) is a foundation species of the moist acidic tundra, whose potential decline due to competition from shrubs may affect ecosystem stability in the Arctic. We used double-digest Restriction Site-Associated DNA sequencing to identify genomic variation in 273 individuals of E. vaginatum from 17 sites along a latitudinal gradient in north central Alaska. These sites have been part of 30 + years of ecological research and are inclusive of a region that was part of the Beringian refugium. The data analyses included genomic population structure, demographic models, and genotype by environment association. Genome-wide SNP investigation revealed environmentally associated variation and population structure across the sampled range of E. vaginatum, including a genetic break between populations north and south of treeline. This structure is likely the result of subrefugial isolation, contemporary isolation by resistance, and adaptation. Forty-five candidate loci were identified with genotype-environment association (GEA) analyses, with most identified genes related to abiotic stress. Our results support a hypothesis of limited gene flow based on spatial and environmental factors for E. vaginatum, which in combination with life history traits could limit range expansion of southern ecotypes northward as the tundra warms. This has implications for lower competitive attributes of northern plants of this foundation species likely resulting in changes in ecosystem productivity.
    Beschreibung: This research was made possible by funding provided by NSF/PLR-1417645 to MM. The Botanical Society of America Graduate Student Research Award and the Dodson Research Grant from the Graduate School of the University of Texas at El Paso provided assistance to ES. The grant 5U54MD007592 from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provided bioinformatics resources and support of JM.
    Schlagwort(e): Arctic ; Climate change ; Eriophorum vaginatum ; Landscape genomics ; Environmental niche modeling ; Genotype-environment association analyses ; Refugia
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Editorial: seagrasses under times of change (2022)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Winters, G., Teichberg, M., Reuter, H., Viana, I. G., & Willette, D. A. Editorial: seagrasses under times of change. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, (2022): 870478, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.870478.
    Beschreibung: Awareness of the ecological importance of seagrasses is growing due to recent attention to their role in carbon sequestration as a potential blue carbon sink (Fourqurean et al., 2012; Bedulli et al.), as well as their role in nutrient cycling (Romero et al., 2006), sediment stabilization (James et al., 2019), pathogen filtration (Lamb et al., 2017), and the formation of essential habitats for economically important marine species (Jackson et al., 2001; Jones et al.). Despite their importance and the increasing public and scientific awareness of seagrasses, simultaneous global (e.g., ocean warming, increase in frequency and severity of extreme events, introduction and spread of invasive species) and local (e.g., physical disturbances, eutrophication, and sedimentation) anthropogenic stressors continue to be the main causes behind the ongoing global decline of seagrass meadows (Orth et al., 2006; Waycott et al., 2009).
    Beschreibung: This research was partially funded through the BMBF project SEANARIOS (Seagrass scenarios under thermal and nutrient stress: FKZ 03F0826A) to HR and MT. MT was partially funded through the DFG project SEAMAC (Seagrass and macroalgal community dynamics and performance under environmental change; TE 1046/3-1). IV was supported by a postdoctoral research grant Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación (IJC2019-040554-I) and from MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 (Spain).
    Schlagwort(e): Seagrasses ; Climate change ; Eutrophication ; Responses of seagrasses to single and combined stressors ; Spatial-temporal modeling
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Impacts of multiple stressors on a benthic foraminiferal community: a long-term experiment assessing response to ocean acidification, hypoxia and warming (2021)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bernhard, J. M., Wit, J. C., Starczak, V. R., Beaudoin, D. J., Phalen, W. G., & McCorkle, D. C. Impacts of multiple stressors on a benthic foraminiferal community: a long-term experiment assessing response to ocean acidification, hypoxia and warming. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, (2021): 643339, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.643339.
    Beschreibung: Ocean chemistry is changing as a result of human activities. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are increasing, causing an increase in oceanic pCO2 that drives a decrease in oceanic pH, a process called ocean acidification (OA). Higher CO2 concentrations are also linked to rising global temperatures that can result in more stratified surface waters, reducing the exchange between surface and deep waters; this stronger stratification, along with nutrient pollution, contributes to an expansion of oxygen-depleted zones (so called hypoxia or deoxygenation). Determining the response of marine organisms to environmental changes is important for assessments of future ecosystem functioning. While many studies have assessed the impact of individual or paired stressors, fewer studies have assessed the combined impact of pCO2, O2, and temperature. A long-term experiment (∼10 months) with different treatments of these three stressors was conducted to determine their sole or combined impact on the abundance and survival of a benthic foraminiferal community collected from a continental-shelf site. Foraminifera are well suited to such study because of their small size, relatively rapid growth, varied mineralogies and physiologies. Inoculation materials were collected from a ∼77-m deep site south of Woods Hole, MA. Very fine sediments (〈53 μm) were used as inoculum, to allow the entire community to respond. Thirty-eight morphologically identified taxa grew during the experiment. Multivariate statistical analysis indicates that hypoxia was the major driving factor distinguishing the yields, while warming was secondary. Species responses were not consistent, with different species being most abundant in different treatments. Some taxa grew in all of the triple-stressor samples. Results from the experiment suggest that foraminiferal species’ responses will vary considerably, with some being negatively impacted by predicted environmental changes, while other taxa will tolerate, and perhaps even benefit, from deoxygenation, warming and OA.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the US NSF SEES-OA grant OCE-1219948 to JB and the Investment in Science Program at WHOI. DM also received support from the NSF Independent Research and Development Program.
    Schlagwort(e): Deoxygenation ; Ocean acidification ; Benthic communities ; Benthic foraminifera ; Climate change ; Propagule bank ; Global warming
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Estimating the impact of seep methane oxidation on ocean pH and dissolved inorganic radiocarbon along the US Mid-Atlantic Bight (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 126(1), (2021): e2019JG005621, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005621.
    Beschreibung: Ongoing ocean warming can release methane (CH4) currently stored in ocean sediments as free gas and gas hydrates. Once dissolved in ocean waters, this CH4 can be oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2). While it has been hypothesized that the CO2 produced from aerobic CH4 oxidation could enhance ocean acidification, a previous study conducted in Hudson Canyon shows that CH4 oxidation has a small short‐term influence on ocean pH and dissolved inorganic radiocarbon. Here we expand upon that investigation to assess the impact of widespread CH4 seepage on CO2 chemistry and possible accumulation of this carbon injection along 234 km of the U.S. Mid‐Atlantic Bight. Consistent with the estimates from Hudson Canyon, we demonstrate that a small fraction of ancient CH4‐derived carbon is being assimilated into the dissolved inorganic radiocarbon (mean fraction of 0.5 ± 0.4%). The areas with the highest fractions of ancient carbon coincide with elevated CH4 concentration and active gas seepage. This suggests that aerobic CH4 oxidation has a greater influence on the dissolved inorganic pool in areas where CH4 concentrations are locally elevated, instead of displaying a cumulative effect downcurrent from widespread groupings of CH4 seeps. A first‐order approximation of the input rate of ancient‐derived dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) into the waters overlying the northern U.S. Mid‐Atlantic Bight further suggests that oxidation of ancient CH4‐derived carbon is not negligible on the global scale and could contribute to deepwater acidification over longer time scales.
    Beschreibung: This study was sponsored by U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FE0028980, awarded to J. D. K; DE‐FE0026195 interagency agreement with C. D. R.). We thank the crew of the R/V Hugh R. Sharp for their support, G. Hatcher, J. Borden, and M. Martini of the USGS for assistance with the LADCP, and Zach Bunnell, Lillian Henderson, and Allison Laubach for additional support at sea.
    Beschreibung: 2021-06-23
    Schlagwort(e): Radiocarbon ; Methane ; DIC ; Ocean acidification ; Climate change ; U.S Mid-Atlantic Bight
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Deep North Atlantic last glacial maximum salinity reconstruction (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-19
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 36(7), (2021): e2020PA004088, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004088.
    Beschreibung: We reconstruct deep water-mass salinities and spatial distributions in the western North Atlantic during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 19–26 ka), a period when atmospheric CO2 was significantly lower than it is today. A reversal in the LGM Atlantic meridional bottom water salinity gradient has been hypothesized for several LGM water-mass reconstructions. Such a reversal has the potential to influence climate, ocean circulation, and atmospheric CO2 by increasing the thermal energy and carbon storage capacity of the deep ocean. To test this hypothesis, we reconstructed LGM bottom water salinity based on sedimentary porewater chloride profiles in a north-south transect of piston cores collected from the deep western North Atlantic. LGM bottom water salinity in the deep western North Atlantic determined by the density-based method is 3.41–3.99 ± 0.15% higher than modern values at these sites. This increase is consistent with: (a) the 3.6% global average salinity change expected from eustatic sea level rise, (b) a northward expansion of southern sourced deep water, (c) shoaling of northern sourced deep water, and (d) a reversal of the Atlantic's north-south deep water salinity gradient during the LGM.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation (grant numbers 1433150 and 1537485).
    Beschreibung: 2021-10-24
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon cycle ; Climate change ; Deep water ; Glaciation ; Meridional overturning circulation ; Paleosalinity ; Porewater
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Heterogeneous Changes to Wetlands in the Canadian Prairies Under Future Climate (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-20
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Water Resources Research 57(7), (2021): e2020WR028727, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028727.
    Beschreibung: Numerous wetlands in the prairies of Canada provide important ecosystem services, yet are threatened by climate and land-use changes. Understanding the impacts of climate change on prairie wetlands is critical to effective conservation planning. In this study, we construct a wetland model with surface water balance and ecoregions to project future distribution of wetlands. The climatic conditions downscaled from the Weather Research and Forecasting model were used to drive the Noah-MP land surface model to obtain surface water balance. The climate change perturbation is derived from an ensemble of general circulation models using the pseudo global warming method, under the RCP8.5 emission scenario by the end of 21st century. The results show that climate change impacts on wetland extent are spatiotemporally heterogenous. Future wetter climate in the western Prairies will favor increased wetland abundance in both spring and summer. In the eastern Prairies, particularly in the mixed grassland and mid-boreal upland, wetland areas will increase in spring but experience enhanced declines in summer due to strong evapotranspiration. When these effects of climate change are considered in light of historical drainage, they suggest a need for diverse conservation and restoration strategies. For the mixed grassland in the western Canadian Prairies, wetland restoration will be favorable, while the highly drained eastern Prairies will be challenged by the intensified hydrological cycle. The outcomes of this study will be useful to conservation agencies to ensure that current investments will continue to provide good conservation returns in the future.
    Beschreibung: Z. Zhang was funded by a Mitacs Accelerate Fellowship funded by Ducks Unlimited Canada's Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research. Z. Zhang, Z. Li, and Y. Li acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant, and Global Water Futures Program, Canada First Research Excellence Fund. This project was supported by grants from Wildlife Habitat Canada, Bass Pro Shops Cabela’s Outdoor Fund, and the Alberta NAWMP Partnership.
    Beschreibung: 2021-12-21
    Schlagwort(e): Wetland ; Hydrology ; Climate change ; Prairie Pothole Region ; Waterfowl ; Conservation
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Analysis of the Beaufort Gyre freshwater content in 2003-2018 (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Proshutinsky, A., Krishfield, R., Toole, J. M., Timmermans, M-L., Williams, W. J., Zimmermann, S., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Armitage, T. W. K., Dukhovskoy, D., Golubeva, E., Manucharyan, G. E., Platov, G., Watanabe, E., Kikuchi, T., Nishino, S., Itoh, M., Kang, S-H., Cho, K-H., Tateyama, K., & Zhao, J. Analysis of the Beaufort Gyre freshwater content in 2003-2018. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 124(12), (2019): 9658-9689, doi:10.1029/2019JC015281.
    Beschreibung: Hydrographic data collected from research cruises, bottom‐anchored moorings, drifting Ice‐Tethered Profilers, and satellite altimetry in the Beaufort Gyre region of the Arctic Ocean document an increase of more than 6,400 km3 of liquid freshwater content from 2003 to 2018: a 40% growth relative to the climatology of the 1970s. This fresh water accumulation is shown to result from persistent anticyclonic atmospheric wind forcing (1997–2018) accompanied by sea ice melt, a wind‐forced redirection of Mackenzie River discharge from predominantly eastward to westward flow, and a contribution of low salinity waters of Pacific Ocean origin via Bering Strait. Despite significant uncertainties in the different observations, this study has demonstrated the synergistic value of having multiple diverse datasets to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of Beaufort Gyre freshwater content variability. For example, Beaufort Gyre Observational System (BGOS) surveys clearly show the interannual increase in freshwater content, but without satellite or Ice‐Tethered Profiler measurements, it is not possible to resolve the seasonal cycle of freshwater content, which in fact is larger than the year‐to‐year variability, or the more subtle interannual variations.
    Beschreibung: National Science Foundation. Grant Numbers: PLR‐1302884,OPP‐1719280, and OPP‐1845877, PLR‐1303644 and OPP‐1756100, OPP‐1756100, PLR‐1303644, OPP‐1845877, OPP‐1719280, PLR‐1302884 Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China. Grant Number: 41330960 Global Change Research Program of China. Grant Number: 2015CB953900 Ministry of Education, Korea Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) /Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT) Stanback Postdoctoral Fellowship Russian Foundation for Basic Research. Grant Number: 17‐05‐00382 Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences HYCOM NOPP. Grant Number: N00014‐15‐1‐2594 DOE. Grant Number: DE‐SC0014378 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Schlagwort(e): Beaufort Gyre ; Arctic Ocean ; Freshwater balance ; Circulation ; Modeling ; Climate change
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 11
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    Heterotrophy of oceanic particulate organic matter elevates net ecosystem calcification (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 46(16), (2019): 9851-9860, doi:10.1029/2019GL083726.
    Beschreibung: Coral reef calcification is expected to decline due to climate change stressors such as ocean acidification and warming. Projections of future coral reef health are based on our understanding of the environmental drivers that affect calcification and dissolution. One such driver that may impact coral reef health is heterotrophy of oceanic‐sourced particulate organic matter, but its link to calcification has not been directly investigated in the field. In this study, we estimated net ecosystem calcification and oceanic particulate organic carbon (POCoc) uptake across the Kāne'ohe Bay barrier reef in Hawai'i. We show that higher rates of POCoc uptake correspond to greater net ecosystem calcification rates, even under low aragonite saturation states (Ωar). Hence, reductions in offshore productivity may negatively impact coral reefs by decreasing the food supply required to sustain calcification. Alternatively, coral reefs that receive ample inputs of POCoc may maintain higher calcification rates, despite a global decline in Ωar.
    Beschreibung: Data needed for calculations are available in the supporting information. Additional data can be provided upon request directly from the corresponding author or accessed by links provided in the supporting information. The authors declare no competing financial interests. We thank Texas Sea Grant for providing partial funding for this project to A. Kealoha through the Grants‐In‐Aid of Graduate Research Program. We also thank the NOAA Nancy Foster Scholarship for PhD program funding to A. Kealoha and Texas A&M University for funds awarded to Shamberger that supported this work. This research was also supported by funding from National Science Foundation Grant OCE‐1538628 to Rappé. The Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology (particularly the Rappé Lab and Jason Jones), NOAA's Coral Reef Ecosystem Program, Connie Previti, Serena Smith, and Chris Maupin were instrumental in sample collection and data analysis.
    Beschreibung: 2020-02-22
    Schlagwort(e): Coral reefs ; Ocean acidification ; Climate change ; Heterotrophy
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 12
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    Simulated estuary-wide response of seagrass (Zostera marina) to future scenarios of temperature and sea level (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scalpone, C. R., Jarvis, J. C., Vasslides, J. M., Testa, J. M., & Ganju, N. K. Simulated estuary-wide response of seagrass (Zostera marina) to future scenarios of temperature and sea level. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, (2020): 539946, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.539946.
    Beschreibung: Seagrass communities are a vital component of estuarine ecosystems, but are threatened by projected sea level rise (SLR) and temperature increases with climate change. To understand these potential effects, we developed a spatially explicit model that represents seagrass (Zostera marina) habitat and estuary-wide productivity for Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor (BB-LEH) in New Jersey, United States. Our modeling approach included an offline coupling of a numerical seagrass biomass model with the spatially variable environmental conditions from a hydrodynamic model to calculate above and belowground biomass at each grid cell of the hydrodynamic model domain. Once calibrated to represent present day seagrass habitat and estuary-wide annual productivity, we applied combinations of increasing air temperature and sea level following regionally specific climate change projections, enabling analysis of the individual and combined impacts of these variables on seagrass biomass and spatial coverage. Under the SLR scenarios, the current model domain boundaries were maintained, as the land surrounding BB-LEH is unlikely to shift significantly in the future. SLR caused habitat extent to decrease dramatically, pushing seagrass beds toward the coastline with increasing depth, with a 100% loss of habitat by the maximum SLR scenario. The dramatic loss of seagrass habitat under SLR was in part due to the assumption that surrounding land would not be inundated, as the model did not allow for habitat expansion outside the current boundaries of the bay. Temperature increases slightly elevated the rate of summer die-off and decreased habitat area only under the highest temperature increase scenarios. In combined scenarios, the effects of SLR far outweighed the effects of temperature increase. Sensitivity analysis of the model revealed the greatest sensitivity to changes in parameters affecting light limitation and seagrass mortality, but no sensitivity to changes in nutrient limitation constants. The high vulnerability of seagrass in the bay to SLR exceeded that demonstrated for other systems, highlighting the importance of site- and region-specific assessments of estuaries under climate change.
    Beschreibung: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program (OCE-1659463), the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Summer Student Fellowship Program, the Barnegat Bay Partnership (through a US EPA Clean Water Act grant to Ocean County College; CE98212313), and the USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards/Resources Program. Although this project has been funded in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to a grant agreement with Ocean County College, it has not gone through the Agency’s publications review process and may not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency; therefore, no official endorsement should be assumed. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
    Schlagwort(e): Seagrass (Zostera) ; Climate change ; Spatial model ; Sea level rise ; Temperature ; North American Atlantic Coast ; Regional ; Eelgrass (Zostera marina)
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  • 13
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    Soothsaying DOM: A current perspective on the future of oceanic dissolved organic carbon (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Wagner, S., Schubotz, F., Kaiser, K., Hallmann, C., Waska, H., Rossel, P. E., Hansmann, R., Elvert, M., Middelburg, J. J., Engel, A., Blattmann, T. M., Catala, T. S., Lennartz, S. T., Gomez-Saez, G., V., Pantoja-Gutierrez, S., Bao, R., & Galy, V. Soothsaying DOM: A current perspective on the future of oceanic dissolved organic carbon. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, (2020): 341, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00341.
    Beschreibung: The vast majority of freshly produced oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is derived from marine phytoplankton, then rapidly recycled by heterotrophic microbes. A small fraction of this DOC survives long enough to be routed to the interior ocean, which houses the largest and oldest DOC reservoir. DOC reactivity depends upon its intrinsic chemical composition and extrinsic environmental conditions. Therefore, recalcitrance is an emergent property of DOC that is analytically difficult to constrain. New isotopic techniques that track the flow of carbon through individual organic molecules show promise in unveiling specific biosynthetic or degradation pathways that control the metabolic turnover of DOC and its accumulation in the deep ocean. However, a multivariate approach is required to constrain current carbon fluxes so that we may better predict how the cycling of oceanic DOC will be altered with continued climate change. Ocean warming, acidification, and oxygen depletion may upset the balance between the primary production and heterotrophic reworking of DOC, thus modifying the amount and/or composition of recalcitrant DOC. Climate change and anthropogenic activities may enhance mobilization of terrestrial DOC and/or stimulate DOC production in coastal waters, but it is unclear how this would affect the flux of DOC to the open ocean. Here, we assess current knowledge on the oceanic DOC cycle and identify research gaps that must be addressed to successfully implement its use in global scale carbon models.
    Beschreibung: This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) project number 422798570. The Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg and the Geochemical Society provided funding for the conference. Additional support was provided by the National Science Foundation OCE #1756812 to SW. TB acknowledges funding from ETH Zürich and JAMSTEC. JM was supported by the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre. SP-G was funded by COPAS Sur-Austral (CONICYT PIA APOYO CCTE AFB170006). GG-S acknowledges funding from DFG, DI 842/6-1.
    Schlagwort(e): Dissolved organic carbon ; Global carbon cycle ; Recalcitrance ; Isotopic probing ; Climate change
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  • 14
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    Editorial: advances in understanding marine heatwaves and their impacts (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Benthuysen, J. A., Oliver, E. C. J., Chen, K., & Wernberg, T. Editorial: advances in understanding marine heatwaves and their impacts. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, (2020): 147, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00147.
    Beschreibung: Editorial on the Research Topic Advances in Understanding Marine Heatwaves and Their Impacts In recent years, prolonged, extremely warm water events, known as marine heatwaves, have featured prominently around the globe with their disruptive consequences for marine ecosystems. Over the past decade, marine heatwaves have occurred from the open ocean to marginal seas and coastal regions, including the unprecedented 2011 Western Australia marine heatwave (Ningaloo Niño) in the eastern Indian Ocean (e.g., Pearce et al., 2011), the 2012 northwest Atlantic marine heatwave (Chen et al., 2014), the 2012 and 2015 Mediterranean Sea marine heatwaves (Darmaraki et al., 2019), the 2013/14 western South Atlantic (Rodrigues et al., 2019) and 2017 southwestern Atlantic marine heatwave (Manta et al., 2018), the persistent 2014–2016 “Blob” in the North Pacific (Bond et al., 2015; Di Lorenzo and Mantua, 2016), the 2015/16 marine heatwave spanning the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean to the Coral Sea (Benthuysen et al., 2018), and the Tasman Sea marine heatwaves in 2015/16 (Oliver et al., 2017) and 2017/18 (Salinger et al., 2019). These events have set new records for marine heatwave intensity, the temperature anomaly exceeding a climatology, and duration, the sustained period of extreme temperatures. We have witnessed the profound consequences of these thermal disturbances from acute changes to marine life to enduring impacts on species, populations, and communities (Smale et al., 2019). These marine heatwaves have spurred a diversity of research spanning the methodology of identifying and quantifying the events (e.g., Hobday et al., 2016) and their historical trends (Oliver et al., 2018), understanding their physical mechanisms and relationships with climate modes (e.g., Holbrook et al., 2019), climate projections (Frölicher et al., 2018), and understanding the biological impacts for organisms and ecosystem function and services (e.g., Smale et al., 2019). By using sea surface temperature percentiles, temperature anomalies can be quantified based on their local variability and account for the broad range of temperature regimes in different marine environments. For temperatures exceeding a 90th-percentile threshold beyond a period of 5-days, marine heatwaves can be classified into categories based on their intensity (Hobday et al., 2018). While these recent advances have provided the framework for understanding key aspects of marine heatwaves, a challenge lies ahead for effective integration of physical and biological knowledge for prediction of marine heatwaves and their ecological impacts. This Research Topic is motivated by the need to understand the mechanisms for how marine heatwaves develop and the biological responses to thermal stress events. This Research Topic is a collection of 18 research articles and three review articles aimed at advancing our knowledge of marine heatwaves within four themes. These themes include methods for detecting marine heatwaves, understanding their physical mechanisms, seasonal forecasting and climate projections, and ecological impacts.
    Beschreibung: We thank the contributing authors, reviewers, and the editorial staff at Frontiers in Marine Science for their support in producing this issue. We thank the Marine Heatwaves Working Group (http://www.marineheatwaves.org/) for inspiration and discussions. This special issue stemmed from the session on Advances in Understanding Marine Heat Waves and Their Impacts at the 2018 Ocean Sciences meeting (Portland, USA).
    Schlagwort(e): Marine heatwaves ; Extreme events ; Ocean and atmosphere interactions ; Marine ecosystems ; Marine resources ; Climate change ; Climate variability ; Climate prediction
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  • 15
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    Soil warming accelerates biogeochemical silica cycling in a temperate forest. (2019)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gewirtzman, J., Tang, J., Melillo, J. M., Werner, W. J., Kurtz, A. C., Fulweiler, R. W., & Carey, J. C. Soil warming accelerates biogeochemical silica cycling in a temperate forest. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, (2019): 1097, doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01097.
    Beschreibung: Biological cycling of silica plays an important role in terrestrial primary production. Soil warming stemming from climate change can alter the cycling of elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, in forested ecosystems. However, the effects of soil warming on the biogeochemical cycle of silica in forested ecosystems remain unexplored. Here we examine long-term forest silica cycling under ambient and warmed conditions over a 15-year period of experimental soil warming at Harvard Forest (Petersham, MA). Specifically, we measured silica concentrations in organic and mineral soils, and in the foliage and litter of two dominant species (Acer rubrum and Quercus rubra), in a large (30 × 30 m) heated plot and an adjacent control plot (30 × 30 m). In 2016, we also examined effects of heating on dissolved silica in the soil solution, and conducted a litter decomposition experiment using four tree species (Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra, Betula lenta, Tsuga canadensis) to examine effects of warming on the release of biogenic silica (BSi) from plants to soils. We find that tree foliage maintained constant silica concentrations in the control and warmed plots, which, coupled with productivity enhancements under warming, led to an increase in total plant silica uptake. We also find that warming drove an acceleration in the release of silica from decaying litter in three of the four species we examined, and a substantial increase in the silica dissolved in soil solution. However, we observe no changes in soil BSi stocks with warming. Together, our data indicate that warming increases the magnitude of silica uptake by vegetation and accelerates the internal cycling of silica in in temperate forests, with possible, and yet unresolved, effects on the delivery of silica from terrestrial to marine systems.
    Beschreibung: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF PLR-1417763 to JT), the Geological Society of America (Stephen G. Pollock Undergraduate Research Grant to JG), the Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, and the Marine Biological Laboratory. Sample analysis and Fulweiler’s involvement were supported by Boston University and a Bullard Fellowship from Harvard University. The soil warming experiment was supported by the National Science Foundation (DEB-0620443) and Department of Energy (DE-FC02-06-ER641577 and DE-SC0005421).
    Schlagwort(e): Silica ; Climate change ; Soil ; Warming ; Phytoliths ; Plants ; Biogeochemistry
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  • 16
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    Time of Emergence of surface ocean carbon dioxide trends in the North American coastal margins in support of ocean acidification observing system design. (2019)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Turk, D., Wang, H., Hu, X., Gledhill, D. K., Wang, Z. A., Jiang, L., & Cai, W. Time of Emergence of surface ocean carbon dioxide trends in the North American coastal margins in support of ocean acidification observing system design. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, (2019):91, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00091.
    Beschreibung: Time of Emergence (ToE) is the time when a signal emerges from the noise of natural variability. Commonly used in climate science for the detection of anthropogenic forcing, this concept has recently been applied to geochemical variables, to assess the emerging times of anthropogenic ocean acidification (OA), mostly in the open ocean using global climate and Earth System Models. Yet studies of OA variables are scarce within costal margins, due to limited multidecadal time-series observations of carbon parameters. ToE provides important information for decision making regarding the strategic configuration of observing assets, to ensure they are optimally positioned either for signal detection and/or process elicitation and to identify the most suitable variables in discerning OA-related changes. Herein, we present a short overview of ToE estimates on an OA variable, CO2 fugacity f(CO2,sw), in the North American ocean margins, using coastal data from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) V5. ToE suggests an average theoretical timeframe for an OA signal to emerge, of 23(±13) years, but with considerable spatial variability. Most coastal areas are experiencing additional secular and/or multi-decadal forcing(s) that modifies the OA signal, and such forcing may not be sufficiently resolved by current observations. We provide recommendations, which will help scientists and decision makers design and implement OA monitoring systems in the next decade, to address the objectives of OceanObs19 (http://www.oceanobs19.net) in support of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) (https://en.unesco.org/ocean-decade) and the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14.3 (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg14) target to “Minimize and address the impacts of OA.”
    Beschreibung: HW was partially supported by an NSF grant (OCE#1654232) while being a research associate at TAMUCC.
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean acidification ; CO2 fugacity ; Time of emergence ; Climate change ; Novel statistical approaches ; Observing system optimization ; Decision making tool
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  • 17
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    Adequacy of the ocean observation system for quantifying regional heat and freshwater storage and change (2019)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Palmer, M. D., Durack, P. J., Paz Chidichimo, M., Church, J. A., Cravatte, S., Hill, K., Johannessen, J. A., Karstensen, J., Lee, T., Legler, D., Mazloff, M., Oka, E., Purkey, S., Rabe, B., Sallee, J., Sloyan, B. M., Speich, S., von Schuckmann, K., Willis, J., & Wijffels, S. Adequacy of the ocean observation system for quantifying regional heat and freshwater storage and change. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, (2019): 16, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00416.
    Beschreibung: Considerable advances in the global ocean observing system over the last two decades offers an opportunity to provide more quantitative information on changes in heat and freshwater storage. Variations in these storage terms can arise through internal variability and also the response of the ocean to anthropogenic climate change. Disentangling these competing influences on the regional patterns of change and elucidating their governing processes remains an outstanding scientific challenge. This challenge is compounded by instrumental and sampling uncertainties. The combined use of ocean observations and model simulations is the most viable method to assess the forced signal from noise and ascertain the primary drivers of variability and change. Moreover, this approach offers the potential for improved seasonal-to-decadal predictions and the possibility to develop powerful multi-variate constraints on climate model future projections. Regional heat storage changes dominate the steric contribution to sea level rise over most of the ocean and are vital to understanding both global and regional heat budgets. Variations in regional freshwater storage are particularly relevant to our understanding of changes in the hydrological cycle and can potentially be used to verify local ocean mass addition from terrestrial and cryospheric systems associated with contemporary sea level rise. This White Paper will examine the ability of the current ocean observing system to quantify changes in regional heat and freshwater storage. In particular we will seek to answer the question: What time and space scales are currently resolved in different regions of the global oceans? In light of some of the key scientific questions, we will discuss the requirements for measurement accuracy, sampling, and coverage as well as the synergies that can be leveraged by more comprehensively analyzing the multi-variable arrays provided by the integrated observing system.
    Beschreibung: MP was supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by the BEIS and Defra, and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant Agreement No. 633211 (AtlantOS). The work of PD was prepared the by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and is a contribution to the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Climate and Environmental Sciences Division, Regional and Global Modeling and Analysis Program. LLNL Release number: LLNL-JRNL-761158. BS and JC was partially supported by the Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research, a joint research center between the QNLM and the CSIRO. BS was also supported by the Australian Government Department of the Environment and CSIRO through the National Environmental Science Program. SC was supported by the IRD and by the French national program LEFE/INSU. SC thanks W. Kessler for suggestions concerning Figure 6. BR was supported by the German Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (AWI). J-BS was supported by the CNRS/INSU and the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant Agreement 637770. SS was supported by the French Institutions ENS, LMD, IPSL, and CNRS/INSU. The work of JW was performed in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
    Schlagwort(e): Heat content ; Freshwater content ; Salinity ; Temperature ; Ocean observing system ; Climate change ; Climate variability ; Observing system design
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  • 18
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    How a complex basaltic volcanic system works: constraints from integrating seismic, geodetic and petrological data at Mt. Etna volcano during the July-August 2014 eruption (2017)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-04-07
    Beschreibung: Integrating geodetic, seismic, and petrological data for a recent eruptive episode at Mount Etna has enabled us to define the history of magma storage and transfer within the multilevel structure of the volcano, providing spatial and temporal constraints for magma movements before the eruption. Geodetic data related to the July–August 2014 activity provide evidence of a magma reservoir at ~4 km below sea level. This reservoir pressurized from late March 2014 and fed magmas that were then erupted from vents on the lower eastern flank of North-East Crater (NEC) and at New South-East Crater (NSEC) summit crater during the July eruptive activity. Magma drainage caused its depressurization since mid-July. Textural and microanalytical data obtained from plagioclase crystals indicate similar disequilibrium textures and compositions at the cores in lavas erupted at the base of NEC and NSEC, suggesting comparable deep histories of evolution and ascent. Conversely, the compositional differences observed at the crystal rims have been associated to distinct degassing styles during storage in a shallow magma reservoir. Seismic data have constrained depth for a shallow part of the plumbing system at 1–2 km above sea level. Timescales of magma storage and transfer have also been calculated through diffusion modeling of zoning in olivine crystals of the two systems. Our data reveal a common deep history of magmas from the two systems, which is consistent with a recharging phase by more mafic magma between late March and early June 2014. Later, the magma continued its crystallization under distinct chemical and physical conditions at shallower levels.
    Beschreibung: The petrological part of this study was supported by the FIR 2014 research grant to Marco Viccaro from the University of Catania (Italy), grant number 2F119B, title of the project “Dynamics of evolution, ascent and emplacement of basic magmas: case-studies from eruptive manifestations of Eastern Sicily”.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 5659–5678
    Beschreibung: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Petrology ; eruption ; GPS ; volcano seismology ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    Twenty-five years of continuous borehole tilt and vertical displacement data at Mount Etna: Insights on long-term volcanic dynamics (2016)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We report a 25 year-long data set (1990–2014) of combined continuous tilt and GPS vertical displacement series recorded at Etna volcano. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such a data set on an active volcano has been presented. We show the coherence of the two series, which help draw new insights on how the volcano, characterized by frequent flank eruptions, works in the long-term (tens of years). This data set provides evidence that after the 1992–1993 flank eruption (the biggest in the last three centuries) and the following major recharging phase (1994–2001), all the ensuing eruptions fall within a single long-term reequilibrium phase (2001–2014).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 10222–10229
    Beschreibung: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): tilt ; gps ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 20
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    Hydrothermal fluid venting in the offshore sector of Campi Flegrei caldera: A geochemical, geophysical and volcanological study (2016)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-06-03
    Beschreibung: The ongoing unrest at the Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc) in southern Italy is prompting exploration of its poorly studied offshore sector. We report on a multidisciplinary investigation of the Secca delle Fumose (SdF), a submarine relief known since antiquity as the largest degassing structure of the offshore sector of CFc. We combined high-resolution morphobathymetric and seismostratigraphic data with onshore geological information to propose that the present-day SdF morphology and structure developed during the initial stages of the last CFc eruption at Monte Nuovo in AD 1538. We suggest that the SdF relief stands on the eastern uplifted border of a N-S-trending graben-like structure formed during the shallow emplacement of the Monte Nuovo feeding dike. We also infer that the high-angle bordering faults that generated the SdF relief now preferentially allow the ascent of hot brines (with an equilibrium temperature of 1798C), thereby sustaining hydrothermal degassing on the seafloor. Systematic vertical seawater profiling shows that hydrothermal seafloor venting generates a sizeable CO2, pH, and temperature anomaly in the overlying seawater column. Data for the seawater vertical profile can be used to estimate the CO2 and energy (heat) outputs from the SdF area at 50 tons/d ( 0.53 kg/s) and 80 MW, respectively. In view of the cause-effect relationship with the Monte Nuovo eruption, and the substantial gas and energy outputs, we consider that the SdF hydrothermal system needs to be included in monitoring programs of the ongoing CFc unrest.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 4153–4178
    Beschreibung: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrothermal fluid ; Campi Flegrei caldera ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 21
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    High-speed imaging of Strombolian explosions: The ejection velocity of pyroclasts (2015)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-12-14
    Beschreibung: Explosive volcanic eruptions are defined as the violent ejection of gas and hot fragments from a vent in the Earth's crust. Knowledge of ejection velocity is crucial for understanding and modeling relevant physical processes of an eruption, and yet direct measurements are still a difficult task with largely variable results. Here we apply pioneering high-speed imaging to measure the ejection velocity of pyroclasts from Strombolian explosive eruptions with an unparalleled temporal resolution. Measured supersonic velocities, up to 405 m/s, are twice higher than previously reported for such eruptions. Individual Strombolian explosions include multiple, sub-second-lasting ejection pulses characterized by an exponential decay of velocity. When fitted with an empirical model from shock-tube experiments literature, this decay allows constraining the length of the pressurized gas pockets responsible for the ejection pulses. These results directly impact eruption modeling and related hazard assessment, as well as the interpretation of geophysical signals from monitoring networks.
    Beschreibung: INGV-DPC “V2” and “Paroxysm”, FIRB-MIUR “Research and Development of New Technologies for Protection and Defense of Territory from Natural Risks”, and FP7-PEOPLE-IEF-2008 – 235328 Projects
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L02301
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): strombolian ; ejection velocity ; explosive eruption ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 22
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    Neotectonics and long-term seismicity in Europe and the Mediterranean region (2015)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-04
    Beschreibung: We present a neotectonic model of ongoing lithosphere deformation and a corresponding estimate of long-term shallow seismicity across the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary, including the eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean region, and continental Europe. GPS and stress data are absent or inadequate for the part of the study area covered by water. Thus, we opt for a dynamic model based on the stress-equilibrium equation; this approach allows us to estimate the long-term behavior of the lithosphere (given certain assumptions about its structure and physics) for both land and sea areas. We first update the existing plate model by adding five quasi-rigid plates (the Ionian Sea, Adria, Northern Greece, Central Greece, and Marmara) to constrain the deformation pattern of the study area. We use the most recent datasets to estimate the lithospheric structure. The models are evaluated in comparison with updated datasets of geodetic velocities and the most compressive horizontal principal stress azimuths. We find that the side and basal strengths drive the present-day motion of the Adria and Aegean Sea plates, whereas lithostatic pressure plays a key role in driving Anatolia. These findings provide new insights into the neotectonics of the greater Mediterranean region. Finally, the preferred model is used to estimate long-term shallow seismicity, which we retrospectively test against historical seismicity. As an alternative to reliance on incomplete geologic data or historical seismic catalogs, these neotectonic models help to forecast long-term seismicity, although requiring additional tuning before seismicity rates are used for seismic hazard purposes.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 5311–5342
    Beschreibung: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Beschreibung: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Tectonics ; Earthquake rates ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.03. Heat flow ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.01. Continents ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 23
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    High-speed imaging, acoustic features, and aeroacoustic computations of jet noise from Strombolian (and Vulcanian) explosions (2015)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: High-speed imaging of explosive eruptions at Stromboli (Italy), Fuego (Guatemala), and Yasur (Vanuatu) volcanoes allowed visualization of pressure waves from seconds-long explosions. From the explosion jets, waves radiate with variable geometry, timing, and apparent direction and velocity. Both the explosion jets and their wave fields are replicated well by numerical simulations of supersonic jets impulsively released from a pressurized vessel. The scaled acoustic signal from one explosion at Stromboli displays a frequency pattern with an excellent match to those from the simulated jets. We conclude that both the observed waves and the audible sound from the explosions are jet noise, i.e., the typical acoustic field radiating from high-velocity jets. Volcanic jet noise was previously quantified only in the infrasonic emissions from large, sub-Plinian to Plinian eruptions. Our combined approach allows us to define the spatial and temporal evolution of audible jet noise from supersonic jets in small-scale volcanic eruptions.
    Beschreibung: INGV-DPC “V2” and “Paroxysm,” FIRB-MIUR “Research and Development of New Technologies for Protection and Defense of Territory from Natural Risks,” and FP7-PEOPLE-IEF-2008–235328 “NEMOH” ITN projects
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3096–3102
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): jet noise ; volcano acoustics ; Stromboli ; Yasur ; Fuego ; strombolian eruption ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 24
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    Sill intrusion as a source mechanism of unrest at volcanic calderas (2015)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The interpretation of dynamic processes that occur in volcanic calderas is not simple. The ground deformations and the local seismicity, which in other volcanic contexts are usually regarded as precursors to eruption, in caldera environment in many cases are not followed by any eruption. We formulate a general hypothesis that can explain these behaviors. Our hypothesis is that the intrusion of a sill can be responsible for the dynamics observed during unrest at calderas. In order to investigate the reliability of this hypothesis, we developed a dynamic model of sill intrusion in a shallow volcanic environment. In our model, the sill, fed by a deeper magma reservoir, intrudes below a horizontal elastic plate, representing the overlying rocks, and expands with axisymmetric geometry. The model is based on the numerical solution of the equation for the elastic plate, coupled with a Navier-Stokes equation for simulating the dynamics of the sill intrusion. We performed a number of simulations, with the objective of showing the main features of the model. In the experiments, when the feeding process stops, the vertical movement reverses its trend and the area of maximum uplift undergoes subsidence. Under certain conditions the subsidence can occur even during the intrusion of the sill. The stress field produced by the intrusion is mainly concentrated in a circular zone that follows the sill intrusion front. The features predicted by the model are consistent with many observations carried out on different calderas as reported in the scientific literature.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3986–4000
    Beschreibung: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): sill intrusion ; caldera ; volcano geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.05. Mathematical geophysics::05.05.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 25
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    A comprehensive interpretative model of slow slip events on Mt. Etna’s eastern flank (2015)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Starting off from a review of previous literature on kinematic models of the unstable eastern flank of Mt. Etna, we propose a new model. The model is based on our analysis of a large quantity of multidisciplinary data deriving from an extensive and diverse network of INGV monitoring devices deployed along the slopes of the volcano. Our analysis had a twofold objective: first, investigating the origin of the recently observed slow-slip events on the eastern flank of Mt. Etna; and second, defining a general kinematic model for the instability of this area of the volcano. To this end, we investigated the 2008–2013 period using data collected from different geochemical, geodetic, and seismic networks, integrated with the tectonic and geologic features of the volcano and including the volcanic activity during the observation period. The complex correlations between the large quantities of multidisciplinary data have given us the opportunity to infer, as outlined in this work, that the fluids of volcanic origin and their interrelationship with aquifers, tectonic and morphological features play a dominant role in the large scale instability of the eastern flank of Mt. Etna. Furthermore, we suggest that changes in the strain distribution due to volcanic inflation/deflation cycles are closely connected to changes in shallow depth fluid circulation. Finally, we propose a general framework for both the short and long term modeling of the large flank displacements observed.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 635–658
    Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e Osservazioni
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Mt. Etna ; monitoring data ; GPS ; flank instability ; gas geochemistry ; volcanic tremor ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 26
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    Clues to the cause of the 2011–2013 Campi Flegrei caldera unrest, Italy, from continuous GPS data (2015)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: From 2006 to spring 2013, Campi Flegrei (CF) caldera, Italy, was mostly uplifting at an increasing rate, particularly high from 2011. We show that the 2011–2013 accelerated uplift and 1980–2010 inflation and deflation phases can be explained by a two-source conceptual model similar to that proposed by Amoruso et al. (2014) (reference model). However, pressurization of the sole thin quasi-horizontal ∼4000 m deep source, responsible for large-scale 1980–2010 deformation, can explain the whole 2011–2013 deformation, while activity of the shallower Solfatara hydrothermal source, responsible for residual 1980–2010 deformation, appears constant. These results suggest a predominantly magmatic unrest in 2011–2013. Near-real-time comparison of observations and reference model predictions can provide additional information for short-term eruption forecasting at CF; a similar approach could be followed also in other volcanic environments.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3081–3088
    Beschreibung: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): The two sources of 1980–2010 CF deformation satisfy also the 2011–2013 unrest ; Pressurization of the sole ∼4000 m deep source satisfies the whole deformation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 27
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    Microbial diversity and community structure across environmental gradients in Bransfield Strait, Western Antarctic Peninsula (2015)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 5 (2014): 647, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00647.
    Beschreibung: The Southern Ocean is currently subject to intense investigations, mainly related to its importance for global biogeochemical cycles and its alarming rate of warming in response to climate change. Microbes play an essential role in the functioning of this ecosystem and are the main drivers of the biogeochemical cycling of elements. Yet, the diversity and abundance of microorganisms in this system remain poorly studied, in particular with regards to changes along environmental gradients. Here, we used amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA gene tags using primers covering both Bacteria and Archaea to assess the composition and diversity of the microbial communities from four sampling depths (surface, the maximum and minimum of the oxygen concentration, and near the seafloor) at 10 oceanographic stations located in Bransfield Strait [northwest of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP)] and near the sea ice edge (north of the AP). Samples collected near the seafloor and at the oxygen minimum exhibited a higher diversity than those from the surface and oxygen maximum for both bacterial and archaeal communities. The main taxonomic groups identified below 100 m were Thaumarchaeota, Euryarchaeota and Proteobacteria (Gamma-, Delta-, Beta-, and Alphaproteobacteria), whereas in the mixed layer above 100 m Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria (mainly Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria) were found to be dominant. A combination of environmental factors seems to influence the microbial community composition. Our results help to understand how the dynamic seascape of the Southern Ocean shapes the microbial community composition and set a baseline for upcoming studies to evaluate the response of this ecosystem to future changes.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the Brazilian National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (Polar Canion CNPq 556848/2009-8, ProOasis CNPq 565040/2010-3, Interbiota CNPq 407889/2013-2 and INCT-MAR-COI). Alex Enrich-Prast received a CNPq Productivity fellowship. Camila N. Signori was supported by a WHOI Mary Sears Visitor Award (for the microbial community analyses) and by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES) for the “Doctorate Sandwich” scholarship (n. 18835/12-0).
    Schlagwort(e): Antarctica ; Pyrosequencing ; Microbial community structure ; Environmental factors ; Microbial oceanography ; Climate change
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/msword
    Format: application/postscript
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  • 28
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    Long-term forest soil warming alters microbial communities in temperate forest soils (2015)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (2015): 104, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00104.
    Beschreibung: Soil microbes are major drivers of soil carbon cycling, yet we lack an understanding of how climate warming will affect microbial communities. Three ongoing field studies at the Harvard Forest Long-term Ecological Research (LTER) site (Petersham, MA) have warmed soils 5°C above ambient temperatures for 5, 8, and 20 years. We used this chronosequence to test the hypothesis that soil microbial communities have changed in response to chronic warming. Bacterial community composition was studied using Illumina sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, and bacterial and fungal abundance were assessed using quantitative PCR. Only the 20-year warmed site exhibited significant change in bacterial community structure in the organic soil horizon, with no significant changes in the mineral soil. The dominant taxa, abundant at 0.1% or greater, represented 0.3% of the richness but nearly 50% of the observations (sequences). Individual members of the Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Acidobacteria showed strong warming responses, with one Actinomycete decreasing from 4.5 to 1% relative abundance with warming. Ribosomal RNA copy number can obfuscate community profiles, but is also correlated with maximum growth rate or trophic strategy among bacteria. Ribosomal RNA copy number correction did not affect community profiles, but rRNA copy number was significantly decreased in warming plots compared to controls. Increased bacterial evenness, shifting beta diversity, decreased fungal abundance and increased abundance of bacteria with low rRNA operon copy number, including Alphaproteobacteria and Acidobacteria, together suggest that more or alternative niche space is being created over the course of long-term warming.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by funding from the University of Massachusetts Amherst to DeAngelis and the National Science Foundation Long-term Ecological Research (LTER) Program.
    Schlagwort(e): Climate change ; Microbial ecology ; Ribosomal RNA ; rrn operon copy number ; Trophic strategy
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 29
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    Probabilistic modeling of future volcanic eruptions at Mount Etna (2014)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The statistical analysis of volcanic activity at Mt Etna was conducted with the twofold aim of (1) constructing a probability map for vent opening of future flank eruptions and (2) forecasting the expected number of eruptive events at the summit craters. The spatiotemporal map of new vent opening at Etna volcano is based on the analysis of spatial locations and frequency of flank eruptions starting from 1610. Thanks to the completeness and accuracy of historical data over the last four centuries, we examined in detail the spatial and temporal distribution of flank eruptions showing that effusive events follow a nonhomogenous Poisson process with space-time varying intensities. After demonstrating the spatial nonhomogeneity and the temporal nonstationarity of flank eruptions at Etna, we calculated the recurrence rates (events expected per unit area per unit time) and produced different spatiotemporal probability maps of new vent opening in the next 1, 10 and 50 years. These probabilistic maps have an immediate use in evaluating the future timing and areas of Etna prone to volcanic hazards. Finally, the results of the analysis of the persistent summit activity during the last 110 years indicate that the hazard rate for eruptive events is not constant with time, differs for each summit crater of Mt Etna, highlighting a general increase in the eruptive frequency starting from the middle of last century and particularly from 1971, when the SE crater was formed.
    Beschreibung: This work was developed in the frame of the TecnoLab, the Laboratory for the Technological Advance in Volcano Geophysics organized by INGV-CT, DIEES-UNICT, and DMI-UNICT.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1925-1935
    Beschreibung: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Beschreibung: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico e sistemi informatici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; probabilistic modeling ; eruption ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 30
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    Seismo-tectonic behavior of the Pernicana Fault System (Mt Etna): A gauge for volcano flank instability? (2014)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Flank instability at basaltic volcanoes is often related to repeated dike intrusions along rift zones and accompanied by surface fracturing and seismicity. These processes have been mostly studied during specific events, and the lack of longer-term observations hinders their better understanding. Here we analyze ~20 years of deformation of the Pernicana Fault System (PFS), the key structure controlling the instability of the eastern flank of Mt. Etna. We exploit East-West and vertical components of mean deformation velocity, as well as corresponding time series, computed from ERS/ENVISAT (1992–2010) and COSMO-SkyMed (2009–2011) satellite radar sensors via Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry techniques. We then integrate and compare this information with field, seismic, and leveling data, collected between 1980 and 2012. We observe transient displacements accompanied by seismicity, overprinted on a long-term background eastward motion (~2 cm/yr). In the last decades, these transient events were preceded by a constant amount of accumulated strain near the PFS. The time of strain accumulation varies between a few years and a few decades, also depending on magma emplacement within the nearby North East Rift, which may increase the strain along the PFS. These results suggest that the amount of deformation near the PFS may be used as a gauge to forecast the occurrence of instability transients on the eastern flank of Etna. In this context, the PFS may provide an ideal, small-scale structure to test the relations between strain accumulation, stress loading, and seismic energy release.
    Beschreibung: This work has been partially supported by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) within the SAR4Volcanoes project, agreement I/ 034/11/0.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 4398-4409
    Beschreibung: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Beschreibung: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Beschreibung: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Beschreibung: 5T. Sorveglianza sismica e operatività post-terremoto
    Beschreibung: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Beschreibung: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Volcano flank instability ; Pernicana fault ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 31
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    Complete seismic release of tectonic strain and earthquake recurrence in the Apennines (Italy) (2014)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Here I compare estimates of tectonic strain rates from dense Global Positioning System measurements with the seismicity released in the last ~500 years in the Apennines (Italy). The rates of seismic moment accumulation from geodesy and of historical seismic release by earthquakes agree within the uncertainties, ruling out significant aseismic deformation. Within the considered 400 km long section of the Apennines, this balance yields an average recurrence interval of 30–75 years for MW≥6.5 events without requiring a future earthquake larger than those observed historically (MW~7). A minimum estimate of unreleased strain allows MW≥6.5 and MW≥6.9 events to be released in ~35% and ~10% of the central-southern Apennines, respectively. The definition of the seismic potential for smaller events is more uncertain, and their occurrence remains a significant threat throughout the Apennines.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1155–1162
    Beschreibung: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Crustal deformation ; Earthquakes ; GPS ; Apennines ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 32
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    Magma flow between summit and Pu‘u ‘O‘o at Kılauea Volcano, Hawai‘i (2014)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Volcanic eruptions are often accompanied by spatiotemporal migration of ground deformation, a consequence of pressure changes within magma reservoirs and pathways. We modeled the propagation of pressure variations through the east rift zone (ERZ) of K" ılauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, caused by magma " o-Kupaianaha withdrawal during the early eruptive episodes (1983–1985) of the ongoing Pu‘u ‘ O‘" " eruption. Eruptive activity at the Pu‘u ‘ O‘" o vent was typically accompanied by abrupt deflation that lasted for several hours and was followed by a sudden onset of gradual inflation once the eruptive episode had ended. Similar patterns of deflation and inflation were recorded at K" ılauea’s summit, approximately 15 km to the northwest, albeit with time delays of hours. These delay times can be reproduced by modeling the spatiotemporal changes in magma pressure and flow rate within an elastic-walled dike that traverses K" ılauea’s ERZ. Key parameters that affect the behavior of the magma-dike system are the dike dimensions, the elasticity of the wall rock, the magma viscosity, and to a lesser degree the magnitude and duration of the pressure variations themselves. Combinations of these parameters define a transport efficiency and a pressure diffusivity, which vary somewhat from episode to episode, resulting in variations in delay times. The observed variations in transport efficiency are most easily explained by small, localized changes to the geometry of the magma pathway
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2232–2246
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): magma flow ; dikes ; Kilauea ; elastic rock ; magma-rock coupling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 33
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    Vertical GPS ground motion rates in the Euro-Mediterranean region: New evidence of velocity gradients at different spatial scales along the Nubia-Eurasia plate boundary (2014)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We use 2.5 to 14 years long position time series from 〉800 continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) stations to study vertical deformation rates in the Euro-Mediterranean region. We estimate and remove common mode errors in position time series using a principal component analysis, obtaining a significant gain in the signal-to-noise ratio of the displacements data. Following the results of a maximum likelihood estimation analysis, which gives a mean spectral index ~ 0.7, we adopt a power law + white noise stochastic model in estimating the final vertical rates and find 95% of the velocities within ±2 mm/yr, with uncertainties from filtered time series ~40% smaller than from the unfiltered ones. We highlight the presence of statistically significant velocity gradients where the stations density is higher. We find undulations of the vertical velocity field at different spatial scales both in tectonically active regions, like eastern Alps, Apennines, and eastern Mediterranean, and in regions characterized by a low or negligible tectonic activity, like central Iberia and western Alps. A correlation between smooth vertical velocities and topographic features is apparent in many sectors of the study area. Glacial isostatic adjustment and weathering processes do not completely explain the measured rates, and a combination of active tectonics and deep-seated geodynamic processes must be invoked. Excluding areas where localized processes are likely, or where subduction processes may be active, mantle dynamics is the most likely process, but regional mantle modeling is required for a better understanding.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 6003–6024
    Beschreibung: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Beschreibung: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 1R. Reti di monitoraggio e Osservazioni
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): GPS ; Geodynamics ; Mediterranean ; Vertical deformation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.01. Continents ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.06. Subduction related processes
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 34
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    The September 26, 1997 Colfiorito, Italy Earthquakes: modeled coseismic surface displacement from SAR interferometry and GPS (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-25
    Beschreibung: The largest events of the 1997 Umbria-Marche sesimic sequence were the two September 26 earthquakes of Mw=5.7 (00:33 GMT) and Mw=6.0 (09:40 GMT), which caused severe damage and ground cracks in a wide area around the epicenters. We created an ERS-SAR differenrtial interferogram, where nine fringes are visible in and around the Colfiorito basin, corresponding to 25 cm of coseismic surface dispalacements. GPS data show a maximum horizontal displacement...
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 883-886
    Beschreibung: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Colfiorito, SAR, GPS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 35
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    Syn-convergent extension observed using the RETREAT GPS network, northern Apennines, Italy (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-25
    Beschreibung: We present crustal deformation results from a geodetic experiment (Retreating-Trench, Extension, and Accretion Tectonics (RETREAT)) focused on the northern Apennines orogen in Italy. The experiment centers on 33 benchmarks measured with GPS annually or more frequently between 2003 and 2007, supplemented by data from an additional older set of 6 campaign observations from stations in northern Croatia, and 187 continuous GPS stations within and around northern Italy. In an attempt to achieve the best possible estimates for rates and their uncertainties, we estimate and filter common mode signals and noise components using the continuous stations and apply these corrections to the entire data set, including the more temporally limited campaign time series. The filtered coordinate time series data are used to estimate site velocity. We also estimate spatially variable seasonal site motions for stations with sufficient data. The RMS scatter of residual time series are generally near 1 mm and 4 mm, horizontal and vertical, respectively, for continuous and most of the new campaign stations, but scatter is slightly higher for some of the older campaign data. Velocity uncertainties are below 1 mm/yr for all but one of the stations. Maximum rates of site motion within the orogen exceed 3 mm/yr (directed NE) relative to stable Eurasia. This motion is accommodated by extension within the southwestern and central portions of the orogen, and shortening across the foreland thrust belt to the northeast of the range. The data set is consistent with contemporaneous extension and shortening at nearly equal rates. The northern Apennines block moves northeast faster than the Northern Adria microplate. Convergence between the Northern Apennines block and the Northern Adria microplate is accommodated across a narrow zone that coincides with the northeastern Apennines range front. Extension occurs directly above an intact vertically dipping slab inferred by previous authors from seismic tomography. The observed crustal deformation is consistent with a buried dislocation model for crustal faulting, but associations between crustal motion and seismically imaged mantle structure may also provide new insights on mantle dynamics.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B04408
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): GPS, northern Apennines, retreat, Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 36
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    Unbekannt
    GPS velocity and strain fields in Sicily and southern Calabria, Italy: updated geodetic constraints on tectonic block interaction in the central Mediterranean (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We present an improved rendition of the geodetic velocity and strain fields in Sicily and southern Calabria obtained through the analysis of 18 years of GPS observations from continuous and survey station networks. The dense spatial coverage of geodetic data provides precise quantitative estimates of previously established first-order active kinematic features, including: i) a narrow east-west-elongated belt of contraction (~1-1.5 mm/yr) extending offshore northern Sicily from Ustica to Stromboli across the Aeolian Islands; ii) a narrow east-west-trending contractional belt located along the northern rim of the Hyblean Plateau in southern Sicily, with shortening at up to 4.4 mm/yr; iii) right motion (~3.6 mm/yr) on the Aeolian-Tindari-Letojanni fault (ATLF) system, a main shear zone extending from the Aeolian Islands to the Ionian coast of Sicily, with significant transpression and transtension partitioned between discrete sectors of the fault; iv) transtension (~1 mm/yr) across the Sicily Channel between Sicily and North Africa. We use geodetic observations coupled to geological constraints to better elucidate the interplay of crustal blocks revealed in the investigated area. In particular, we focus on the ATLF, which forms the primary boundary between the Sicilian and Calabrian blocks. The ATLF juxtaposes north-south contraction between Sicily and the Tyrrhenian block with northwest-southeast extension in north-eastern Sicily and Calabria. Contraction between Sicily and Tyrrhenian blocks probably arises from the main Europe-Nubia convergence, although Sicily has a component of lateral motion away from Nubia. We found that convergence is not restricted to the northern offshore, as commonly believed, but is widely accommodated between the frontal belt and the northern rim of the Hyblean foreland in southern Sicily. Geodetic data also indicate that active right shear on the ATLF occurs to the southeast of the mapped fault array in northern Sicily, suggesting the fault cuts through till the Ionian coast of the island. The small geodetic divergence between the Hyblean and Apulian blocks rimming on both sides the Calabria block and subjacent Ionian slab, coupled with marine geophysical evidences in the Ionian Sea lends credit to the proposed deep root of the ATLF and to a fragmentation of the Ionian domain.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B07401
    Beschreibung: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Calabro Peloritan Arc ; Geodesy ; plate tectonic ; Strain-rate ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 37
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    Determining rheology from deformation data: The case of central Italy (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-03
    Beschreibung: The study of geodynamics relies on an understanding of the strength of the lithosphere. However, our knowledge of kilometer‐scale rheology has generally been obtained from centimeter‐sized laboratory samples or from microstructural studies of naturally deformed rocks. In this study, we present a method that allows rheological examination at a larger scale. Utilizing forward numerical modeling, we simulated lithospheric deformation as a function of heat flow and rheological parameters and computed several testable predictions including horizontal velocities, stress directions, and the tectonic regime. To select the best solutions, we compared the model predictions with experimental data. We applied this method in Italy and found that the rheology shows significant variations at small distances. The strength ranged from 0.6 ± 0.2 TN/m within the Apennines belt to 21 ± 6 TN/m in the external Adriatic thrust. These strength values correspond to an aseismic mantle in the upper plate and to a strong mantle within the Adriatic lithosphere. With respect to the internal thrust, we found that strike‐slip or transpressive, but not compressive, earthquakes can occur along the deeper portion of the thrust. The differences in the lithospheric strength are greater than our estimated uncertainties and occur across the Adriatic subduction margin. Using the proposed method, the lithospheric strength can be also determined when information at depth is scarce but sufficient surface data are available. Citation: Carafa, M. M. C., and S. Barba (2011), Determining rheology from deformation data: The case of central Italy, Tectonics, 30, TC2003, doi:10.1029/2010TC002680.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: TC2003
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Rheology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 38
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    Flank instability structure of Mt. Etna inferred by a magnetotelluric survey (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: This paper presents a magnetotelluric (MT) survey of the unstable eastern flank of Mt. Etna. We take thirty soundings along two profiles oriented in the N-S and NW-SE directions, and from these data recover two 2D resistivity models of the subsurface. Both models reveal three major layers in a resistive-conductive-resistive sequence, the deepest extending to 14 km bsl. The shallow layer corresponds to the volcanic cover, and the intermediate conductive layer corresponds to underlying sediments segmented by faults. These two electrical units are cut by E-W-striking faults. The third layer (basement) is interpreted as mainly pertinent to the Apennine-Maghrebian Chain associated with SW-NE-striking regional faults. The detailed shapes of the resistivity profiles clearly show that the NE Rift is shallow-rooted ( 0–1 km bsl), thus presumably fed by lateral dikes from the central volcano conduit. The NW-SE profile suggests by a series of listric faults reaching up to 3 km bsl, then becoming almost horizontal. Toward the SE, the resistive basement dramatically dips (from 3 km to 10 km bsl), in correspondence with the Timpe Fault System. Several high-conductivity zones close to the main faults suggest the presence of hydrothermal activity and fluid circulation that could enhance flank instability. Our results provide new findings about the geometry of the unstable Etna flank and its relation to faults and subsurface structures.
    Beschreibung: This paper presents a magnetotelluric (MT) survey of the unstable eastern flank of Mt. Etna. We take thirty soundings along two profiles oriented in the N-S and NW-SE directions, and from these data recover two 2D resistivity models of the subsurface. Both models reveal three major layers in a resistive-conductive-resistive sequence, the deepest extending to 14 km bsl. The shallow layer corresponds to the volcanic cover, and the intermediate conductive layer corresponds to underlying sediments segmented by faults. These two electrical units are cut by E-W-striking faults. The third layer (basement) is interpreted as mainly pertinent to the Apennine-Maghrebian Chain associated with SW-NE-striking regional faults. The detailed shapes of the resistivity profiles clearly show that the NE Rift is shallow-rooted ( 0–1 km bsl), thus presumably fed by lateral dikes from the central volcano conduit. The NW-SE profile suggests by a series of listric faults reaching up to 3 km bsl, then becoming almost horizontal. Toward the SE, the resistive basement dramatically dips (from 3 km to 10 km bsl), in correspondence with the Timpe Fault System. Several high-conductivity zones close to the main faults suggest the presence of hydrothermal activity and fluid circulation that could enhance flank instability. Our results provide new findings about the geometry of the unstable Etna flank and its relation to faults and subsurface structures.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B03216
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; magnetotelluric ; flank instability ; volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.04. Magnetic and electrical methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 39
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    How do volcanic rift zones relate to flank instability? Evidence from collapsing rifts at Etna (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Volcanic rift zones, characterized by repeated dike emplacements, are expected to delimit the upper portion of unstable flanks at basaltic edifices. We use nearly two decades of InSAR observations excluding wintertime acquisitions, to analyze the relationships between rift zones, dike emplacement and flank instability at Etna. The results highlight a general eastward shift of the volcano summit, including the northeast and south rifts. This steadystate eastward movement (1-2 cm/yr) is interrupted or even reversed during transient dike injections. Detailed analysis of the northeast rift shows that only during phases of dike injection, as in 2002, does the rift transiently becomes the upper border of the unstable flank. The flank's steady-state eastward movement is inferred to result from the interplay between magmatic activity, asymmetric topographic unbuttressing, and east-dipping detachment geometry at its base. This study documents the first evidence of steady-state volcano rift instability interrupted by transient dike injection at basaltic edifices.
    Beschreibung: Partially funded by INGV and the Italian DPC (DPC-INGV project V4 “Flank”). ERS and ENVISAT SAR data were provided by ESA through the Cat-1 project no. 4532 and the GEO Supersite initiative. The DEM was obtained from the SRTM archive. ERS-1/2 orbits are courtesy of the TU-Delft, The Netherlands. SAR data processing has been done at IREACNR, partially carried out under contract “Volcanic Risk System (SRV)” funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L20311
    Beschreibung: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): flank instability ; rift zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 40
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    Multiphase flow dynamics of pyroclastic density currents during the May 18, 1980 lateral blast of Mount St. Helens (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The dynamics of the May 18, 1980 lateral blast at Mount St. Helens, Washington (USA), were studied by means of a three-dimensional multiphase flow model. Numerical simulations describe the blast flow as a high-velocity pyroclastic density current generated by a rapid expansion (burst phase, lasting less than 20 s) of a pressurized polydisperse mixture of gas and particles and its subsequent gravitational collapse and propagation over a rugged topography. Model results show good agreement with the observed large-scale behavior of the blast and, in particular, reproduce reasonably well the front advancement velocity and the extent of the inundated area. Detailed analysis of modeled transient and local flow properties supports the view of a blast flow led by a high-speed front (with velocities between 100 and 170 m/s), with a turbulent head relatively depleted in fine particles, and a trailing, sedimenting body. In valleys and topographic lows, pyroclasts accumulate progressively at the base of the current body after the passage of the head, forming a dense basal flow depleted in fines (less than 5 wt.%) with total particle volume fraction exceeding 10−1 in most of the sampled locations. Blocking and diversion of this basal flow by topographic ridges provides the mechanism for progressive current unloading. On ridges, sedimentation occurs in the flow body just behind the current head, but the sedimenting, basal flow is progressively more dilute and enriched in fine particles (up to 40 wt.% in most of the sampled locations). In the regions of intense sedimentation, topographic blocking triggers the elutriation of fine particles through the rise of convective instabilities. Although the model formulation and the numerical vertical accuracy do not allow the direct simulation of the actual deposit compaction, present results provide a consistent, quantitative model able to interpret the observed stratigraphic sequence.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B06208
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Mount St. Helens ; blast, multiphase flow ; numerical simulations ; pyroclastic density currents ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 41
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    Space-time distribution of afterslip following the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The inversion of multitemporal DInSAR and GPS measurements unravels the coseismic and postseismic (afterslip) slip distributions associated with the 2009 MW 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake and provides insights into the rheological properties and long-term behavior of the responsible structure, the Paganica fault. Well-resolved patches of high postseismic slip (10–20 cm) appear to surround the main coseismic patch (maximum slip ≈1 m) through the entire seismogenic layer above the hypocenter without any obvious depth-dependent control. Time series of postseismic displacement are well reproduced by an exponential function with best-fit decay constants in the range of 20–40 days. A sudden discontinuity in the evolution of released postseismic moment at ≈130 days after the main shock does not correlate with independent seismological and geodetic data and is attributed to residual noise in the InSAR time series. The data are unable to resolve migration of afterslip along the fault probably because of the time interval (six days) between the main shock and the first radar acquisition. Surface fractures observed along the Paganica fault follow the steepest gradients of postseismic line-of-sight satellite displacements and are consistent with a sudden and delayed failure of the shallow layer in response to upward tapering of slip. The occurrence of afterslip at various levels through the entire seismogenic layer argues against exclusive depth-dependent variations of frictional properties on the fault, supporting the hypothesis of significant horizontal frictional heterogeneities and/or geometrical complexities. We support the hypothesis that such heterogeneities and complexities may be at the origin of the long-term variable behavior suggested by the paleoseismological studies. Rupture of fault patches with dimensions similar to that activated in 2009 appears to have a ≈500 year recurrence time interval documented by paleoseismic and historical studies. In addition to that, paleoseismological evidence of large (〉0.5 m) coseismic offsets seems to require seismic events, recurring every 1000–2000 years, characterized by (1) multisegment linkage, (2) surface ruptures larger than in 2009, and (3) complete failure of the 2009 coseismic and postseismic patches.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B02402
    Beschreibung: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Afterslip ; L'Aquila ; Apennines ; postseismic ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 42
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    An analytical model for gas overpressure in slug-driven explosions: Insights into Strombolian volcanic eruptions (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Strombolian eruptions, common at basaltic volcanoes, are mildly explosive events that are driven by a large bubble of magmatic gas (a slug) rising up the conduit and bursting at the surface. Gas overpressure within the bursting slug governs explosion dynamics and vigor and is the main factor controlling associated acoustic and seismic signals. We present a theoretical investigation of slug overpressure based on magma-static and geometric considerations and develop a set of equations that can be used to calculate the overpressure in a slug when it bursts, slug length at burst, and the depth at which the burst process begins. We find that burst overpressure is controlled by two dimensionless parameters: V′, which represents the amount of gas in the slug, and A′, which represents the thickness of the film of magma that falls around the rising slug. Burst overpressure increases nonlinearly as V′ and A′ increase. We consider two eruptive scenarios: (1) the “standard model,” in which magma remains confined to the vent during slug expansion, and (2) the “overflow model,” in which slug expansion is associated with lava effusion, as occasionally observed in the field. We find that slug overpressure is higher for the overflow model by a factor of 1.2–2.4. Applying our model to typical Strombolian eruptions at Stromboli, we find that the transition from passive degassing to explosive bursting occurs for slugs with volume 〉24–230 m3, depending on magma viscosity and conduit diameter, and that at burst, a typical Strombolian slug (with a volume of 100–1000 m3) has an internal gas pressure of 1–5 bars and a length of 13–120 m. We compare model predictions with field data from Stromboli for low-energy “puffers,” mildly explosive Strombolian eruptions, and the violently explosive 5 April 2003 paroxysm. We find that model predictions are consistent with field observations across this broad spectrum of eruptive styles, suggesting a common slug-driven mechanism; we propose that paroxysms are driven by unusually large slugs (large V′).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B02206
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Stromboli ; Taylor bubble ; basaltic volcanoes ; falling film ; gas slug ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
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  • 43
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    Ground deformations and volcanic processes as imaged by CGPS data at Mt. Etna (Italy) between 2003 and 2008 (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We analyze the kinematic and crustal deformations of Mt. Etna from 2003 to 2008 as imaged by the Mt. Etna continuous GPS (CGPS) network (Etna@net). Through a careful analysis of GPS time series, six coherent phases of crustal deformations have been identified, three inflation phases and three deflation phases, superimposed on a major inflation of the volcanic edifice since 2001. The inversions of GPS velocities have enabled: 1) a better understanding of the evolution of the volcanic sources acting beneath the volcano; 2) analysis of the strain rate patterns; and 3) a delineation of potential coupling between volcanic sources and the observed ground deformations. The modelling of the pressure sources has shown a separation between inflation and deflation sources. The deflation sources show an upward migration, from 5.5 toward 2.0 km (b.s.l.), while the inflation sources are located within 5.5 and 4.0 km (b.s.l.). Our results indicate that the kinematic and ground deformations of the mid-upper eastern flank are driven by the interplay between the effect of the magmatic sources and a south-eastward motion. Furthermore, clockwise rotations have been detected that prevailed over the eastern motion of the flank during the inflation phase preceding the 2004-2005 and 2006 eruptions. Finally, the accordance between the higher geodetic shear strain rates and the area with the highest seismic energy release shows that measured geodetic shear strain rates can provide useful information on the potential occurrence of seismic activity.
    Beschreibung: Osservatorio Etneo, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia,Catania, Italy. Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B07208
    Beschreibung: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Mt. Etna ground deformations ; Volcano monitoring ; Strain rate analysis ; Volcanic source modelling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 44
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    Minimum distribution of subsea ice-bearing permafrost on the U.S. Beaufort Sea continental shelf (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 39 (2012): L15501, doi:10.1029/2012GL052222.
    Beschreibung: Starting in Late Pleistocene time (~19 ka), sea level rise inundated coastal zones worldwide. On some parts of the present-day circum-Arctic continental shelf, this led to flooding and thawing of formerly subaerial permafrost and probable dissociation of associated gas hydrates. Relict permafrost has never been systematically mapped along the 700-km-long U.S. Beaufort Sea continental shelf and is often assumed to extend to ~120 m water depth, the approximate amount of sea level rise since the Late Pleistocene. Here, 5,000 km of multichannel seismic (MCS) data acquired between 1977 and 1992 were examined for high-velocity (〉2.3 km s−1) refractions consistent with ice-bearing, coarse-grained sediments. Permafrost refractions were identified along 〈5% of the tracklines at depths of ~5 to 470 m below the seafloor. The resulting map reveals the minimum extent of subsea ice-bearing permafrost, which does not extend seaward of 30 km offshore or beyond the 20 m isobath.
    Beschreibung: This research was sponsored by DOE-USGS Interagency Agreement DE-FE0002911. L.B. was supported by a DOE NETL/NRC Methane Hydrate Fellowship under DE-FC26-05NT42248.
    Schlagwort(e): Beaufort Sea ; Climate change ; Methane hydrates ; Refraction ; Sea level ; Subsea permafrost
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 45
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    Quantifying volcanic ash dispersal and impact of the Campanian Ignimbrite super-eruption (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-12-06
    Beschreibung: We apply a novel computational approach to assess, for the first time, volcanic ash dispersal during the Campanian Ignimbrite (Italy) super-eruption providing insights into eruption dynamics and the impact of this gigantic event. The method uses a 3D time-dependent computational ash dispersion model, a set of wind fields, and more than 100 thickness measurements of the CI tephra deposit. Results reveal that the CI eruption dispersed 250–300 km3 of ash over 3.7 million km2. The injection of such a large quantity of ash (and volatiles) into the atmosphere would have caused a volcanic winter during the Heinrich Event 4, the coldest and driest climatic episode of the Last Glacial period. Fluorine-bearing leachate from the volcanic ash and acid rain would have further affected food sources and severely impacted Late Middle-Early Upper Paleolithic groups in Southern and Eastern Europe.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L10310
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Campanian Ignimbrire ; Campi Flegrei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 46
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    Forearc extension and slow rollback of the Calabrian Arc from GPS measurements (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Here we describe the horizontal velocities of continuous GPS stations in the Calabrian Arc (CA) and surrounding regions. The appropriate reference frame to evaluate the crustal motion of the CA is considered by assessing the internal deformation and the relative motion of the crustal blocks in the foreland of the Apennines␣Ionian␣Maghrebides subduction system. We propose that the motion of CA rela- tive to the subducting Ionian lower plate is most properly assessed by minimizing the GPS velocities in Apulia. In this reference frame the significant ␣2 mm/yr southeast- ward motion of the stations on the Ionian flank of the CA shows that the arc is still moving towards the trench in agreement with the observations of active shortening in the Ioanian wedge. This southeastward migration is associated to 1.4 ± 0.3 mm/yr E␣W extension of the forearc in northern Calabria, comparable with the seismic strain averaged in the last 500 years. The limited subaerial exposure decreases the resolution on locking of the subduction interface but the distribution and direction of crustal extension along the CA impose important constraints on geodynamic interpreta- tions of the area.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L17304
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Calabrian Arc ; GPS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 47
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    The impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the uptake and accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 by North Atlantic Ocean mode waters (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 25 (2011): GB3022, doi:10.1029/2010GB003892.
    Beschreibung: The North Atlantic Ocean accounts for about 25% of the global oceanic anthropogenic carbon sink. This basin experiences significant interannual variability primarily driven by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). A suite of biogeochemical model simulations is used to analyze the impact of interannual variability on the uptake and storage of contemporary and anthropogenic carbon (Canthro) in the North Atlantic Ocean. Greater winter mixing during positive NAO years results in increased mode water formation and subsequent increases in subtropical and subpolar Canthro inventories. Our analysis suggests that changes in mode water Canthro inventories are primarily due to changes in water mass volumes driven by variations in water mass transformation rates rather than local air-sea CO2 exchange. This suggests that a significant portion of anthropogenic carbon found in the ocean interior may be derived from surface waters advected into water formation regions rather than from local gas exchange. Therefore, changes in climate modes, such as the NAO, may alter the residence time of anthropogenic carbon in the ocean by altering the rate of water mass transformation. In addition, interannual variability in Canthro storage increases the difficulty of Canthro detection and attribution through hydrographic observations, which are limited by sparse sampling of subsurface waters in time and space.
    Beschreibung: We would like to acknowledge funding from the NOAA Climate Program under the Office of Climate Observations and Global Carbon Cycle Program (NOAA‐NA07OAR4310098), NSF (OCE‐0623034), NCAR, the WHOI Ocean Climate Institute, a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship and an Environmental Protection Agency STAR graduate fellowship. NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.
    Schlagwort(e): North Atlantic Oscillation ; Anthropogenic carbon ; Carbon cycle ; Climate change ; Global climate model ; Mode waters
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 48
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    Glacial flour dust storms in the Gulf of Alaska : hydrologic and meteorological controls and their importance as a source of bioavailable iron (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 38 (2011): L06602, doi:10.1029/2010GL046573.
    Beschreibung: Iron is an essential micronutrient that limits primary productivity in much of the ocean, including the Gulf of Alaska (GoA). However, the processes that transport iron to the ocean surface are poorly quantified. We combine satellite and meteorological data to provide the first description of widespread dust transport from coastal Alaska into the GoA. Dust is frequently transported from glacially-derived sediment at the mouths of several rivers, the most prominent of which is the Copper River. These dust events occur most frequently in autumn, when coastal river levels are low and riverbed sediments are exposed. The dust plumes are transported several hundred kilometers beyond the continental shelf into iron-limited waters. We estimate the mass of dust transported from the Copper River valley during one 2006 dust event to be between 25–80 ktons. Based on conservative estimates, this equates to a soluble iron loading of 30–200 tons. We suggest the soluble Fe flux from dust originating in glaciofluvial sediment deposits from the entire GoA coastline is two to three times larger, and is comparable to the annual Fe flux to GoA surface waters from eddies of coastal origin. Given that glaciers are retreating in the coastal GoA region and in other locations, it is important to examine whether fluxes of dust are increasing from glacierized landscapes to the ocean, and to assess the impact of associated Fe on marine ecosystems.
    Beschreibung: We appreciate support from the USGS CMGP, NCCWSC, the Mendenhall postdoc program, the Woods Hole PEP intern program, and from NASA‐IDS.
    Schlagwort(e): Dust ; Glacier ; Iron ; Aerosol ; Climate change ; Micronutrient
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 49
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    Response and impact of equatorial ocean dynamics and tropical instability waves in the tropical Atlantic under global warming : a regional coupled downscaling study (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011): C03026, doi:10.1029/2010JC006670.
    Beschreibung: A regional coupled model is used for a dynamic downscaling over the tropical Atlantic based on a global warming simulation carried out with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory CM2.1. The regional coupled model features a realistic representation of equatorial ocean dynamical processes such as the tropical instability waves (TIWs) that are not adequately simulated in many global coupled climate models. The coupled downscaling hence provides a unique opportunity to assess their response and impact in a changing climate. Under global warming, both global and regional models exhibit an increased (decreased) rainfall in the tropical northeast (South) Atlantic. Given this asymmetric change in mean state, the regional model produces the intensified near-surface cross-equatorial southerly wind and zonal currents. The equatorial cold tongue exhibits a reduced surface warming due to the enhanced upwelling. It is mainly associated with the increased vertical velocities driven by cross-equatorial wind, in contrast to the equatorial Pacific, where thermal stratification is suggested to be more important under global warming. The strengthened upwelling and zonal currents in turn amplify the dynamic instability of the equatorial ocean, thereby intensifying TIWs. The increased eddy heat flux significantly warms the equator and counters the effect of enhanced upwelling. Zonal eddy heat flux makes the largest contribution, suggesting a need for sustained monitoring of TIWs with spatially denser observational arrays in the equatorial oceans. Overall, results suggest that eddy heat flux is an important factor that may impact the mean state warming of equatorial oceans, as it does in the current climate.
    Beschreibung: H.S. acknowledges the support from the NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellowship Program and the Penzance Endowed Fund in Support of Assistant Scientists at WHOI. H.S. and S.‐P.X. are thankful for support from NOAA, NSF, and the Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology.
    Schlagwort(e): Climate change ; Ocean mesoscale eddy ; Equatorial Atlantic
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  • 50
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    Evolution of an active lava flow field using a multitemporal LIDAR acquisition (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-03
    Beschreibung: Application of light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology in volcanology has 7 developed rapidly over the past few years, being extremely useful for the generation 8 of high‐spatial‐resolution digital elevation models and for mapping eruption products. 9 However, LIDAR can also be used to yield detailed information about the dynamics of 10 lava movement, emplacement processes occuring across an active lava flow field, and the 11 volumes involved. Here we present the results of a multitemporal airborne LIDAR survey 12 flown to acquire data for an active flow field separated by time intervals ranging from 13 15 min to 25 h. Overflights were carried out over 2 d during the 2006 eruption of Mt. Etna, 14 Italy, coincident with lava emission from three ephemeral vent zones to feed lava flow in 15 six channels. In total 53 LIDAR images were collected, allowing us to track the volumetric 16 evolution of the entire flow field with temporal resolutions as low as ∼15 min and at a 17 spatial resolution of 〈1 m. This, together with accurate correction for systematic errors, 18 finely tuned DEM‐to‐DEM coregistration and an accurate residual error assessment, 19 permitted the quantification of the volumetric changes occuring across the flow field. We 20 record a characteristic flow emplacement mode, whereby flow front advance and channel 21 construction is fed by a series of volume pulses from the master vent. Volume pulses 22 have a characteristic morphology represented by a wave that moves down the channel 23 modifying existing channel‐levee constructs across the proximal‐medial zone and building 24 new ones in the distal zone. Our high‐resolution multitemporal LIDAR‐derived DEMs 25 allow calculation of the time‐averaged discharge rates associated with such a pulsed flow 26 emplacement regime, with errors under 1% for daily averaged values.
    Beschreibung: This work was partially funded by the Italian 930 Dipartimento della Protezione Civile in the frame of the 2007–2009 Agree- 931 ment with Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia–INGV. A.F. 932 benefited from the MIUR‐FIRB project “Piattaforma di ricerca multi‐disci- 933 plinare su terremoti e vulcani (AIRPLANE)” n. RBPR05B2ZJ. S.T. 934 benefited from the project FIRB “Sviluppo di nuove tecnologie per la prote- 935 zione e difesa del territorio dai rischi naturali (FUMO)” funded by the Italian 936 Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B11203
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): LIDAR ; lava flow ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 51
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    Predicting the impact of lava flows at Mount Etna, Italy (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Forecasting the time, nature, and impact of future eruptions is difficult at volcanoes such as Mount Etna, in Italy, where eruptions occur from the summit and on the flanks, affecting areas distant from each other. Nonetheless, the identification and quantification of areas at risk from new eruptions are fundamental for mitigating potential human casualties and material damage. Here, we present new results from the application of a methodology to define flexible high‐resolution lava invasion susceptibility maps based on a reliable computational model for simulating lava flows at Etna and on a validation procedure for assessing the correctness of susceptibility mapping in the study area. Furthermore, specific scenarios can be extracted at any time from the simulation database, for land use and civil defense planning in the long term, to quantify, in real time, the impact of an imminent eruption, and to assess the efficiency of protective measures.
    Beschreibung: This work was sponsored by the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research, FIRB project RBAU01RMZ4 “Lava flow simulations by Cellular Automata,” and by the National Civil Defense Department and INGV (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology), project V3_6/09 “V3_6 – Etna.”
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B04203
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): lava flows ; volcanic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 52
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    Anatomy of an unstable volcano from InSAR: Multiple processes affecting flank instability at Mt. Etna, 1994–2008 (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-03
    Beschreibung: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union.
    Beschreibung: Volcano deformation may occur under different conditions. To understand how a volcano deforms, as well as relations with magmatic activity, we studied Mt. Etna in detail using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from 1994 to 2008. From 1994 to 2000, the volcano inflated with a linear behavior. The inflation was accompanied by eastward and westward slip on the eastern and western flanks, respectively. The portions proximal to the summit showed higher inflation rates, whereas the distal portions showed several sectors bounded by faults, in some cases behaving as rigid blocks. From 2000 to 2003, the deformation became nonlinear, especially on the proximal eastern and western flanks, showing marked eastward and westward displacements, respectively. This behavior resulted from the deformation induced by the emplacement of feeder dikes during the 2001 and 2002–2003 eruptions. From 2003 to 2008, the deformation approached linearity again, even though the overall pattern continued to be influenced by the emplacement of the dikes from 2001 to 2002. The eastward velocity on the eastern flank showed a marked asymmetry between the faster sectors to the north and those (largely inactive) to the south. In addition, from 1994 to 2008 part of the volcano base (south, west, and north lower slopes) experienced a consistent trend of uplift on the order of ∼0.5 cm/yr. This study reveals that the flanks of Etna have undergone a complex instability resulting from three main processes. In the long term (103–104 years), the load of the volcano is responsible for the development of a peripheral bulge. In the intermediate term (≤101 years, observed from 1994 to 2000), inflation due to the accumulation of magma induces a moderate and linear uplift and outward slip of the flanks. In the short term (≤1 year, observed from 2001 to 2002), the emplacement of feeder dikes along the NE and south rifts results in a nonlinear, focused, and asymmetric deformation on the eastern and western flanks. Deformation due to flank instability is widespread at Mt. Etna, regardless of volcanic activity, and remains by far the predominant type of deformation on the volcano.
    Beschreibung: ESA provided the SAR data (Cat‐1 no. 4532 and GEO Supersite initiative). The DEM was obtained from the SRTM archive, while the ERS‐1/2 orbits are courtesy of the TU‐Delft, The Netherlands. This work was partially funded by INGV and the Italian DPC (DPCINGV project V4 “Flank”), the Italian DPC (under special agreement with IREA‐CNR), and the Italian Space Agency under contract “sistema rischio vulcanico (SRV).” The authors thank Francesco Casu, Paolo Berardino, and Riccardo Lanari for their support and Geoff Wadge and Michael Poland for their helpful and constructive review of the manuscript.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B10405
    Beschreibung: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Flank instability ; InSAR ; volcanoes ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest::05.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 53
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    Predicting the impact of lava flows at Mount Etna (Italy) (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Forecasting the time, nature and impact of future eruptions is difficult at volcanoes such as Mount Etna, in Italy, where eruptions occur from the summit and on the flanks, affecting areas distant from each other. Nonetheless, the identification and quantification of areas at risk from new eruptions is fundamental for mitigating potential human casualties and material damage. Here, we present new results from the application of a methodology to define flexible high-resolution lava invasion susceptibility maps based on a reliable computational model for simulating lava flows at Etna and on a validation procedure for assessing the correctness of susceptibility mapping in the study area. Furthermore, specific scenarios can be extracted at any time from the simulation database, for land-use and civil defence planning in the long-term, to quantify, in real-time, the impact of an imminent eruption, and to assess the efficiency of protective measures.
    Beschreibung: This work was sponsored by the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research, FIRB project n° RBAU01RMZ4 “Lava flow simulations by Cellular Automata”, and by the National Civil Defence Department and INGV (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology), project V3_6/09 “V3_6 – Etna”.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): lava flows ; Etna ; hazard evaluation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 54
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    Tectonic evidence for the ongoing Africa-Eurasia convergence in central Mediterranean foreland areas: A journey among long-lived shear zones, large earthquakes, and elusive fault motions. (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union
    Beschreibung: We investigate the role of the Africa-Eurasia convergence in the recent tectonic evolution of the central Mediterranean. To this end we focused on two sectors of the Adriatic-Hyblean foreland of the Apennine-Maghrebian chain as they allow tectonic evidence for relative plate motions to be analyzed aside from the masking effect of other more local tectonic phenomena (e.g., subduction, chain building, etc.). We present a thorough review of data and interpretations on two major shear zones cutting these foreland sectors: the E-W Molise-Gondola in central Adriatic and the N-S Vizzini-Scicli in southern Sicily. The selected foreland areas exhibit remarkable similarities, including an unexpectedly high level of seismicity and the presence of the investigated shear zones since the Mesozoic. We analyze the tectonic framework, active tectonics, and seismicity of each of the foreland areas, highlighting the evolution of the tectonic understanding. In both areas, we find that current strains at midcrustal levels seem to respond to the same far-field force oriented NNW-SSE to NW-SE, similar to the orientation of the Africa-Eurasia convergence. We conclude that this convergence plays a primary role in the seismotectonics of the central Mediterranean and is partly accommodated by the reactivation of large Mesozoic shear zones.
    Beschreibung: The work has been funded by project “Sviluppo Nuove Tecnologie per la Protezione e Difesa del Territorio dai Rischi Naturali,” by the Italian Ministry of Education and Research (MIUR), and by the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri – Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B12404
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): Molise-Gondola shear zone ; Vizzini-Scicli shear zone ; Gargano Promontory ; Hyblean Plateau ; slip reversal ; 1627 earthquake ; 1693 earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
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  • 55
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    Impact of ocean carbon system variability on the detection of temporal increases in anthropogenic CO2 (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 113 (2008): C03019, doi:10.1029/2007JC004153.
    Beschreibung: Estimates of temporal trends in oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) rely on the ability of empirical methods to remove the large natural variability of the ocean carbon system. A coupled carbon-climate model is used to evaluate these empirical methods. Both the ΔC* and multiple linear regression (MLR) techniques reproduce the predicted increase in dissolved inorganic carbon for the majority of the ocean and have similar average percent errors for decadal differences (24.1% and 25.5%, respectively). However, this study identifies several regions where these methods may introduce errors. Of particular note are mode and deep water formation regions, where changes in air-sea disequilibrium and structure in the MLR residuals introduce errors. These results have significant implications for decadal repeat hydrography programs, indicating the need for subannual sampling in certain regions of the oceans in order to better constrain the natural variability in the system and to robustly estimate the intrusion of anthropogenic CO2.
    Beschreibung: We would like to acknowledge funding from NSF (OCE02-23869), NCAR, the WHOI Ocean Climate Institute, a Linden Earth Systems Graduate Fellowship (MIT), and a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship. NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. R.W. is supported by the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research at NOAA.
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon dioxide ; Ocean carbon sink ; Climate change
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 56
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    Assessing sedimentary records of paleohurricane activity using modeled hurricane climatology (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 9 (2008): Q09V10, doi:10.1029/2008GC002043.
    Beschreibung: Patterns of overwash deposition observed within back-barrier sediment archives can indicate past changes in tropical cyclone activity; however, it is necessary to evaluate the significance of observed trends in the context of the full range of variability under modern climate conditions. Here we present a method for assessing the statistical significance of patterns observed within a sedimentary hurricane-overwash reconstruction. To alleviate restrictions associated with the limited number of historical hurricanes affecting a specific site, we apply a recently published technique for generating a large number of synthetic storms using a coupled ocean-atmosphere hurricane model set to simulate modern climatology. Thousands of overwash records are generated for a site using a random draw of these synthetic hurricanes, a prescribed threshold for overwash, and a specified temporal resolution based on sedimentation rates observed at a particular site. As a test case we apply this Monte Carlo technique to a hurricane-induced overwash reconstruction developed from Laguna Playa Grande (LPG), a coastal lagoon located on the island of Vieques, Puerto Rico in the northeastern Caribbean. Apparent overwash rates in the LPG overwash record are observed to be four times lower between 2500 and 1000 years B.P. when compared to apparent overwash rates during the last 300 years. However, probability distributions based on Monte Carlo simulations indicate that as much as 65% of this drop can be explained by a reduction in the temporal resolution for older sediments due to a decrease in sedimentation rates. Periods of no apparent overwash activity at LPG between 2500 and 3600 years B.P. and 500–1000 years B.P. are exceptionally long and are unlikely to occur (above 99% confidence) under the current climate conditions. In addition, breaks in activity are difficult to produce even when the hurricane model is forced to a constant El Niño state. Results from this study continue to support the interpretation that the western North Atlantic has exhibited significant changes in hurricane climatology over the last 5500 years.
    Beschreibung: Funding for this research was provided by the Earth Systems History Program of the National Science Foundation, Risk Prediction Initiative, National Geographic Society, Coastal Ocean Institute at WHOI, and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research.
    Schlagwort(e): Tropical cyclones ; Paleotempestology ; Paleoclimate ; Holocene ; Climate change ; Sedimentology
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  • 57
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    Sediment and nutrient delivery from thermokarst features in the foothills of the North Slope, Alaska : potential impacts on headwater stream ecosystems (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 113 (2008): G02026, doi:10.1029/2007JG000470.
    Beschreibung: Permafrost is a defining characteristic of the Arctic environment. However, climate warming is thawing permafrost in many areas leading to failures in soil structure called thermokarst. An extensive survey of a 600 km2 area in and around the Toolik Lake Natural Research Area (TLNRA) revealed at least 34 thermokarst features, two thirds of which were new since ∼1980 when a high resolution aerial survey of the area was done. Most of these thermokarst features were associated with headwater streams or lakes. We have measured significantly increased sediment and nutrient loading from thermokarst features to streams in two well-studied locations near the TLNRA. One small thermokarst gully that formed in 2003 on the Toolik River in a 0.9 km2 subcatchment delivered more sediment to the river than is normally delivered in 18 years from 132 km2 in the adjacent upper Kuparuk River basin (a long-term monitoring reference site). Ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations downstream from a thermokarst feature on Imnavait Creek increased significantly compared to upstream reference concentrations and the increased concentrations persisted over the period of sampling (1999–2005). The downstream concentrations were similar to those we have used in a long-term experimental manipulation of the Kuparuk River and that have significantly altered the structure and function of that river. A subsampling of other thermokarst features from the extensive regional survey showed that concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate were always higher downstream of the thermokarst features. Our previous research has shown that even minor increases in nutrient loading stimulate primary and secondary production. However, increased sediment loading could interfere with benthic communities and change the responses to increased nutrient delivery. Although the terrestrial area impacted by thermokarsts is limited, the aquatic habitat altered by these failures can be extensive. If warming in the Arctic foothills accelerates thermokarst formation, there may be substantial and wide-spread impacts on arctic stream ecosystems that are currently poorly understood.
    Beschreibung: The results presented in this report are based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grants to the Arctic Hyporheic project (OPP- 0327440) and the Arctic Long-Term Ecological Research Program (DEB- 9810222).
    Schlagwort(e): Arctic ; Climate change ; Streams ; Ecosystem dynamics ; Sediment ; Thermokarst ; Water quality
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  • 58
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    Detection of change in the Arctic using satellite and in situ data (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2003. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 108, C12 (2003): 3384, doi:10.1029/2002JC001347.
    Beschreibung: The decade of the 1990s was the warmest decade of the last century, while the year 1998 was the warmest year ever observed by modern techniques, with 9 out of 12 months of the year being the warmest months. Satellite ice cover and surface temperature data, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (wind), and ocean hydrographic data are examined to gain insights into this warming phenomenon. Areas of ice-free water in both western and eastern regions of the Arctic are found to have followed a cyclical pattern with approximately decadal period but with a lag of about 3 years between the eastern and western regions. The pattern was interrupted by unusually large anomalies in 1993 and 1998 in the western region and in 1995 in the eastern region. The area of open water in 1998 was the largest ever observed in the western region and occurred concurrently with large surface temperature anomalies in the area and adjacent regions. This also occurred at a time when the atmospheric circulation changed from predominantly cyclonic in 1996 to anticyclonic in 1997 and 1998. Detailed hydrographic measurements over the same general area in April 1996 and April 1997 indicate a warming and significant freshening in the top layer of the ocean, suggesting increases in ice melt and/or river runoff. Continuous ocean temperature and salinity data from ocean buoys at depths of 8, 45, and 75 m confirm these results and show large interannual changes during the 1996–1998 period. Surface temperature data show a general warming in the region that is highly correlated with observed decline in summer sea ice, while hydrographic data suggest that in 1997 and 1998, the upper part of the ocean was unusually fresh and warm compared to available data between 1956 and 1996.
    Beschreibung: Deployments of the IOEB were supported by the Japanese Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC).
    Schlagwort(e): Arctic Sea ice ; Climate change ; Surface temperature ; Wind ; Buoy ; Hydrography
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 59
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    Effects of tropospheric ozone pollution on net primary productivity and carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of China (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007): D22S09, doi:10.1029/2007JD008521.
    Beschreibung: We investigated the potential effects of elevated ozone (O3) along with climate variability, increasing CO2, and land use change on net primary productivity (NPP) and carbon storage in China's terrestrial ecosystems for the period 1961–2000 with a process-based Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) forced by the gridded data of historical tropospheric O3 and other environmental factors. The simulated results showed that elevated O3 could result in a mean 4.5% reduction in NPP and 0.9% reduction in total carbon storage nationwide from 1961 to 2000. The reduction of carbon storage varied from 0.1 Tg C to 312 Tg C (a decreased rate ranging from 0.2% to 6.9%) among plant functional types. The effects of tropospheric O3 on NPP were strongest in east-central China. Significant reductions in NPP occurred in northeastern and central China where a large proportion of cropland is distributed. The O3 effects on carbon fluxes and storage are dependent upon other environmental factors. Therefore direct and indirect effects of O3, as well as interactive effects with other environmental factors, should be taken into account in order to accurately assess the regional carbon budget in China. The results showed that the adverse influences of increasing O3 concentration across China on NPP could be an important disturbance factor on carbon storage in the near future, and the improvement of air quality in China could enhance the capability of China's terrestrial ecosystems to sequester more atmospheric CO2. Our estimation of O3 impacts on NPP and carbon storage in China, however, must be used with caution because of the limitation of historical tropospheric O3 data and other uncertainties associated with model parameters and field experiments.
    Beschreibung: This research is funded by NASA Interdisciplinary Science Program (NNG04GM39C).
    Schlagwort(e): Air pollution ; Carbon storage ; China ; Climate change ; Net primary productivity ; Tropospheric ozone
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  • 60
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    Detachment depth revealed by rollover deformation: An integrated approach at Mount Etna (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Flank instability is common at volcanoes, even though the subsurface structures, including the depth to a detachment fault, remain poorly constrained. Here, we use a multidisciplinary approach, applicable to most volcanoes, to evaluate the detachment depth of the unstable NE flank of Mt. Etna. InSAR observations of Mount Etna during 1995–2008 show a trapdoor subsidence of the upper NE flank, with a maximum deformation against the NE Rift. The trapdoor tilt was highest in magnitude in 2002–2004, contemporaneous with the maximum rates of eastward slip along the east flank. We explain this deformation as due to a general eastward displacement of the flank, activating a rotational detachment and forming a rollover anticline, the head of which is against the NE Rift. Established 2D rollover construction models, constrained by morphological and structural data, suggest that the east‐dipping detachment below the upper NE flank lies at around 4 km below the surface. This depth is consistent with seismicity that clusters above 2–3 km below sea level. Therefore, the episodically unstable NE flank lies above an east‐dipping rotational detachment confined by the NE Rift and Pernicana Fault. Our approach, which combines short‐term (InSAR) and long‐term (geological) observations, constrains the 3D geometry and kinematics of part of the unstable flank of Etna and may be applicable and effective to understand the deeper structure of volcanoes undergoing flank instability or unrest.
    Beschreibung: This work was partially funded by INGV and the DPC‐INGV project “Flank”, and partially by the ASI (SRV project).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L16304
    Beschreibung: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): flank instability ; fault ; InSAR ; Etna ; rollover ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Large-scale responses of complex-shaped coastlines to local shoreline stabilization and climate change (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 115 (2010): F03033, doi:10.1029/2009JF001486.
    Beschreibung: When modeling the large-scale (〉 km) evolution of coastline morphology, the influence of natural forces is not the only consideration; ongoing direct human manipulations can substantially drive geomorphic change. In this paper, we couple a human component to a numerical model of large-scale coastline evolution, incorporating beach “nourishment” (periodically placing sand on the beach, also called “beach replenishment” or “beach fill”). Beach nourishment is the most prevalent means humans employ to alter the natural shoreline system in our case study, the Carolina coastline. Beach nourishment can cause shorelines adjacent to those that are nourished to shift both seaward and landward. When we further consider how changes to storm behaviors could change wave climates, the magnitude of morphological change induced by beach nourishment can rival that expected from sea level rise and affect the coast as far as tens of kilometers away from the nourishment site. In some instances, nonlocal processes governing large-scale cuspate-cape coastline evolution may transmit the human morphological “signal” over surprisingly large (hundreds of kilometer) distances.
    Beschreibung: The National Science Foundation (DEB 0507987) and the Duke University Center on Global Change supported this work.
    Schlagwort(e): Coastline evolution ; Beach nourishment ; Climate change
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  • 62
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    Deformation and eruptions at Mt. Etna (Italy): A lesson from 15 years of observations (2009)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Volcanoes deform as a consequence of the rise and storage of magma; once magma reaches a critical pressure, an eruption occurs. However, how the edifice deformation relates to its eruptive behavior is poorly known. Here, we produce a joint interpretation of spaceborne InSAR deformation measurements and volcanic activity at Mt. Etna (Italy), between 1992 and 2006. We distinguish two volcano-tectonic behaviors. Between 1993 and 2000, Etna inflated with a starting deformation rate of 1 cm yr 1 that progressively reduced with time, nearly vanishing between 1998 and 2000; moreover, low-eruptive rate summit eruptions occurred, punctuated by lava fountains. Between 2001 and 2005, Etna deflated, feeding higher-eruptive rate flank eruptions, along with large displacements of the entire East-flank. These two behaviors, we suggest, result from the higher rate of magma stored between 1993 and June 2001, which triggered the emplacement of the dike responsible for the 2001 and 2002–2003 eruptions. Our results clearly show that the joint interpretation of volcano deformation and stored magma rates may be crucial in identifying impending volcanic eruptions.
    Beschreibung: This work was partly funded by INGV and the Italian DPC and was supported by ASI, the Preview Project and CRdC-AMRA. DPC-INGV Flank project providing the funds for the publication fees.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L02309
    Beschreibung: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): deformation ; eruptions ; Mt. Etna ; eruptive cycle ; InSAR ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 63
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    The changing face of Mount Etna’s summit area documented with Lidar technology (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Morphostructural data derived from Lidar (Light detection and ranging) surveys carried out on Mount Etna in 2005 and 2007 are compared with earlier aerophotogrammetric surveys in 1986 and 1998. These data render an unprecedentedly clear and quantitative image of morphostructural and volumetric changes that have affected the summit area of the volcano in the past two decades and permit the production of a new topographic map. The computed volume gain during the 1986–2007 period amounts to 112 ± 12 106 m3, at a mean annual rate of 5.3 106 m3. The comparison of the various surveys furthermore emphasizes the levels of accuracy and resolution of the different techniques applied. The Lidar technology used in 2007 allows production of high-precision maps in near-real-time, facilitating work concerning environmental hazards such as numerical simulations of, e.g., lava flows.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L09305
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): Lidar ; Etna ; morphostructural changes ; lava flows ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 64
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    Sliding episodes during the 2002–2003 Stromboli lava effusion: Insights from seismic, volcanic, and statistical data analysis (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Repeated phenomena of flank instability accompanied the 28 December 2002 to 21 July 2003 eruption of Stromboli volcano. The major episodes were two tsunamigenic landslides on 30 December 2002, 2 d after the volcano unrest. After 30 December, sliding processes remodeled the area affected by slope instability.We propose analyses of 565 sliding episodes taking place from December 2002 to February 2003.We try to shed light on their main seismic features and links with the ongoing seismic and volcanic activity using variogram analysis as well. A characterization of the seismic signals in the time and frequency domains is presented for 185 sliding episodes. Their frequency content is between 1 Hz and 7 Hz. On the basis of the dominant peaks and shape of the spectrum, we identify three subclasses of signals, one of which has significant energy below 2 Hz. Low-frequency signatures were also found in the seismic records of the landslides of 30 December, which affected the aerial and submarine northwestern flank of the volcano. Accordingly, we surmise that spectral analysis might provide evidence of sliding phenomena with submarine runouts.We find no evidence of sliding processes induced by earthquakes. Additionally, a negative statistical correlation between sliding episodes and explosion quakes is highlighted by variogram analysis. Variograms indicate a persistent behavior, memory, of the flank instability from 5 to 10 d.We interpret the climax in the occurrence rate of the sliding processes between 24 and 29 January 2003 as the result of favorable conditions to slope instability due to the emplacement of NW-SE aligned, dike-fed vents located near the scarp of the landslide area. Afterward, the stabilizing effect of the lava flows over the northwestern flank of the volcano limited erosive phenomena to the unstable, loose slope not covered by lava.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported financially by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and Dipartimento per la Protezione Civile, project INGV-DPC V4/02.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: Q04022
    Beschreibung: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): rockfalls ; seismicity ; volcanoes ; volcano collapses ; Stromboli ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 65
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    Link between major flank slip and 2002–2003 eruption at Mt. Etna (Italy) (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The 2002–2003 Etna eruption is studied through earthquake distributions and surface fracturing. In September 2002, earthquake-induced surface rupture (sinistral offset 0.48 m) occurred along the E-W striking Pernicana Fault (PF), on the NE flank. In late October, a flank eruption accompanied further ( 0.77 m) surface rupturing, reaching a total sinistral offset of 1.25 m; the deformation then propagated for 18 km eastwards to the coastline (sinistral offset 0.03 m) and southwards, along the NW-SE striking Timpe (dextral offset 0.04 m) and, later, Trecastagni faults (dextral offset 0.035 m). Seismicity (〈4 km bsl) on the E flank accompanied surface fracturing: fault plane solutions indicate an overall ESEWNWextension direction, consistent with ESE slip of the E flank also revealed by ground fractures. A three-stage model of flank slip is proposed: inception (September earthquake), climax (accelerated slip and eruption) and propagation (E and S migration of the deformation).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2286
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): volcano seismology ; surface fracturing ; flank slip ; eruption ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Active tectonics of the Adriatic region from GPS and earthquake slip vectors (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: To investigate the kinematics of the Adriatic region we integrate continuous and episodic GPS measurements and ${M_w} 〉 4.5$ earthquake slip vectors selected from the Regional Centroid Moment Tensor (RCMT) catalogue. Coherent motion of GPS sites in the Po Valley, in Apulia and in the Hyblean Plateau allows us to estimate geodetically constrained angular velocities for these regions. The predictions of the GPS-inferred angular velocities are compared with the earthquake slip vectors, showing that the seismically-expressed deformation at the microplate boundaries is consistent with the observed geodetic motion. The remarkable consistency between geodetic, seismological and geological evidence of active tectonics, suggests that active deformation in the Central Adriatic is controlled by the relative motion between the Adria and Apulia microplates. The microplates angular rotation rates are then compared with the rotation rates calculated with a simple block model supporting the hypotheses (1) that Apulia forms a single microplate with the Ionian Sea and possibly with the Hyblean region and (2) that Adria and Apulia rotate in such a way as to accommodate the Eurasia-Nubia relative motion. We suggest that the present-day microplate configuration follows a recent fragmentation of the Adriatic promontory that during the Neogene rigidly transferred the Africa motion to the orogenic belts that now surround the Adriatic region.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B12413
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Adria ; GPS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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    Measurements of 220Rn and 222Rn and CO2 emissions in soil and fumarole gases on Mt. Etna volcano (Italy): Implications for gas transport and shallow ground fracture (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-24
    Beschreibung: Measurements of 220Rn and 222Rn activity and of CO2 flux in soil and fumaroles were carried out on Mount Etna volcano in 2005–2006, both in its summit area and along active faults on its flanks. We observe an empirical relationship between (220Rn/222Rn) and CO2 efflux. The higher the flux of CO2, the lower the ratio between 220Rn and 222Rn. Deep sources of gas are characterized by high 222Rn activity and high CO2 efflux, whereas shallow sources are indicated by high 220Rn activity and relatively low CO2 efflux. Excess 220Rn highlights sites of ongoing shallow rock fracturing that could be affected by collapse, as in the case of the rim of an active vent. Depletion both in 220Rn and in CO2 seems to be representative of residual degassing along recently active eruptive vents.
    Beschreibung: This work was funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (S.G., M.N.) and by the Dipartimento per la Protezione Civile (Italy), projects V3_6/28-Etna (M.N.) and V5/08-Diffuse degassing in Italy (S.G.), and NSF EAR 063824101 (K.W.W.S.).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: Q10001
    Beschreibung: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): radon ; thoron ; carbon dioxide ; rock stress ; gas transport ; Mount Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
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  • 68
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    Tectonic evolution of fault-bounded continental blocks: (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We report on new paleomagnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data from Plio-Pleistocene sedimentary units from Corinth and Megara basins (Peloponnesus, Greece). Paleomagnetic results show that Megara basin has undergone vertical axis CW rotation since the Pliocene, while Corinth has rotated CCW during the same period of time. These results indicate that the overall deformation in central Greece has been achieved by complex interactions of mostly rigid, rotating, fault bounded crustal blocks. The comparison of paleomagnetic results and existing GPS data shows that the boundaries of the rigid blocks in central Greece have changed over time, with faulting migrating into the hanging walls, sometimes changing in orientation. The Megara basin belonged to the Beotia-Locris block in the past but has now been incorporated into the Peloponnesus block, possibly because the faulting in the Gulf of Corinth has propagated both north and east. Paleomagnetic and GPS data from Megara and Corinth basins have significant implications for the deformation style of the continental lithosphere. In areas of distributed deformation the continental lithosphere behaves instantaneously like a small number of rigid blocks with well-defined boundaries. This means that these boundaries could be detected with only few years of observations with GPS. However, on a larger time interval the block boundaries change with time as the active fault moves. Paleomagnetic studies distinguishing differential rotational domains provide a useful tool to map how block boundaries change with time.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1-15
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Paleomagnetism ; Greece, block rotations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 69
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    Best-fit results from application of a thermo-rheological model for channelized lava flow to high spatial resolution morphological data (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The FLOWGO thermo-rheological model links heat loss, core cooling, crystallization, rheology and flow dynamics for lava flowing in a channel. We fit this model to laser altimeter (LIDAR) derived channel width data, as well as effusion rate and flow velocity measurements, to produce a best-fit prediction of thermal and rheological conditions for lava flowing in a ~1.6 km long channel active on Mt. Etna (Italy) on 16th September 2004. Using, as a starting condition for the model, the mean channel width over the first 100 m (6 m) and a depth of 1 m we obtain an initial velocity and instantaneous effusion rate of 0.3–0.6 m/s and ~3 m3/s, respectively. This compares with field- and LIDAR-derived values of 0.4 m/s and 1–4 m3/s. The best fit between model-output and LIDAR-measured channel widths comes from a hybrid run in which the proximal section of the channel is characterised by poorly insulated flow and the medial-distal section by well-insulated flow. This best-fit model implies that flow conditions evolve down-channel, where hot crusts on a free flowing channel maximise heat losses across the proximal section, whereas thick, stable, mature crusts of ′a′a clinker reduce heat losses across the medial-distal section. This results in core cooling per unit distance that decreases from ~0.02–0.015°C m−1 across the proximal section, to ~0.005°C m−1 across the medial-distal section. This produces an increase in core viscosity from ~3800 Pa s at the vent to ~8000 Pa s across the distal section.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L01301
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Kava Channel ; LIDAR ; thermal modeling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 70
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    Crustal motion along the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-03
    Beschreibung: We investigate crustal deformation along the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary in Calabria and Sicily revealed by the GPS velocity field obtained by the combination of continuous site velocities with previous results from episodic campaigns. We recognize two distinct crustal domains characterized by different motions and styles of deformation. Convergence in Sicily is taken up by crustal shortening along the former Tyrrhenian back arc passive margin, in agreement with seismological data and geological evidence of recent cessation of deformation along the Plio-Pleistocene subduction front. The analysis of the GPS data and the consistency between earthquake slip vectors and convergence direction suggest that Eu-Nu convergence in Sicily does not require intermediate crustal blocks. Significant Eurasia ( 3 mm/yr to NNE) and Nubia-fixed ( 5 mm/yr to ESE) residual velocities in Calabria suggest instead the presence of an intermediate crustal block which can be interpreted as a forearc sliver or as an independent Ionian block. According to the first hypothesis, subduction is still active in the Ionian wedge, although we find no evidence for active back arc spreading in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The N115 E oriented Sicily-Calabria GPS relative motion is consistent with the extension observed during the 1908 Mw 7.1 Messina earthquake. We suggest that up to 3 mm/yr ( 80%) of this estimated relative motion between Sicily and the Calabrian Arc may be taken up in the Messina Straits.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1-16
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): GPS ; Calabria, Sicily, Active tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 71
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    Active crustal extension in the central Apennines (Italy) (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We present the first GPS estimate of crustal extension in the central Apennines (Italy) through the analysis of the deformation of a sub-network of the National GPS Geodetic network IGM95 in the interval 1994–1999. The selected sub-network spans the entire active deformation belt perpendicularly to its axis and allows the evaluation of (1) the total extension rate absorbed in this sector of the Apennines and (2) the seismogenic potential of the normal faults active in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene interval within the network. Results of this reoccupation are consistent with an extensional strain rate of 0.18×10−6 yr−1 concentrated in an area of about 35 km width, giving an average extension rate of 6±2 mm/yr across the central Apennines. The pattern of active deformation suggests active elastic strain accumulation on the westernmost of the two fault systems active in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene interval and may also suggest the presence of another active fault system not recognized so far.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2121-2124
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): GPS ; Apennines, Active extension ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 72
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    Coseismic and postseismic displacements related with the 1997 earthquake sequence in Umbria-Marche (central Italy) (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We study the coseismic and postseismic displacements related with the 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake sequence by means of leveling lines along a deformed aqueduct located in the epicentral area. Comparing the 1960 and 10/1997 measurements we obtain 0.49 0.10 m of coseismic displacement distributed along 3 km across the normal fault zone. Modeling of the coseismic surface dislocation is obtained from a combination of low angle (38°) faults at depth and high angle (80°) upper fault branches. The best fit model indicates that the upper branches stop at 0.4 km below the ground surface and have 60% of slip with respect to the lower faults. The postseismic displacement measured during 1998 is 0.18 m and represents 36% of the apparent coseismic deformation. Moderate earthquakes in the Apennines and related surface deformation may thus result from curved faults that reflect the brittle-elastic properties of the uppermost crustal structures.
    Beschreibung: Data collection was made while both authors were at Istituto di Ricerca per la Tettonica Recente – CNR (GNDT Project), Roma, Italy. M. Copparoni (ASM, Foligno) and M. Raponi and S. Pacico (Studio Topografico s.n.c., Foligno) provided data about aqueduct and leveling lines. Analysis of data and modeling were done while RB was visiting EOST-IPG, Strasbourg, France. Preparation of the paper benefited from discussion with R. Armijo, S. Barba, P. Gomez and G. Valensise. A. Amato and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for their constructive remarks.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2695–2698
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Coseismic displacement ; postseismic displacement ; earthquake fault ; Colfiorito, Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 73
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    Thermo-rheological magma control on the impact of highly fluid lava flows at Mt. Nyiragongo (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-05-29
    Beschreibung: In January 2002 Mount Nyiragongo erupted foiditic lavas that covered the Southern volcano flank devastating vast urban areas. Lava flows originated from vents at different heights on the eruptive fissure displayed different velocities, from tens of km/h at the highest vents to slow-advance (0.1–1 km/h) in Goma town several km away from the volcano. To understand the different behavior of lava flows and their threat to the local population, we undertook a multidisciplinary study involving textural and rheological measurements and numerical simulations of heat transfer during magma ascent. We demonstrate that pre-eruptive cooling and syn-eruptive undercooling of magma determined the different rheological behavior of lava flows erupted from vents at diverse heights. Venting at lower altitudes is expected to produce viscous, slowly advancing lavas, although development of fluid, faster flows should be included among possible future eruptive scenarios.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L06301
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Nyiragongo volcano ; textural and rheological measurements ; numerical simulations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 74
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    Seismotectonics of the Southern Apennines and Adriatic foreland: insights on active regional E-W shear zones from analogue modeling (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The active tectonics at the front of the Southern Apennines and in the Adriatic foreland is characterized by E-W striking, right-lateral seismogenic faults, interpreted as reactivated inherited discontinuities. The best studied among these is the Molise-Gondola shear zone (MGsz). The interaction of these shear zones with the Apennines chain is not yet clear. To address this open question we developed a set of scaled analogue experiments, aimed at analyzing: 1) how dextral strike-slip motion along a pre-existing zone of weakness within the foreland propagates toward the surface and affects the orogenic wedge; 2) the propagation of deformation as a function of displacement; 3) any insights on the active tectonics of Southern Italy. Our results stress the primary role played by these inherited structures when reactivated, and confirm that regional E-W dextral shear zones are a plausible way of explaining the seismotectonic setting of the external areas of the Southern Apennines.
    Beschreibung: INGV, Università degli Studi di Pavia
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 21
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Active strike-slip fault ; sandbox model ; southern Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Volcanic spreading of Vesuvius, a new paradigm for interpreting its volcanic activity (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We integrate geologic, structural, leveling and Differential SAR Interferometry data to show that Vesuvius began to spread onto its sedimentary substratum about 3,600 years ago. Moreover, we model the detected deformation with a solution of the lubrication approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations to show that spreading may continue for about 7,200 years more. Correlation of volcanic spreading with phases of the eruptive activity suggests that Plinian eruptions, which are thought to pose the major hazard, are less likely to occur in the near future.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1-4
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): Vesuvius ; volcanic activity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.08. Theory and Models
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    Effect of historical changes in land use and climate on the water budget of an urbanizing watershed (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Water Resources Research 42 (2006): W03426, doi:10.1029/2005WR004131.
    Beschreibung: We assessed the effects of historical (1931-1998) changes in both land-use and climate on the water budget of a rapidly urbanizing watershed, Ipswich River basin (IRB), in northeastern Massachusetts. Water diversions and extremely low flow during summer are major issues in the IRB. Our study centers on a detailed analysis of diversions and a combined empirical/modeling treatment of evapotranspiration (ET) response to changes in climate and land-use. A detailed accounting of diversions showed that net diversions increased due to increases in water withdrawals (primarily ground water pumping) and export of sewage. Net diversions constitute a major component of runoff (20% of streamflow). Using a combination of empirical analysis and physically based modeling we related an increase in precipitation (2.7 mm/yr) and changes in other climate variables to an increase in ET (1.7 mm/yr). Simulations with a physically based water-balance model showed that the increase in ET could be attributed entirely to a change in climate, while the effect of land-use change was negligible. The land-use change effect was different from ET and runoff trends commonly associated with urbanization. We generalized these and other findings to predict future streamflow using climate change scenarios. Our study could serve as a framework for studying suburban watersheds, being the first study of a suburban watershed that addresses long-term effects of changes in both land-use and climate, and accounts for diversions and other unique aspects of suburban hydrology.
    Beschreibung: This research was partially supported by NSF grants (DEB-9726862, OCE-9726921 and OCE-0423565).
    Schlagwort(e): Water budgets ; Evapotranspiration ; Climate change ; Land-use change ; Urbanization ; Water-balance model ; Ipswich River
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Source parameters of the 11 June 1909, Lambesc (Provence, southeastern France) earthquake: a reappraisal based on macroseismic, seismological and geodetic observations (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-05
    Beschreibung: Destructive earthquakes are rare in France yet pose a sizable seismic hazard, especially when critical infrastructures are concerned. Only a few destructive events have occurred within the instrumental period, the most important being the 11 June 1909, Lambesc (Provence) earthquake. With a magnitude estimated at 6.2 [Rothé, 1942], the event was recorded by 30 observatories and produced intensity IX effects in the epicentral area, ~30 km north of Marseille. We collected 30 seismograms, leveling data and earthquake intensities to assess the magnitude and possibly the focal mechanism of this event. Following this multidisciplinary approach, we propose a source model where all relevant parameters are constrained by at least two of the input datasets. Our reappraisal of the seismological data yielded Mw 5.8-6.1 (6.0 preferred) and Ms 6.0, consistent with the magnitude from intensity data (Me 5.8) and with constraints derived from modeling of coseismic elevation changes. Hence, we found the Lambesc earthquake to have been somewhat smaller than previously reported. Our datasets also constrain the geometry and kinematics of faulting, suggesting that the earthquake was generated by reverse-right lateral slip on a WNW-striking, steeply north-dipping fault beneath the western part of the Trévaresse fold. This result suggests that the fold, located in front of the Lubéron thrust, plays a significant role in the region’s recent tectonic evolution. The sense of slip obtained for the 1909 rupture also agrees with the regional stress field obtained from earthquake focal mechanisms and microtectonic data as well as recent GPS data.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2454
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): Lambesc earthquake ; France ; historical seismograms ; displacement modeling ; macroseismic data ; geodetic data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Geochemical evidence of seismogenic-induced anomalies in the dissolved gases of thermal waters: A case study of Umbria (Central Apennines, Italy) both during and after the 1997-1998 seismic swarm (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In this paper we present the first geochemical data set regarding long-term monitoring of dissolved gases in thermal waters from a seismic area. Three sites in Umbria (Central Apennines, Italy) were studied both for the chemical and for the helium isotopic composition of the dissolved gases. Data were collected during and after the seismic crisis that struck the region in 1997â 1998. The chemical composition of the dissolved gases revealed that a CO2-rich gas phase was always mixed with an atmospheric-derived component dominated by N2. A normal faulting marked the beginning of the seismic activity enhancing the release of CO2 on a regional scale. Variations in both the chemical and isotopic compositions of the dissolved gases were also observed as preseismic, synseismic, and postseismic phenomena related to the seismic shock of March 1998. Those geochemical modifications were interpreted as being the consequence of a drop in the CO2 degassing rate, in good agreement with the compressive focal mechanism of that seismic event. Furthermore, this interpretation was also consistent with the geologic and tectonic setting of the study area and induced us to postulate that changes in the local rock permeability, due to crustal deformations (i.e., coseismic deformation and postseismic release), were responsible for the geochemical modifications observed. On the basis of the foregoing, we have concluded that the geochemistry of dissolved gases in groundwaters represents a useful tool for the investigation of the relationships between circulating fluids and seismic activity.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): dissolved gases ; geochemistry ; seismic areas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.04. Hydrogeological data
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