ALBERT

Description: The bogs of S. E. Groningen are part of the great peat-marshes extending from S. E. Drente as far as N.W. Germany inclusive. So far as the territory of Westerwolde is concerned, people have begun digging off very early. According to the map by Krayenhoff in 1816 nearly the whole peat-marsh westward from the line Blijham—Termaarsch had already been reclaimed, only a few parts still being covered with the original peat-layer (cf. map, fig. 1). The digging off east of the above line commences at the beginning of the 19th century on the borderland of Groningen and Drente. Borings were performed in three places and the samples pollenanalytically and stratigraphically examined.

Description: E sectione Peltaea, Pavoniae speciosae H.B.K. proxima, sed forma folorium, indumento, involucri phyllis peltatis diversa. Suffrutex, caule minute stellato-piloso glabrescente, linea singula pilis simplicibus longioribus vestita in primo internodio ramulorum lateralium adaxiale notato. Folia breviter petiolata, petiolis tomentellis 2—4 mm longis, oblongo-elliptica, elliptica vel ellipticolanceolata, 3—5 cm longa, 1.25—1.5 cm lata trinervia basi acuta vel obtusa, superiora 5-nervia, basi subcordata, acutissima vel subacuminata, margine regulariter serrato-dentata, supra minute stellato-pilosa, oculo nudo glabra, infra dense sed minute stellatotomentella. Flores in axillis foliorum vel in apice ramulorum 2—3-glomeratis, bracteis ovato-triangularibus suffulti, plerumque subsessiles, interdum usque ad 4 mm pedicellati. Involucri phylla fere io linearia birta uniserialia, basi paullo connata, apice lamina foliacea peltata, id est supra basin affixa, anguste elliptica hirta, basi rotundata, apice acuta, appendiculata, 4 mm longa. Calyx cupuliformis, ultra medium incisus, 4—9 mm longus, lobis acutis hirtis, nervis trinis conspicuis, binis intermediis brevibus vel nullis. Petala 2.5—3 cm longa, teste collectore roseo-rubra, sicca rosea, basi atropurpurea. Stamina et styli more generis. Carpella 4 mm longa, mutica, dorso costa perpendiculari instructa, transverse nervosa, dense pubescentia.

Description: Culmi robusti, foliati. Folia lata, linearia, trinervia. Inflorescentia corymboso-paniculata, multispiculata. Spiculae (”spicae” multorum auctorum) parvae, multiflorae. Flores hermaphroditi (”spiculae androgynae” auctorum) perianthio utriculiformi, compresso, vix carinato, staminibus (”floribus masculinis monandris” auctorum) tribus, binis lateralibus tertio anteriore, ovario (”flore foemineo terminali nudo” auctorum) rostrato, basi angustato, haud stipitato, styli ramis ternis. Nux tri-costata, rugulosa. Generi Hypolytro L. C. Rich. proxima, a quo differt styli ramis tribus et nuce tri-costata. A Thoracostachyo et Paramapania, quibuscum stigmatum numero convenit, et structura florum et perianthio connato et nucis forma longe diversa, faciliter dignoscenda. Mapaniae potius affinis, sed ab omnibus speciebus huius generis inflorescentia a plerisque etiam perianthio connato discrepat.

Description: The genus Trymatococcus has been published in 1838 by Poeppig and Endlicher in Nova Genera ac Spec. Plant II. p. 30, and the genus was based on the species T. amazonicus. In 1876 Baillon added the species T. africanus to the genus. This gave a peculiar distribution for a genus with two species only: one in the Amazone region and one in West Africa. Later on several new species from Africa were described: three by Engler (T. kamerunianus, dorstenioides, and Conrauanus), one by De Wildeman (T. Gilletii) and one by Pellegrin (T. oligogyna). In 1922 (Archivos do Jardim Botanico Rio de Janeiro vol III. p. 22) Ducke described a second species from Amazonian Brazil (T. paraensis) and said in the notes to this new species that Lanessania turbinata Baill. should be transferred to the genus Trymatococcus and published a new combination (T. turbinatus Ducke). In 1925 (Archives IV. p. I) he emphasized his statements Trymatococcus and published a new combination (T. turbinatus as well as turbinatus and amazonicus have the stamens erect in the bud and not inflexed as was described in the former publications. He also emphasized that the place of Trymatococcus in the system has to be changed and the genus has to take the place taken up to this moment by Lanessania. Among the material of the Moraceae from Surinam which I am studying for the Flora of Surinam, I found also a Trymatococcus species. By the study of this genus I was struck by the peculiar geographic distribution of the genus, which fully supported my observations on the Euphorbiaceae (cf. Lanjouw, The Euphorbiaceae of Surinam pp. 70—84). For the preparation of a map of this distribution I studied the african species and after a careful examination I noted a number of important differences between the african species and the american ones. Part of these differences were never noticed before and no attention has ever been given to these facts. The first error in this case was made by Baillon. Most probably he had not seen T. amazonicus Poepp. et Endl. when he described his T. africanus. This is still more striking as he described in the same paper his genus Lanessania based on L. turbinata, which is a true Trymatococcus species. It is very curious that it was not possible for Baillonto observe his mistake because in his Histoire des Plantes (vol. VI. p. 199) he states „filamentis aestivatione inflexis vel nunc suberectis”. One can not understand why he did not observe that at least one of the species of Trymatococcus is the same as his genus Lanessania. After Baillon’s publication, we could say that we had got two type species, one american (Tr. amazonicus Poepp. et Endl.) and one african (Tr. africanus Baill.). Apparently Engler did not study exactly Tr. amazonicus Poepp. et Endl. when he described his new species though he states (Monogr. Afr. Pfl. fam. I. Morac. p. 28); ”Ein besonders auffallender Unterschied im Bau der Blüte und Frucht is nicht zu constatieren; bei der amerikanischen Art sind die männlichen Blüten dreimännig mit dreiteiliger Blütenhülle, bei den afrikanischen Arten sind sie zweimännig”. Likewise Ducke knew apparently only the american species when he pointed out the new place for this genus in the family. By these reasons only it is explained how confusion has crept into this genus. I have studied many specimens of Trymatococcus from the following herbaria: Berlin-Dahlem, British Museum (Natural History Museum), Kew, Leiden, Paris and Utrecht. I wish to express mv sincere thanks to the directors for their hospitality or fore sending the material on loan.

Description: Es handelt sich hier um ein grosses, zusammenhängendes Hochmoorgebiet, das sich nord-süd über 20 km, ost-west über 10 km ausdehnt. Im Süden und Westen ist es grösstenteils abgetorft. Die besonders im Zentrum und Osten noch erhaltenen Teile sind durch die intensive Trockenlegung meist verheidet; stellenweise, so in den „Engbertsdijkvenen”, wo grosse Flächen heute wenig entwässert sind, findet sich eine lebende Sphagnumdecke (Taf. III). (Lit. 5). Das Moor liegt auf pleistozänem Untergrunde (Fluvioglazial der Riss-Eiszeit und Niederterrasse der Würmeiszeit); im Osten und Westen stosst es an diluviale Rücken; im Nordwesten bildet die Niederterrasse der Vechte die Grenze. Im Südosten und Osten schliesst sich eine ausgedehnte Versumpfungszone an, während sich im Westen zwischen den Hügeln isolierte, ähnliche Bildungen vorfinden. Es handelt sich hier wahrscheinlich um ein Entwässerungsgebiet des Hochmoores. Ein prae-rissglazialer mit nördlichen Erratica bestreuter Rücken dringt vom Osten her, parallel dem Vechtetal, ungefähr bis in die Mitte, in das Moor vor. Für eine ausführliche Angabe der geologischen Verhältnisse verweisen wir auf die „Geologische Kaart van Nederland” vom „Rijks Geologische Dienst” (Blätter Almeloo I und II; Koevorden III und IV). Wir sammelten eine Anzahl Probenreihen. Die angeführten Analysen beziehen sich auf eine süd-nord gerichtete Profillinie im östlichen Teil des Gebietes (Paterswal 1 u. 2, Engbertsdijk, Bruine Haar) und ein Punktprofil im Nordwesten (Boerendijk), nahe dem Vechtetal.

Description: It is to be hoped, that the genus Pandanophyllum Hassk. never will revive, for it is based on a bad generic description and two nomina nuda, P. palustre Hassk. (Harassas tjaai) and P. humile Hassk., the first of which is supposed to indicate Mapania palustris (Steud.) Vill., while the other name has brought about much confusion, as it has been used for Hypolytrum humile (Steud.) Boeck. as well as for Mapania humilis (Miq., partly) Vill. The first validly published description of Pandanophyllum humile Hassk. nomen nudum in Cat. Pl. Hort. Bot. Bog. 1844, p. 297 has been given by Steudel in his Synopsis II (1855), p. 134 and is based upon a specimen collected in Java by Zollinger (n. 1511, Brit. Mus., Paris), belonging to the genus Hypolytrum. So this is the type-specimen of H. humile (Steud.) Boeck. in Linnaea XXXVII (1871—1873), p. 128. Bentham and Hooker, however, accepting the interpretation of Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. of Bengal XXXVIII, part 2 (1869), p. 82 and the revised opinion of Miquel in his Ill. Fl. Arch. Ind. (1871), p. 61, included both species in their section Pandanophyllum of Mapania (Gen. Pl. III, 1883, p. 1056). A quarter of a century later C. B. Clarke divided Benth. and Hooker’s section into two subgenera, viz. Pandanophyllum, including Mapania humilis Vill. and Halostemma (Wall.), including Mapania palustris (Steud.) Vill. Consequently our present section Pandanophyllum sensu Clarke probably excludes both species, which originally belonged to it. One might be inclined to rectify the mistake by changing the name of Halostemma into Pandanophyllum and coining a new name for the other subgenus, but the principal difficulty, caused by the ambiguity of Hasskarl’s generic description can not be solved in this manner. This description calls for a bifid style (perhaps referring to Hypolytrum humile Boeck.) and 3—5 spikelets (not appropriate to Mapania palustris Vill., highly improbable as to Mapania humilis Vill. and Hypolytrum humile Boeck.). The only way out of the difficulty is to reject the name Pandanophyllum as a nomen dubium in the sense of the rules of nomenclature (art. 63) and to rename the subgenus Pandanophyllum Benth. et Hook., sensu Clarke. I propose the name Pandanoscirpus.

Description: As Prof. Bremekamp has dealt with the genus Pleiocraterium from the taxonomic point of view, I intend to supplement his exposition here with some observations on the ecology of these remarkable additions to the Malaysian mountain flora. Some of these observations have been included already in a general report on the results of the Losir expedition published in Dutch. As a further illustration I am giving two photographs taken from one of the two Sumatran species in its natural habitat. Altitude. Both species were found on the highest parts of the mountains only, viz. Pl. gentianifolium just below the summit of Mt Goh Lembuh, and Pl. sumatranum between our camp at the base of the central Peak of Mt Losir at c. 3250 m. and the summit of the latter at 3460 m. These two mountains lie rather far apart: Mt Losir is the highest top of the Barisan Range proper, whereas Mt Goh Lembuh is a more isolated mountain, rising c. 50 km. NNE of Mt Losir and separated from the latter by a wide depression. The two mountains also differ geologically.

Description: La forme est le phénomène de la vie le plus important. Aussi on pourrait croire que toute étude biologique devait commencer par la forme. En effet aucune fonction n’est imaginable indépendante de la forme, tandis qu’on peut étudier la forme indépendemment de la fonction, par exemple à des objets morts. Cependant depuis Sachs le botaniste moderne est tellement possédé par les conceptions matérialistes et mécaniques, qu’il veut aussi expliquer causalement les formes organiques en oubliant que, même si toutes les formes sont matérielles, cela ne veut pas nécessairement dire que les lois physiques et chimiques qui dominent la matière sont capables d’expliquer la forme, c.à.d. l’organisation des êtres vivants. A l’aide de briques on peut bâtir des bâtiments les plus divers, mais on peut aussi bien construire ces mêmes bâtiments de bois ou de pierre naturelle: le matériel employé n’explique pas le projet de l’architecte. Ce n’est qu’en le contemplant et en le comparant à d’autres qu’on arrive à mieux le comprendre (von Veh, p. 139). La forme („type” ou „idée” dans la conception platonique) est indépendante de la matière. Elle est ce qui reste. C’est par la forme que passe le courant de la cause et de l’effet, comme l’eau passe par un endroit clair d’une rivière (Carus). La forme présente un des problèmes les plus difficiles de la biologie. Le physiologue et le morphologue (deux extrêmes psychologiques) commencent pour ainsi dire aux deux extrémités de la nature, chacun à sa manière (Troll, Meyer), l’un avec sa méthode physique et chimique, l’autre avec sa méthode comparative. Au domaine du premier appartient tout ce qui est dynamique: le métabolisme et la croissance, au domaine du second ce qui est statique: la forme. Que la feuille est la partie principale de la plante, sur cela les physiologues et les morphologues sont d’accord. Le premier la considère comme un organe qui a pour fonctions principales la CO2-assimilation et l’évaporation. Depuis Goethe le second considère tous les appendices de la tige, aussi bien les sépales que les pétales ainsi que les organes sexuels comme des feuilles métamorphosées. Même, sous l’impression de la phyllotaxie des frères Bravais, Nees d’Esenbeck croyait que „la plante n’est rien d’autre qu’une unité de feuilles reliées entre-elles par un ordre défini”. C’est pourquoi on peut aisément considérer la morphologie de la feuille comme le problème central de toute la morphologie. Il est intéressant de se rendre compte comment dans le courant des temps on a essayé d’approcher ce problème de divers côtés. Cela pourrait apporter quelque lumière sur les différentes tendances de l’étude scientifique et sur les manières de penser qui sont caractéristiques pour les différentes périodes.

Description: Notwithstanding the large amount of work spent by several botanists on this family, taxonomy does not appear very satisfactory, and a general agreement on generic limits has not yet been reached. The result has been a perplexing number of generic and sectional names. The present author apologizes for his adding to the number of interpretations. This study of American Sapotaceae, primarily undertaken in connection with the Flora of Surinam, could not have been completed without the generous loan of specimens by the herbaria at Brussels [B], Berlin—Dahlem [D], Kew [K], and Leyden [L]. In 1934 the author paid a short visit to the herbaria at Brussels [B] and at Paris [P]. The collections of this family at Paris are of special interest owing to the fact that they contain the material studied by Baillon, Pierre and Dubard, and bear numerous notes and analytical drawings, especially by Pierre, attached to the sheets. A number of British Guiana Sapotaceae from the Kew Herbarium was received for determination shortly afterwards. The author feels greatly indebted to the directors of the above mentioned Herbaria for their kind help, and particularly to Prof. Dr. A. Pulle, Utrecht, under whose direction this study was undertaken.

Description: The genus Pausandra Radlk. belongs to the Tribe Cluytieae of the Euphorbiaceae. It was described by Radlkofer in 1870 in Flora LIII pp. 79—95. The genus is based on Thouinia Morisiana of Casaretto. In his paper Radlkofer discussed at length that this species does not belong to the Sapindaceous genus Thouinia, but represents a new genus of the Euphorbiaceae. As at that time female flowers were unknown Radlkofer stated that the systematic position of the new genus was still doubtful, but that most probably it should belong to a new subtribe of the Jatropheae. Two new species were described in the genus in 1873 by Baillon, P. Trianae Baill. based on Pogonophora Trianae Müll. Arg. which was published in 1864, and P. Martinii Baill. based on very young material and erroneously described by Baillon as being 3-merous, as will be discussed below. He placed the genus in the affinity of Argithamnia Sw., which is certainly not right as this genus is quite different both in habit and in flowercharacters. A fourth species was added by Müller Arg. in 1874 in Flora Brasiliensis XI. II., where he inserted the genus in the same group as was suggested by Radlkofer. No more species had been described when Pax published in 1911 his monograph of the Tribe Cluytieae Pax in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 147. III. He inserted the genus Pausandra Radlk, with the genera Givotia Griff, and Ricinodendron Müll. Arg. in a new subtribe Ricinodendrinae Pax. I think that this is the right position for the genus, though it could be placed in a separate subtribe for its penninerved, glanduliferous leaves and the capsular fruits. It was a pity that Pax published this monograph without studying the original material. He now copied Baillon’s bad descriptions and the lack of a thorough study on the genus caused the publication of several superfluous species in recent years. P. quadriglandulosa Pax et K. Hoffm. and P. extorris Standley described in 1919 and 1929 are the same as P. Trianae (Müll. Arg.) Baill. P. flagellorhachis Lanj. is identic with P. Martinii Baill., while it was proved that the latter species is not trimerous. P. integrifolia Lanj. could not be maintained in the genus. Only the two new species published by Ducke in 1925 were truly new ones. Moreover three new species were recognized in the recent collections made by Krukoff in Brazil. It is for all these reasons that it seemed to me highly desirable to give a new treatment of this genus. Perhaps several of the old and new species can be united, as one can find often only small differences, but for the present I think it advisable to keep them separate. Pausandra Radlk, has been described to be dioecious, but recently it has been proved in some species that they are monoecious, so it is probable that most of them are under special cicumstances.

Description: Among the most remarkable finds made by Dr. van Steenis in the higher parts of the mountains of North Sumatra are a number of cushion plants. Two of these he recognized as Rubiaceae nearly related to Hedyotis verticillaris W. et A., a species occurring in similar habitats in the Nilgiri Hills, India, and in Ceylon. Hesitating, however, to express a definite opinion on their taxonomic position, he sent the material to me for further investigation. As I had occupied myself already for some time with the genus Hedyotis L. and its allies, this investigation offered me a Wellcome opportunity to test some of the principles which I had laid down for the subdivision of this group. Apart from the characters of the fruit I lay stress on the position of the inflorescence and on the form of the stipules. The name Hedyotis itself I wish to restrict to H. fruticosa L. and its nearest allies, i.e. to those species that are provided with terminal inflorescences, an ovary not distinctly produced beyond the insertion of the calyx, and fairly large drupes with apically and ventrally dehiscent pyrenes: to a group, therefore, which roughly agrees with Hedyotis section Diplophragma W. et A.

Description: Recent study of the copious material of Melastomaceae conserved in the Botanisch Museum en Herbarium at Utrecht has shown the existence of several undescribed species in Surinam and has given new ideas on the taxonomic status of a few other species. These results are presented below, in advance of the treatment of the family in the „Flora of Surinam”. Ernestia Pullei Gleason, sp. nov. Suffruticosa 4 dm. alta. Caulis purpureo-brunneus 4-angulatus dense glanduloso-pubescens, internodiis 10—15 mm. longis. Petioli graciles 5—10 mm. longi glanduloso-villosi. Laminae tenues ovatae usque ad 25 mm. longae 17 mm. latae acutae minutissime serrulatae basi cordulatae 5-nerviae, supra sparse minuteque glanduloso-pilosae, subtus dense cinereo-tomentellae. Paniculae magnae terminales ramosae 8—12 cm. longae multiflorae glanduloso-polisae, bracteis minimis oblongis. Florum 4- merorum non bene conservatorum structura difficiliter et fortasse non rite observanda. Hypanthium tubuloso-campanulatum 8-costatum dense glanduloso-pilosum. Sepala erecta triangularia acuta sparse glandulosa 1.6 mm. longa. Petala non visa. Stamina valde dimorpha. Filamenta glabra erecta gracilia 3-7 mm. longa. Antherae lineari-subulatae, staminum episepalorum horizontales 4.2 mm. longae, connectivo subtereti in semicirculum 1.5 mm. diam. curvato et supra insertionem filamenti in appendices 2 V-forme connatas dilatato, ad angulam externam appendicum inserto; appendicibus in angulo interno ad filamentum affixis, triangulari-subulatis 3.2 mm. longis, infra filamentum attenuatis in calcaria filiformia et interdum calcaribus similibus lateralibus 1 vel 2 ornatis; antherae staminum epipetalorum erectae 3.3 mm. longae, connectivo ad angulam 90° deflexo 1 mm. longo, infra insertionem filamenti calcaria 2 lineari-subulata erecta 1.7 mm. longa gerente. Ovarium superum, teste cl. Pulle in schedis 3-loculare, sed in uno dissecto distinctissime 4-loculare; stylo stigmateque non visis; seminibus cochleatis.

Description: Some months ago the first author published in his Studies in Moraceae II (Rec. trav. bot. néerl. XXXIII, 1936, pp. 254—276) a synopsis of the genus Clarisia R. & P. The second author traced in the Berlin Herbarium a specimen of this genus which had been described in 1821 as Excoecaria ilicifolia Spreng. As this species is identic with Clarisia strepitans (Fr. Allem.) Lanj., the name of the latter species has to be changed. As in addition some interesting specimens were kindly sent to Utrecht for determination by the Herbaria at Berlin-Dahlem (D), Geneva (G) and the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain (A), it seemed desirable to publish these notes.

Description: Endlicheria Nees (non Presl) in Linnaea 8 (1833), p. 37; id., Progr. (1833), p. 16; id., Syst. (1836), p. 365; Endl., Gen. (1837), p. 321; id., Ench. (1841), p. 197; Dietrich, Synops. Pl. 2 (1840), p. 1332, 1350; Spach, Hist. nat. Végét. X (1841), p. 473; Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 2 (1841), p. 554; Meissn., Gen. I (1836—43), p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, Dict. univ. (1846), p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd. (1846), p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 281; Baillon, Hist. II (1870), p. 480 in adnot.; Pfeiffer, Nomencl. (1873), p. 1201; Benth. in Benth. & Hook., Gen. III (1880), p. 153; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 111; Pax in Engl.-Prantl, Pfl. Fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, Gen. (1900—07), p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, Lexicon (1904), p. 197; Lemée, Dict. 2 (1929), p. 857; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 63; Kostermans in Meded. Bot. Mus. Utrecht 25 (1936), p. 41; id. in Pulle, F1. Surin. 2 (1936), p. 327. – Goeppertia Nees, Syst, l.c., p. 354, 365 (non alibi nec aliis); Endl., Gen., l.c., p. 321, n. 2051; id., Ench., l.c., p. 197; Dietrich, l.c., p. 1332, 1350; Spach., l.c., p. 473; Steudel, l.c., p. 697; Reichb., Nomencl. (1861), p. 70, n. 2659; Meissn., Gen. I, p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., l.c., p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281; Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1473; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 253; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. – Schauera Nees in Lindley, Nat. Syst. ed. 2 (1836), p. 202 in adnot. (non aliis nec alibi); Endl., l.c., p. 321; id., Ench., p. 197; Meissn., Gen. II, l.c., p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd., l.c., p. 537; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 503; Lemée, l.c., p. 1006. – Schaueria Nees ex Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281 (non aliis); Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pax, l.c., p. 122. – Ampelodaphne Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 81; id. in Fl. Bras, l.c., p. 167; Baillon, l.c., p. 473; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 n. 2812; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 24; Lemée, Dict., l.c., p. 210; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. – Aydendron Griseb. (non Nees), p.p. in Fl. Brit. W. Ind. isl. (1860), p. 284; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Mez, l.c. – Huberodaphne Ducke in Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 4 (1925), p. 191; Lemèe, Dict., l.c., 3 (1931), p. 661. Type species: Endlicheria hirsuta Nees.

Description: Anaueria Kosterm. in Chronica Botanica IV, 1 (1938), p. 14. Arbores brasilienses foliis sub-oppositis. Flores hermaphroditi ex-involucrati paniculati; tepalis sex tribus exterioribus minoribus. Stamina novem quorum sex exteriora fertilia filamentis in annulum ovarium cingentem connatis antheris liberis bilocellatis sub-introrsis; tria interiora sterilia staminodialia sub-aequilonga. Ovarium subglobosum tubo planiusculo insertum, stylo obtuso brevi stigmate inconspicuo. Staminodia seriei quartae nulla. Bacca magna ellipsoidea pedicello vix elongate cylindrico tepalis non incrassatis persistentibus insidens.

Description: Zu meiner Bearbeitung des surinamischen Materials der Gentianaceae für die von Pulle herausgegebene „Flora of Surinam” gehören nog einige kritische Bemerkungen. Ich muszte z.B. in einigen Fällen von der von Gilg in Engler und Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfamilien gegebenen Einteilung der Gattungen und deren Umgrenzung abweichen. Auch stellte es sich heraus, dasz sich unter dem Material eine neue Art befand, deren Beschreibung und Abbildung unten folgen.

Description: Juniperus macropoda Boiss. Fl. Orient. V (1884) p. 709; Hooker Fl. Br. Ind. V (1890) p. 647. Umlung (Thalam-buti valley) 4200 m, 28 July no. 58. Big shrubs.

Description: De in deze Jubileumserie van de „Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium te Utrecht” opgenomen artikelen zijn door de schrijvers ingezonden om Prof. Pulle, ter gelegenheid van zijn zilveren jubileum als hoogleeraar, hun waardeering te toonen. Een kort woord over den jubilaris moge hier als inleiding van deze bijdragen volgen. Op 10 Januari 1878, op den dag dat in verschillende plaatsen den Ioosten sterfdag van Linnaeus werd herdacht, werd August Adriaan Pulle te Arnhem geboren.

Description: Since the appearance of my „Notes on the Rubiaceae of Surinam” (in Rec. d. Trav. bot. néerl. XXXI, 1934, 248; also in Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Utrecht no. 11, 1934) a number of species and varieties new to the flora of that country have come to light. The majority have been collected by Mr. Rombouts during the 1935/36 expedition of the Boundary Commission who is surveying at present the border in the southern part of the colony; they were found along the River Corantyne and in the savannahs in the south-western part. One species was secured by Dr. Lanjouw, and has been mentioned already in his „Additions to Pulle’s Flora of Surinam I” (in Rec. d. Trav. bot. Néerl. XXXII, 1935, 258) and one, represented by a rather poor fruiting specimen collected years ago by the Forestry Bureau, was found among material provisionally consigned to another family. New to the flora of Surinam are the following twelve species: Alseis longifolia Ducke var. pentamera Brem. n. var., Sabicea cinerea Aubl., S. Romboutsii Brem. n. spec., S. surinamensis Brem. n. spec., Tocoyena surinamensis Brem. n. spec., Thieleodoxa nitidula Brem. n. spec., Guettarda Spruceana Müll. Arg., Psychotria Romboutsii Brem. n. spec., Declieuxia fruticosa (Willd. ex R. et S.) Kuntze, Diodia pulchristipula Brem. n. spec., Spermacoce guianensis Brem. n. spec, and Borreria verticillata (L.) G. F. W. Mey (the B. verticillata of the Flora of Surinam IV, 287 proved to be B. suaveolens G. F. W. Mey., under which name it had been recorded already by Miquel), and one variety: Sipanea pratensis Aubl. var. glaberrima Brem. n. var. Four of the ten genera to which these species belong, namely Alseis, Thieleodoxa, Declieuxia and Spermacoce, are also new to the flora of Surinam. Seven species and two varieties are entirely new, and will be described below. Before entering on this part of my task I will make a few remarks however on two of the species known already from elsewhere, namely on Guettarda Spruceana Müll. Arg. and on Borreria verticillata (L.) G. F. W. Mey, and on a third species, Coccocypselum guyanense (Aubl.) K. Sch., which is known since long from Surinam, but of which Mr. Rombouts collected a specimen differing somewhat from the older Surinam findings.

Description: J. J. Smith was born June 29th, 1867, at Antwerp, where his father was the director of the Netherlands’ Railway Post Office. In 1872 the family moved to Utrecht and in 1875 to Amsterdam. Smith spent his school days in the capital. His leisure hours were occupied by growing and sketching plants and tending such animals as mice and keeping an aquarium and a terrarium. His 10th birthday was celebrated by the establishment of a private herbarium, the first plant inserted being Bellis perennis. His years at secondary school were greatly influenced by the then teacher of Natural History, Dr J. C. Costerus, who advised Smith to look for a position in horticulture. Horticultural schools being not yet ”en vogue“, Smith got his education in this field at the Horticulturist’s Messrs Groenewegen & Co., Amsterdam. In these years the Orchids began to impress him and Smith spent his few free hours in making pictures of flowering species. The connection with Dr Costerus was continued. Together they looked after their herbaria and later on started to study teratologica, found in the Groenewegen gardens and greenhouses, a field in which both would publish several valuable papers later on. After having been working for his firm for 3½ years, Smith went to Kew where he stayed one year and afterwards to Brussels for completing his horticultural knowledge and skill. At Brussels he was working one year in the famous Orchid nursery of Messrs Linden, and then another year at the ”Jardin Botanique“.

Description: Pendant une tournée du chalutier ”De Lanessan“ de l’Institut Océanographique de Nhatrang (Annam) vers le récif Tizard¹) en avril 1936, une collection d’algues marines a été constituée, provenant des îlots Itu-Aba, Sand Caye et Nam Yit. La situation de ces îlots est environ 10° de latitude Nord et 114° de longitude Est. Qu’il me soit permis de remercier M. R. Serène de l’Institut Océanographique de l’Indochine à Cauda par Nhatrang, qui m’a confié l’étude de cette collection.

Description: In continuation of a previous publication by Lam, in which meiomery and pleiomery in male flowers of Canarium decumanum were described, the same phenomenon is now discussed concerning the fruits of C. Mehenbethene (176 of one single tree) and C. commune (1126 fruits mixed from more than one tree). An investigation of the material gave the following results: 1. C. commune and C. Mehenbethene are closely related; the latter may prove to be a polyploid of the former. Their areas are partly overlapping, but C. commune has its centre in the Moluccas, C. Mehenbethene in New Guinea and W. Polynesia. 2. A tendency to reduce the number of ovules and carpels in the ovary is assumed. By means of a statistical method (”phase index“) the position of either species in the phases of this regression is indicated. 3. From this, it is concluded that C. Mehenbethene represents a more advanced phase than C. commune and that therefore an eastward migration must be accepted. This agrees with other facts stated earlier, both in the Burseraceae and in other plant families of western origin. 4. In Canarium commune pleiomery is found in 2.3% of the fruits, meiomery in 0.45%, which agrees fairly well with the figures found earlier for the corolla and the androeceum of the male flowers of C. decumanum (0.9% and 0.3% respectively). 5. The desirability is expressed to investigate the following points: a. the ontogeny and the fertilization of ovaries and ovules in Canarium. b. cytological relations between related trees in the tropics, especially as far as they may supply indications towards migration tracks (cf. the work of Hagerup on Vaccinium [Hereditas 18, 1933]). c. the ”phase index“ of a number of related Canarium species. d. the exact distribution of some of the phases mentioned along those migration tracks which are both geologically and biogeographically supported (e.g. Sunda centre—Philippines, Philippines—Moluccas—New Guinea, New Guinea—Moluccas—Central Celebes, Malay Peninsula—Sumatra—Java, etc.).

Description: Im Jahre 1907 wurde ich als Botaniker der Gouvernements China-Plantagen in Tjinjiroean bei Pengalengan, West-Java, angestellt, wo ich bis 1916 arbeitete. Tjinjiroean liegt etwa 1566 m über dem Meere und hat ein sehr feuchtes Klima. Es war sehr interessant nachzugehen, welche aus der Ebene von Java und aus Europa eingeführten Pflanzen dort wachsen würden. Was würde der Einfluss des Klimas, der Meereshöhe, der Temperatur, u.s.w. auf die Pflanzen sein? In Tjinjiroean fand ich sogleich viele eingeführte Pflanzen, welche dort üppig wuchsen. In den Chinaplantagen fand ich Georginen und Tropaeolum majus L. verwildert; in meinem Garten blühte Richardia africana Kunth reichlich, bildete Früchte, welche wieder zahlreiche Pflanzen lieferten. Nur einige interessante Pflanzen werde ich hier weiter erwähnen.

Description: Een man, die zich nimmer op den voorgrond stelde en wiens naam toch in de geheele botanische wereld bekend is, moet wel heel wat in die wereld hebben gepresteerd. Zoo’n man is Dr J. J. Smith, die op 29 Juni 1937 zijn 70sten verjaardag viert. Zeventig jaar te worden is op zichzelf beschouwd geen verdienste, maar het geeft vrienden en vereerders zulk een mooie gelegenheid den jubilaris eens te toonen, hoe zeer men zijn werk waardeert!

Description: Het lijkt mij niet mogelijk een juisten indruk te krijgen van de beteekenis van J. J. Smith’s phytographisch werk voor den huidigen kweeker, zonder de belangrijkste phasen in de geschiedenis der Orchidophilie in Europa kort te schetsen, die aan dit werk zijn voorafgegaan. Deze geschiedenis heeft zich practisch geheel in Engeland afgespeeld. Dit machtige rijk, in zijn gouden eeuw onbetwist heerscher ter zee, had ter behartiging van zijne overzeesche belangen de beschikking over een kolossale handelsvloot. De bemanningen der schepen voerden van heinde en verre allerlei rariteiten mede, ook levende planten en dieren. Op deze wijze kwamen in de laatste helft der achttiende eeuw de eerste exotische Orchideeën binnen uit gebieden, die niet al te ver van Engeland af lagen: Jamaica, de Bahama-eilanden, Trinidad.

Description: Het is mij een bijzonder voorrecht, om uit het leven van Dr Smith eenige bijzonderheden te mogen vertellen, waarvan enkele wellicht minder algemeen bekend zijn. Deels heb ik de gegevens geput uit datgene wat van zijn levensloop bekend is, deels stammen ze uit mijn persoonlijk contact met Dr Smith, en de gelegenheid van dit jubileum lijkt mij bij uitstek geschikt om dezen te bescheiden werker in het licht te plaatsen waarin hij behoort te staan. In de beginjaren van mijn loopbaan als Hortulanus van ’s Lands Plantentuin was Dr Smith voor mij de groote vraagbaak, was hij de man die met zijn groote liefde voor en zijn uitgebreide kennis van den Plantentuin mij als het ware heeft ingewerkt en opgeleid.

Description: Some collections which I received recently, contain interesting addenda to former studies of the paleotropical Frullaniaceae (cf. especially “De Frullaniaceis VII”, Ann. Bryol. Suppl. Vol. I, 1930) and Lejeuneaceae Holostipae (esp. “De Frullaniaceis XVII”, Ann. Bryol. Suppl. Vol. IV, 1934).

Description: Durch die extremen Existenzbedingungen, welche die Mangroven als: Formation bestimmen, sollte man glauben, dass die ökologischen Probleme, die sich in dieser Hinsicht zeigen, leicht gelöst werden könnten, um so mehr, weil diese Pflanzengenossenschaft relativ arm an Arten ist. Dass dies jedoch nicht der Fall ist, möge hier im Hinblick auf die Verbreitung der Lumnitzera-Arten im Malaiischen Archipel mit einigen Beispielen gezeigt werden. Im Jahre 1924 habe ich kurz auf die Verbreitung von 3 Lumnitzera- Arten im genannten Gebiet hingewiesen ¹). Meine Absicht war, speziell auf die unerklärliche Erscheinung aufmerksam zu machen, dass L. littorea (Jack) Voigt das Küstengebiet rund um die Java See, im Gegensatz zu L. racemosa Willd., vermeidet, obwohl beide Arten nicht nur in, sondern auch ausserhalb des Malaiischen Archipels vorkommen, ja selbst zusammen in ziemlicher Nähe angetroffen werden. Bevor wir diese Erscheinung noch einmal näher betrachten, möchte ich an der Hand von beigefügter Karte (Fig. 1) das gesamte Verbreitungsgebiet nachgehen. Dieses Gebiet liegt nahezu vollkommen innerhalb der Wendekreise der alten Welt ²): Die Mangroven, wozu Lumnitzera gehört, finden als selbständige Waldoder Gebüschformation ihre natürliche Begrenzung ungefähr auf den gleichen Breiten. Nur L. racemosa überschreitet grade an 2 Stellen die- Wendekreise: An der Ostküste von Afrika streckt sie sich südlich vom Steinbrockkreis bis in die Mangroven bei Durban aus, während sie nördlich vom Wendekreis des Krebses noch in dem Riu Kiu (Lu Tschu) Archipel, nördlich von Formosa vorkommt.

Description: De publicatie van dit deel is mogelijk gemaakt door den geldelijken steun van vele van Smith’s vrienden, wier handteekeningen zijn vereenigd in een album, dat hem is aangeboden tezamen met dit Jubileum-Supplement van „Blumea” en de speciale aflevering van het „Bulletin du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg”. Het oude Menangkabausche echte gouddraadweefsel uit Kota Gadang, dat heeft gediend voor de banden van het album en van de voor Dr Smith bestemde exemplaren van „Blumea” en het „Bulletin”, dankt het Comité ad hoc aan Dr E. R. Jacobson te Bandoeng.

Description: ROXBURGH described in his Flora in the year 1820 a very curious annual grass and placed it in the genus Eleusine as E. verticillata ROXB.. This grass has spikelets which agree in many characters with those of the genus Eleusine, especially as to the rugose grain with a caducous pericarp, but differing from Eleusine in the up to 20-flowered spikelets and in the lemmas with a three-cuspidate summit. The many-flowered spikelets give the plant more the habit of an Eragrostis and under this genus a specimen was mentioned by WALLICH in his Catalogue. There are in the characters of the spikelets many other differences with the genus Eleusine and with Eragrostis. KUNTH and STEUDEL, indeed placed the plant under Leptochloa and there are still other opinions about this plant. An advancement in this matter was the opinion of LINDLEY, who published in the year 1836 a new genus Acrachne WIGHT et ARN., in the second edition of his ”Natural System of Botany“, p. 381, based upon ROXBURGH’s Eleusine verticillata, The name Acrachne was already given by WIGHT et ARNOTT as Acrachne eleusinoides, a nomen in WIGHT, Cat. no. 1760. This name was placed by STEUDEL in the year 1854 under E. verticillata ROXB., a name also accepted by NEES. The name Acrachne, although based upon a species which was validly published, was, however, not described by LINDLEY and the combination A. verticillata was not made by LINDLEY. At that time the genus Acrachne was therefore not valid.

Description: This extensive collection, famous among algologists both of the Old and the New World, forms part of the collections of the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium) Leiden since 1934. About fifty years ago it was started by Mrs. Dr. A. A. WEBER-VAN BOSSE (1852—hodie), an enthusiastic pupil of HUGO DE VRIES. The colonies of Nostoc, living in the ditches round about the Dutch village of Doom, evoked her admiration, which was the primary cause of an intense study in the freshwater as well as in the marine Algae. In the harbour of Den Helder North Sea Algae were collected; by collecting Algae on trips to the French Atlantic Coasts and several times to Norway (1883—1885) and further on a South African journey (1894—1895) the herbarium grew, as it did by the Malaysian specimens collected in Java, Celebes, etc. (1888—1889). During this Malaysian tour Mrs. WEBER worked in Tjibodas, where she described the new genus Phytophysa. In Sumatra (West Coast, Lake of Manindjau) she discovered in collaboration with her husband, MAX WEBER, a new case of symbiosis between Algae and Sponges.

Description: Thanks to the kind cooperation of Dr. ROBERT PILGER, Director of the Botanical Gardens and Museums at Berlin-Dahlem, I have recently had the privilege of studying and photographing a unique specimen belonging to that institution, which bears the words „Schizostachyum Blumii nobis”, in the hand of NEES, the author of the species. Although there are no data on the sheet to indicate its source, or the date of the determination, this presumably represents NEES’S type³) of this species (which is the type species of the genus). At any rate, the available evidence 4) points to that conclusion, and the specimen agrees in all respects with NEES’ description of the genus and of the type species (NEES, 1829, pp. 534—5). Since the original characterizations are so brief and, since those parts referring to the spikelets are so difficult to interpret, I present here a full description 5) of the rather fragmentary type specimen.

Description: This is the second contribution to a series of papers dealing with the Convolvulaceae of Malaysia (Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Philippine Islands and New Guinea). The genera worked out here belong to the tribe Convolvuleae; they are numbered VIII—XV. Genus VII, Erycibe, belonging to the Erycibeae shall be treated afterwards in a special monograph. With regard to the geographic arrangement of the specimens mentioned, some alterations had to be introduced due to the new limitation of the residencies in the island of Java. The names and limits of these residencies are now brought into line with the data of the ”Atlas van Tropisch Nederland“ ²).

Description: In Blumea, Vol. II, 1937, pp. 239 to 277, appeared an article bearing the above title. It is a description of an excursion to the Salajar Islands, situated south of Celebes; lists of the plants found in the islands are appended. Prof. Dr C. E. B. BREMEKAMP wrote to me that in the Leiden Herbarium a small collection of plants, collected by me in the Salajar Islands, and long ago lent to the late Dr TH. VALETON, have been found. This collection contained, apart from the Rubiaceae, the special subject of Dr VALETON, some representatives of other plant families. Prof. BREMEKAMP sent me a list of names of these plants, for which I tender him my cordial thanks. Besides he communicated to me that a few plants are mentioned under wrong names in the original publication. They are: nr. 86 of Djampea is not Ophiorrhiza neglecta BL., but O. parviflora REINW. Besides the number mentioned, 1573, two other specimens of this plant were collected in the same island, nr. 1618 and nr. 1633, both at an altitude of 200 m.

Description: § 1. Das Ziel der Untersuchung war den Bau des Blütenstandes und der Blüten von Arceuthobium Dacrydii RIDLEY zu ermitteln und festzustellen, ob diese Pflanze wirklich ein Arceuthobium ist oder, wie eine oberflächliche Untersuchung des Blütenstandes es vermuten liess, eine Korthalsella; und falls letzteres sich wirklich als richtig herausstellen sollte, weiter festzustellen, wie der Bau des Andrözeums dieser Art ist, welches für Arten dieser Gattung von VAN TIEGHEM, HAYATA und LECOMTE in verschiedener Weise beschrieben wird. § 2. Material und Methode. Das Material zu dieser Untersuchung stammte von Pflanzen, welche 1931 von Zweigen von Podocarpus imbricata BLUME im Walde des Naturreservates Tjibodas auf dem Gunung Gedé in Westjava gesammelt wurden, und zwar teilweise von F. W. WENT oder C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS s.n. (vgl. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., ser. 3, 11, p. 456) und teilweise von W. M. DOCTERS VAN LEEUWEN (NO. 14166). Die letzteren wurden freundlichst vom Sammler aus seinen Privatsammlungen zur Verfügung gestellt. Die spezifische Identität mit dem ursprünglichen Arceuthobium Dacrydii wurde durch erneute Vergleichung mit dessen Typus, der sich im Besitze des Botanischen Gartens zu Singapore befindet und nochmals gütigst von der Direktion dieses Institutes für unsern Zweck zugesandt wurde, festgestellt.

Description: Referring to the identification of BRASS 5219 from Papua as a representative of the Verbenaceous Faradaya chrysoclada K. SCHUM. by E. BEER and H. J. LAM (Blumea 2, 1936, 225), Dr C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, the monographer of the Malaysian Bignoniaceae drew our attention to the possibility that this identification might be incorrect. It was suggested that the specimen and also all specimens hitherto known as Faradaya chrysoclada might be Bignoniaceous and might belong to Deplanchea tetraphylla (R. BR.) V. STEENIS, as all other Faradayas known are lianas, whereas F. chrysoclada was reported to possess the tree habit, as the Deplancheas. We therefore asked on loan the materials of both species from the Herbarea at Berlin (B) and Kew (K), that from Berlin including the type specimen of Faradaya chrysoclada. Our thanks are due to the directors of the Herbaria of Berlin and Kew for kindly lending us the material desired.

Description: The Salajar Islands strew the Flores Sea between Celebes and Flores. The group consists of no less than 73 smaller and larger islands. The principal islands are: Salajar or Tanadoang, Djampea, Kalao, Kalaotoa, and Bonerate. A number of smaller islands form together the group of the so-called Tiger Islands, and to the south of them arc the very small, low Pasitaloe Islands. The Salajar group is situated between Long. 119°50’ E. and 121°30’ E. and between Lat. 5°36’ S. and 7°25’ S. See the map on p. 240. In May 1913, I was enabled to visit this territory, thanks to a financial allowance of the „Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien” (Society for the Promotion of the Scientific Investigation of the Netherlands Colonies), for short: „Treub Society”, and also of the „Provinciaal Utrechtsch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen” (Utrecht Provincial Society for Arts and Sciences). The publication of the present paper was enabled by financial support of the „Leidsch Universiteitsfonds” (Leiden University Fund). I beg to tender my best thanks for all this valuable support here.

Description: This is the first contribution to a series of papers dealing with the Convolvulaceae of Malaysia (Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Philippines and New Guinea). As far as possible the contributions will be published in accordance with the systematical arrangement of the genera. For a survey on this arrangement I refer to HAULIER'S fundamental work on this matter published in 1893 in the 16th volume of ENOLER'S Botanische Jahrbücher, entitled: ”Versuch einer natürlichen Gliederung der Convolvulaceen auf morphologischer und anatomischer Grundlage“. After all genera will have been published, a determination key will be added, based on the genera of the area under consideration, in which I hope to take especially account of the characters of the Malaysian species. Meanwhile the key published by HAULIER in the above mentioned paper can be provisionally used. On account of the structure of the pollen grains the Convolvulaceae as a whole can be subdivided, as has been proposed by HAULIER, into two groups, viz. the Psiloconiae with smooth pollen grains and the Echinoconiae with spinose ones. The former of these groups contains seven tribes, viz. 1. Cuscuteae, 2. Wilsonieae (not in Malaysia), 3. Dichondreae, 4. Dicranostyleae, 5. Poraneae, 6. Erycibeae and 7. Convolvuleae. Of the six genera worked out here, Cuscuta belongs to the Cuscuteae, Dichondra to the Dichondreae, Evolvulus, Bonamia and Neuropeltis to the Dicranostyleae and Porana to the Poraneae. For the limitation and description of the tribes see HALLIER l.c. and in ENGLER’S Botanische Jahrbücher, Vol. XVIII, 1894, p. 92, under Prevostea.

Description: Years ago I intensively studied the grasses of the tribe of the Maydeae. The results of my investigations were published in an article ”A contribution to the knowledge of the Indian Maydeae“, issued in the ”Mededeelingen van ’s Rijks Herbarium“ no. 67 (1931). In this paper the grasses of this tribe from the Old World were treated and especially the various genera were characterized according to their caryopses. The curious form and the place of the hilum of the caryopsis were accepted as characters of high importance to distinguish and to establish the various genera, and it was especially the genus Polytoca, which was more sharply defined by the place of the hilum, the lower margins of the grain enclosing a cavity at the bottom of which is found the hilum. In the genus Chionachne such a cavity is not present and the hilum is found at the back of the grain. I accepted 4 species of the genus Chionachne. One of them, viz. Ch. Koenigii (SPRENGEL) THWAITES, is rather widely distributed from British India and Ceylon to Tonkin and from Celebes to Queensland. Ch. biaurita HACKEL is endemic in the Philippines and Ch. semiteres (BENTH.) HENR. was only observed in the Deccan Peninsula and Burma. The fourth species was mentioned by me from Queensland as being Chionachne Sclerachne BAILEY. The type of BAILEY was not represented in the Kew Herbarium and I saw only a fragment from a plant collected by F. v. MUELLER, which I accepted as being BAILEY’s species. DOMIN mentioned from Queensland only Polytoca cyathopoda (F. v. M.) BAILEY and not having seen DOMIN’s plant I had only to accept that the identification was correct. Recently Mr. HUBBARD from the Kew Herbarium could examine DOMIN’s plant and found that it belonged to the genus Chionachne.

Description: The Ericaceous genus Rigiolepis was founded by Sir JOSEPH D. HOOKER (Ic. plant, third ser. II (1876), 54, pl. 1160) on a single species from Borneo, viz. R. borneensis HOOK.F. HOOKER was not quite sure about some of the characteristics, and failed to compare it with Vaccinium to which genus, indeed, several authors have reduced it. In 1914 I have discussed the Rigiolepis question (in Ic. Bog. IV, 68) in the note under Vaccinium uniflorum J. J. S. and was inclined to believe that Rigiolepis should be maintained as a distinct genus, although my material was not sufficient to solve the question definitely. Since I have studied many other species of this affinity and I do not hesitate to accept the genus.

Description: When BUSE gave an enumeration of the grasses collected by JUNGHUHN in Java and Sumatra, he mentioned under Paspalum a species, described by RETZIUS in the year 1781 as Paspalum hirsutum. BUSE identified a grass from Sumatra as being the species of RETZIUS, on account of the description, having certainly not studied the authentic specimen, which was at that time not easy to consult. It may be that even the work of RETZIUS was not at his disposal, it is probable that he studied only the description, given afterwards in LAMARCK’S Encyclopédie. RETZIUS described his species from China, where it was collected by BLADH. Although the description of RETZIUS agrees fairly well with BUSE’S plant, we are in modern times not so satisfied with such an identification, because it is a priori not sure at all that the Chinese species is identic with a grass from the high plateau of Sumatra, the more because since the description by RETZIUS and the identification by BUSE, such a Paspalum was never found in the wide area between China and Sumatra. I therefore carefully studied the type of RETZIUS at the herbarium of Lund (Sweden), which was kindly forwarded for study from the director at Lund and I compared it with BUSE’S type, preserved at the Rijksherbarium. The latter is in a very good condition. Already at first sight the two types agree very much especially in the vegetative parts, the number of racemes, their length and general form In the genus Paspalum, a very large one, much weight is given by agrostologists to the form and outline of the spikelets and I will therefore give my opinion on the type of RETZIUS first. The plant consists of an upper part of the culm with 3 very hirsute leaves and 2 distant racemes. The spikelets have hairy pedicels, the short hairs are sparingly mixed with long ones. The form of the spikelets is obovate-oblong; they are obtuse at the summit and rounded. The first glume (mostly rudimentary in the genus) is wanting the second one, which is very convex, is slightly shorter than the spikelet, minutely punctulate and provided with 5 very strong nerves, a midnerve and two marginal ones, the latter anastomosing upwards and running into the midnerve at the top, which is thickened where the nerves meet. The sterile lemma or third glume is flat and as long as the spikelet; it has 3 strong nerves, a midnerve and 2 submarginal ones, anastomosing at the summit; the true margins are membranaceous and distinctly hairy at the middle, the hairs more or less flexuous or curved. Besides these 3 nerves there are 2 more nerves at a rather broad distance from the midnerve; these two nerves are faint and distinct only at the base of the glume and evanescent upwards, being undulate and giving that part of the glume a scrobiculate, transversely wrinkled appearance. The fruit (fertile lemma) is dark brown and exposed by the shortness of the covering glume. From all these characters it is evident that RETZIUS’S plant belongs to a group of species in the genus Paspalum called by Mrs. AGNES CHASE the „plicatula”. Representative species of this group are the well-known New World Paspalum plicatulum Michx. and the variable Old World species Paspalum scrobiculatum L.. The characters of the true Paspalum hirsutum are given on my plate, which is an exact copy of the type specimen, the spikelets being magnified 10 times. Returning to BUSE’S plant from Sumatra, I indicate here the different characters of the spikelets. Their form and outline is different, they are not only a little longer but more elliptic, not rounded at the summit but distinctly obtusely apiculate; the convex glume is 3-nerved only, the marginal nerves not doubled, the glume is longer than the fertile lemma, obtecting it entirely and protruding above it; the flat sterile lemma is more narrowed upwards too with 3 very distinct nerves and 2 interjecting faint ones, the surface is wrinkled as in the American Paspalum plicatulum and the body of the glume is perfectly glabrous. Comparing types and the figures given by me, we see thus that there are distinct differences between the spikelets of the two types and it is therefore evident that we have here two different species. These differences between the two species as to the morphological characters are supported by the very different geographical distribution, the plant described by BUSE being hitherto only known from the prairies of the plateau of Padang lawas in Sumatra. Since BUSE described his species and the characters of the spikelets are given here in extenso, it is not necessary to describe BUSE’S plant once more. It is named here after the collector Dr HORNER as a species, endemic on Sumatra, the Paspalum Horneri HENR. = Paspalum hirsutum BUSE, non RETZIUS. A puzzling plant was described by BUSE in the year 1856 in DE VRIESE’S Plantae Indiae Batavae Orientalis as Streptachne indica. BUSE was an accurate observer and described this plant exactly but he unfortunately overlooked an important character. Having studied his type, a plant collected on Java by REINWARDT, I found that the spikelets have an articulation below the glume and thus easily fall of in toto. In the large tribe of the Agrostideae to which BUSE’S plant belongs, this Streptachne is thus not a member of the subtribe Stipeae as BUSE supposed, this subtribe having always an articulation above the glumes which are persistent at maturity. It was thus at once evident that BUSE’S plant was not a Steptachme at all, but more allied with such genera as Polypogon and Chaeturus. It belongs to the genus Garnotia which is already known from Java. BUSE’S species is placed by me under Garnotia stricta BROGN.

Description: Being occupied with studies on the Convolvulaceae of Netherlands India I met with a remarkable specimen in the Buitenzorg Herbarium, collected by Dr. O. POSTHUMUS during the expedition in Djambi (Sumatra) in the year 1925. At first sight this plant seemed to be a Merremia. A closer examination, however, soon showed some important differences with that genus, especially in respect to the corolla, which has a long, narrow and rather fleshy tube and a limb with 5 short, reflexed (or patent?) lobes. Each lobe is deeply bifid, so that the limb appears 10-lobed. The middle part of the lobes is fleshy just as the tube; it corresponds with a midpetaline field of the corolla of most genera of Convolvulaceae, the lateral parts of the lobes (lobules) are much thinner, membranaceous and nerved. They represent the interpetaline fields of the Convolvulaceous corolla. In general there is a resemblance with the essential corolla construction of many species of Erycibe, where the lobes are also bifid and possess a thick middle part and two membranaceous lobules. The lobules in the new genus are not fully equal in size, those on the right of each lobe, as seen from the inside of the corolla being always slightly larger. The corolla is fully glabrous or bears some papillae at the base of the filaments. The pistil has a two-celled ovary, each cell with 2 ovules and bears a long, filiform style with two globular, papillose stigmas, exactly as in Merremia. I suppose this plant to be closely related to that genus, but as the corolla with its fleshy tube and remarkable lobes is so different from all other species, it is impossible to incorporate it in Merremia without important alteration of the generic limits. I, therefore, propose to establish a new genus, under the name of Decalobanthus (derived from dexa, ten, λoβoς, lobe and άνζος, flower).

Description: The Charophyta of the Netherlands have been hitherto almost neglected. As far as I know only the following papers are dealing with the matter: VAN DEN BOSCH, R. B., in Ned. Kruidk. Archief 1, 1846, p. 100, p. 289. “II 1851 p. 225. both preliminary works to Prodromus Florae Batavae II, 2, 1853, p. 186—189. DE VRIES, H., Flora van Nederland, in Alg. Statist, v. Ned. I, 8, 1870, p. 39.

Description: Nederland heeft reeds in het tertiaire tijdvak in een voortdurend dalend gebied der aardkorst gelegen. Ons land is in die tijden bijna onafgebroken door de zeeën overstroomd geweest. Zij hebben op onzen bodem hun slib en zand, benevens enkele skeletdeelen van mariene organismen doen bezinken, zoodat bijna alle opeenvolgende series dezer geologische formatie tot afzetting zijn gekomen, n.l. het Palaeoceen, het Eoceen, het Oligoceen, het Mioceen en het Plioceen. Deze afdeelingen zijn elk door eigen palaeontologische en petrografische eigenschappen gekenmerkt, waaruit de palaeoklimatologie en palaeogeografie voor elke afzonderlijke étage afgeleid kunnen worden. De mariene fossielen, die in de verschillende tertiaire étage’s zijn afgezet, hebben door de herhaalde trans- en regressie der steeds opeenvolgende overstroomingen veelal aan groote verweering blootgestaan. Uit de fossielinhoud der transgressielagen en basale conglomeraten blijkt, dat de haaientanden — dank zij hun resistentie — het grootste en vaak eenige contingent der nog specifiek te herkennen fossielen vormen. De determinatie nu der haaientanden werpt in sommige gevallen een nieuw licht op den ouderdom en herkomst van het materiaal uit de transgressielagen. Deze ouderdomsbepaling biedt op haar beurt waardevolle gegevens omtrent den ouderdom der boven- en onderliggende afzettingen. Een nauwkeurige determinatie der sterk verweerde tanden uit de transgressielagen werd alleen door vergelijking met Selachiersoorten, die elders in tertiaire afzettingen in situ voorkomen, mogelijk gemaakt. Voor elke tertiaire étage werden de petrografische en paleontologische gegevens, voorzoover zij bekend zijn uit de verslagen van het werk van de voormalige Rijks Geologische Dienst en uit andere publicatie’s, verwerkt. Tevens werd een studie gemaakt over alle in het Tertiair van Nederland voorkomende Selachiers. De uitkomsten van deze onderzoekingen betreffende de geologie van Nederland, werden steeds getoetst aan die van de waarnemingen in de aan Nederland grenzende gebieden van België en Duitschland. Uit het mariene Palaeoceen, dat op enkele plaatsen in ons land is aangeboord, is geen Selachiermateriaal bekend. Het klimaat is in dit tijdvak, in tegenstelling met de onmiddellijk voorafgaande krijtperiode, subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. De palaeoceene zee heeft zich over bijna geheel Nederland uitgestrekt en heeft in open verbinding gestaan met de arctische wateren. Gedurende het eoceene tijdvak hebben opeenvolgende transgressies plaats gehad, die gesteenten van verschillende lithologische facies afgezet hebben. Sporadisch zijn ze in één boring aangetroffen. Aan de glauconitische zandsteen- en mergelhoudende kleilagen, die in de Peel aangeboord zijn, werd op grond van de algeheele aaneensluiting aan de belgische isopache lijnen, een eoceenen ouderdom toegeschreven. Daar eoceene afzettingen voornamelijk uit boringen bekend zijn, is weinig fossiel materiaal te verwachten. Het klimaat is hetzelfde gebleven als in het voorafgaande tijdvak. Geheel Nederland is wederom door de zee bedekt geweest, die in verbinding heeft gestaan met de noordelijke wateren. De oligoceene afzettingen kunnen in onder-, midden- en bovenoligoceene onderscheiden worden. Op de plaats, waar het Onderoligoceen op krijtafzettingen rust, zijn eenige afgesleten haaientanden gevonden. Deze soorten: Odontaspis (Odontaspis) cf. bronni en Odontaspis (Synodontaspis) gracilis wijzen op een herkomst uit krijtafzettingen. De onderoligoceene transgressie is niet zoo uitgebreid geweest als de voorafgaande. Verschillende deelen van Nederland hebben dus boven den zeespiegel gelegen. In Zuid-Limburg zijn fluviomariene afzettingen bekend. Er is in dezen tijd nog geen verbinding geweest met de mediterrane zee. Het Middenoligoceen vertoont verschillende facies. Het komt in enkele deelen des lands aan den dag en is ook in boringen aangetoond. In Overijsel komt aan de basis van de middenoligoceene zandafzettingen een transgressielaag voor, waarin vele rondgesleten phosphorieten, haaientanden en schelpen naast enkele goedbewaarde tanden voorkomen. De determinatie dezer geremanieerde tanden wijst op boveneoceene herkomst. De in situ afgezette tanden wijzen op een middenoligoceenen ouderdom der bovenliggende glauconiethoudende zanden. In Zuid-Limburg zijn in de transgressielaag aan de basis van de middenoligoceene kleiafzettingen nog enkele haaientanden gevonden, die afkomstig zijn uit oudere oligoceene lagen. Een collectie Selachiertanden uit de septarienklei van Oost-Nederland werd nader beschreven. De middenoligoceene zee heeft zich over heel N.W.-Europa uitgestrekt en waarschijnlijk via het Mainzerbekken korten tyd met de mediterrane zee in verbinding gestaan. De zuidelijke invloed op de fauna is echter in N.W.-Europa niet meer merkbaar. Het Bovenoligoceen bestaat voornamelijk uit glauconiethoudende afzettingen, die in de Peel en Zuid-Limburg zijn aangetoond. Het klimaat is tijdens het geheele oligoceene tijdvak subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. De zee heeft het geheele zuidelijk deel van ons land bedekt. Het Ondermioceen is in Nederland niet in mariene facies bekend. In Zuid-Limburg gaan de middenoligoceene kleiafzettingen geleidelijk over in glauconiethoudende zanden. Op sommige plaatsen nu treedt in deze zandafzettingen een transgressielaag op, waarin steenkernen van Mollusca en afgesleten haaientanden voorkomen. Door determinatie dezer geremanieerde Selachierfauna kon een bovenoligoceene herkomst van dit materiaal worden aangetoond. Hieruit werd afgeleid, dat de onderliggende glauconiethoudende zanden van bovenoligoceenen en niet van middenoligoceenen ouderdom zijn, zooals door Jongmans en van Rummelen (1930) wordt aangenomen. De hierboven liggende lagen zijn tijdens een jongere neogene transgressie afgezet en hebben een middenmioceenen, niet een bovenoligoceenen ouderdom. Dit zijn de eenige mariene middenmioceene afzettingen. Een typisch mariene middenmioceene fauna is echter nergens aangetroffen. Dat echter in de onmiddellijke omgeving fossielrijke middenmioceene afzettingen bestaan moeten hebben, werd met zekerheid bewezen uit de geremanieerde, typisch middenmioceene fauna, die in een jonger transgressieconglomeraat te Elsloo werd aangetoond. Naar boven toe treden in deze mariene middenmioceene zanden eenige bruinkoolhoudende lagen op, die onderbroken worden door witte zandafzettingen. Deze zijn van marienen oorsprong en zijn gevormd tijdens steeds herhaalde transgressie’s, waarbij an de basis een laag van afgeronde vuursteenen afgezet is. Door aan te nemen, dat deze zanden van middenmioceenen ouderdom zijn, werd aan de bruinkoollagen een midden- en bovenmioceenen ouderdom toegekend. Jongmans en van Rummelen (1930) schrijven deze afzettingen echter een ondermioceenen ouderdom toe. Deze laatste ouderdomsbepaling berust op een vergelijking met het aangrenzende bruinkolengebied van Duitschland, waar een stratigrafische opeenvolging der lagen opgesteld is, die uitgaat van een bovenoligoceenen ouderdom der onderliggende glauconitische zanden. Eenzelfde klimatologische verhouding werd zoowel voor de geremanieerde middenmioceene fauna als voor de flora uit de bruinkool geconstateerd; beiden wijzen op afzetting tijdens een tropisch klimaat. De middenmioceene zee heeft in een grooten bocht over het Zuiden van ons land en het Noorden van België geloopen. Deze heeft via het Nauw van Calais in verbinding gestaan met de mediterrane zee. Van de Selachierfauna, die in de verschillende gebieden tijdens deze middenmioceene transgressie is afgezet, werd een volledige overeenkomst met de geremanieerde middenmioceene fauna vanuit het transgressieconglomeraat van Elsloo aangetoond. Het Bovenmioceen komt in een onderste zandige en een bovenste glimmerrijke kleiafzetting voor, die bijna overal duidelijk te onderscheiden zijn. Molengraaff en van Waterschoot van der Gracht (1913) houden de onderste, meer zandrnke facies zoowel in het Peelgebied als in Oost-Nederland voor Middenmioceen. De uit deze afzettingen beschreven Selachierfauna heeft echter een typisch bovenmioceen karakter, en daarom werd aan deze afzettingen een bovenmioceenen ouderdom toegekend. De bovenmioceene zee heeft een groote uitbreiding gehad. Het klimaat is subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. Het plioceen komt zoowel in mariene als in continentale facies voor. In Zuid-Limburg komt onder een dunne mariene onderplioceene zandlaag het bekende transgressieconglomeraat van Elsloo voor. Omtrent den ouderdom dezer laag heerscht groot meeningsverschil. Door determinatie van de geremanieerde Selachierfauna uit dit conglomeraat werd een middenmioceene herkomst van het materiaal vastgesteld. Deze ouderdomsbepaling houdt dus in, dat de bovenliggende afzettingen jonger zijn dan het Middenmioceen. Door het feit, dat het mariene Bovenmioceen niet zoover zuidelijk reikt, als ook door de aanwezigheid van een tweede, geremanieerde plioceene Selachierfauna aan de basis der hierboven liggende glaueonietzanden, werd een onderplioceene ouderdom aan de Elsloolaag toegekend. Behalve het op vele plaatsen aangetoonde mariene Onderplioceen, zijn voornamelijk in Limburg kontinentale afzettingen aangetoond. Deze zelfde facies zijn in midden- en bovenplioceene afzettingen aangetoond. Gedurende het Plioceen heeft de zee zich steeds meer naar het Westen en Noorden teruggetrokken. Het klimaat is geleidelijk kouder geworden. Tertiaire Selachiertanden komen ook op secundaire vindplaats in diluviale afzettingen voor. Nog heden ten dage spoelen vele haaientanden door de erodeerende werking van rivieren of zee uit de oorspronkelijke vindplaats los. Door de determinatie der tanden werd in vele gevallen de herkomst van de fauna vastgesteld.

Description: In het voorjaar van 1937 werd mij vanwege het Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie te Leiden voorgesteld in aansluiting aan mijn, toen reeds beëindigd, geologisch onderzoek ten Oosten van de Serio, ook het gebied terzelfder hoogte ten Westen van de Serio, te gaan bewerken. Ten einde de hieraan verbonden onkosten voor reis en verblijf en een gedeelte der publieatiekosten te kunnen bestreden, deed ik een beroep op de Stichting „Molengraaff-fonds” te Delft. Dit beroep is niet tevergeefsch geweest.

Description: Serrant de près le lac de Lugano, se trouve un vieux pays volcanique, environné de montagnes calcaires escarpées, qui, malgré son peu d'étendue a une histoire géologique des plus intéressantes. Les laves et les tufs de ces volcans anciens sont d’une grande diversité et ont fourni en ces derniers temps la matière de recherches récemment couronnées par les analyses chimiques de Mlle Koomans (1937). A peu près au même temps que les étudiants en géologie de Leyde s’appliquaient à l’étude de cette région volcanique ceux de Bâle exploraient les roches sédimentaires environnantes. Grâce à ces différentes recherches conduites tant sur le terrain qu’en laboratoire, l’histoire géologique de ce complèxe nous est devenue familière. Cependant il nous manquait encore une carte et des coupes géologiques de l’ensemble de la contrée qui nous en montreraient l’enchaînement et la structure générale. L’étude qui va suivre tâche de satisfaire à ce besoin. Il va sans dire qu’au cours de cette élaboration bien des questions nouvelles se sont présentées, mais on ne peut poser des problèmes avant que soit achevée la synthèse de l’ensemble.

Description: The oceanographical expedition on board Hr. Ms. Willebrord Snellius spent 15 months in investigating the eastern part of the Netherlands East Indies from 1929 to 1930. The present author accompanied the expedition as geologist. The geological results of the expedition may be devided into two parts. The first comprises those subjects that stand in direct relationship to the oceanographical work of the expedition, viz: the geological interpretation of the bathymetrical data obtained, the geology of coral reefs and the bottomsamples. These subjects are to be dealt with in the reports of the expedition. Two volumes have already appeared:

Description: Le terrain étudié dans cette thèse m’a été assigné par le Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk qui a guidé ce travail. Le terrain comprend les communes de Cascante del Rio et de Valacloche, ainsi qu’une partie des communes de Cubla et de Camarena de la Sierra. Elles se trouvent en Espagne dans la partie méridionale de la province de Teruel, à l’Est du Rio Guadalaviar. Le travail d’exploration a été fait durant les étés des années 1931 à 1933. Comme base topographique j’ai employé les cartes à l’échelle de 1:50.000 de la Puebla de Valverde (no. 590) et de Camarena de la Sierra (no. 613), éditées par l’Instituto Geografico de Madrid. Les cartes ne sont pas tout-à-fait exactes, et je les ai corrigées là où cela répondait aux besoins géologiques. Tant sur le terrain que dans cette publication-ci, je me suis servi d’un réseau de coordonnées pour la détermination des localités. L’avantage de ce système est de pouvoir aisément et exactement situer une localité à l’intérieur des quadrilatères au moyen des coordonnées en mm. En 1933 mon ami R. Martin commença à étudier la géologie d’un terrain situé au Sud-Est du mien. Ses travaux seront publiés sous peu, également sous la forme d’une thèse à soutenir à l’Université de Leyden. Nous avons gardé au cours de nos travaux un contact étroit qui a permis maint échange de vues. Ces discussions, et les entretiens que j’eus avec le Dr. L. U. de Sitter, Adjoint-chef à l’Institut Géologique de l’Université de Leyden, au sujet de la tectonique, ont éclairci bien des points douteux.

Description: Experiments are described in which artificial beaches were attacked by a combination of running waves parallel to the coast and superposed standing waves at right angles to the former. Beach cusps were formed only when a steep beach was eroded by the waves. Observations in nature are cited that appear to support the view that standing waves may be the cause of beach cusps, but further data are needed before a definite conclusion can be arrived at.

Description: Some years ago we received a collection of foraminifera-bearing samples from Dr. H. K. Kugler and Dr. E. Lehner for examination, in sequence to the collection of larger foraminifera already examined from Central Falcon (Venezuela). (See Nettie E. Gorter and I. M. van der Vlerk, L.G.M., Dl. IV, afl. 2, 1932, p. 94—122). The material from Trinidad is very rich in representatives of the Orbitoididae family. On a closer study of the different genera of this family, for which the large collection of Indian and European Orbitoididae in the National Geological Museum in Leiden provided ample material, we observed that for the determination of genus the interlocular canalsystem is the most important feature. In the Orbitoididae the plasma is conveyed through the equatorial plane by means of canals and stolons. The first complete description of this was given by H. J. Carter in the Annals of Nat. Hist., 3rd series, vol. VIII, p. 449—453. In this article he remarks that in Orbitoides there are always four stolons to each chamber, while in infiltrated specimens of Orbitolites (= Lepidocyclina) mantelli, he sometimes found ever 6. C. W. Gümbel, Abh. k. bayer. Ak. W., II, Cl, X, Bd. II, 1868, p. 673, pointed out that these stolons formed a system, which he calls an interlocular canalsystem in analogy to the „interseptal canalsystem” which runs through the septa of the chambers in most foraminifera, but which is absent in the Orbitoididae. To avoid confusion with this interseptal canalsystem which in the literature is called simply canalsystem, we thought it better to use the expression „stolonsystem” here. It now appears that this system differs in different groups of Orbitoididae. For the sake of brevity however we will here confine ourselves to the groups connected with the genera to be dealt with in this monograph.

Description: Dr. Ph. H. Kuenen kindly entrusted me with a suite of corals collected by him on the island Flores during his cruise with the Expedition on board of H.M. „Willebrord Snellius”. The exact locality is North coast near Papang where the road Papang-Rioeng-Rawoe forkes, 550 m above sea level. Nine different species were collected. Among these is one new species, Fungophyllia millepunctata. Of one coral, a Porites, the species could not be identified with certainty, though it strongly resembles a Porites species from the Miocene Progo-beds of Java. From the other 7 corals the following data on their stratigraphical distribution are known.

Description: Im Winter 1932—33 reifte in uns der Gedanke, den wenig zugänglichen zentralen Teil der Bergamasker Alpen, wie es auf Figur 1 angegeben ist, geologisch aufzunehmen. Das Gelände stellte immerhin dem Alleingänger derartige Schwierigkeiten, dass eine Aufnahme in gleicher Weise wie sie in den übrigen Teilen der Bergamasker Alpen durch die Leidener Geologen unternommen wurde, unmöglich gewesen wäre. Wir hatten darum die Absicht die Aufnahme zu zweien auszuführen. Weil sie innerhalb eines Sommers abgeschlossen werden sollte, waren wir gezwungen sie als eine Art Uebersichskartierung aufzufassen. Der rechtzeitige Abschluss wäre ohne die Assistenz von P. L. Damsté und W. A. Visser, für die wir an dieser Stelle unseren besten Dank aussprechen, unmöglich gewesen. Am 10. Juli 1933 fing die Arbeit in der Valle Caronno und in der Valle du Videl an. Sie schliesst also im W. an dem von Dozy 1931 und 1932 aufgenommenen Gebiet an. Stetig wurde nach E. hin gearbeitet. In der W-Hälfte dienten die folgenden, meist unbewirtschafteten Hütten des C. A. I. als Unterkunft:

Description: Il existe, dans certaines régions du Nord Cambodge un bœuf sauvage différent du Gaur (Bos (Bibos) gaurus. H. Smith) et du Banteng (Bos (Bibos) banteng, Raffles) dont la présence a été signalée par quelques rares auteurs, en particulier par le Docteur DUFOSSÉ ¹) et plus récemment par R. VITTOZ ²). Cet animal très rare vit actuellement dans les forêts — clairières où un très petit nombre de chasseurs ont pu l’approcher. Le Docteur-Vétérinaire SAUVEL, qui est un des chasseurs les plus réputés du Nord-Cambodge, possède des trophées remarquables de cet animal. C’est grâce à lui qu’au cours d’un récent voyage en Indochine, nous avons pu voir de près ce Bovidé. M. SAUVEL a réussi, en effet, à capturer un jeune mâle de cette espèce qui est actuellement au Parc Zoologique du Bois de Vincennes et il a pu nous faire examiner un mâle qu’il venait de tuer près du village de Tchep, dans la région du Nord Cambodge.

Description: If during one’s work one comes across certain names again and again, names of old collectors, of one’s colleagues in earlier days, who with their private museums laid the foundation of our scientific institutions, one naturally becomes keen on knowing more about them. The results of this curiosity, collected by and by in spare time and sometimes too in time stolen from other more serious occupations, are given here to the public in the hope that they may meet their interest. As to me I thought it a pleasure and certainly worth the trouble. I first collected all that I could find in a casual way and at last I hunted for them more systematically, until the time came that circumstances put an end to it. Incomplete though this list may be, I now send it to the press, hoping that it may give many facts and many sources unknown till now either to historians or to zoologists. When I prepared my biography of Albert Seba I met so many names of old collectors that roused my curiosity that at last I decided to make a list of them, trying to find out what sort of people they were and recording what is known about their collections. It was not easy to put a limit of time to the list, so that finally I included all Dutch collectors I could find up to the present day. If I have omitted some I hope I shall be forgiven, and that readers will provide me with the names of those omitted, that they may serve for a supplement.

Description: Die Begrenzung geologischer Zeiträume hängt wesentlich von der subjektiven Einschätzung der Veränderungen des Tier- und Pflanzenreiches ab, welche meistens allmählich stattfinden. Ausserdem können fazielle Unterschiede abweichende Ansichten veranlassen. Wenn es sich als möglich erweist, in dieser Hinsicht eine Konvergenz der Meinungen zu bewirken, sei es mittels eines Kompromisses, dann ist damit für das gegenseitige Verständnis in der geologischen Wissenschaft viel gewonnen. Die Einteilung der jüngsten Erdperiode, des Quartärs, erfolgt auf Grund der Eiszeiten, welche ihren Stempel auf Sedimentation, Flora und Fauna gedrückt haben. Allgemein wird angenommen, dass mit der letzten Eiszeit das Pleistozän zu Ende ging, aber über diesen Zeitpunkt besteht keine Einstimmigkeit. Wenn man ausschliesslich die direkten Folge der Vereisung in Betracht zieht, insbesondere die Bildung der Rückzugsmoränen, dann könnte man sagen, dass der Anfang des Holozäns für ein gewisses Gebiet mit dem Augenblick zusammenfiel, als das Gebiet endgültig eisfrei wurde. Ein Massstab würde dann aber für jene Gegenden fehlen, die in der letzten Eiszeit keinen Gletscher getragen haben, indem das Holozän in verschiedenen Gebieten zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten begonnen wäre, sogar der hohe Norden sich jetzt noch im Pleistozän befinden würde. Eine derartige Auffassung steht im Widerspruch mit dem Charakter einer geologischen Zeiteinteilung.

Description: This publication deals with some agaves which were collected by me participating as biologist in a geological excursion under Prof. Dr. L. M. R. Rutten and Mrs. Dr. C. J. Rutten-Pekelharing, in the beginning of 1930, to the West Indies. From 14 April to 4 May we camped in the western part of Curaçao, from 10 May to 10 June Bonaire was visited and from 16 June to 9 July we passed through Aruba. In preference to the collection of a large number of different forms of Agave, an intensive investigation of the forms found on a few localities was made. I hoped thereby to acquire some information about the variability, and insight into the problem of the concept of species, not to be obtained by the study of herbarium material. — Other material was collected during an excursion to the mainland, following an invitation by the „Caribbean Petroleum Company”.

Description: Acrodiclidium Nees, Laur. Disp. Progr. (1833), p. 13; id., Syst. Laur. (1836), p. 266; Endl., Gen. (1837), p. 319, n. 2042; id., Ench. (1841), p. 197; Dietrich, Synops. Pl. II (1840), p. 1332; Spach, Hist. nat. Véget., Phaner. X (1841), p. 471; Steudel. Nomencl. ed. 2 (1841), p. 21; Meissn., Gen. I (1836—43), p. 326, II, p. 238; Reichb., Nom., p. 71, n. 2668; Orbigny, Diet. univ. VII (1846), p. 259; Lindl., Veg. Kgd. (1846), p. 537; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. I. isl. I (1860), p 280; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 84; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 172; Benth. in Benth. et Hook., Gen. III (1880), p. 154; Baillon, Hist. II (1870), p. 474;. Pfeiffer, Nomencl. (1873), p. 35; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 349, n. 6190; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 81; Pax in Engl.-Prantl, Pfl. fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 123; Dalla Torre et Harms, Gen. (1900—07), p. 178, n. 2819; Britton and Wilson, Porto Rico and Virg. isl. (1924), p. 316; Lemée, Dict. I (1929), p. 50; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 65; Kosterm. in Pulle, Fl. Surin. II (1936), p. 315; — Licaria Aubl., Guia. I (1775), p. 313; Nees, Syst., p. 344; Endl., Gen, p. 320; id., Ench., p. 197; Spach., l.c.; Steudel, l.c., p. 41; Meissn., Gen. II, p. 238; Lindl., l.c.; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 259; Benth., l.c., p. 150; Baillon, l.c., p. 452; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 107; Durand, l.c., p. 489; Mez, l.c., p. 220;. dalla Torre, l.c., p. 177 et 585; Lemée, l.c., IV, p. 85; Benoist l.c., p. 274; Kosterm. in Meded. Bot. Mus. Utrecht 25 (1936), p. 34; id. in Pulle, l.c., p. 323; — Evonymodaphne Nees, Syst., p. 244 et 263; Lindl., Syst. ed 2 (1836), p. 442; Endl., Gen. p. 319;. id., Ench., p. 197; Dietrich, l.c., p. 1332; Spach, l.c.; Steudel, l.c., p. 621; Meissn., Gen. I, p. 326; id. II, p. 238; Rchb., l.c.; Lindl., l.c., p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. III; id. in Fl. Bras., p. 203; Benth., l.c., p. 158; Baillon, l.c., p. 437; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1322; Durand, l.c., p. 349; Mez, l.c., p. 82; dalla Torre, l.c., p. 177; — Triplomeia Rafin., Fl. Tellur. (1838), p. 134; dalla Torre, l.c., p. 178; Mez, l.c. Type species: Acrodiclidium brasiliense Nees.

Description: Van geen zijner geestesproducten heeft Goethe zoo weinig genoegen beleefd als van zijn „Versuch über die Metamorphose der Pflanzen”. Toen de verhandeling in 1790 na langdurige studie gereed was, weigerde de uitgever GÖSCHEN, met wien Goethe sinds vele jaren in relatie stond, haar te laten drukken, zoodat de schrijver naar een anderen uitgever moest gaan zoeken. In zijn verzameling van natuurwetenschappelijke studies, in 1817 uitgegeven met den titel „Zur Naturwissenschaften überhaupt, besonders zur Morphologie”, waarin de metamorphoseleer is herdrukt, beschrijft Goethe op de hem eigene olympische manier de lotgevallen van „Handschrift” en „Druckschrift” en beklaagt hij zich bitter over de koelheid van het publiek, maar nog meer over het gebrek aan inzicht en begrip van zijn wetenschappelijke tijdgenooten, die na 27 jaar nog geen van allen de draagwijdte van de metamorphosehypothese hebben begrepen. Van het publiek zegt hij „Das Publikum stutzte; denn nach seinem Wunsche sich gut und gleichförmig bedient zu sehen, verlangt es von jedem, dass er in seinem Fache bleibe”. De vrienden, aan wie Goethe indertijd presentexemplaren van zijn boekje had toegezonden, komen er slechter af: „Ueberdies waren die Aüszerungen meiner Freunde keineswegs von schonender Art, und es wiederholte sich dem vieljährigen Autor die Erfahrung dass man gerade von verschenkten Exemplaren, Unlust und Verdruss zu erleben hat. Kommt jemanden ein Buch durch Zufall, oder durch Empfehlung in die Hand, er liest es, kauft es auch wohl, überreicht ihm aber ein Freund, mit behaglicher Zuversicht, sein Werk, so scheint es als sey es darauf abgesehen ein Geistes-Uebergewicht aufzudringen. Da tritt nun das radicale Böse in seiner hässlichsten Gestalt hervor, als Neid und Widerwille gegen frohe, eine Herzensangelegenheit vertrauende Personen”. Deze uiting van Goethe kwam mij in de gedachte, toen ik overwoog, of ik het verbouwde en vergroote instituut met eenige plechtigheid en feestelijkheid in gebruik zou nemen, dan wel, of dit met stille trom zou moeten geschieden. Zonder bij iemand van de hier aanwezigen „Neid und Widerwille” te veronderstellen en in de overtuiging, dat een zoo onbelangrijke gebeurtenis niet in staat kan zijn het „Radicale Böse” bij u aan de oppervlakte te brengen, kan ik het niet van mij afzetten, dat er eenige overeenkomst is tusschen het met „behaglicher Zuversicht” overhandigen van een gedrukt geestesprodukt en het rondzenden van uitnoodigingen om aanwezig te zijn bij het in gebruik nemen van een niet zeer belangrijke verbouwing. Aanvankelijk kwam het mij voor, dat ik u met mijn „Herzensangelegenheit” niet moest lastig vallen.

Description: The Sapotaceae have of old a bad reputation among classificators because of the extreme complexity in which the single features are distributed over its genera, species and individuals. It is, in particular, extremely difficult to find satisfactory generic delimitations and consequently, the family yields a rich field both for lumpers and for splitters. Both categories, and several intermediaries, have given their opinions, as has been recently recalled by Charles Baehni in his “Mémoires sur les Sapotacées I, Système de Classification” (Candollea VII, 1938, 394—508). It is my present purpose to deliver a few annotations with regard to this valuable publication, meant, not in the first place as criticism, but as contributions towards the extensive material which is needed for a well-founded insight into the structure of this prolific natural order. In view of the often adverse opinions of earlier authors and of those investigators, like myself, who are intimately familiar with a part of the family only, without being sufficiently well acquainted with other parts, a new survey of the whole family by one man is highly desirable and we may look forward with vivid interest to Baehni’s further papers. The one quoted above is, I presume, to be considered as a preliminary study and if I am well informed the next step will be a monograph of one of the most intriguing genera. Pouteria.

Description: The present publication is intended to be a monograph on the family of Burmanniaceae. It is divided into three parts: General Part, Critical Part and Taxonomical Part. The first part, General Part, contains general remarks on the taxonomy, distribution and use of the family. The second part, Critical Part, contains general and geobotanical remarks on the genera of the family, whereas the third part, the Taxonomical Part, gives the determination keys to the tribes, subtribes, genera, sections, subsections and species, the description of these groups with literature, distribution and the indications of the types. New varieties, species and larger groups are described in the taxonomical part in foot-notes.

Description: Die erste Mitteilung über die Möglichkeit des Vorkommens fossiler Azolla im niederländischen Boden rührt von J. LORIé her, der im Jahre 1905 bei der Beschreibung von Bohrproben die Entdeckung von Makrosporangien von Azolla filiculoides Lam. in einer dünnen Torfschicht unter Vogelenzang erwähnte (Lit. 1). Da aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach zur Zeit dieser Bohrung im Jahre 1887 Azolla schon in grosser Menge in der Umgebung wuchs, hielt LORIé es nicht für ausgeschlossen, dass rezente Makrosporangien in den Torf geraten wären. Der diesbezügliche Teil der angeführten Arbeit lautet: „Van eenig belang is de laag hard en droog veen, XIV, tusschen 61.1 en 61.4 M.—A.P., waaruit bij het slibben eenige zeer kleine voorwerpjes werden afgescheiden, klaarblijkelijk van plantaardigen oorsprong. Prof. Went te Utrecht had de goedheid ze voor mij te onderzoeken en ze te bestemmen als „mikrosporen met massulae van Azolla filiculoides”. Overblijfselen van het geslacht Azolla waren tot nog toe alleen bekend uit tertiair en carbon en tot voor korten tijd behoorden de beide soorten „caroliniana" en „filiculoides” niet tot onze of de Europeesche flora. Zij zijn als zoodanig eerst, tusschen 1880 en 1890, in ons land opgetreden, na uit den Hortus Botanicus te Leiden te zijn ontsnapt. Het juiste jaar is niet meer met zekerheid uit te maken, daar het geval eerst werd bemerkt, toen de plantjes zich op groote schaal hadden vermenigvuldigd. Zeer waarschijnlijk is het verder, dat zij in 1887 reeds in groote hoeveelheid leefden in den omtrek van Vogelenzang, zoodat de mogelijkheid niet is uitgesloten, dat zij toevallig in het veenmonster zijn verdwaald. In October 1904 heb ik daaromtrent een onderzoek Ingesteld. De boring is verricht bij de tuinmanswoning, gelegen aan eenen kleinen straatweg, op den westrand der binnenduinen, waarop Casa Nova is gelegen. Vlak daarbij is eene gegraven put, welker water veel ijzer bevatte, wat aanleiding tot de boring heeft gegeven. Aan de andere zijde van den straatweg, op ± 25 M. afstand, is eene sloot. die meestal droog is, doch, tijdens het werk, wel water kan bevat hebben. Aan dezelfde zijde van den straatweg, naar het N. toe, op ongeveer 150 M., is eene breede sloot of vaart, waarin ik veel Azolla vond. Deze is gegraven voor het afzanden der binnenduinen en was in 1887 aldaar nog niet aanwezig. Volgens den tuinman is aanvankelijk bij het werk geen water gebruikt, later wel, doch heeft men daartoe eene korte nortonbuis in den grond geslagen. Het is dus niet mogelijk na te gaan op welke wijze de overblijfselen van Azolla in het monster veen zijn gekomen, toch blijft de zaak voorshands twijfelachtig. Ware de boring vóór het jaar 1880 verricht, dan zoude men met recht Azolla tot de NederlandsChe fossielen uit het (interglaciale?) Diluvium mogen rekenen.” Im Jahre 1919 beschrieb J. VAN BAREN einen Fund in der Nähe von Oosterbeek, der zu Zweifel weniger Veranlassung gab (Lit. 2). VAN BAREN berichtet darüber folgendes: „In Januari 1911 ontving ik van den directeur van Johanna-Hoeve, den Heer P. M. Burgers, een monster klei uit een boring, op dat landgoed verricht door de firma J. de Boer, toenmaals te Leeuwarden. Deze klei geleek in al haar eigenschappen op de uit Drente, Friesland en Groningen bekende potklei. Zij bestond voor 53.2% uit deeltjes, kleiner dan 0.01 mM.; voor 35.6% uit deeltjes van 0.01—0.05 mM.; voor 6.0% uit deeltjes van 0.05—0.1 mM. en voor 5.2% uit deeltjes van 0.1—2 mM. Het % zand bedroeg dus 11.2%. De klei was kalkloos en het grofste zand bestond uit kwarts, lydiet, zandsteen, kwartsiet, mikroklien en houtresten (veel eik). Daarnaast kwamen talrijke, met de loupe duidelijk herkenbare, op eikels gelijkende voorwerpjes voor, waaraan, doch slechts microscopisch herkenbare, op ankers gelijkende aanhangsels zaten. Mevrouw J. v. d. Sleenv. Bork, assistente van Prof. Nierstrasz te Utrecht, was zoo vriendelijk deze voorwerpjes aan een nader onderzoek te onderwerpen, waarbij zij ze herkende als „macrosporen met massulae en glochidiën” van het hierboven genoemde watervarentje. Op mijn verzoek maakte zij tevens de twee hierbijgevoegde afbeeldingen, welke hier gereproduceerd worden, opdat hare aanwezigheid in kleilagen later niet door andere onderzoekers over het hoofd gezien zal kunnen worden. Nu rees de palaeontologisch belangrijke vraag, of de Azolla in deze klei „toevallig” of fossiel voorkwam. Naar mijn meening bewijst het volgende, dat wij Azolla hier als een fossiel uit het Pleistoceen kunnen beschouwen. In de eerste plaats toch komt Azolla thans niet in de omgeving van Oosterbeek voor, zoodat verontreiniging van het boormateriaal uitgesloten is; in de tweede plaats vindt men hier de overblijfselen van Azolla in een circa 8 M. dikke, zwarte kleilaag, liggend onder 30 M. fluviatiel zand en rustend op 7 M. grof zand, waaronder dan weer een halve M. zwarte klei volgt, waarin Azolla wel niet zoo veelvuldig voorkomt als daarboven, maar toch niet geheel ontbreekt.”

Description: From July-December 1933 I made a botanical collecting trip in Surinam (Dutch Guiana). It was intended especially to collect the herbs and lower shrubs as in the last 20 years, for evident reasons, the collections made by the Forestry Bureau were made for the greater part from the large forest trees. Therefore I have visited several savannahs and coastal swamps. Nevertheless a great part of the collection was made also in the forest, though I had not engaged sufficient Bush-Negroes to collect the trees as intensively as I did the herbs and shrubs. Moreover I made many photographs from plants and plantcommunities and notes on the vegetation of the savannahs and swamps, which I hope to be able to publish later-on in an account on the Surinamian vegetation. I am much indebted to Prof. Dr. A. Pulle, director of the Botanical Museum and Herbarium at Utrecht who afforded the opportunity for this voyage and who gave me much useful advise and assisted me with the preparation. Grateful acknowledgement I wish to make to the managing-board of the „van Eedenfonds” at Amsterdam and the „Miquelfonds” from the University at Utrecht who gave financial support for my voyage. I wish to record my sincere thanks to Their Excellencies Dr. A. A. L. Rutgers and Prof. Mr. J. C. Kielstra. Governors of Surinam for the assistance I received from the Government, especially by their placing the means of conveyance at my disposal. To Prof. Dr. G. Stahel, director of the Agriculture Experiment Station at Paramaribo, I am much indebted for the help he gave me during my stay in Surinam, and for the practical advise for my journeys in the forest. It is impossible to mention separately all persons in Surinam who gave me practical assistance, so I use the opportunity to express here my sincere thanks to all of them. Finally I wish to record my best thanks to my friend Mr. J. P. Janssen and his wife for their hospitality, which made my stay in Surinam unforgettable.

Description: As far as known at present there occur in Java 4 wild species of Gynura, viz. G. aurantiaca (B1.) DC., G. carnosula Z.M., G. densiflora Miq. and G. procumbens (Lour.) Merr. A fifth species. G. pseudochina (L.) DC., is met with as a cultivated plant only, and even as such it seems to be very rare. A sixth. G. crepidioides Bth., an African plant of recent introduction, is better placed in Crassocephalum. Only one of the wild species, G. procumbens, occurs throughout the island, from sea-level up to about 2100 m. altitude. G. aurantiaca is restricted to West- and Central-Java, where it is found between 750 and 2400 m. alt.; along watercourses, however, it occasionally descends¹ as low as 350 m.; its area of distribution, extending from Mount Gědè to Mount Wilis, slightly overlaps in its eastern part the western extremity of that of G. densiflora. — G. densiflora, though reported to have been found almost a century ago in West-Java, seems, at present at least, to be confined to the eastern half of the island. It is a true mountain plant, growing between 2000 and 2600 m. above sea-level; its area of distribution extends from Mount Lawu to Mount Idjèn. G. densifolia appears to be essentially a sea-shore species; it has been found only in the eastern half of Java along the southern coast.

Description: Der stratigraphische Aufbau der grossen Hochmoore in den Niederlanden, besonders derjenigen in den nördlichen Teilen des Landes, zeigt im allgemeinen die bekannte Zweiteilung des Hochmoortorflagers. Der ältere Hochmoortorf ist meist stark zersetzt. Neben Resten von Sphagnum werden auch solche von anderen Pflanzen, besonders von Eriophorum, darin gefunden. Nach oben geht dieses Torflager allmählich in den sogen. Grenztorf über. Dieser Grenztorf zeichnet sich meist durch einen grossen Reichtum an Eriophorum aus, während auch viele Heidereste darin enthalten sind. Ueber diesem Grenztorf folgt mit meist scharfem Uebergang der jüngere Hochmoortorf. Dieser ist meist ein fast reiner, wenig zersetzter Sphagnumtorf, worin grobblätterige Bleichmoosarten vorherrschen. Es ist besonders der Verdienst C. A. Webers gewesen, erkannt zu haben, dass diese Schichtenfolge aus der natürlichen Entwicklung eines Hochmoores nicht zu verstehen ist und einer besonderen Erklärung bedarf. Weber suchte dafür Anschluss an die Theorie der postglazialen Klimaänderungen von Blytt und Sernander. Die wesentlichen in seiner Anschauung enthaltenen Elemente sind folgende. Der ältere Hochmoortorf ist in der warmfeuchten atlantischen Periode entstanden; seine Konstitution wäre anfänglich von der des jüngeren Hochmoortorfes nicht sehr verschieden gewesen. Dann folgte eine ca. 1000 Jahre dauerende Trockenperiode im Subboreal, worin Heide und Wollgras auf den Mooren wuchsen und den Grenztorf bildeten. Dieser Grenztorf ist ist also nach Weber eine Trockenbildung. Durch die Einwirkung der atmosphärischen Einflüsse während dieser Trockenperiode sei der ältere Hochmoortorf zersetzt worden und habe seine heutige Konstitution erhalten. Nach Ende des Subboreals wurde das Klima erneut feuchter und auch kühler, was zur Bildung des jüngeren Hochmoortorfes führte. Weber hat zeitlebens an diese Anschauung festgehalten (17, 18).

Description: Much of the difficulty experienced by the modern systematic botanist is nomenclatorial. Though he may have a clear conception of a plant as a taxonomic unit, he is often at a loss to find out what it is as a legitimate nomenclatural entity. If a haphazard use of names is permitted, it will result in different botanists using the same name in a different sense, so that the names themselves, unaccompanied by a description, will give no definite denotation; that is, a name may become applicable to several independent taxonomic units. And if it is attempted to skip over these difficulties by creating a new name every time the legitimacy of a name of a plant is questioned, a usage may be established in virtue of which, on the one hand, very good names may be rejected on insufficient grounds, while, on the other, one and the same taxonomic group of plants will be known by different names to different botanists in different countries. Actually, some such state of affairs as this was common at one time in taxonomic botany, so that it came to be felt that personalities had a great deal to do with popularizing some names, however erroneous, as well as with rejecting quite good ones. In other words, there was a tendency to subordinate the naming of plants, or the validity and legitimacy of plant-names, to personal or national or provincial likes and dislikes, with the result that the scientific names were often less stable and precise in their application than the vernacular names. In order to obviate these drawbacks and to make the nomenclature of plants more precise and international, the new nomenclatorial Rules adopted as their basis the type- and the priority-concepts as the most important guiding principles in such matters. These Rules do not recognize personalities, but they oblige taxonomists to examine the claims of each plant-name for legitimacy on the merits of the names themselves, and not of the authors of the names, or of the authors of the works in which the names have been published. Thus at one stroke these two principles have, in nomenclatorial procedure, attempted to do away with all incentives for botanists to split themselves into different camps on a national basis or according to the sides taken by the heads of the particular institutions to which they belong.

Description: Botanists throughout the world and more especially those who have made a special study of the Natural Family Orchidaceae would desire to offer their congratulations and good wishes in person to Dr J. J. Smith on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. Since that privilege, however, is denied to so many of us, I desire on behalf of my British colleagues, and especially on behalf of the staff of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to offer to Dr. Smith our sincere thanks for the valuable work he has carried out on the Orchidaceae, Ericaceae and Euphorbiaceae, in particular of the Malayan region and more especially of the Dutch East Indies during the past thirty-five years; and to express the hope that he may long be spared to continue his valuable researches and enrich botanical literature from the vast stores of his accumulated knowledge and wide experience.

Description: Die bisher aufgestellten Orchideensysteme stimmen bis auf eine Ausnahme (L. C. Richard, 1817) in der Abtrennung der monandrischen Orchideen von den diandrischen überein. Dagegen ist bei der Gliederung der Monandrae verschieden verfahren worden. Das System von Lindley stellt hier die Beschaffenheit des Pollens voran; das von Reichenbach F. die Anheftung der Anthere; Bentham benutzt beides; Pfitzer geht von der Richtung der Pollinienverbindung mit dem Rostellum aus und verwendet dann vegetative Merkmale; das System von Schlechter schliesst sich an das von Pfitzer an, zieht aber wieder stärker den Pollen heran. Vergleicht man die Hauptgruppen dieser Systeme nach ihrem Inhalt, so ergibt sich, dass sie trotz der verschiedenen Ausgangspunkte sehr weitgehend übereinstimmen. Es bestehen nur zwei wesentlichere Abweichungen: einmal die verschiedene Aufteilung der von Schlechter als Kerosphaereae bezeichneten Gruppe (in Epidendreae und Vandeae bei Lindley-Bentham und in Acranthae und Pleuranthae bei Pfitzer- Schlechter; das läuft aber im Endergebnis nur auf die verschiedene Verteilung einiger weniger Gattungsgruppen auf die genannten Untergruppen der Kerosphaereae hinaus) und zweitens das Schwanken in der Unterbringung von ein oder zwei Gattungsgruppen bei den Polychondreae (Neottieae) oder Kerosphaereae.

Description: Dr J. J. Smith is best known by his studies about Orchidaceae. But since 1904 he published regularly in collaboration with Dr J. C. Costerus in the ”Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg“, the results of their researches in teratology of tropical plants. Some years ago, Dr J. J. Smith was so kind to ask me if I would like to continue their studies in tropical teratology; I accepted this invitation. Although botanists appreciate this part of the botanical science in more than one way, and although even the opinion about the definition of a monstrosity differs, it must be stated that what has been done by Costerus and Smith in this field of the botanical science, deserves our high appreciation as they have described and pictured for the first time a large number of tropical monstrosities.

Description: This publication is based on herbarium, materials which were kindly placed at the author’s disposal by the Directors of the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Garden (B), the Leiden National Herbarium (L), the Herbarium of the Utrecht University (U), and the Herbarium of the Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Museum (BD), for whose kind help the author wishes to render his best thanks.

Description: The actual dates of publication of the greater part of BLUME’s Flora Javae (lit. 1) appear to be unknown among taxonomists. The title-page of the first volume is dated 1828, and we find the same year at the base of the preface. The volume containing the Orchideae (lit. 2) is dated 1858, but further dates are absent on the work. A cover for a fascicle containing the ”Planches inedites“ in the Groningen University Library is dated 1829, and there are indications that no such cover ever bore a later date. Therefore, perhaps, one often finds 1828, or 1828?, or 1829 as the year of publication of the whole first series. My investigations concerning the actual dates of publication have not yet given me all the information I wished to have, but the main points seem to be now known, and to be worth publication. In tracing literature on this subject I was considerably helped by Messrs. Dr S. BLOEMBERGEN, then in Groningen, WILLIAM T. STEARN, London, and Dr C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, Buitenzorg. I wish to express my best thanks to these gentlemen for the kind assistance which they gave to me.

Description: In conclusion, we propose the following nomenclatural alterations. For a good classification, the genus Vulpia is to be accepted as a member of the Festuceae. Various names of Vulpia are fixed according to our present rules of nomenclature, viz. V. bromoides (L.) GRAY, V. membranacea (L.) LINK, V. geniculata (L.) LINK, V. stipoides (L.) DUM. and V. Myurus (L.) GMELIN. For Vulpia ciliata the earliest valid epithet is taken and so this widely distributed species must bear the name of V. aetnensis TINEO, while its glabrous variety is named imberbis (Vis.) HENR.. Vulpia delicatula (LAG.) DUM. var. hirsuta HENR. and Vulpia geniculata (L.) LINK var. dasyantha HENR. are described as new varieties. Among the South American species the new combinations Vulpia eriolepis (DESV.) HENR., Vulpia australis (NEES) HENR. and Vulpia muralis (KUNTH) HENR. are proposed, moreover the endemic Vulpia Teneriffae (ROTH) HENR. is mentioned. The North American species are treated in connection with the parallel variations of the European Vulpias and the following new combinations are given, viz. Vulpia octoflora (PIPER) RYDBERG, var. hirtella (PIPER) HENR., V. sciurea (NUTT.) HENR., V. arida (ELMER) HENR., V. confusa (PIPER) HENR., V. Eastwoodae (PIPER) HENR., V. Grayi (ABRAMS) HENR. and V. Tracyi (HITCHC.) HENR..

Description: Unter allen Flechten unterscheidet sieh die nur aus Norwegen bekannte Gattung Moriola dadurch, dass ihr Lager aus Goniocysten besteht, das sind kugel- oder länglichrunde oder unregelmässig gestaltete braune Behälter mit netzartiger Oberfläche, von denen braune, zylindrische oder schwach torulöse Hyphen entspringen und bis zur nächsten, manchmal weit entfernten Goniocyste hinkriechen. Auf diesem Wege, auch wenn sie zu mehreren nebeneinander herlaufen, vereinigen sie sich nie zu einer strauch-, oder blatt-, nicht einmal zu einer krustenformigen Lagermasse. Diese besteht ausschliesslich aus zerstreuten Goniocysten und den sie verbindenden Hyphen, die bei Moriola pseudomyces (Fig. 1—4) meist über morschem Holz, bei Moriola sanguifica über fremdem Algenlager ausgebreitet sind. Die braune Panzerkruste der Goniocysten entsteht dadurch, dass die dünnen zylindrischen Hyphenzellen unter Beibehaltung ihrer Dicke (2 µ), stark in die Breite wachsen und die Gestalt von Kugelsektoren annehmen. Sie werden meistens nicht viel über 2 µ dick, können aber bis 4 µ dick werden, wenn sich die Aussenwand höckerartig verdickt. Näheres hierüber in meiner Osloer Arbeit¹) und in den Berichten der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 2). Die Früchte einer von Herrn P. GROENHART an mich übersandten Flechte (Fig. 5—7) sind von ihm in 3000 m Höhe auf Java gesammelt worden und entwickeln ihre sporenreichen Perithezien auf einem etwa 1 cm mächtigen, lockeren Lagermasse von fast rein schwarzer Färbung. Diese rührt von Holzkohle her, die in grösseren oder ganz kleinen Bruchstücken, selten in Form angekohlter Zweige zwischen und unter den Goniocysten liegen. Die in den Goniocysten der tieferen Schichten enthaltenen Gonidien sind alle abgestorben und sehen jetzt braun aus. Nur in den Goniocysten der obersten Schicht sind die Gonidien noch jugendfrisch, sehen hellgrün aus und heben sieh deutlich von der dunkelbraunen, 4 µ dicken Kruste ab: eine einfache d.h. einkammerige Goniocyste mit 21.8 µ. Durchmesser, so dass auf den Innenraum fast 14 µ Durchmesser kamen; in ihr hatten drei Gonidien Platz. Bei einer anderen, zusammengesetzten Goniocyste hatte sich an diametral gegenüberliegenden Punkten der Goniocyste je eine Gonidie angesetzt und war von der braunen Kruste auch noch umwachsen worden, so dass die beiden kleinen Endkammern je eine Gonidie enthielten, die Mittelkammer deren drei. Es kommen aber auch noch grössere zusammengesetzte Goniocysten vor, deren Mittelkammer 5 und mehr Gonidien enthält.

Description: Herba pusilla, saprophytiea, 10—13 cm alta. Radices ignotae. Caulis simplex, erectus, teres, glaber, succulentus. Folia 3—8, squamas simulantia, lanceolata vel ovato-lanceolata, glabra, acuta vel acuminata, 2—6 mm longa, uninervia, nervo prominente. Folia basalia rosulata nulla. Bracteae plm. 5 mm longae, ovatae, acutae. Flores 5—9, albi-purpurascentes, 9— 12 mm longi, erecti, pedicellati, in cincinnos geminos conferti. Limbus succulentus, 6-lobatus, lobis exterioribus tribus, 1.5—2 mm longis, erectis, in alabastris et floribus junioribus margine involutis, triangularibus, obtusis; in floribus perfectis orbiculatis et margine evolutis; lobis interioribus erectis, crassis, glandulosis, ovatis vel obovatis vel orbiculatis, obtusis vel rotundatis vel retusis, quam exteriores brevioribus, 0.25—1 mm longis. Tubus perigonii trigono-cylindricus, 4—5 mm longus, 6-nervius. Alae perianthii subnullae, in costas angustas reductae. Antherae sessiles, lobis interioribus oppositae sed profundius insertae, connectivis triangularibus, apice bicristatis, cristis curvatis. Stylus crassus, trifurcatus, ramis apice stigmate praeditis, appendiculo membranaceo rotundato pendulo. Stylus cum stigmatibus 4—4.5 mm longus. Ovarium obovoideum vel ellipsoideum, 3—4 mm longum, triloculare. Ovula numerosa, ovoidea vel ellipsoidea. Type: Malay Archipelago, Enggano (Res. Benkoelen, Sumatra), forest near Boea-boea, 100 m alt., fl. Juno 8, 1936, leg. W. J. LÜTJEHARMS n. 4437. Cotype: id., fl. June 14, 1936, leg. W. J. LÜTJEHARMS n. 4736.

Description: The region, from which the Vernonieae and the Eupatorieae have been worked out, includes the Greater Sunda Islands, the Lesser Sunda Islands and the Moluccas. It is a well-known fact, that the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines have a flora, which is related to that of the Malay Archipelago, sensu stricto, belonging to the same region indeed. The Compositae of these parts have, however, been recently dealt with by RIDLEY (Fl. Mal. Pen. II, 1923, 177) and by MERRILL (Enum. Phil. Flow. Pl. III, 1923, 591) respectively, whereas those from New Guinea, which is floristically less related to the Malay Archipelago, have been worked out by MATTFELD (Engl. Bot. Jahrb. LXII, 1929, 386). The material, used for this paper, chiefly belongs to the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium), Leiden (L), the Herbarium of the Botanical Gardens, Buitenzorg (B) and the University Herbarium, Utrecht (U); for the rest it is to be found in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K) and the Herbarium of the British Museum, London (Br. M.); some specimens of the Herbarium of the Linnean Society of London and of the Herbarium of the „Conservatoire botanique de la ville de Genève” (G) have also been studied, whereas the type specimen of Vernonia arborea was discovered in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. I feel greatly indebted to the Directors of these herbaria for their kindness in putting these materials at my disposal.

Description: M. (sect. Dasyaulus) subquincuncialis H. J. LAM & D. A. KERPEL, nova species. — Fig. 1. Arbor mediocris. Ramuli teretes, novelli griseo-fulvo-tomentosi. Stipulae subulatae, caducae, pubescentes, 0.2 cm longae. Folia subcoriacea, obovata, basi cuneata, apice breviter obtuseque acuminata vel rotundata vel rare paulo emarginata, 5—10 X 2.5—4.5 cm, subtus minute sparse adpresse ferrugineo-tomentosa, ultimatim glabrata; petioli graciles, supra sulcati, 1.3—2 cm longi; costa media subtus praecipue folii basi prominens, nervi seeundarii graciles, utrinque 11—14, angulo 65°— 75° de costa adscendentes; nervi tertiarii pergraciles, typo § Dasyauli, i. e. prope marginem laxe reticulati, prope costam uno vel nonnullis nervis secundariis brevibus adscendentibus. Flores solitarii vel bini in foliorum axillis; pedicelli graeiles, sub calyce paulo incrassati, griseofulvo-tomentosi, per anthesin 1.4—3, in fructu 2.5—3 (—3.5) cm longi; calyx 0.6—0.7 cm altus plerumque biserialis sepalis 2 exterioribus valvata vel aperta, inferioribus 2 imbricata, baud rare tamen 5-merus quasiquincuncialis; sepala ovata extus dense ferrugineo-villosa, intus paulo adpresse tomentosa, 0.5—0.63 cm longa, 0.4—0.5 cm lata; corolla glabra, 0.3 cm exserta, 0.6—0.7 cm longa, tubo infundibuliformi 0.15 cm alto, petalis 8 (an semper?) oblongis, 0.45—0.55 X 0.1—0.15 cm, apices versus angustatis obtusis; stamina 16 (an semper?) uniserialia, glabra, filamentis 0.1 cm longis, antheris lanceolatis acutis 0.25 X 0.1 cm, basidorsifixis, extrorsis; ovarium subglobosum 0.1—0.2 cm diam., 0.1— 0-13 cm altum, cum styli basi hispido-pilosum, (6—) 7-loculatum, in stylum 0.8 cm longum subulatum, supra glabrum contractum. Fructus calyce persistente, i. s. ferrugineo-tomentosus, ovatus, apice in stylum persistentem 0.8—1.2 cm longum subabrupte contractus, 2—2.5 cm longus, circ. 1.3 cm diam.; semen (unum tantum vidimus) testa brunnea nitida, 1.2 X 0.5 cm, cicatrice longa angustaque; embryo ignotum.

Description: C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, Maleische Vegetatieschetsen — Toelichting bij de plantengeografisohe kaart van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië (Sketches of Malaysian vegetations — Comments to the phytogeographical map of Netherlands East India) — Reprinted from the „Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap”, Ser. II, Vol. 52, Jan.-March-May 1935, 112 pp. (repagination [Pages in the original: 25—67, 171—203, 363—398] with 46 photographs, 36 of which in the reprint only, and a phytogeographical map. The reprint preceded by a short preface, a (too) short index and a dedication to FRANZ JUNGHUHN „as a memory to his arrival in Java, one hundred years ago”. It is a great pleasure to me indeed to announce here, more particularly on behalf of those readers who are not familiar with the Dutch language, this excellent work on the phytogeography of Malaysia, published in the Journal of the Royal Netherlands Geographical Society and therefore, moreover, likely less accessible to many botanists abroad. The author has, though only about 6 years engaged in botanical work in the tropics, gathered a remarkably thorough knowledge of the rich flora of this region, no doubt one of the most interesting ones, from a biogeographic standpoint, on earth. As the phytogeography of these parts has mostly, since JUNGHUHN’S „Java” (1854), been only dealt with in scattered papers, VAN STEENIS has in the publication under reference, as well as in some others that preceded it ¹), done a pioneer work in his attempt to give a comprehensive and more or less complete survey of the current problems. Our gratitude and admiration is not in the least diminished by the fact that this work shows certain traces of cursoriness and disequilibriousness, as well as a certain want of continuity and well-ponderedness. These features are mostly inherent to all pioneer work and the author himself states in the preface, that this work is meant as a provisional publication; this is in accordance with the title, which, by the way, could have been more adequately chosen, e. g.: Materials to Malaysian Phytogeography („Maleische” is, in my opinion, in Dutch a less felicitous word). Indeed, this paper contains a great many informations and stimulating ideas, and moreover, an almost complete bibliography, also of many papers in Dutch. It may be supposed indeed that there is, at present, hardly any other botanist available who is more capable than VAN STEENIS to continue this work and to prepare, some time, a complete „Phytogeography of Malaysia”, to which we are looking forward with great interest.

Description: Besides the Umbelliferae of the Netherlands Indies proper, also those of the Malay Peninsula and the non-Dutch parts of Borneo and New Guinea have been taken up in this revision. The materials examined belong to the following Herbaria: (B) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg. (BD) = the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum, Berlin—Dahlem. (BM) = the Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History, London. (E) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. (G) = the Herbarium of the University, Groningen. (K) — the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Kew. (L) = the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium), Leiden. (NY) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, New York. (Pa) = the Herbarium of the Java Sugar Experiment Station, Pasoeroean. (S) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. (Sa) = the Herbarium of the Sarawak Museum, Kuching. (U) = the Herbarium of the University, Utrecht. Most of the herbarium materials were sent to Groningen to be examined there. Moreover I had the opportunity to work a few weeks in the Kew Herbarium and in that of the British Museum of Natural History in London.

Description: Scandens, ramis teretibus, fistulosis, laevibus, glabris, ad 5 mm diam.; foliis petiolatis, petiolo 5 cm longo, glabro vel praesertim parte superiore pilis nonnullis brevissimis appressis praedito, herbaceis, late ovatis vel orbicularibus, apice abrupte acuminatis vel cuspidatis, acumine acuto mucronulato, 1.5—2 cm longo, basi leviter cordatis, 11—12 cm longis, 10—11 cm latis, glabris vel basi superne ad insertionem petioli pilis nonnullis brevissimis praeditis; nervis primariis utrinque 9—10, curvatis, subtus prominentibus, secundariis pluribus subparallelis, tertiariis subtus reticulatis supra indistinctis; inflorescentiis axillaribus 15— 20 cm longis, pedunculis teretibus, glabris vel basi pilis nonnullis brevissimis praeditis, 10—13 cm longis, apice ramosis, ramis brevissimis 3—5 mm longis, ergo floribus ad apicem pedunculi subaggregatis subumbellatis; bracteis probabiliter minutis, mox deciduis, in specimine descripto non praestantibus; pedicellis 3—3.5 cm longis, glabris, longitudinaliter striatis vel subangulosis, apice sub calyce annulo crasso undulato praeditis; sepalis aequilongis vel exterioribus paullo brevioribus, membranaceis, intus glandulis punctiformibus praeditis, ad 12 mm longis (vel exterioribus 8—9 mm longis), exterioribus obovatis, apice rotundatis vel retusis, mucronulatis, interioribus plerumque latioribus obovatis vel late obovatis, retusis, mucronulatis; corolla alba, campanulata vel infundibuliforme, circ. 3 cm longa, limbo sublobato, glabra; filamentis brevibus, 5 mm supra basin corollae insertis, 5 mm longis, basi valde dilatatis, plus minusve papillosis, antheris 2.5 mm longis, glabris; ovario conico, glabro; stylo glabro, circ. 10 mm longo, stigmatibus globosis, papillosis. FIJI ISLANDS, Vanua Levu, Mbua, southern slope of Mount Seatura, alt. 400 m, a high-climbing vine in dense forest, A. C. SMITH 1690, Apr. 27, 28, 1934, type in Herb. Leiden; dupl. in Herb. Bernice P. Bishop Museum and in Herb. New York Botanical Garden.

Description: Dr. C. A. BACKER, Verklarend Woordcnboek van wetenschappelijke plantennamen (Explanatory dictionary of scientific plantnames) — Noordhoff-Kolff, Groningen-Batavia, 1936 — XII + 664 — Price: flh. 19.50. Many botanists and also sylvi-, liorti- and agriculturists and almost all taxonomists are, in the course of their daily task, meeting plant-names, the exact meaning, signification or derivation of which is not immediately clear to them. Being an intelligent and studious man, he often feels the desire to know more of a name than just its orthography and so he makes a grab at one of those books written to spread more knowledge about the matter. If it is the name of a genus or of a subgenus, WITTSTEIN’S „IIandwörterbuch” is the book he needs, although it yields no help for genera younger than 1852 (date of preface). If it is a specific name or a latin or latinized botanical term, BISCHOFF is his man, either by his „Handbuch der botanischen Terminologie” of 1833—1844 or by his smaller „Wörterbuch der beschreibenden Botanik”, of 1857 (2nd Ed.). In case these books cannot meet his wishes, on account of their age or merely out of deficiency, our present-day investigator will try to find the name in one of the more recent lists: BAILEY’S „Companion for the Queensland student of plant life” of 1893; SALOMON-SCHELLE, Worterbuch der botanischen Kunstsprache, 1904; KANNGIESSER, Etymologie der Phanerogamen-Nomenclatur, 1908 (mainly generic names); Voss, Botanisches Hilfs- und Wörterbuch (6th ed. 1922), etc.

Description: The present revision comprises, besides the Alangia of the Netherlands Indies proper, also those of the Malay Peninsula, North Borneo, and Eastern New Guinea. The materials examined were kindly put at the author’s disposal by the Directions of the following herbaria: B = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg. BD = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Berlin—Dahlem. BM = the Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History, London. Br = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Brisbane. E = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. G = the Herbarium of the University, Groningen. K = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Kew. L = the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium), Leiden. M = the Herbarium of the Bureau of Science, Manila. NY = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, New York. S = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Singapore. Sa = the Herbarium of the Sarawak Museum, Kuching. U = the Herbarium of the University, Utrecht. UC = the Herbarium of the University of California, Berkeley. W = the Herbarium of the Museum of Natural History, Vienna. Most of the materials were sent to Groningen to be studied there. Moreover, the author had the opportunity to visit the Herbaria of the Botanic Gardens at Kew, that of the British Museum of Natural History at London, and those of LINNAEUS and SMITH preserved among the collections of the Linnean Society at London.

Description: Many plants are as a whole or in some characteristic features flabelliform. So it is easy to understand that botanists often used the word piпio or piпidiov as a component of plant names. It is rather astonishing, however, that this word, R(h)ipidion or R(h)ipidium occurs no less than five times as a generic name (including one nomen nudum). In the list of homonyms by Miss M. L. GREEN C.S. (Kew Bull. misc. Inf., 1935, p. 341—544) the word is not mentioned, though it is of importance for mycologists. It may seem curious that also OTTO KUNTZE, who was very keen on such cases, probably overlooked it. Only in the list of nomina conservanda (auct. R. MAIRE; Int. Rules Nomencl., Ed. III, 1935, p. 124) one of the cases was considered¹). Rhipidium CORNU, Bull. Soc. bot. Fr., 18, 1871, p. 58; Ann. Sci. nat. Bot., V, 15, 1872, p. 15. (Saprolegniaceae). Standard species: Rh. interruptum CORNU l.c. = Rh. continuum CORNU l.c. = Rh. europaeum VON MINDEN, Krypt. Fl. Brandenburg, V, 1915, p. 597 (1912). For the argument of typification, see VON MINDEN, l.c., p. 596.

Description: On several occasions the author received specimens for determination under the name of Loranthaceae, which in reality appeared to be Phacellarias, usually parasitic on Loranthaceae. When trying to name these Phacellarias, he preceived how difficult it was to survey the literature of the genus. Though only eight species have been described, and the authors usually have indicated the main differences between their new species and the most closely allied previous ones, the most essential characteristics of the species, viz., the structures of the inflorescences, were never indicated, and a critical review of all the species has never been given. Therefore it appeared an attractive task to undertake such a revision, if only it were possible to examine all the type specimens. Through the kindness of the Directors and Keepers of the Kew and Edinburgh Botanic Gardens (K, E) and of the Paris Natural History Museum (P), the author was actually allowed to do this. Moreover he had the opportunity to study specimens of the Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History in London (BM) and the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens (B), whereas he discovered one specimen in Mr. A. F. G. KERR’s private herbarium. The author expresses his sincere thanks to all the gentlemen who made this revision possible.

Description: The genus Sarcosperma was excluded from the Sapotaceae by the first-named writer in 1925, the group being considered as of family rank. In 1926 the same author published a concise and fragmentary revision of the monotypic order, in which two new Malaysian species were described. The continental species, however, were merely quoted from literature. To this a key was added. As since then more material has been collected, it seemed desirable to give a new revision of this small but interesting order. For this purpose materials have, at our request, kindly been sent on loan to the Rijksherbarium (L) ¹) from the following institutions: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew — K. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin — B. Musee d’Histoire Naturelle, Phanérogamie, Paris — P. Botanical Garden, New York — NY. U.S. National Museum, Division of Plants, Washington — W. Gray Herbarium and Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Cambridge (Mass.), U.S.A. — H. Botanical Institute, Coll. of Agriculture, Sun Yatsen University, Canton — Ca.

Description: Das bearbeitete Gebiet grenzt im E an die Wasserscheide der Serio-und Dezzoflüsse zwischen dem Monte Vigna Vaga und dem Monte Scanapá. Auf diesem Bergkamm liegen die höchsten Gipfel: der Pizzo della Presolana, 2521 m, und der Monte Ferrante, 2426 m. Nach W reicht das Gebiet bis an den Kamm der Cima di Timogno und des Monte Vodala. Diese Grenze zieht sich nach S bis Rovetta in der Valle Gera und nach N bis in die Valle di Sedornia hin, wo unseres Gebiet mit dem von Weeda kartierten über etwa 2 km zusammenfällt. Die nördlichen und südlichen Grenzen werden von den Valli di Sedornia und Gera gebildet.

Description: The observations made during the Carstensz Expedition give the following impression of the geological structure of the Nassau mountains: 1. Possibly Lower Palaeozoic, Upper Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary (Tertiary c, d, e and f) rocks were found. 2. A granodioritic intrusion occurs with a contact zone rich in metasomatic hydrothermal ores (copper, gold). The age of this intrusion is Upper Tertiary, probably even younger than the folding of the mountains. 3. The simplest explanation of the tectonical structure is to assume that these mountains are a big overthrusted mass, moved towards the South over the continuation of the Australian continent. The upper parts (Tertiary) of this mass are folded; otherwise, only North dips were observed. 4. The foreland of this tectonical unit probably for the greater part is covered by unfolded Nassau-molasse deposits. 5. The moraines of a rather important Pleistocene glacier are present.

Description: Vor einiger Zeit besehrieb ich eine kleine, eigenartige Molluskenfauna aus tertiären Asphaltkalken von der unbedeutenden Insel Buton, im Südosten von Celebes¹). Seither empfing Herr Prof. Ir. Chr. K. Visser in Delft weitere Versteinerungen aus den Asphaltkalken des Eilands, die nach ihm wahrscheinlich von Waisiu stammen. Er übergab das Material Herrn Prof. Dr. J. H. F. Umbgrove, der eine ganze Reihe von den a.a.O. meinerseits beschriebenen Fossilien darunter fand. Einzelne derselben liegen auch mir vor. Die folgenden Arten wurden nachgewiesen: Lima fulgurans, Modiola flemischi, Unio sparsa, Lucina petrolei, Conus petrolei, Cryptoconus carinatus, Pleurotoma ktolemandoënsis, Fusus pectinatus, Cominella retifera, Cassidea vandervlerki, Dolium bituminatum, Cerithium flemischi, Natica radians. Mit Ausnahme der Pleurotoma sowie des Dolium und Cerithium sind alle (also 10) von Waisiu bekannt, wodurch die Vermutung der Herkunft von hier bestätigt wird. Jedenfalls müssen die Versteinerungen mit den früher von Buton beschriebenen gleichaltrig sein.

Description: A new species of Paullinia, viz. P. Bernhardi Uitt. was described on p. 774 of the last volume of this periodical. I have to add here another new species to this formerly monotypic section Cryptoptilon. The three species now known are all collected uncompletly. The flowers of the two Suriname ones are wanting; those of P. verrucosa Radlk. from British Guiana are known, but unfortunately only rather young fruits are found. A new diagnosis of this section is given here together with a key and the description of the new species. Sect. Cryptoptilon Radlk. in Engl. u. Prantl, Nat. Pfl. fam. III, 5 (1895), p. 304, fig. 156 IX; id., Monogr. Paull. (1895—96), p. 247, fig. 9; id. in Engler, Pflanzenreich IV, 165, p. 309 (1931).

Description: Die Hauptrichtungen der Pflanzensoziologie, die von der nördlichen und westlichen und der südlichen Schule vertreten werden, sind beide tatsächlich existenzberechtigt, da sich die Pflanzendecke von zwei verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten aus betrachten lässt. Voraus sei bemerkt, dass die Pflanzendecke stellenweise vorherrschende Pflanzenarten aufweist. Die Dominanz wechselt von Ort zu Ort sowohl in der Baumschicht, Strauchschicht, Feldschicht als in der Bodenschicht. Stellen mit unterschiedlichen Dominanten haben öfters stark ausgeprägte Grenzen. Diese Trennungslinien bestimmen folglich auch die Struktur der Pflanzendecke und das wechselnde Landschaftsbild. Forst-, Acker- und Weidewirtschaft sind selbstverständlich stark interessiert bei der Vorherrschaft bestimmter Pflanzen im betreffenden Gebiet. Vom Gesichtspunkte der Homogenität und der Dominanz aus zerlegt also der Pflanzensoziologe der nördlichen Schule die Pflanzendecke und unterscheidet er seine Pflanzengesellschaften. Wesentlich verschieden ist die Auffassung der schweizerischfranzösischen Schule. Braun-Blanquet (Montpellier) und seine Schüler suchen nach Pflanzenarten, welche zusammenwachsen; sie unterscheiden die Artenkombinationen von einander. Dabei sind die Pflanzenarten von besonderer Bedeutung, d.h. charakteristisch oder typisch, die in stärkerem oder geringerem Masse einer bestimmten Artenkombination oder einer Gruppe verwandter Artenkombinationen angehören, m. a. W. die in anderen Artenkombinationen nicht oder nur ausnahmsweise Vorkommen. Es macht bei dieser Unterscheidungsweise wenig aus, ob die Charakterarten durch zahlreiche oder wenige Individuen vertreten sind; die Abundanz ist nebensächlich.

Description: In seiner Bearbeitung einiger von Glaziou in Brasilien gesammelten Convolvulaceen beschreibt Dammer (I) u.a. zwei neue Prevostea-Arten, P. capitata und P. sphaerocephala, welche der Beschreibung nach auffallende Unterschiede aufweisen mit den anderen Arten dieses Genus. Auch Dammer selbst spricht, wenigstens für P. capitata, schon die Vermutung aus, es handele sich hier um Repräsentanten eines selbständigen Genus oder vielleicht einer neuen Sektion von Prevostea, weil er aufmerkt: „An Genus novum? An sectio nova generis Prevosteae, inflorescentia bene distincta?” Aus einer Untersuchung der beiden Arten, welche die Direktion des Berliner Herbariums mir freundlichst zum Studium überliess, stellte sich nun heraus, dass wir die beiden Arten der Beschaffenheit der Blüte nach bei Bonamia unterbringen müssen. Hinsichtlich der Unterschiede zwischen Prevostea und Bonamia bemerkt Hallier (2, S. 530), dass ersteres Genus sich von Bonamia unterscheidet durch „die beiden aüszeren, groszen, fein netzaderigen, häutigen, durchscheinenden, kreisherzförmigen Kelchblätter”. Bei den zwei Dammerschen Arten entsprechen die beiden äusseren Kelchblätter dieser Beschreibung keineswegs. Sie sind nicht auffallend verschieden von den anderen und zeigen eine Form, welche sich vielmehr an die vieler Bonamia-Arten anschliesst. Wohl treten im Habitus der Pflanzen einige Unterschiede mit den anderen Arten dieses Genus auf, besonders hinsichtlich der zu Köpfchen am Ende der Zweige gehäuften Blüten. Vergleichen wir dieses Merkmal nun aber mit den Verhältnissen welche sich bei anderen Gattungen der Familie auftun, wie bei Evolvulus und Jacquemontia, dann stellt sich heraus, dass auch hier Arten auftreten mit köpfchen- bis ährenförmigem Blütenstand. In meiner Monographie der Gattung Evolvulus (5) habe ich schon auf diese Spezialisation in der Beschaffenheit des Blütenstandes hingewiesen. Die Arten dreier Sektionen zeigen hier das genannte Merkmal. Diese Arten sind hauptsächlich auf Brasilien beschränkt, wo sie in den Campos Vorkommen. Auch bei Ipomoea besteht die Tendenz zur Bildung endständiger, ährenförmiger Blütenstände. Als Beispiel nenne ich Ipomoea echioides Choisy und I. Pohlii Choisy. Unten werde ich noch die Gelegenheit haben auch bei Jacquemontia auf ähnliche Verhältnisse hinzuweisen.

Description: The genus Thoracostachyum was described in 1869 by S. Kurz in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. XXXVIII, part 2, p. 75 and based upon Lepironia sumatrana and L. bancana of Miquel. We are justified to accept the first-mentioned species as the type-species of the genus. It is true, that Kurz published the name Thoracostachys bancana five years earlier in the „Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië” XXVII (1864), p. 224, but this name is not valid, as it was published as a nomen nudum, without a generic or specific description and even without citing the synonym Lepironia bancana Miq. In Recueil des Travaux botaniques néerlandais, Vol. XXXII (1935) p. 184 and Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium te Utrecht, nr. 16 (1935), p. 184 I splitted of the genus Paramapania, characterized by its leafless scapes, small bracts and some, less conspicuous, floral characteristics. The remaining part of the genus is rather homogeneous, as may be seen from the diagnosis.

Description: When, during my stay in Suriname in 1933, I planned to visit the Voltzberg, Prof. Stahel, the Director of the Agriculture Experiment Station, told me that he had discovered there, in one of the fissures in the granitic dome, which forms the top of this low mountain, an unusual kind of cassave. As I had for the “Flora of Suriname” been working on the Euphorbiaceae, I was of course much interested in this plant, especially while Prof. Stahel suggested that it would be possible to cultivate it in the Agricultural Garden at Paramaribo from cuttings. When I arrived at the Voltzberg, the plant was easily found growing in a fissure between the granite plates along one of the ravines just below the dome-shaped top. The plant possessed rather long (2—3 m) stems, more or less decumbent or creeping along the fissure, and from these stems rose side-branches which bore the leaves and flowers (see tab. IX). The roots were but very little thickened. Some of these stems I have taken with me. On the return voyage to Paramaribo they were sheltered as much as possible against sun and rain. The side-branches were pressed for the Herbarium.

Description: In Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire the most common species of Agave is A. vivipara. Although the variability is rather great, this species is nearly always easily recognizable. In Aruba, however, in two localities agaves are found, namely A. Rutteniae and A. arubensis, which differ from A. vivipara in their generative parts only. The A. Cocui, which occasionally occurs in Curaçao and Bonaire, but which has probably been introduced from the coast of Venezuela, differs from these species, both in shape and size. A. Boldinghiana, which is found here and there on alle three islands, is in herbarium material not always easily distinguished from the above named species, in the field it is always easily recognizable. A. Karatto, which is frequently cultivated as a living hedge in Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, has very little in common with the other agaves growing there; this species occurs also in St. Eustatius and the neighbouring islands and it seems probable that it was introduced from there in former times, when there was a more lively trade between these islands. On the Venezuelan Continent there probably is only one species of Agave, A. Cocui, which, however, shows a wide range of variability in the form of the terminal spine. In Trinidad and Chacachacare A. evadens occurs; possibly it may be found on the neighbouring part of the continent as well. On the Venezuelan Islands, A. vivipara is known from Blanquilla and Los Hermanos, A. Cocui from Los Frailes and Los Testigos. The common agave of Margarita, which I determined as A. vivipara, resembles a special form of A. Cocui growing on the continental coast opposite. Although it seems not possible to differentiate them clearly, yet, for the time being, it does not seem advisable to unite these two species.

Description: Genera Mapania, Hypolytrum, Thoracostachyum valde cognata sunt. Quamvis enim adhuc diversa sit botanicorum sententia de structura florum huius tribus morphologice interpretanda, de hac re omnes consentiunt, squamellas laterales binas generis Hypolytri, sive sepala sive glumas floriferas vocandas, squamellis exterioribus Mapaniae et Thoracostachyi homologas esse. F. Pax solum, qui cum nonnullis aliis auctoribus Thoracostachyum cum Mapania iungendo systema Benthamianum et Hookerianum secutus est, tertium genus, cui solo flores bisexuales ascribit, longe disiunxit. Conspectus generum usitatus ut in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, p. 586, ubi C. B. Clarke Cyperaceas disposuit, ita fert: A. Spicula capitata .............................. Mapania B. Spicula corymboso-paniculata. 1. Stylus bifidus ...................... Hypolytrum. 2. Stylus trifidus ................. Thoracostachyum. Hic conspectus autem numero specierum cognitarum sensim augente quibusdam vitiis laborare apparet. Corymbos a capitibus diiudicare non semper facile. Discrimen a numero styli ramorum sumptum incertum, quia in eodem genere sicut in Scirpo et in Carice, quin etiam in eadem specie, saepe mutari cernitur. Praeterea speciebus spicula singula praeditis nullum genus hospitium praebere videtur.

Description: For the group of plants treated in the “Compendium” I have used the name Spermatophyta. WETTSTEIN in his “Handbuch” remarks that this name is incorrect because in botany the word “sperma” is used for spermatozoids, and from the name Spermatophyta it might be concluded that by it “plants with spermatozoids” were meant. WETTSTEIN’s objection is not to be taken seriously however. Nobody will ever think of translating the name Gymnospermae by “plants with naked spermatozoids”! I did not like to use the name Phanerogamae for the group since the corresponding name “Cryptogamae” has lost all meaning. “Anthophyta” cannot be used, because the Pteridospermae have no flowers and it would even be advisable to use the term “Flower” only with regard to Angiospermae. The classic division into Gymnospermae and Angiospermae has been given up. The Pteridospermae are fundamentally different from the Gymnospermae e.g. by the form of their leaves and by the absence of a strobilus. I consider them equal in rank to the subdivision Gymnospermae. The same may be said of the group which formerly under the name Gnetales or Gnetinae used to be considered as a subdivision of the Gymnospermae, but which, in my opinion, are even farther removed from the Gymnospermae than the Pteridospermae. They have obtained here the rank of a new subdivision under the name Chlamydospermae. I have distinguished therefore four subdivisions of the Spermatophyta namely Pteridospermae, Gymnospermae, Chlamydospermae and Angiospermae.

Description: More than 70 years have elapsed, since, in 1866, de Bary enunciated the hypothesis that Lichens are dual organisms, the socalled gonidia being Algae. As about 1899, the year when Nylander died, the dual nature of the Lichens had become generally accepted, lichenologists have had 40 years to realize the consequences of this theory. Nevertheless even now opinions differ widely. While practically all botanists admit that a Lichen is composed of a Fungus and an Alga, most lichen-taxonomists apply, perhaps for a good deal unintentionally, the species-name to the consortium, while others emphasize the necessity of restricting the specific and generic names to the Fungus. Reinke, Wainio, Zahlbruckner and Keissler may be regarded as adherents of the first procedure; Sernander, Fink, Clements and Nannfeldt of the second. While the attitude of Zahlbruckner c.s. is perhaps largely due to practical considerations, Asahina recently advocates this conception as a logical consequence of the dual nature of Lichens: “Aus der dualistischen Natur der Flechten muss man aber eine Flechten-Art A (Pilz) + B (Alge) als verschieden von der A+B’ betrachten”. But, in my opinion, the very fact of the dual nature of Lichens leads to the conclusion that a Lichen is no more a species than a plum pocket is one. In general, as stated above, it seems to me that the acknowledgement of the consortium as specific is semiconscious, and rests on practical reasons. Nannfeldt remarks that Werner, for instance, has used specific names as well for the Lichen as for the Fungous component. In many cases, it must be admitted, the procedure though arbitrary, is perfectly harmless. Lichen taxonomy is obliged to use other methods than taxonomic mycology, the vegetative thallus being often as important a feature as the fructification: and with the thallus, one naturally describes the gonidia, though for practical reasons the description remains as a rule incomplete. If the Fungus is strictly monophagous, the presence of a special gonidial partner may be regarded as a character of the Fungus. In many cases, however, especially in groups where the consortium bears a primitive character, difficulties arise. The latter regard not only the delimitation of the species, but their place in the classification as well. There are numerous instances of Fungi living either without or with gonidia, or with different kinds of gonidia. As long ago as 1866, Fries remarked that it would be unnatural to bring Peltigera aphthosa and P. malacea or Pannaria brunnea and P. hypnorum in different genera. The same holds good, for instance, for Peltigera canina and P. variolosa. Reinke argues that the species containing Cyanophyceae and those containing Chlorophyceae might have developped independently, and placed in all these cases the second species in a different genus. But if this procedure is applied, it strikes one that almost or perhaps quite identical species are divided indescriminately over both groups. It appears, for instance, that even the subdivision of Peltigera in Peltidea and Eupeltigera can not be accepted. In such derived groups as Peltigera it happens but rarely that in one species widely different gonidia are met with, and the presence of Algae belonging to the same genus can only be demonstrated by cultivating them. In this connection the forms of Parmelia caperata (Jaag) and of Xanthoria parietina (Waren) must be mentioned. Asahina has suggested that chemical differences in morphologically identical Lichens might be due to physiological differences in the gonidia, but, as Thomas has demonstrated now that parietin, one of the substances which have always been considered as specific for definite consortia, is produced in pure cultures by the Fungi Caloplaca murorum and C. elegans, this hypothesis seems rather doubtful.

Description: The present investigation has been carried out in the “Botanisch Museum en Herbarium” of the University of Utrecht. I wish to render to Dr. A. Pulle, the Director of the Institute, my most sincere thanks for the facilities afforded to me and for the interest in the progress of this work. I am also greatly indebted to the Directors of the Berlin-Dahlem, Brussels, Göttingen, Leiden and Paris Herbaria and to the members of their staff for the opportunity of studying in these Institutes the collections entrusted to their care and for their helpful advice. Special words of thanks are due to Dr. O. C. Schmidt (Berlin-Dahlem), Dr. R. Benoist (Paris) and Dr. Exell (South Kensington). To Mr. Wilmott (South Kensington) I am obliged for the information he gave me with regard to the genus Persea, and to Dr. Hochreutiner (Geneva) for the loan of the type specimen of Ocotea vernicosa. To the Brussels, Berlin-Dahlem, Göttingen, Kew, Leiden and Paris Herbaria I am indebted for the loan of specimens which I needed for the solution of various special problems.