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  • Al/Si orderingvacancy orderingceramicssuperspaceincommensurate structures
  • Microscopy
  • X-ray lasersXFELsbiologystructuredynamics
  • protein crystalscrystal lattices
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (25)
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)  (5)
  • Cell Press  (2)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hirst, W. G., Kiefer, C., Abdosamadi, M. K., Schäffer, E., & Reber, S. In Vitro reconstitution and imaging of microtubule dynamics by fluorescence and label-free microscopy. STAR Protocols, 1(3), (2020): 100177, doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100177.
    Description: Dynamic microtubules are essential for many processes in the lives of eukaryotic cells. To study and understand the mechanisms of microtubule dynamics and regulation, in vitro reconstitution with purified components has proven a vital approach. Imaging microtubule dynamics can be instructive for a given species, isoform composition, or biochemical modification. Here, we describe two methods that visualize microtubule dynamics at high speed and high contrast: (1) total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and (2) label-free interference reflection microscopy.
    Description: We thank the AMBIO imaging facility (Charité, Berlin) and Nikon at MBL for imaging support. We thank all former and current members of the Reber lab for discussion and helpful advice, in particular Christoph Hentschel and Soma Zsoter for technical assistance. S.R. acknowledges funding by the IRI Life Sciences (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Excellence Initiative/DFG). W.H. was supported by the Alliance Berlin Canberra co-funded by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for the International Research Training Group (IRTG) 2290 and the Australian National University. C.K. thanks the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG, JA 2589/1-1). C.K. and M.A. thank Steve Simmert and Tobias Jachowski former and current members of the Schäffer lab.
    Keywords: Biophysics ; Cell Biology ; Microscopy
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geisterfer, Z. M., Oakey, J., & Gatlin, J. C. . Microfluidic encapsulation of Xenopus laevis cell-free extracts using hydrogel photolithography. STAR Protocols, 1(3), (2020): 100221, doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100221.
    Description: Cell-free extract derived from the eggs of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis is a well-established model system that has been used historically in bulk aliquots. Here, we describe a microfluidic approach for isolating discrete, biologically relevant volumes of cell-free extract, with more expansive and precise control of extract shape compared with extract-oil emulsions. This approach is useful for investigating the mechanics of intracellular processes affected by cell geometry or cytoplasmic volume, including organelle scaling and positioning mechanisms. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Geisterfer et al. (2020).
    Description: This work was made possible by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant no. 2P20GM103432. It was also supported by additional funding provided by the NIGMS under grant no. R01GM113028, the NSF Faculty CAREER Program under award no. BBBE 1254608, Whitman Center fellowships at the Marine Biological Laboratory, and the Biomedical Scholars program of the Pew Charitable Trusts. We thank Drs. Aaron Groen and Tim Mitchison for their intellectual contributions and involvement in some of the pioneering experiments that set the foundation for this approach.
    Keywords: Biophysics ; Cell Biology ; Cell isolation ; Microscopy ; Model Organisms
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2001-10-06
    Description: We synthesized multimetal microrods intrinsically encoded with submicrometer stripes. Complex striping patterns are readily prepared by sequential electrochemical deposition of metal ions into templates with uniformly sized pores. The differential reflectivity of adjacent stripes enables identification of the striping patterns by conventional light microscopy. This readout mechanism does not interfere with the use of fluorescence for detection of analytes bound to particles by affinity capture, as demonstrated by DNA and protein bioassays.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nicewarner-Pena, S R -- Freeman, R G -- Reiss, B D -- He, L -- Pena, D J -- Walton, I D -- Cromer, R -- Keating, C D -- Natan, M J -- HG02228/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 5;294(5540):137-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 152 Davey Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA., SurroMed Inc., 2375 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11588257" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biochemistry/*methods ; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical/*methods ; Electrochemistry ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Humans ; Immunoassay/*methods ; Immunoglobulin G/analysis ; *Metals ; Microscopy ; Miniaturization ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization/*methods ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Optics and Photonics ; Rabbits ; Templates, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: We report the characterization of defects in individual metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes by transport measurements and scanned gate microscopy. A sizable fraction of metallic nanotubes grown by chemical vapor deposition exhibits strongly gate voltage-dependent resistance at room temperature. Scanned gate measurements reveal that this behavior originates from resonant electron scattering by defects in the nanotube as the Fermi level is varied by the gate voltage. The reflection coefficient at the peak of a scattering resonance was determined to be about 0.5 at room temperature. An intratube quantum dot device formed by two defects is demonstrated by low-temperature transport measurements.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bockrath, M -- Liang, W -- Bozovic, D -- Hafner, J H -- Lieber, C M -- Tinkham, M -- Park, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 12;291(5502):283-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11209073" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/*chemistry ; Electric Conductivity ; Electric Impedance ; *Electrons ; Microscopy ; Semiconductors ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 22;298(5598):1538.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12446883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Genes ; Kinetics ; Microscopy ; Models, Genetic ; Pol1 Transcription Initiation Complex Proteins/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase I/*metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2002-11-26
    Description: We have analyzed the kinetics of assembly and elongation of the mammalian RNA polymerase I complex on endogenous ribosomal genes in the nuclei of living cells with the use of in vivo microscopy. We show that components of the RNA polymerase I machinery are brought to ribosomal genes as distinct subunits and that assembly occurs via metastable intermediates. With the use of computational modeling of imaging data, we have determined the in vivo elongation time of the polymerase, and measurements of recruitment and incorporation frequencies show that incorporation of components into the assembling polymerase is inefficient. Our data provide a kinetic and mechanistic framework for the function of a mammalian RNA polymerase in living cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dundr, Miroslav -- Hoffmann-Rohrer, Urs -- Hu, Qiyue -- Grummt, Ingrid -- Rothblum, Lawrence I -- Phair, Robert D -- Misteli, Tom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 22;298(5598):1623-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12446911" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleolus/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Kinetics ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Luminescent Proteins ; Microscopy ; Pol1 Transcription Initiation Complex Proteins/metabolism ; Probability ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Subunits ; RNA Polymerase I/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1992-10-09
    Description: During early development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, young neurons migrate outward from the site of their final mitosis in the ventricular zone into the cortical plate, where they form the adult cortex. Time-lapse confocal microscopy was used to observe directly the dynamic behaviors of migrating cells in living slices of developing cortex. The majority of cells migrated along a radial pathway, consistent with the view that cortical neurons migrate along radial glial fibers. A fraction of cells, however, turned within the intermediate zone and migrated orthogonal to the radial fibers. This orthogonal migration may contribute to the tangential dispersion of clonally related cortical neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Rourke, N A -- Dailey, M E -- Smith, S J -- McConnell, S K -- EY06314/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- NS09027/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS28587/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 9;258(5080):299-302.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1411527" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Carbocyanines ; Cell Movement ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*growth & development ; Culture Techniques ; Ferrets ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kinetics ; Lasers ; Microscopy ; Neurons/*physiology ; Vimentin/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1992-05-01
    Description: Increases in intracellular calcium concentration are required for the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic terminals in all neurons. However, the mechanism by which calcium exerts its effect is not known. A low-sensitivity calcium-dependent photoprotein (n-aequorin-J) was injected into the presynaptic terminal of the giant squid synapse to selectively detect high calcium concentration microdomains. During transmitter release, light emission occurred at specific points or quantum emission domains that remained in the same place during protracted stimulation. Intracellular calcium concentration microdomains on the order of 200 to 300 micromolar occur against the cytoplasmic surface of the plasmalemma during transmitter secretion, supporting the view that the synaptic vesicular fusion responsible for transmitter release is triggered by the activation of a low-affinity calcium-binding site at the active zone.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Llinas, R -- Sugimori, M -- Silver, R B -- NS13742/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 1;256(5057):677-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Biophysics, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1350109" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aequorin ; Animals ; Calcium/analysis/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; Decapodiformes ; Electric Stimulation ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Luminescence ; Microscopy ; Neurotransmitter Agents/secretion ; Photography ; Synapses/chemistry/*physiology ; Synaptic Membranes/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-08-16
    Description: We report a low-cost, high-throughput scanning probe lithography method that uses a soft elastomeric tip array, rather than tips mounted on individual cantilevers, to deliver inks to a surface in a "direct write" manner. Polymer pen lithography merges the feature size control of dip-pen nanolithography with the large-area capability of contact printing. Because ink delivery is time and force dependent, features on the nanometer, micrometer, and macroscopic length scales can be formed with the same tip array. Arrays with as many as about 11 million pyramid-shaped pens can be brought into contact with substrates and readily leveled optically to ensure uniform pattern development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huo, Fengwei -- Zheng, Zijian -- Zheng, Gengfeng -- Giam, Louise R -- Zhang, Hua -- Mirkin, Chad A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 19;321(5896):1658-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1162193. Epub 2008 Aug 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18703709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Dimethylpolysiloxanes ; Elastomers ; Gold ; Microscopy ; Nanostructures ; Nanotechnology/*instrumentation/*methods ; *Polymers ; Protein Array Analysis ; Software
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2010-06-26
    Description: Kvavadze et al. (Brevia, 11 September 2009, p. 1359) identified fiber samples as 30,000-year-old flax based on a comparison with modern flax fibers analyzed by compound microscope and on the presence of dislocations/nodes in the fibers. We argue that this evidence is not sufficient to identify the fibers as flax.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bergfjord, C -- Karg, S -- Rast-Eicher, A -- Nosch, M-L -- Mannering, U -- Allaby, R G -- Murphy, B M -- Holst, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 25;328(5986):1634; author reply 1634. doi: 10.1126/science.1186345.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allegaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576873" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA, Plant/analysis ; *Flax/chemistry ; Georgia (Republic) ; History, Ancient ; Microscopy ; Radiometric Dating ; Textiles/*history
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonner, R F -- Emmert-Buck, M -- Cole, K -- Pohida, T -- Chuaqui, R -- Goldstein, S -- Liotta, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 21;278(5342):1481,1483.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA. bonner@helix.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9411767" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Separation/instrumentation/*methods ; DNA/analysis ; Gene Expression ; *Histological Techniques/instrumentation ; Humans ; *Lasers ; Microscopy ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Plastics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymers ; Proteins/analysis ; RNA/analysis ; Software
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2004-08-17
    Description: A fraction of a genetically homogeneous microbial population may survive exposure to stress such as antibiotic treatment. Unlike resistant mutants, cells regrown from such persistent bacteria remain sensitive to the antibiotic. We investigated the persistence of single cells of Escherichia coli with the use of microfluidic devices. Persistence was linked to preexisting heterogeneity in bacterial populations because phenotypic switching occurred between normally growing cells and persister cells having reduced growth rates. Quantitative measurements led to a simple mathematical description of the persistence switch. Inherent heterogeneity of bacterial populations may be important in adaptation to fluctuating environments and in the persistence of bacterial infections.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balaban, Nathalie Q -- Merrin, Jack -- Chait, Remy -- Kowalik, Lukasz -- Leibler, Stanislas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1622-5. Epub 2004 Aug 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Living Matter and Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. nathalieqb@phys.huji.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308767" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Ampicillin/*pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Cell Division ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Tolerance ; Escherichia coli/*drug effects/genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics ; Mathematics ; Microfluidics ; Microscopy ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Phenotype
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2002-08-10
    Description: Linear DNA molecules are visualized while undergoing Brownian motion inside media patterned with molecular-sized spatial constraints. The media, prepared by colloidal templating, trap the macromolecules within a two-dimensional array of spherical cavities interconnected by circular holes. Across a broad DNA size range, diffusion does not proceed by the familiar mechanisms of reptation or sieving. Rather, because of their inherent flexibility, DNA molecules strongly localize in cavities and only sporadically "jump" through holes. Jumping closely follows Poisson statistics. By reducing DNA's configurational freedom, the holes act as molecular weight-dependent entropic barriers. Sterically constrained macromolecular diffusion underlies many separation methods and assumes an important role in intracellular and extracellular transport.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nykypanchuk, Dmytro -- Strey, Helmut H -- Hoagland, David A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):987-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169727" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Colloids ; DNA/*chemistry ; Diffusion ; Entropy ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Freeze Fracturing ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Poisson Distribution ; Templates, Genetic ; Thiazoles
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 1993-06-18
    Description: Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in Drosophila simulans is related to infection of the germ line by a rickettsial endosymbiont (genus Wolbachia). Wolbachia were transferred by microinjection of egg cytoplasm into uninfected eggs of both D. simulans and D. melanogaster to generate infected populations. Transinfected strains of D. melanogaster with lower densities of Wolbachia than the naturally infected D. simulans strain did not express high levels of CI. However, transinfected D. melanogaster egg cytoplasm, transferred back into D. simulans, generated infected populations that expressed CI at levels near those of the naturally infected strain. A transinfected D. melanogaster line selected for increased levels of CI expression also displayed increased symbiont densities. These data suggest that a threshold level of infection is required for normal expression of CI and that host factors help determine the density of the symbiont in the host.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boyle, L -- O'Neill, S L -- Robertson, H M -- Karr, T L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 18;260(5115):1796-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8511587" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cytoplasm/microbiology/physiology ; Drosophila/*microbiology/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/*microbiology/physiology ; Female ; Male ; Microinjections ; Microscopy ; Ovum/microbiology/physiology ; Rickettsiaceae/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1994-02-04
    Description: Key events in vertebrate embryogenesis are difficult to observe in many species. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging was used to follow cell movements and lineages in developing frog embryos. A single cell was injected at the 16-cell stage with a contrast agent, based on the gadolinium chelate gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-dextran. The labeled progeny cells could be followed uniquely in three-dimensional magnetic resonance images, acquired from the embryo over several days. The results show that external ectodermal and internal mesodermal tissues extend at different rates during amphibian gastrulation and neurulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jacobs, R E -- Fraser, S E -- HD 25390/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 4;263(5147):681-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7508143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/cytology ; Blastomeres/*cytology ; Dextrans ; Ectoderm/cytology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*cytology ; Embryology/*methods ; Gadolinium ; *Gadolinium DTPA ; Gastrula/*cytology ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mesoderm/cytology ; Microscopy ; Morphogenesis ; Pentetic Acid/analogs & derivatives ; Xenopus laevis/embryology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-04-30
    Description: Condensation of a vapor to a liquid on a cold surface that is not wet completely by this liquid leads to the formation of an array of droplets. If the surface is heterogeneous in its physical properties (especially its interfacial free energy), the patterns of these arrays reflect this heterogeneity. The distribution of droplets of water (condensation figures or CFs) observed by optical microscopy on a surface can be correlated with the molecular structure of that surface. The substrates used to investigate the formation and morphology of the CFs were patterned, self-assembled monolayers of different alkanethiolates on gold and of alkyl siloxanes on glass. Analysis of CFs is a valuable nondestructive technique for characterizing heterogeneities in surfaces.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lopez, G P -- Biebuyck, H A -- Frisbie, C D -- Whitesides, G M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Apr 30;260(5108):647-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8480175" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; *Image Enhancement ; Mass Spectrometry ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Surface Properties
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: Colonial diazotrophic cyanobacteria of the genus Trichodesmium are thought to play a significant role in the input of new nitrogen to upper layers of the tropical and subtropical oceanic ecosystems that cover nearly half of Earth's surface. Here we describe results of a transatlantic survey in which a noninvasive underwater digital microscope (the video plankton recorder), was towed across the North Atlantic at 6 meters per second while undulating between the surface and 130 meters. Colony abundance had a basin-scale trend, a clear association with anticyclonic eddies, and was not affected by hurricane-forced mixing. Subsurface abundance was higher than previously reported, which has important implications for the global ocean nitrogen cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davis, Cabell S -- McGillicuddy, Dennis J Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1517-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1541, USA. cdavis@whoi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Cyanobacteria/*isolation & purification/metabolism ; Microscopy ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Videotape Recording
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2008-08-16
    Description: Infection with the obligate intracellular protozoan Leishmania is thought to be initiated by direct parasitization of macrophages, but the early events following transmission to the skin by vector sand flies have been difficult to examine directly. Using dynamic intravital microscopy and flow cytometry, we observed a rapid and sustained neutrophilic infiltrate at localized sand fly bite sites. Invading neutrophils efficiently captured Leishmania major (L.m.) parasites early after sand fly transmission or needle inoculation, but phagocytosed L.m. remained viable and infected neutrophils efficiently initiated infection. Furthermore, neutrophil depletion reduced, rather than enhanced, the ability of parasites to establish productive infections. Thus, L.m. appears to have evolved to both evade and exploit the innate host response to sand fly bite in order to establish and promote disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606057/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606057/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peters, Nathan C -- Egen, Jackson G -- Secundino, Nagila -- Debrabant, Alain -- Kimblin, Nicola -- Kamhawi, Shaden -- Lawyer, Phillip -- Fay, Michael P -- Germain, Ronald N -- Sacks, David -- Z01 AI000256-26/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Z01 AI000494-21/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 15;321(5891):970-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1159194.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18703742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Movement ; Flow Cytometry ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Insect Bites and Stings ; Insect Vectors/parasitology ; Leishmania major/immunology/*physiology ; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/*immunology/*parasitology/transmission ; Macrophages/parasitology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy ; *Neutrophil Infiltration ; Neutrophils/*immunology/*parasitology/physiology ; Phagocytosis ; Phlebotomus/*parasitology ; Skin/immunology/parasitology
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2010-11-06
    Description: The neuroanatomical architecture is considered to be the basis for understanding brain function and dysfunction. However, existing imaging tools have limitations for brainwide mapping of neural circuits at a mesoscale level. We developed a micro-optical sectioning tomography (MOST) system that can provide micrometer-scale tomography of a centimeter-sized whole mouse brain. Using MOST, we obtained a three-dimensional structural data set of a Golgi-stained whole mouse brain at the neurite level. The morphology and spatial locations of neurons and traces of neurites could be clearly distinguished. We found that neighboring Purkinje cells stick to each other.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Anan -- Gong, Hui -- Zhang, Bin -- Wang, Qingdi -- Yan, Cheng -- Wu, Jingpeng -- Liu, Qian -- Zeng, Shaoqun -- Luo, Qingming -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 3;330(6009):1404-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1191776. Epub 2010 Nov 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051596" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*anatomy & histology/*cytology ; Brain Mapping/*methods ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; *Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Male ; Mice ; Microscopy ; *Microtomy ; Neural Pathways ; Neurites/ultrastructure ; Neurons/*cytology ; *Tomography, Optical
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2010-10-12
    Description: Bacterial biofilms are structured multicellular communities involved in a broad range of infections. Knowing how free-swimming bacteria adapt their motility mechanisms near surfaces is crucial for understanding the transition between planktonic and biofilm phenotypes. By translating microscopy movies into searchable databases of bacterial behavior, we identified fundamental type IV pili-driven mechanisms for Pseudomonas aeruginosa surface motility involved in distinct foraging strategies. Bacteria stood upright and "walked" with trajectories optimized for two-dimensional surface exploration. Vertical orientation facilitated surface detachment and could influence biofilm morphology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibiansky, Maxsim L -- Conrad, Jacinta C -- Jin, Fan -- Gordon, Vernita D -- Motto, Dominick A -- Mathewson, Margie A -- Stopka, Wiktor G -- Zelasko, Daria C -- Shrout, Joshua D -- Wong, Gerard C L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 8;330(6001):197. doi: 10.1126/science.1194238.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, California Nano Systems Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20929769" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Bacterial Adhesion ; *Biofilms ; Cell Division ; Databases, Factual ; Fimbriae, Bacterial/*physiology ; Microscopy ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Movement ; Mutation ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/*physiology/ultrastructure
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2010-06-05
    Description: The bacterial second messenger cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) regulates cellular motility and the synthesis of organelles and molecules that promote adhesion to a variety of biological and nonbiological surfaces. These properties likely require tight spatial and temporal regulation of c-di-GMP concentration. We have developed genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors to monitor c-di-GMP concentrations within single bacterial cells by microscopy. Fluctuations of c-di-GMP were visualized in diverse Gram-negative bacterial species and observed to be cell cycle dependent. Asymmetrical distribution of c-di-GMP in the progeny correlated with the time of cell division and polarization for Caulobacter crescentus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thus, asymmetrical distribution of c-di-GMP was observed as part of cell division, which may indicate an important regulatory step in extracellular organelle biosynthesis or function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3906730/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3906730/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christen, Matthias -- Kulasekara, Hemantha D -- Christen, Beat -- Kulasekara, Bridget R -- Hoffman, Lucas R -- Miller, Samuel I -- 1R21NS067579-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- K02 HL105543/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K08 AI066251/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K08AI066251/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL098084/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U54AI057141/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 4;328(5983):1295-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1188658.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20522779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biosensing Techniques ; Caulobacter crescentus/*cytology/genetics/*metabolism ; *Cell Division ; Cyclic GMP/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/cytology/metabolism ; Microscopy ; Movement ; Mutation ; Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases/genetics/metabolism ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*cytology/genetics/*metabolism ; Salmonella typhimurium/cytology/metabolism ; *Second Messenger Systems
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  • 22
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2011-11-05
    Description: The relation between the structure of the nervous system and its function is more poorly understood than the relation between structure and function in any other organ system. We explore why bridging the structure-function divide is uniquely difficult in the brain. These difficulties also explain the thrust behind the enormous amount of innovation centered on microscopy in neuroscience. We highlight some recent progress and the challenges that remain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lichtman, Jeff W -- Denk, Winfried -- 43667/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 4;334(6056):618-23. doi: 10.1126/science.1209168.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. jeff@mcb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/cytology/*physiology ; Brain Chemistry ; Electrophysiology ; Humans ; Microscopy ; *Nerve Net ; *Neural Pathways ; Neuroimaging ; Neurons/cytology/physiology
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  • 23
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2013-04-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Underwood, Emily -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 12;340(6129):131-2. doi: 10.1126/science.340.6129.131.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23580500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acrylamide ; Animals ; Brain/*cytology ; *Brain Chemistry ; Histocytological Preparation Techniques/*methods ; Humans ; Microscopy ; Neuroimaging/*methods ; Neurons/*cytology
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: Purine biosynthetic enzymes organize into dynamic cellular bodies called purinosomes. Little is known about the spatiotemporal control of these structures. Using super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrated that purinosomes colocalized with mitochondria, and these results were supported by isolation of purinosome enzymes with mitochondria. Moreover, the number of purinosome-containing cells responded to dysregulation of mitochondrial function and metabolism. To explore the role of intracellular signaling, we performed a kinome screen using a label-free assay and found that mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) influenced purinosome assembly. mTOR inhibition reduced purinosome-mitochondria colocalization and suppressed purinosome formation stimulated by mitochondria dysregulation. Collectively, our data suggest an mTOR-mediated link between purinosomes and mitochondria, and a general means by which mTOR regulates nucleotide metabolism by spatiotemporal control over protein association.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉French, Jarrod B -- Jones, Sara A -- Deng, Huayun -- Pedley, Anthony M -- Kim, Doory -- Chan, Chung Yu -- Hu, Haibei -- Pugh, Raymond J -- Zhao, Hong -- Zhang, Youxin -- Huang, Tony Jun -- Fang, Ye -- Zhuang, Xiaowei -- Benkovic, Stephen J -- 1R33EB019785-01/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- GM024129/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Feb 12;351(6274):733-7. doi: 10.1126/science.aac6054.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. jarrod.french@stonybrook.edu fangy2@corning.com zhuang@chemistry.harvard.edu sjb1@psu.edu. ; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ; Biochemical Technologies, Science and Technology Division, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY 14831, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. ; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ; Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. ; Biochemical Technologies, Science and Technology Division, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY 14831, USA. jarrod.french@stonybrook.edu fangy2@corning.com zhuang@chemistry.harvard.edu sjb1@psu.edu. ; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. jarrod.french@stonybrook.edu fangy2@corning.com zhuang@chemistry.harvard.edu sjb1@psu.edu. ; Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. jarrod.french@stonybrook.edu fangy2@corning.com zhuang@chemistry.harvard.edu sjb1@psu.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Microscopy ; Mitochondria/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Purines/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism
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  • 25
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Publication Date: 2017-07-01
    Keywords: X-ray lasersXFELsbiologystructuredynamics
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 26
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1980-06-20
    Description: beta-Receptors were identified in rat brain by a light microscopic autoradiographic technique. The procedure involved binding 3H-labeled dihydroalprenolol to beta-receptors in intact slide-mounted tissue sections and generating autoradiograms by the apposition of emulsion-coated cover slips, Biochemical analysis of the binding indicated that these conditions provided a high degree of selective labeling of beta-receptors. High densities of receptors were found in superficial layers of the cerebral cortex, throughout the caudate-putamen, in the periventricular nucleus of the thalamus, in the molecular layer of the cerebellum, and in other areas. These results are in agreement with other electrophysiological and histochemical data. This radiohistochemical approach should be an important addition to other methods for mapping functional catecholamine neuronal pathways and sites of hormonal action.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palacios, J M -- Kuhar, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Jun 20;208(4450):1378-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6246585" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autoradiography/*methods ; *Brain Chemistry ; Cerebellum/metabolism ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/metabolism ; Dihydroalprenolol/metabolism ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Microscopy ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Adrenergic/*analysis ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*analysis
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1983-04-01
    Description: The thickness of intact human red cell membrane is measured by a light-microscope technique in which membrane material with a known surface area is extracted into a long, thin cylindrical strand. The radius of the strand is calculated from its known length and surface area. The minimum radius, obtained at high extraction velocities or large membrane tensions, is 55 angstroms. A collapsed membrane cylinder with a mean-mass radius of 55 angstroms would have a membrane thickness of 78 angstroms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hochmuth, R M -- Evans, C A -- Wiles, H C -- McCown, J T -- HL 23728/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Apr 1;220(4592):101-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6828875" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Erythrocyte Membrane/*ultrastructure ; Erythrocytes/*ultrastructure ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Microscopy
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  • 28
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1984-05-04
    Description: Sensitive magnetometry has shown that, after inhalation of airborne magnetic dust by humans or animals, particles retained within the lungs rotate. A number of mechanisms for this rotation have been proposed, including motions of breathing, particle thermal energy, cardiac pulsations, surface fluid flows, and macrophage cytoplasmic movements. In this study the cellular mechanism was examined by magnetometry and videomicroscopy of pulmonary macrophages removed from hamster lungs 1 day after inhalation of a maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3) aerosol. The field remaining after magnetization was measured in adherent cells and was found to decay rapidly to 30 percent of its initial magnitude within 12 minutes. The remanent-field decay rate was slowed by inhibitors of cytoplasmic motion. Videomicroscopy of pulmonary macrophages with phagocytized gamma-Fe2O3 showed amoeboid motions that rotated the particles away from their original direction of magnetization. The results confirm that macrophage cytoplasmic movement is a primary cause of remanent-field decay in lungs and that magnetometry can be used to quantify intracellular contractile activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Valberg, P A -- ES-00002/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- HL-29175/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 May 4;224(4648):513-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6710153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,4-Dinitrophenol ; Aerosols ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; Cricetinae ; Cytochalasin D ; Cytochalasins/pharmacology ; Cytoplasm/*physiology ; Dinitrophenols/pharmacology ; *Ferric Compounds ; *Iron ; Lysosomes/analysis ; Macrophages/*physiology/ultrastructure ; *Magnetics ; Microscopy ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Movement/drug effects ; *Phagocytosis ; Pulmonary Alveoli/cytology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2018-05-12
    Keywords: protein crystalscrystal lattices
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2018-05-12
    Keywords: protein crystalscrystal lattices
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  • 31
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Publication Date: 2018-06-26
    Description: Synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction has revealed diffuse scattering alongside sharp satellite reflections for different samples of mullite (Al4+2xSi2−2xO10−x). Structural models have been developed in (3+1)-dimensional superspace that account for vacancy ordering and Al/Si ordering based on harmonic modulation functions. A constraint scheme is presented which explains the crystal-chemical relationships between the split sites of the average structure. The modulation amplitudes of the refinements differ significantly by a factor of ∼3, which is explained in terms of different degrees of ordering, i.e. vacancies follow the same ordering principle in all samples but to different extents. A new approach is applied for the first time to determine Al/Si ordering by combining density functional theory with the modulated volumes of the tetrahedra. The presence of Si–Si diclusters indicates that the mineral classification of mullite needs to be reviewed. A description of the crystal structure of mullite must consider both the chemical composition and the degree of ordering. This is of particular importance for applications such as advanced ceramics, because the physical properties depend on the intrinsic structure of mullite.
    Keywords: Al/Si orderingvacancy orderingceramicssuperspaceincommensurate structures
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
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  • 32
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Publication Date: 2017-05-11
    Description: The development and application of the free-electron X-ray laser (XFEL) to structure and dynamics in biology since its inception in 2009 are reviewed. The research opportunities which result from the ability to outrun most radiation-damage effects are outlined, and some grand challenges are suggested. By avoiding the need to cool samples to minimize damage, the XFEL has permitted atomic resolution imaging of molecular processes on the 100 fs timescale under near-physiological conditions and in the correct thermal bath in which molecular machines operate. Radiation damage, comparisons of XFEL and synchrotron work, single-particle diffraction, fast solution scattering, pump–probe studies on photosensitive proteins, mix-and-inject experiments, caged molecules, pH jump and other reaction-initiation methods, and the study of molecular machines are all discussed. Sample-delivery methods and data-analysis algorithms for the various modes, from serial femtosecond crystallography to fast solution scattering, fluctuation X-ray scattering, mixing jet experiments and single-particle diffraction, are also reviewed.
    Keywords: X-ray lasersXFELsbiologystructuredynamics
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
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