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  • 1
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    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen (0075-8639) vol.3 (1928) nr.1 p.183
    Publication Date: 2014-10-27
    Description: In two previous publications (bibl. 1 and 2) I have brought the formation of calderas into relation with the gas phase, observed by Perret during the eruption of Vesuvius in 1906 (bibl. 3). In these papers I arrived at the conclusion that during the gas phase a cylinder is cored out, and that this may be the cause of caldera formation. In the first paper the subject was treated geometrically, while in the second calculations were made of a particular case (the Krakatoa eruption of 1883) to see if they would bear out this theory. This caldera-formation, however, is not a typical case, as there must previously have been an older Krakatoa-caldera, and in Aug. 1883 it was not a large portion of the volcanic cone that disappeared, but only an island which projected little above sealevel; the northern part of the ancient island Rakata, with the volcanoes Perboewatan and Danan. How a caldera might be formed from a cored-out cylinder I have tried to explain in two different ways. In the case of the Tengger-caldera I assumed, in analogy with what happened in Vesuvius after 1906 (bibl. 3 and 4) that the uppermost part of the cylinder was transformed into a funnel-shape by crumbling away of the walls, and that rising lava, as in Vesuvius 1913—1926, formed a flat bottom which continually reached higher levels. This explanation does not apply to the caldera of Krakatoa, as after the great eruption of Aug. 26th to 28th 1883 no further signs of eruption were observed, until in Dec. 1927 a new phase began in this famous volcano. In the case of Krakatoa in 1883, therefore, I thought it justifiable to apply the phenomena, known to occur in coal mining, of recent subsidences which are caused by the working of coal seams lower down.
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 2
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    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen (0075-8639) vol.20 (1955) nr.1 p.9
    Publication Date: 2014-10-27
    Description: Benoemd met ingang van de cursus 1922—23, gaf ik mijn eerste college in de Mineralogie op 27 september 1922 en mijn eerste college in de Algemene Geologie op 13 October van dat jaar. Ik was benoemd tot een soort “Sjaan van alles” uit de familie Doorsnee, evenals mijn voorganger K. Martin dat geweest was; d.w.z. ik zou alle geologische wetenschappen moeten doceren: Kristallografie, Mineralogie, Petrologie, Algemene Geologie, Palaeontologie, Stratigrafie en Historische Geologie. Gelukkig had ik de vermetelheid aan de President-Curator mede te delen, niet in staat te zijn de laatstgenoemde drie vakken te onderwijzen. Noodgedwongen moest ik een keuze doen. Naast de Algemene Geologie zou het òf het complex der mineralogische wetenschappen of dat der palaeontologische moeten zijn, waarop ik mij met enige kans van succes zou kunnen werpen. Ik koos de eerstgenoemde groep omdat de exacte zijde der geologische wetenschappen mij aantrok, terwijl het determineren van fossielen mij niet lag. Wanneer men bedenkt, dat von Laue zijn beroemd proefondervindelijk bewijs van de struktuur der kristallen, toen ik in 1911 afstudeerde, nog niet geleverd had, en ik mij, na een assistentschap van 1% Jaar en een conservatorschap van 1 jaar in Delft, in de aardolieindustrie begaf, zal het duidelijk zijn, dat ik in 1922 een grote achterstand in mijn wetenschappelijke ontwikkeling had in te halen om enigszins dragelijke colleges in de Kristallografie en Mineralogie te geven. Ik wil hier niet uitweiden over de moeilijkheden, die ik hierbij te overwinnen had, maar wel gaarne getuigen van het genoegen dat ik telkens weer beleefde (tot in 1950) wanneer ik de jonge studenten in de geheimen van de kristallografische symmetrieleer en kristaloptica moest inwijden. Heden wil ik zeer in het kort in herinnering roepen hetgeen ik naast de gewone colleges in de geologie en mineralogie onder de titel “Capita selecta"" als dessert heb opgediend.
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 3
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    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen (0075-8639) vol.9 (1937) nr.1 p.79
    Publication Date: 2014-10-27
    Description: Experiments are described in which artificial beaches were attacked by a combination of running waves parallel to the coast and superposed standing waves at right angles to the former. Beach cusps were formed only when a steep beach was eroded by the waves. Observations in nature are cited that appear to support the view that standing waves may be the cause of beach cusps, but further data are needed before a definite conclusion can be arrived at.
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 4
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    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen (0075-8639) vol.13 (1942) nr.1 p.63
    Publication Date: 2014-10-27
    Description: In June 1937 the State Museum of Geology and Mineralogy at Leiden received from Mr. A.S. Dresden at Amsterdam a diamond crystal of a hitherto unknown shape. The crystal is colourless and transparent. Mr. J. Bolman determined its weight at 0.1698 g and its specific gravity at 3.4165.
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 5
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    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen (0075-8639) vol.6 (1933) nr.1 p.1
    Publication Date: 2014-10-27
    Description: Wat ons hier samenbrengt, mag als een blijde gebeurtenis in de geschiedenis onzer Universiteit worden aangemerkt. Het komt toch niet zoo dikwijls voor, dat een nieuw lid aan het complex der universitaire gebouwen wordt toegevoegd. Deze keer geschiedde het nog juist op tijd, want het huidige inzicht in de economische gesteldheid van de wereld is niet zoodanig, dat bewindslieden nog langer belangrijke sommen meenen te mogen toestaan voor inrichtingen van hooger onderwijs en wetenschappen. Sommige van mijn hoorders zullen vermoedelijk denken: terecht. Ik meen ten onrechte, omdat de geestelijke ontwikkeling van een volk slechts mogelijk is, wanneer van bovenaf, dat wil zeggen te beginnen met het hooger onderwijs en dan afdalend via middelbaar onderwijs naar het lager onderwijs, de wedloop met de andere Westersche volken bijgehouden kan worden. Stilstand beteekent onherroepelijk relatieve achteruitgang en naast ruimere zorg voor de beoefening en ontwikkeling der wetenschappen behoort zeker ook ruimere zorg voor de kunsten. Zonder door den staat ruimer gesubsidieerde instituten van kunst zal ons volk geestelijk niet op peil blijven. Tot de voorwerpen van staatszorg, die te stiefmoederlijk bedeeld worden, behooren ook de musea. Het bezitten van schatten, zooals die bijv. hier in Leiden zijn vergaard in zeer brandbare pakhuizen, of wel goed bewaard, maar niet tentoongesteld, is niet te verdedigen. Dat bezit legt verplichtingen aan den eigenaar als houder onzer cultuurwaarden op, verplichtingen, die intusschen tientallen van jaren onvervuld bleven. Ik kan mij dat slechts verklaren, door gebrek aan belangstelling in dergelijke zaken bij de politieke partijen. Er zit politiek geen of weinig muziek in, hetgeen maakt, dat de bewindslieden meer aandacht aan andere dingen moeten besteden. Intusschen pleit dit niet voor het peil onzer tegenwoordige samenleving. Deze korte opmerkingen moesten mij van het hart, alvorens op het bijondere onderwerp, dat ons heden samenbracht, terug te keeren. Wanneer men zelf alle reden tot dankbaarheid heeft, past het links en rechts te kijken om te zien, of ook anderen zich in dezelfde gelukkige positie bevinden.
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 6
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    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen (0075-8639) vol.14 (1949) nr.2 p.347
    Publication Date: 2014-10-27
    Description: Toen Cirillo Generelli in 1749 in de academic van Cremona een commentaar op de theorie van Lazzaro Moro (1687—1740) leverde, gaf hij te kennen, dat de geschiedenis der aarde zonder geweld, zonder verdichtsels, zonder veronderstellingen en zonder wonderen („senza violenze, senza finzioni, senza supposti, senza miracoli”), maar uitsluitend met behulp der tegenwoordige gebeurtenissen op aarde verklaard kan worden (Lyell, 1853, p. 37). Hij zal toen wel niet vermoed hebben, dat het nog tachtig jaren zou duren, voordat deze nieuwe zienswijze het geologische denken zou gaan beheerschen. Want eerst kwam Cuvier de klok terugzetten door in 1812 in het „Discours preliminaire” zijner „Recherches sur les ossements fossiles” (later gepubliceerd onder den naam „Discours sur les revolutions du globe”) de theorie te verkondigen, die later de catastrophen-theorie genoemd is, waarin de ontwikkeling van het leven op aarde door catastrophes werd afgesneden, en telkens een nieuwe schepping weer leven op aarde bracht. Zijn volgeling Alcide d'Orbigny telde in 1849 zelfs 27 vernietigingen der biosfeer, gevolgd door 27 scheppingen. Het was Charles Lyell (1797—1875) die aan Cuvier's theorie den nekslag toebracht door het uitgeven van zijn „Principles of Geology”, waarvan het eerste deel in 1830 verscheen en waarmede de denkwijze der catastrophen-theorie plaats begon te maken voor een andere, die reeds door Lazzaro Moro en Cirillo Generelli verkondigd was, maar in het vergeetboek geraakt was. Lyell’s opvatting blijkt duidelijk uit den aanvankelijk bedoelden ondertitel: „Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth’s Surface by Reference to Causes now in Operation”. In aantrekkelijken vorm gegoten en consequent doorgevoerd in zijn „Principles”, is deze denkwijze de geologische gedachtenwereld gaan beïnvloeden, en daarmede werd de moderne geologic ingeluid. Al spoedig werd in Engeland de naam van „uniformitarianisme” hieraan gegeven, later in Duitschland door „actualisme” vervangen.
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 7
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    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen (0075-8639) vol.2 (1926) nr.1 p.51
    Publication Date: 2014-10-27
    Description: Until recently there was no good general map of the Tengger Mountains, so that in 1914 F. von Wolff (bibl. 1) in his work „Der Vulkanismus”, vol. I, p. 510—511, gives a reproduction of Pr. Junghuhn's map of 1844. For a volcanic district that has frequently been used as an example of a caldera and has been made familiar by the beautiful photographs from the firm of Kurkdjan in Soerabaya, this is an inadequate treatment, especially as Junghuhn's map is not accurate. After I had gained a superficial knowledge of the Tengger Mountains in two excursions in 1918 and 1919, I conceived the plan of making a new general map after the topographical map 1/20.000 of the Netherlands Indian Topographical Service. In 1922 I drew a wall-map 1/20.000 with contour distance of 100 meters, and coloured according to K. Peucker's method (Farbenplastik) (bibl. 2) the preparation of which occupied about a month. Plate 5 is a reduction of this map to 1/100.000, made by the firm of Smulders in the Hague, to whom a word of praise is due for the excellent way in which they have carried it out 1).
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 8
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    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen (0075-8639) vol.6 (1933) nr.1 p.51
    Publication Date: 2014-10-27
    Description: The two paintings which we here reproduce in colour are the work of Raden Saleh, the first Javanese to receive a Western education as painter, and are dated 1865. They represent the Merapi, by day and by night, obviously during the eruption of 1865. Raden Saleh Sarief Bastaman was born about 1814 at Semarang. At an early age he gave signs of an unusual artistic talent, which draw the attention of Payen 1).
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 9
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    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen (0075-8639) vol.3 (1928) nr.1 p.151
    Publication Date: 2014-10-27
    Description: The different theories concerning the origin of Salt Domes in Roumania, Germany, Texas, Louisiana, Colorado and Utah are discussed. In Roumania the salt occurs in cores of “Diapir” anticlines. The existance of hills of salt indicates, that the salt is still pushing upwards. In Germany the salt district shows slight folding but the salt itself is intensively folded. The theory of Lachmann-Arrhenius-Harbort explains the salt domes by isostasy combined with a lower specific gravity and greater plasticity of the salt than of the covering layers. This theory is opposed by Stille, who accounts for the salt domes by mesozoic folding. The latter theory has apparently gained preference in America for the explanation of the Salt Domes in Texas and Louisiana, although no indications of folding are met with there. Two series of experiments were carried out. Those of the first series were made to determine the form in three dimensions of the intricate folding, observed in the German salt mines and of which the folds round vertical axes in particular are very remarkable. Further it was the aim to find out if, by making use of forces, which may be compared to isostasy, similar folds could be artificially produced. When using layers of identical plasticity, regular congruous folds occurred (exp. I, 1). When layers of different plasticity alternated with eachother, smaller complicated, dis-harmonious folds arose, superimposed upon larger ones, corresponding to those of the preceeding experiment (exp. I, 2—7). It is important to note that in the field of vertical pressure, by difference in the viscosity between plastic and less plastic material, fissures were torn in the less plastic material, at right angles to the direction of movement, which were filled up by the plastic material. Similar rents may be expected in the salt fields. The experiments of the 2d series were made with a counter pressure equal to half the initial pressure per surface unit. The reason for making these experiments was that in the first series air-spaces occured. In nature, also, a considerable counter-pressure exists, during the rising of the salt in consequence of the weight of the covering layers. Remarkable folds were formed, which, in material of identical plasticity, showed an M-form in vertical section (exp. 1, series II). Exp. 6, series II showed that with a thick series of layers the top layers may begin to move before the lower ones. In this way two M-shapes originated one above the other. Exp. 3 and 4 were made with white paraffin of uniform melting point in which were placed a horizontal row of vertical pillars divided into layers, so as to be able to reconstruct the stream lines of the paraffin. Here the friction between the paraffin and the iron walls of the compression apparatus were seen to exercise an important influence upon the movement of the paraffin. The principle result of the experiments is that all shapes of folds, observed in the German salt domes, can be completely explained by Lachmann’s theory, that is by the isostatic pressing up of the specifically lighter salt in pillar-like masses. This alone, however, does not exclude the possibility that tangential pressure may be partially or entirely responsible for the known phenomena. The senior author gave a lecture on the first series of experiments at Bâle on September 3, 1927, at a meeting of the Mineralogical section of the Schweiz. Naturforschende Gesellschaft (bibl. 19) and at Delft in the annual meeting of the geological section of the Geol. Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap voor Nederland en Koloniën in March 1928.
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 10
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    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen (0075-8639) vol.13 (1942) nr.1 p.70
    Publication Date: 2014-10-27
    Description: Crystals of the notched or grooved type are known from some minerals which crystallise in the cubic system. From diamond grooved octahedrons are known, whose grooves remind us of octahedral faces, or the faces of triakis octahedra or hexakis ostahedra. From haüynite too grooved octahedrons are pictured, whose grooves are bordered by octahedral faces. Grooved analcite is known in icositetrahedrons, the grooves are bordered by faces of the same icositetrahedron.
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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