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  • Springer  (378,249)
  • 1990-1994  (314,761)
  • 1955-1959  (63,488)
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  • 1
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    Insectes sociaux 2 (1955), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
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    Insectes sociaux 2 (1955), S. 63-68 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Just as Asia anterior has its own species of Hodotermites, there are also two own species ofMicrocerotermes, well distinguishable from each other. The new species described in this paper,M. gabrielis n. sp., is near toM. eugnathus of North-Africa. The fauna of the termites of the interior of Asia anterior has probably no common species with the mediterranean countries consequently.
    Abstract: Résumé De même que certaines espèces d'Hodotermites sont propres à l'Asie Antérieure, on trouve aussi dans cette région deux espèces deMicrocerotermes, faciles à distinguer l'une de l'autre. La nouvelle espèce, décrite ici,M. gabrielis n. sp., est très proche duM. eugnathus que l'on trouve en Afrique du Nord. Les Termites de l'intérieur de l'Asie antérieure ne semblent donc pas avoir d'espèces communes avec les pays méditerranéens.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wie Vorderasien seine eigenen Hodotermiten-Arten hat, so verfügt es auch über zwei eigneMicrocerotermes Arten, die von einander gut zu unterscheiden sind. Die neue, hier beschriebene Art,M. gabrielis n. sp., steht dem in Nordafrika vorkommendenM. eugnathus sehr nahe. Die Termitenfauna des inneren Vorderasiens hat also anscheinend keine gemeinsamen Formen mit den Mittelmeerländern.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 2 (1955), S. 69-79 
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 2 (1955), S. 115-126 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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  • 5
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    Insectes sociaux 2 (1955), S. 147-162 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce rapport décrit des expériences de ligatures pratiquées chez la larve et la nymphe d'abeille. Les conclusions suivantes nous semblent justifiées: 1. Chez l'abeille, la détermination et le déroulement de la métamorphose dépendent de facteurs humoraux, de même manière que chez les autres insectes. 2. Les centres d'origine de ces facteurs sont probablement les glandes prothoraciques, les corpora allata et les groupes de cellules neuro-sécrétrices. 3. Des dérangements dans le système des 2-hormones causent la formation des types intermédiaires, particulièrement des chrysalides-imaginales précoces. 4. L'intensité de l'assimilation dépend de facteurs céphaliques.
    Abstract: Summary Ligature experiments on larvae and pupae of honeybees are described. We can conclude from the results the following: 1. Determination and performance of the metamorphosis depend — with bees in the same way as with other insects—on humoral factors. 2. The centres of origin of these factors are probably the prothoracic glands, the corpora allata, and the neurosecretory cells of the brain. 3. The imaginal differentiation depends on thoracic factors. Derangements in the 2-hormon-system lead to the formation of premature adultoids. 4. The intensity of metabolism depends on factors of the head.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Schnürungsversuche an Larven und Puppen von Honigbienen beschrieben. Aus den Ergebnissen ist zu folgern: 1. Auslösung und Durchführung der Metamorphose sind bei der Biene in der gleichen Weise wie bei anderen Insekten von stofflichen Faktoren abhängig. 2. Bildungszentren dieser Faktoren sind wahrscheinlich Prothoraxdrüsen, Corpora allata und neurosekretorische Zellen des Gehirns. 3. Die imaginale Differenzierung ist abhängig von Faktoren des Thorax. Störungen im 2-Hormon-System führen zur Bildung proteler, pupal-imaginaler Zwischenformen. 4. Die Stoffwechselintensität ist abhängig von Faktoren des Kopfes.
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  • 6
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    Insectes sociaux 2 (1955), S. 187-194 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The honeybee has prospered through the years of recorded history by following a plan of life that contributes to the survival of the colony rather than to the individual. The colony is capable of air-conditioning its hive to meet changing weather and to store up food sources for adverse periods. Since it contributes to the production of fruits, seeds, vegetables and pasture crops, and produces honey, a delectable natural sweet, man has been interested in its production and care. The honeybee is subject to many diseases which affect both the adults and the developing young. Several of the diseases have caused the death or destruction of thousands of colonies annually. Fortunately, none of these diseases are transmitted to other animals. Through the natural laws of survival, certain strains of bees have developed resistance to some of the diseases and man has assisted in this by selective breeding and cultivation of the hardier strains. The most noteworthy contribution to the control of bee diseases has been the use of sulfathiazole, terramycin and other therapeutics in the food of bees in the spring and fall. By their use, at least one disease which had been considered as incurable for centuries can be prevented or controlled without the destruction of colonies or valuable equipment. The use of chemicals and antibiotics as therapeutic agents in disease control has measurably strengthened the position of the honeybee in our general economy and will save the beekeeping industry many thousands of dollars annually.
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  • 7
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    Insectes sociaux 2 (1955), S. 213-220 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Among the breedings carried out on the Ivory Coast, we could describe the first stages of development in colonies ofB. natalensis especially, by observing their nest-building, the growth of the fungus bed and of the heaps of saw-dust. The imaginal founder couple dig an underground cavity (copularium) in which they tend the first brood without taking any food themselves. Then, the first small workers dig ascending passage-ways through which they go in order to eat into the wood on the surface of the ground in the shelter of covered passage-ways. The first big workers come out soon after. In one night, inside the copularium the workers construct an even egg-shaped dwelling-place; the first fungus bed, at once fertile, is erected inside this dwelling-place; the heaps of saw-dust used as food-reserves are laid outside. Homologies are drawn between the structures and cavities of a young nest and those of an adult termitarium.
    Notes: Résumé D'après des élevages faits en Côte d'Ivoire, on décrit les premières étapes du développement pour les colonies deB. natalensis, en examinant particulièrement la construction du nid, la formation de la meule à champignon et des amas de sciure de bois. Le couple imaginal fondateur creuse une cavité souterraine (copularium) où il élève, sans prendre aucune nourriture, la première couvée. Les premiers petits ouvriers creusent alors des galeries ascendantes par où ils vont attaquer le bois à la surface du sol, à l'abri de galeries couvertes. Les premiers grands ouvriers apparaissent peu après. En une seule nuit, les ouvriers construisent, à l'intérieur du copularium, un habitacle régulier de forme ovoïde; la première meule à champignons, d'emblée fertile, est édifiée à l'intérieur de cet habitacle; la sciure de bois, réserve alimentaire, est amassée à l'extérieur. Les homologies sont établies entre les structures et cavités du jeune nid et celles de la termitière adulte.
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  • 8
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    Insectes sociaux 2 (1955), S. 261-263 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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  • 9
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    Insectes sociaux 2 (1955), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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  • 10
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    Insectes sociaux 2 (1955), S. 303-311 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The size of the foraging populations of bumblebee colonies remained fairly constant throughout the day with a peak between 10.00 hrs. and 11.00 hrs. There was a tendency for the proportion of pollen loads to nectar loads collected to increase during the day. About 15% of the foragers of bumblebee colonies spent the night away from their nests. 2. There was a large variation in the number of trips per day made by bumblebee foragers. Foragers which collected pollen spent longer per trip than those which collected nectar only, and spent longer inside their nests between trips.B. lucorum foragers made fewer trips per day and spent more time on each trip than did the other species studied (B. agrorum, B. pratorum andB. sylvarum). 3. The rate at which bumblebees drank sugar syrup depended on the concentration of the syrup and the size of the bee. Larger bumblebees ingested larger volumes than smaller bumblebees, although the latter collected larger loads in proportion to their body size. Individuals varied greatly in the size of pollen loads that they collected.
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  • 11
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    Insectes sociaux 2 (1955), S. 358-358 
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  • 12
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    Insectes sociaux 2 (1955), S. 355-357 
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  • 13
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 71-74 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Zuchtgruppen mit Arbeitern wurde die Längenzunahme der Larven abgeschätzt und auf die Arbeiterzahl bezogen. Dabei zeigt sich, daß der individuelle Wirkungsgrad (des Arbeiters) in dem Maße abnimmt, wie die Gesamtgruppenleistung zunimmt. Dafür wurden 3 Gründe gefunden: 1. Ein Ausbleiben der Verteilung der Larven in großen Gruppen unter den Arbeitern mit dem Ergebnis einer zunehmenden Dichte der die Larven pflegenden Arbeiter. Dies bewirkt sogar Reihen mit konstantem Arbeiter/Larven-Koeffizienten und variierender Larvengröße. 2. Ein rel. Mangel von Gewichtigkeit der kleineren Larven für die Arbeiter (als Auslöser für den Fütterungsakt), welche bedeutet, daß die Pflege unter der maximalen Leistungsfähigkeit der Arbeiter bleibt. 3. Das “Testsystem” der Fütterung (ausgenommen bei Erschöpfung), welches dazu führt, daß die Arbeiter Zeit- und Arbeitsaufwand verlieren, um die Larven zu finden, die bereit sind Futter aufzunehmen.
    Notes: Résumé Dans des groupes d'élevage d'ouvriers, on a évalué l'augmentation de la longueur des larves; celle-ci a été mise en relation avec le nombre des ouvriers. Il résulte de cette étude que l'efficience individuelle de l'ouvrier diminue dans la mesure où la production de l'ensemble augmente. Trois raisons ont été fournies: 1o Dans les groupes importants, les larves ne sont pas réparties entre les ouvriers; il en résulte une augmentation de la densité des ouvriers s'occupant des larves. Cella amène même des séries avec ratios permanents d'ouvriers/larves et des larves de taille différente. 2o Les larves plus petites manquent relativement de valeur pour les ouvriers (comme stimulant pour la quéte de la nourriture), ce qui signifie que les soins demeurent audessous des capacités maxima de l'ouvrier. 3o Le test-système de l'alimentation (les cas d'épuisement mis à part) aboutit à une perte de temps et de travail précieux pour les ouvriers qui se mettent en quête des larves prêtes à recevoir la nourriture.
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  • 14
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 129-130 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Laboratoriumszuchten vonReticulitermes lucifugus Rossi undReticulitermes flavipes Kollar (aus den Hamburger Befallsgebieten) werden Beobachtungen zur Biologie der Ersatzgeschlechtstiere mitgeteilt. Für die Durchführung dieser Beobachtungen wurden besondere “Schaunester” eingerichtet. Folgende Punkte der beobachteten Verhaltensweisen werden hier hervorgehoben: Die Nymphen der Ersatzgeschlechtstiere sammeln sich stets in “Herden” von 80–100 Einzeltieren und werden von einer Gruppe Arbeiter (als “Hütehunde”) bewacht. Die Arbeiter halten die Nymphen auf einem engen Raum zusammen und versuchen andere Nestgenossen von den Nymphen fernzuhalten. Alle ein bis zwei Tage wechseln die “Herden” ihren Standort. Das Weiterziehen geschieht gleichfalls in Form von “Herden”. Die Ernährung der Nymphen geschieht auf stomodealem Wege durch die Arbeiter. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A0180089 00007
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 285-292 
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 325-334 
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 347-349 
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  • 18
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 361-364 
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  • 19
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 403-415 
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 395-401 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Résumé La production des castes, notamment des nymphes, futurs imagos ailés et des ouvriers chez leReticulitermes lucifugus est soumise à un cycle biologique annuel. L'auteur montre que dans les colonies naturelles les nymphes apparaissent quelques semaines après l'essaimage des jeunes imagos, vers la fin du printemps en une fois et en grande quantité. Elles se développent pendant l'été et arrivent en automne à l'avant-dernier ou même au dernier stade avant la mue imaginale. En hiver le développement de la colonie est normalement arrêté par le froid. Au début du printemps les nymphes se transforment en imagos et quittent la colonie. Pendant le repos hivernal les sexuées femelles accumulent beaucoup de corps gras et, au moment où les grandes nymphes se transforment en imagos, une ponte massive se produit dans le nid. Après la disparition des imagos la colonie voit son potentiel nutritif considérablement augmenté, puisqu'il n'y a plus de nymphes à nourrir. Pour cette raison les larves, à leur tour bien alimentées, peuvent se transformer en nymphes. Celles-ci, par leur croissance et leur constant besoin de nourriture, abaissent de nouveau le potentiel alimentaire. En conséquence de cette baisse, les larves qui apparaissent pendant l'été et l'automne sont mal nourries et donnent des ouvriers. Si les colonies deReticulitermes l. santonensis ont leur nid dans une maison bien chauffée en hiver, comme c'est le cas dans quelques immeubles de La Rochelle, lecycle annuel peut se transformer encycle semestriel. Les nymphes formées au printemps arrivent à l'état imaginal en automne et essaiment alors. Quand ils quittent la colonie un nouveau cycle commence qui permet un autre essaimage cinq à six mois plus tard, au printemps. L'auteur suppose que le facteur climatique et le facteur alimentaire jouent le rôle principal dans la formation des nymphes et dans le cycle biologique des Termitières.
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 417-422 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung iN 367 Untersuchungen gesunder Bienenvölker während der Monate September bis Ende März über eine Periode von 7 Jahren wurde die Menge anwesender Brut und Pollens in den Waben festgestellt. Die Brutmenge war am niedrigsten im Oktober mit nur 14% aller Völker, während der Durchschnitt der Pollenmenge per Volk während der Winterungszeit nur 85 gr betrug. In Stämmen mit einer Königin war die Menge des in Waben verkapselten Pollens minimal im Vergleich zu der in unverkapselten Zellen. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, daß Bienen als Resultat nat ürlicher Auslese fast ohne Eiweiß überwintern.
    Abstract: Résumé On a déterminé les quantités de couvain et de pollen dans les rayons de 367 colonies saines examinées de septembre à mars durant sept ans. Quand le couvain était présent dans 14 p. 100 des colonies avec un minimum en octobre, la quantité de pollen par colonie pendant l'hivernage avoisinait 85 grammes en moyenne. Dans les colonies possédant une reine, la quantité de pollen accumulée en alvéoles fermées était négligeable par rapport à celle accumuée en alvéoles ouvertes. L'auteur suggère que la sélection naturelle peut expliquer le fait que les abeilles puissent passer l'hiver pratiquement sans protéines.
    Notes: Summary In 367 examinations of healthy honeybee colonies during each of the months September to March inclusive, conducted over 7 years, the quantities of brood present and the quantities of pollen in the combs were determined. The brood minimum occurred in October, when brood was present in only 14% of colonies, while throughout the period of wintering the quantity of pollen per colony averaged only 3 oz. In colonies which had been queenright, quantities of pollen stored in capped cells were negligible in comparison with quantities in open cells. It is suggested that bees may have come to winter practically without protein as a result of natural selection.
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Résumé Nous avons observé depuis longtemps déjà que la FourmiCremastogaster scutellaris forme de grandes colonnes de récolte, formations stables pendant toute une saison. Dans une note précédente (1) nous avons montré qu'il est relativement facile d'étudier l'activité collective des ouvrières hors du nid en faisant varier les facteurs du milieu et en observant le comportement de ces colonnes. Il nous a été ainsi possible de déterminer l'existence d'un thermo-preferendum (situé aux environs de 25° pour cette espèce), pour lequel l'activité de la colonne est maxima. De même nous avons pu montrer que l'activité journalière de ces colonnes est arythmique et se trouve uniquement sous l'influence directe et mesurable de la température. Dans l'étude qui suit, nous avons cherché à savoir de quelle façon les facteurs externes déterminaient l'arrêt d'activité hivernal (hibernation) et la reprise d'activité printanière (rupture d'hibernation) des fourmilières deCr. scutellaris. Nous ne nous occuperons pas ici de ce qui se passe à l'intérieur de la fourmilière ni des incidences de l'hibernation sur le cycle biologique de la colonie (ceci fera l'objet de publicationsultérieures), mais simplement des phénomènes qui sont visibles à l'extérieur du nid et qui affectent les colonnes d'ouvriéres.
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 439-454 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article décrit deux espèces nouvelles deKyidris de la Nouvelle Guinée, genre de fourmis dacétines. Elles ont été trouvées toujours en colonies mixtes avecStrumigenys loriae Emery, grande dacétine polymorphe vivant souvent sans son parasite et commune partout dans les forêts humides tropicales à basse altitude de la Nouvelle Guinée. Les relations entreKyidris etStrumigenys sont interprétées comme un stade primitif de parasitisme permanent, obligatoire et non-dulotique. De nombreuses reines des deux genres se trouvent ensemble dans le même nid, et leur couvain est complètement mélangé. Les ouvrières du parasite sont très nombreuses et, dans une des colonies étudiées, étaient presque aussi nombreuses que celles de l'hôte. Les ouvrières contribuent au travail de la colonie en recueillant de la nourriture et en soignant le couvain, mais d'une façon relativement inefficace; elles ne paraissent pas participer à la construction du nid.
    Notes: Summary Two new species of the dacetine ant genusKyidris from New Guinea are described. These were always found in mixed colonies with the larger, polymorphic dacetine speciesStrumigenys loriae Emery, which often occurs independently and is generally abundant in the lowland rain forests of New Guinea. The relationship of theKyidris to theStrumigenys is interpreted as a very primitive level of permanent, obligatory, nondulotic parasitism. Multiple queens of both genera occur together, and the brood is completely mixed. The worker population of the parasite is very large, and in one colony studied almost equaled that of the host. The parasite workers contribute to the colony labor by food-gathering and brood-handling, but are relatively inefficient in these tasks; they apparently do not participate in nest building at all.
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 499-504 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Résumé L'observation journalière de la ponte de la reine des abeilles permet de mettre en évidence la grande indépendance de ce phénomène par rapport aux conditions extérieures. Seule la carence alimentaire poussée assez loin paraît capable d'arrêter la ponte. Dans ce cas, l'apport de matériaux purement glucidiques provoque un nouveau départ. Mais, si on ajoute au sucre du pollen et de la gelée royale qui fournissent de l'azote et sans doute aussi d'autres substances annexes (peut-être de nature vitaminique), l'augmentation de la ponte atteint le double de celle des témoins. Il existe enfin unarrêt spontané automnal que même le renforcement de l'alimentation ne peut briser, et qui semble pouvoir être attribué à une diapause.
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 489-497 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine gründliche Revision vonHolcoponera ist sehr erschwert, einmal durch frühere mangelhafte Beschreibungen, dann durch Santschis übermässige Aufgliederung in seiner Revision von 1929, und durch die Schwierigkeit alle betreffenden Typen sehen zu können. Einige neuen Synonymen wurden festgestellt;H. striatula var.antillana Santschi ist nur eine individuelle Variante vonStriatula, und kann daher nomenclatorisch unbeachtet bleiben.H. simplex Emergy schliesst als individuelle Varianten, ohne Anspruch auf formelle Namen, die drei sogenannten Arten oder Unterarten aus Costa Rica ein (Simplex s. str., satzgeri Forel andforeli Santschi). Das Auftreten von die synonymischeH. spurium Forel in Guatemala ist zweifelhaft. Die Artrelicta Mann wurde von der GattungRhopalopone zu der GattungHolcoponera überführt. Die neue ArtH. mina verknüptH. relicta mit den andern Arten dieser Gattung. Zwei Arten sind neu beschreiben:H. mina (Bolivien und Peru) undH. acuta (Bolivien).
    Abstract: Résumé Il est difficile de faire une revision complète desHolcomponera, à cause des mauvaises descriptions publiées jusqu'ici, du morcellement excessif introduit parSantschi dans son travail de 1929 et de l'impossibilité d'examiner tous les types se rapportant au genre. Des synonymies nouvelles sont proposées pour quelques cas particulièrement litigieux.H. striatula var.antillana Santschi est traité comme une variation individuelle destriatula et le nomantillana devra donc disparaître de la nomenclature.H. simplex Emery comprendra comme variations individuelles, sans nom particulier, les trois espèces ou sous-espècessatzgeri Forel,spurium Forel etforeli Santschi, du Costa Rica, avec une seule localité douteuse du Guatémala. L'espèce décrite commeRhopalopone relicta Mann est transférée au genreHolcoponera, par suite des caractères de transition deH. mina sp. nov.-H. mina, de la Bolivie et du Pérou, etH. acuta, de la Bolivie, sont décrits comme espèces nouvelles.
    Notes: Summary InHolcoponera, thorough revisionary work is rendered difficult by the poor quality of previous descriptions, by the excessive splitting ofSantschi in his revision of 1929, and by the difficulty of seeing all of the types involved. New synonymy is offered where the need is obvious in a few cases.H. striatula var.antillana Santschi proves to be an individual variant ofstriatula and is unworthy of nomenclatorial distinction.H. simplex Emery includes, as individual variants without claim to formal names, the three nominal species or subspecies from Costa Rica (simplex s. str., satzgeri Forel andForeli Santschi). Another synonym,H. spurium Forel, occurs doubtfully in Guatemala. The speciesrelicta Mann is transferred fromRhopalopone to the genusHolcoponera because the new speciesH. mina is intergradient between it and the otherHolcoponera species. Two new species are described:H. mina, from Bolivia and Peru, andH. acuta, from Bolivia.
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 551-557 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Structure and behaviour of gynandromorphic honeybees were observed on about 40 individuals ofApis mellifera ligustica. 2. They showed externally various types of mosaics. In the majority, the male elements were predominant in the head, but the females in the abdomen. 3. The internal mosaics corresponded fairly well with the external ones in brain and gonads. A slight female tendency was, however, observed in the brains of certain individuals whose heads completely male-type externally. 4. When successfully introduced into other nucleus colonies, the gynandromorphic bees could maintain their normal life in that colony, with no sign of any aggressions from other workers. Various worker-behaviours were observed even in the individuals with externally completely male head. 5. Correlation between head-type and behaviour could not be determined, perhaps due mainly to the lack of a sufficient material. 6. Some assumptions were proposed concerning performance of worker-behaviours by individuals with completely male head.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei ungefähr 40 gynandromorphen Honigbienen (Apis mellifera ligustica) wurden ihre Struktur und ihre Handlungen beobachtet. 2. Sie zeigten äußerlich verschiedene Mosaiktypen. Meistenteils überwogen die männlichen Elemente am Kopf, die weiblichen dagegen am Hinterleib. 3. Das innere Mosaik im Gehirne und in den Keimdrüsen entsprach ziemlich dem der äußeren Charaktere. Aber bei einigen am Kopf äußerlich vollkommen männlichen Individuen wurde eine schwach weibliche Tendenz im Gehirn beobachtet. 4. Die in Kleinvölker eingeleiteten Gynandromorphen könnten, ohne durch die Volksgenossen hinausgezerrt zu werden, innerhalb der Völker ihr Leben behalten. Verschiedene Arbeiterin-Handlungen wurden sogar an äußerlich ♂-köpfigen Individuen beobachtet. 5. Korrelation zw. Kopftyp ( -♂) und Handlung könnte, vielleicht aus Materialmangel, nicht festgestellt werden. 6. In Bezug auf die Ausführung der -Handlungen durch ♂-köpfige Individuen wurden einige Annahmen gegeben.
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 558-560 
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 273-276 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two aeration mechanisms are described for nests ofMacroternes natalensis located in the Ivory Coast and in Uganda (fig. 2). In the Ivory Coast mounds the air circulates in the nest. It is heated in the fungus combs in the center of the nest (Lüscher, 1951). The warm air rises into a large cavity above the nest proper and is driven through 6–12 outward running channels through the wall into ribs which run downward on the outside of the wall. In these ribs the air is pressed downward in a number of small channels which run together at the level of the soil to form big channels connected with a large cavity (cellar) beneath the nest proper. From there the air which has been cooled in the ribs can rise into the nest again (fig. 6). In the ribs where the interior and the exterior surfaces are enlarged and where the wall is thin, dry and porous, oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged with the atmosphere by diffusion. In Uganda mounds the air is also heated in the fungus combs and the warm air rises through a system of channels into cavities situated just beneath the surface in the highest parts of the mound. There it is forced by pressure to diffuse outward through the relatively thin and porous wall. The fresh air is sucked into the nest proper from the cellar, which in these mounds communicates with the surrounding atmosphere by a number of open channels.
    Notes: Résumé Deux mécanismes d'aération ont été observés en Côte d'Ivoire et dans l'Uganda, chezMacrotermes natalensis (fig. 2). En Côte d'Ivoire, il y a une circulation d'air dans les termitiéres. Montant de la ≪cave≫, l'air est réchauffé dans la zone des meules qui semblent être le siège d'une fermentation bactérienne (Lüscher, 1951). Il gagne ensuite la cavité supérieure d'où, par de petits canaux groupés en ≪cheminées≫ latérales, il redescend, refroidi dans la ≪cave≫. Dans ces cheminées, dont la surface intérieure et extérieure est grande, l'oxygène et le gaz carbonique peuvent être échangés avec l'atmosphère, par diffusion au travers des parois, qui sont sèches, minces et poreuses. Dans les termitières de l'Uganda, l'air, réchauffé dans les meules à champignons, monte par un système de canaux dans des cavités situées dans les parties les plus élevées de la termitière, d'où, par pression, il diffuse à travers la paroi sèche et mince. De la cave, qui, dans ces termitières, est en contact direct avec l'atmosphère, l'air frais entre dans le nid par diffusion.
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    Insectes sociaux 3 (1956), S. 293-301 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nestbauten vonApicotermes verdienen die Aufmerksamkeit der Biologen. Die genaue Kenntnis ihrer baulichen Voraussetzungen zeigt Probleme auf, die z. T. rätselhaft bleiben. 1. Wir ordnen bestimmten Unterschieden in der Bauweise der einzelnen Arten einen evolutionistischen Charakter zu: “perfectionnement” durch Komplizierung einfacher (primitiver) Merkmale; Differenzierung; Regression mit Funktionsverlust, etc. 2. Die Existenz von Nestern extrem verschiedener Größe weist auf das Problem des Wachstums der Bauten hin. Gewisse Hinweise stützen die Hypothese der Vergrößerung durch Addition und Destruktion. 3. Die exakte Bezeichnung der organisierten Bauanordnung in der Entwicklung der Nester bleibt rätselhaft, obgleich ihre Rolle in der Klimatisation der Termitennester sehr wahrscheinlich ist. 4. Der Begriff derkollektiven Zusammenarbeit der Arbeit bei den sozialen Insekten drängt sich bei allen Bauten vonApicotermes auf. Die Notwendigkeit zu solcher Koordination erscheint besonders “frappant” bei der komplizierten Struktur des Schirmes vonApicotermes lamani Sj. Die Untersuchung mittelst Roentgenstrahlen des besagten Schirmes liefert in dieser Hinsicht unvermutete und hochbedeutsame Merkmale. 5. Die Kenntnis eines Planes, die sich bei dieser Architektur unserem Geist aufdrängt, scheint einer positiven Erklärung nicht zugänglich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary The construction of nests byApicotermes deserves the attention of biologists. The precise knowledge of their architectural arrangement raises numerous problems, some of which remain enigmas. 1. We attribute certain distinctions in the manner of construction in different types of nest to an evolutionary character: “perfectionnement” by the more complex development of simpler (more primitive) arrangements, differenciation, regression by loss of function, etc. 2. The existence of nests of extremely different sizes presents the problem of the growth of the constructions. Certain signs support the hypothesis of enlargement by addition and by destruction. 3. The exact designation of the building arrangements within the development of the nests remain enigmatic, although it is highly probable that they play a part in the “climatisation” of the termite nests. 4. In all constructions of theApicotermes we are compelled to consider the concept of collective coordination among the workers of the social insects. The necessity for such coordination appears especially striking in the complicated structure of the outer protecting wall of theApicotermes lamani Sj. A radiographical examination of this wall reveals unexpected and highly important features in this respect. 5. The idea of a plan, which we are forced to consider when faced with these architectural achievements, seems to have no positive explanation.
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 171-188 
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    Keywords: Halictidae ; Lasioglossum ; colony dynamics
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    Notes: Summary Proximate control of colony dynamics was studied in the primitively eusocial halictine beeLasioglossum (Dialictus) zephyrum using allozyme markers. The results indicate that workers produce on average 15% of the male brood (range=0–50%) in small laboratory colonies made up of unrelated, single-generation, uninseminated females. This proportion is not influenced by colony size, but is influenced by the relative size of the queen. Large queens are more successful in dominating their workers than are small queens, the queen being defined as the female that is the mother of most of the brood produced in the colony. Older and larger females tend to become queens. Thus, while small differences in age (up to 4 days) influence which female becomes a queen, her ability to control her workers is primarily influenced by her relative size. The proportion of reproduction that is co-opted by the queen is negatively correlated with colony reproductivity (the number of males/day/female). Colony reproductivity is also negatively correlated with the standard deviation in size among females.
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 195-204 
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    Keywords: Formicidae ; Tapinoma ; population biology ; Australia
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    Notes: Summary Nests ofTapinoma minutum were collected and mapped from a wet sclerophyll forest in New South Wales during the spring, summer, and fall seasons. Queen number was variable, indicating the population is both facultatively polygynous and polydomous. Electrophoretic data from three polymorphic enzymes revealed that relatedness among workers conformed to the Hamiltonian expectation of 0.75. Colony boundaries were inferred from electrophoretic data synthesized with nest spatial locations. For this species colonies were composed of at most three nests; this simple pattern of polydomy suggests it has a recent origin in this population. The pattern of facultative polygyny may be linked to an apparent high rate of colony orphaning.
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 217-218 
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 213-216 
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    Keywords: Ropalidia marginata ; Unmated queens ; Individual selection ; Evolution of sociality
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    Notes: Summary In the primitively eusocial tropical waspRopalidia marginata, five out of eleven colonies studied had an unmated female as their queen. In two colonies this was the case despite the presence of another mated individual in the colony. We found no detectable differences between colonies with unmated queens and those with mated queens. We argue that in species such asR. marginata, where intracolony relatedness is expected to be low and where sociality is likely to be maintained because several individuals have opportunities for direct reproduction in the future, individual selection is likely to override “the good of the colony” and lead to such phenomena as that of unmated queens.
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 219-220 
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 251-262 
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    Keywords: Isoptera ; Termitidae ; Macrotermitinae ; instar duration ; production ; biomass
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    Notes: Summary Production in mature termite nests consists of a seasonal brood of reproductives and a continuous turnover of steriles. The sterile population of the nest remained fairly constant, with no regular seasonal fluctuations. Growth rates of steriles were estimated by interrupting the input and following the “missing cohort”. Estimated mean values of standing crop biomass and annual production in a mature nest were used to calculate a production-to-biomass ratio. In conjunction with data on the density of nests in the field, the biomass and production per hectare were estimated.
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  • 38
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    Keywords: Honey bee ; Apis mellifera ; queen pheromone ; age effect ; olfactory behavior ; olfactometer
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    Notes: Summary Behavioral responses of differently aged worker beesApis mellifera to a queen pheromonal extract were analysed. The bees were tested individually in a four-armed olfactometer, one arm being scented with the pheromonal extract. This extract was prepared from heads of 14–17-day-old unmated queens. Among the components of the blend, 470 μg 9-keto-2-(E)-decenoic acid, 200 μg 9-hydroxy-2-(E)-decenoic acid and 5 μgp-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester per queen equivalent were dosed. An age dependency in the worker bees' olfactory response to the components of the queen extract was shown, the strongest response occurring below the age of 5 days.
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  • 39
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    Keywords: Ontogeny ; Formicidae ; learning ; queen attractant cues ; queen recognition ; Cataglyphis cursor
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    Notes: Summary The behaviour ofCataglyphis cursor workers towards queens at 15 days, one month or two months after worker emergence was tested. Workers reared entirely with their own maternal queen were tested with this queen or with an unfamiliar alien queen. Workers transferred within 48 h of emerging to a new definitive nest with an alien queen were tested with this queen or with the original maternal queen. The degree of attraction to each of these queens and the workers' behavioural repertoire were measured and analysed. The results showed the following: 1) The attractiveness of queens and the workers' queen recognition behaviour were linked. 2) Although unfamiliar alien queens hardly attract workers, familiar alien queens were as attractive as maternal queens, and induced the same strongly marked and unique worker response, indicating that workers learn queen attractant cues in the days immediately after emergence. 3) Agonistic reactions were observed, but workers continued to be attracted to their maternal queen even after developing an attraction response to an alien queen with which they had been reared. These results agree with the proposal that queens produce two kinds of pheromones, those that attract workers and those that mediate recognition of queens by workers. These results show the ability of workers to discriminate between queens. Workers are attracted to any queen, but recognize as nestmates only maternal or alien queens with which they have been maintained. 4) The differential in worker attraction and recognition from 15 days to 2 months and its modifications by post-imaginal experience illustrate worker behavioural ontogeny, which is a basis of social discrimination.
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 307-316 
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    Keywords: Dolichoderus ; silk production ; worker ; nest building ; rain forest ; Malaysia
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    Notes: Summary In a montane Malayan rain forest, at an elevation of about 900 m above sea level, we found an undetermined and possibly undescribedDolichoderus species of thethoracicus group, living in colonies consisting of 50–100 silken pavilions on the undersides of leaves of different species of trees. Inside these pavilions, the ants kept scale insects, which we never found outside the nests on the colony tree. The stock of symbionts was actively regulated; supernumerary scale insects were thrown to the ground by the workers. New pavilions were colonized with scale insects. Our observations and behavioural experiments revealed that the silken material is produced by neither the brood nor the scale insects, but by the worker ants. This is the first proof of weaver ants outside the subfamily Camponotinae.
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 333-334 
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  • 42
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    Keywords: Thaumatomyrmex ; taxonomy ; comparative morphology ; predation ; Polyxenidae
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    Notes: Summary We describe, for the first time, the predatory behaviour ofThaumatomyrmex ants on millipedes of the family Polyxenidae, based on field observations ofT. atrox and a field and laboratory study ofT. contumax. The capture of the prey and the removal process of its body-covering setae by the ants before they eat the millipede are described. This specialized behaviour in at least two species of the genus, belonging to two distinct groups of species, indicates a general trend inThaumatomyrmex. We coupled this study with a comparative morphological analysis of the mouthparts and digestive tube of these and otherThaumatomyrmex species. Also, we report the first case of sympatry in the genus, which suggests thatThaumatomyrmex includes several species, and not only one highly variable taxon, as hypothetized earlier.
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  • 43
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    Keywords: Soldier ; social behaviour ; aphid ; Pseudoregma
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    Notes: Summary Life history and behavioural characteristics of the bamboo aphid,Pseudoregma bambucicola (Takahashi), which has sterile soldiers, were studied in the laboratory. The stadium of normal (fertile) first instar larvae was two times longer than that of second instar larvae, and the stadium of soldier-type (sterile) first instar larvae was much longer (max. 116 days) than the stadium of normal first instar, suggesting that soldiers are able to take nutrition from bamboo. Stimulation of larvae with breath, vibration of bamboo shoots or disturbing the larvae with the tip of a fine brush induced significantly more defensive acts by soldiers than those by normal larvae — the latter usually fled. Soldiers did not attack non-kin conspecific intruders or even aphids of different species, suggesting that, in this species, kin-recognition ability is low.
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 331-332 
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  • 45
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    Keywords: Nuptial flights ; sexual behaviour ; polygyny ; Leptothoracini
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    Notes: Summary We describe in detail a very large nuptial flight of the antLeptothorax acervorum at an open hilltop site in Britain. The mating behaviour of these ants involved not only a large mating swarm but also sexual/calling behaviour by the females. The females left the flight to land on vertical objects, where they took up a characteristic calling posture, in which females of closely related species are known to release pheromones that are sexually attractive to males. ThatLeptothorax acervorum has a complex mating behaviour involving both large nuptial flights and sexual calling has important consequences for the interpretation of the evolution of polygyny in this species and social parasitism in its close relatives.
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 345-349 
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    Keywords: Chemical communication ; exploration ; Lasius pallitarsis ; novelty ; recruitment
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    Notes: Summary Lasius pallitarsis ants were placed in situations where they encountered unfamiliar areas and had to choose between one of two directions for further exploration. Workers advancing onto new ground apparently leave behind some chemical signature to which later ants orient. This orientation occurred under two types of experimental conditions. First, ants show a significant tendency to follow each other as they advance out from their colony into unexplored areas. The same ants transferred into an entirely novel situation, in which there is no obvious “homeward” direction, show similar behavior. When ants are coming from familiar ground, following tends to increase as the number of ants passing the decision point increases. However, following decreases when ants are on entirely novel ground. The results are discussed in relation to models describing foraging responses.
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 351-363 
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    Keywords: Central Spain ; cereal croplands ; density ; distribution ; Messor ; nests ; site selection
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    Notes: Summary Patterns of abundance and site selection of granivorous ant nests were investigated in extensive cereal croplands of Central Spain. Nest densities and distributions were measured in two consecutive summers (1988 and 1989), together with habitat physiognomy and seed availability. Nest site selection patterns were analysed at two spatial scales (landscape and microhabitat) with respect to habitat physiognomy. Results indicate a very constant and predictable pattern of both nest abundance and nest site selection. Granivorous ant nests were most abundant in shrublands, and shrubby microsites were selected for nest placement. Croplands, and microsites with high covers of bare ground and litter, were avoided. These patterns were consistent between years despite a 1.7-fold increase in shrubland nest densities, that was attributed to the exceptionally dry winter between nest censuses. I suggest that winter survivorship of ant nests in the unploughed landscape units, and periodic ploughing in croplands, may be the main factors constraining granivorous ant densities in the landscape studied.
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 423-437 
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    Keywords: Stenogastrinae ; Anischnogaster ; social behaviour ; colony biology
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    Notes: Summary Level of social organization, adult behaviour, size and development of the brood in three species ofAnischnogaster are described. The normal colony size in all the three species was one female per nest, and colony size never exceeded two females per nest. The social interactions, which were only observed in one species, did not include any marked dominance behaviour, but there was clear caste differentiation, with the older female guarding the nest while the younger female foraged for food. InAnischnogaster sp. A only some eggs and larvae have abdominal secretion, while no secretion at all was found on the eggs and larvae ofA. laticeps. In spite of this, the Dufour's gland was found to be well developed. The significance of this is discussed. Females ofA. laticeps were found to fall into two groups distinguished by the length of the sting. The larvae seem quite similar to those of other Stenogastrinae and have, apparently, only four instars.
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  • 49
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    Keywords: Tropical soils ; porosity ; Isoptera
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Insights on the porous properties and evolving sizes of sample pores have been derived by means of physical measures carried out on several soil samples of various sizes placed under a hydric strain of 0.1 MPa. Under the very influence ofT. macrothorax (humivorous termite), surface horizons are the first to be altered. Within one metre's radius around their nest, a significant increase of porosity is noticeable, reaching an exceptionally high degree at the bottom of the nest. The volume of pores 〉 1.5 μm is held to be considerably amplified as compared with control soils; however, the interference 〈 1.5 μm pores. The masticative and mechanical power of termites on the soil, together with the organic matter bulk increase turn out to play a paramount role in the stability ofT. macrothorax constructions. On the contrary, horizons in the vicinity ofM. mulleri's nests (fungus growing termite) undergo a diminutive porosity with the total disappearance of pores 〉 1.5 μm. A sharp decrease or organic matter rates has been recorded. Alternatively, as far asM. mulleri are concerned, physical and physico-chemical data do emphasize that the soil structural stability is not to be correctly ensured by the cohesive properties which are normally to be taken into account with this type of material.
    Notes: Résumé A partir de mesures physiques réalisées sur des échantillons de sols de différentes tailles portés a une contrainte hydrique de 0,1 MPa on obtient des informations sur la porosite et l'évolution de la taille des pores des échantillons. L'action deT. macrothorax (termite humivore) sur le sol affecte en premier lieu les horizons de surface. On note, à 1 mètre autour du nid, une forte augmentation de la porosité qui devient exceptionnellement élevée au pied de la termitière. Le volume des pores de 〉 à 1,5 μm est considérablement amplifié par rapport au sol témoin mais la contribution des pores de 〈 à 1,5 μm diminue. L'action mécanique de mastication du sol par les termites conjuguée à l'augmentation de matière organique apparait jouer un rôle décisif dans la stabilité des contructions deT. macrothorax. Les horizons avoisinants le nid deM. mülleri (termite champignonniste) ainsi que la muraille du nid enregistrent une diminution de la porosité avec disparition complète des pores 〉 1,5 μm. On constate dans ce cas une baisse du taux de matière organique dans les échantillons. Dans le cas deM. mülleri les données physiques et physico-chimiques montrent que la stabilité structurale du sol ne peut être vraisemblablement pas assurée par les forces de cohésion envisagées habituellement dans ce genre de matériau.
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    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 1-1 
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    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 3-13 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Ants ; colony founding ; competition ; Lasius pallitarsis ; pleometrosis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ant queens often cooperate in starting colonies (pleometrosis), but not all foundresses are likely to achieve equal reproductive success. Therefore, joining decisions may be influenced by queens' perceptions of a partner's likelihood to be of mutualistic benefit or to be a successful competitor in eventually controlling reproduction. Large queen size (as measured by weight) was assumed to be a desired characteristic in a mutualistic partner, but to be avoided in a potential competitor. With respect to this variable,Lasius pallitarsis queens appeared to join others in a manner consistent with increasing their competitive advantage. When given a choice between joining another queen or nesting alone, only queens with a large weight advantage were significantly likely to join. When given a choice between joining either a light or a heavy queen, queens of all weights preferentially joined the lighter resident. Moreover, when queen condition was improved by feeding, changes in joining behavior were consistent with predictions of improved competitive ability. Finally, lighter queens were more likely to leave nest sites when joined by others. However, queens significantly aggregated when in high densities, which may be consistent with gaining mutualistic benefits. Pleometrosis appears to have an evolutionary dynamic between mutualistic group benefits and individual competition to monopolize those benefits.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Ants ; polygyny ; polydomy ; sibling species
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    Notes: Summary The speciesFormica aquilonia andF. lugubris of the mound-building red wood ants have a disjunct boreoalpine distribution in Europe. The populations ofF. aquilonia in Finland, Switzerland and the British Isles show little genetic differentiation, whereas the populations ofF. lugubris show considerable differentiation. The Central European populations morphologically identified asF. lugubris can be genetically divided into two groups (here called types A and B). Type B is found in the Alps and the Jura mountains, and is genetically inseparable fromF. aquilonia. Type A lives sympatrically with type B in the Jura mountains and is also found in the British Isles. Sympatry of the two types in the Jura shows that these are separate species. It remains open whether type B is morphologically atypicalF. aquilonia or whether it is a separate species, perhaps with a past history of introgression betweenF. aquilonia andF. lugubris. The gene frequencies in the Finnish populations ofF. lugubris differ from those of both types A and B. Genetic differences withinF. lugubris indicate that the populations have evolved separately for a long time. The social structure ofF. lugubris colonies also shows geographic variation. The nests in Finland and the British Isles seem to be mainly monogynous and monodomous, whereas the nests in Central Europe are polygynous and form polydomous colonies.F. aquilonia has polygynous and polydomous colonies in all populations studied.
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    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 117-127 
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    Keywords: Competition ; community ; Leptothorax ; Monomorium
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Interference competition for nest sites was studied in ant communities dominated byLeptothorax congruus in the suburbs of Tokyo, central Japan. At the two study plots located in a deciduous wood and in grassland,L. congruus constructed nests in dead branches or stems of dead grasses. Approximately 50% of the nests were physically broken within a year, suggesting that they were very fragile. Of totals of 67 and 91 nests ofL. congruus marked at the two sites, 12 (17.5%) and 53 (58.2%) nests, respectively, were replaced by other ant species (Monomorium intrudens,Crematogaster brunnea teranishii,Camponotus itoi andLasius sp.) which were common in both habitats. Field observation suggested that, among these ants,M. intrudens was a major competitor usurping the nests ofL. congruus by aggressive invasion.
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Ants ; colony growth ; development of behavior ; predation strategy ; guarding behavior
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    Notes: Summary We traced the development in the laboratory of 18 young colonies of the arboricolous ponerine antEctatomma tuberculatum. Colony foundation is of the partially-claustral type. During the early stages, when the colony is entirely dependent on the queen's behavior, the growth of the colony in terms of number of workers produced over time was relatively predictable. Afterwards, divergence in colony growth in function of the time increases as fast as the number of workers influences the efficiency of colony provisioning. Comparative analysis indicated clear changes in the predation behavior of foundresses and workers as colonies developed. For any stage of colony growth, all individuals provisioned the nest with dead prey or sugar-rich substances in the same way. However, prey hunting involves two different strategies. Foundresses and nanitic workers (originating from colonies with 9–15 workers) foraged actively, catching prey as the result of random encounters. Post-nanitic foragers (originating from colonies with 20–30 workers) and those from nature colonies developed an ambush strategy. Workers in these colonies gained experience at catching and handling prey during a period when they acted as nest guards, and so tended to be more efficient hunters than poorly experienced foundresses or nanitic foragers. The change in strategy was also positively correlated with an increase in the size of workers as the colony matured. A stable maximum in workers size is apparently reached only after the appearance of efficiently hunting foragers, presumably in numbers sufficient to provide adequate quantity and quality of larval food. Such a correlation between worker size and colony growth, assumed general for all ants, has not been demonstrated for Ponerinae before this work.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: African honey bee ; scutellata ; swarming ; absconding ; migration
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the annual colony cycle and seasonal patterns of forage availability was investigated for the African honey bee,Apis mellifera scutellata, in the Okavango River Delta, Botswana. The annual cycle occurred in three distinct periods. The swarming season occurred from October-November, following two to three months of intense brood production, and coincided with the end of peak forage abundance. The migration season occurred from November-May and coincided with reduced and variable floral resources. During the migration season, brood production and food storage were generally low but quite variable from month to month, and swarms passing over the study area at this time traveled in an easterly direction. The migration season was followed by the establishment period (June-September), in which large numbers of new colonies traveling from the west moved into the study area. The establishment period coincided with, and slightly preceded, the period of peak forage abundance, and colonies devoted resources collected at this time almost entirely to brood rearing, which culminated in swarm production. The data suggest that honey bee colonies in the Okavango are mobile and gear their reproduction and movement to seasonally shifting resource pattern.
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    Keywords: Apis mellifera scutellata ; African honey bee ; foraging ; brood rearing
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    Notes: Summary Seasonal foraging patterns were investigated using six observation colonies maintained in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Pollen collection, flight from the hive, and recruitment for pollen and nectar sources occurred throughout the 11 months of the study. However, the distribution of foraging activity throughout the day changed seasonally. Colonies emphasized recruitment for pollen sites throughout most of the year. Brood production occurred in all months except May, and there was a significant, positive correlation between the proportion of recruitment activity devoted to pollen sources and the amount of brood comb in the colonies. The seasonal foraging patterns ofscutellata in the Okavango were similar to those of Africanized honey bees in the neotropics. The extended foraging season and emphasis on pollen collection may be associated with the high swarming rates and migrational movements of tropical honey bees.
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  • 57
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    Keywords: Camponotus pennsylvanicus ; compound eye ; ommatidia number ; Polymorphism ; caste development
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    Notes: Summary The relation of worker size to ommatidia number was examined in the polymorphic antCamponotus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer). Linear regression described this relationship as:Y = 260.9 + 113.6×; whereYis ommatidia number andX is head width. A log-log regression described this relationship as:Y = 323.5 + 286.9*logX(r 2 = 0.98). This analysis indicated an allometric relation of ommatidia number to head width, where ommatidia numbers increase at a slower rate than head width. This relationship is discussed in terms of ethotypes associated with worker morphotypes, and the possible mechanisms regulating polymorphic development.
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    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 201-213 
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    Keywords: Foraging ; recruitment ; colonies ; social insects ; ants
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    Notes: Summary A numerical model of an eusocial colony foraging for food showed that, for each set of values of resource density, resource size and recruitment system employed, a given optimal proportion of scouts in the colony maximize the amount of resources retrieved by a colony during a fixed period. The model predicts that ants using mass recruitment systems should have larger colonies with small foragers, and should forage on large food sources. Retrieval of small food sources by small colonies is best achieved with large workers using individual foraging strategies. For mass foragers, several food sources are best retrieved using democratic decision-making systems in recruitment, whereas for very large food sources at very low mean food patch density, autocratic decision-making systems are optimal. Some of the experimental evidence available is discussed in the light of these findings, as they confirm the prediction that large colonies with small workers have mass recruitment systems, whereas workers of small colonies with large workers are generally lone foragers.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Oecophylla longinoda ; orientation ; trail pheromones ; fæcal marking ; chemical communication ; tropics
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    Notes: Summary Trail communication of the weaver antOecophylla longinoda is highly adapted to the African rain forests, insofar natural selection in the tropics might favour chemical trails which are durable in nature. A dry chemical trail can last over nine weeks, and over ten months when reinforced with fecal marking. The trail pheromones are resistant to rain, whether they are fresh or three months old, and whether they are reinforced or not with anal deposits.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Myrmica rubra ; isozymes ; isoelectric focusing
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    Notes: Summary A polymorphism in the enzyme malate dehydrogenase in Dorset populations ofMyrmica rubra was detected using isoelectric focusing (IEF). The polymorphism was not detected on native polyacrylamide gels. Two forms, with pI values of 4.9 and 5.7, were resolved. Several lines of evidence show that the polymorphism has an environmental rather than a genetic basis. The cause of the change from one phenotype to the other may be related to a seasonally varying factor. The results indicate that whilst IEF has great potential for revealing isozyme polymorphisms in ants, care should be taken in interpreting results.
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    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 451-454 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Foraging ; reliability ; task performance ; wasps
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Foragers of the neotropical swarm-founding waspPolybia occidentalis showed improved task performance, as indicated by foraging success rate, with foraging age. Foragers also spent significantly more time in the field on foraging trips as they aged, while foraging rate did not change with age. These patterns were not explained by directional changes in resource availability or colony need over time. We compare these results to earlier findings on changes in task performance with experience in social insect foragers, and suggest that increases in forager persistence in the field explain improved foraging success with experience.
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 13-24 
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 1-12 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vespa dybowskii André kann ihre Nest falls durch die unabhängige Gründung wie andere Hornisse, falls aber durch die Oberung der schon gegründeten Nester vonV. crabro L. oderV. xanthoptera Cameron, gründen. Nämlich gehört diese Hornis zum fakultativen temporären Sozialparasit wieVespula squamosa (Drury) und gewisse Hummelarten. Die bemerkbare Kampflustigkeit dieser Hornisse und andere biologische Beobachtungen wurden zasammen mit einige Betrachtungen über die Arbeitsparasitismus in den sozialen Insekten beschrieben.
    Abstract: Résumé Vespa dybowskii André nidifie soit en construisant elle-même son nid comme les autres guêpes, soit en usurpant des nids deVespa crabro L. ouV. xanthoptera Cameron déjà construits. Cette guêpe appartient donc aux
    Notes: Summary Vespa dybowskii André can establish the nest either by the independent foundation like as other hornets, or by the usurpation of the nests ofV. crabro L. orV. xanthoptera Cameron already established. Namely, this hornet belongs to the facultative temporary social parasite like asVespula squamosa (Drury) and certain bumblebees. The marked aggressiveness of this hornet and other biological observations were described together with some considerations on the labour parasitism among the social insects.
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 43-57 
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 72-76 
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 77-82 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The nest is excavated in pure sand according to an uniform plan. It is not hauly (30 cm) but always damp, and its temperature is never very high. The “soldiers”, (workers with large mandibles) seem to play no part in the nest. They are often carried by the normal workers. The workers dig and carry the sand in a very efficient way, either with their fore legs (dry sand) or with their mandibles and palps (damp sand). A simple experience has shown thatC. bombycina, in spite of its desertic habitat, cannot indure dryness and heat so well asC. bicolor, which dwell in the oases.
    Notes: En résumé C. bombycina, bien que ne possédant pas une grande résistance à la sécheresse, habite des zones sableuses très arides. Mais son nid, malgré sa faible profondeur, est toujours humide. L'efficacité avec laquelle cette espèce travaille le sable est sa meilleure adaptation à ce milieu. L'observation des «soldats» (dont le rôle dans la colonie semble à peu près nul) m'a permis de les voir se faire transporter par les grosses ouvrières, parfois d'une façon inhabituelle chez lesFormicidæ.
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 31-41 
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    Notes: Résumé Au cours de recherches d'ordre pratique sur la possibilité de claustrer des ruches (1) nous avons été amenés à envisager particulièrement un point important:l'apport d'eau à la ruche claustrée réduit, dans de fortes proportions, la mortalité des Abeilles. Quel est son mode d'action dans ce phénomène? C'est ce que nous allons essayer d'éclaircir dans cette note.
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 59-71 
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 25-30 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Olfaction takes a part in the reciprocal attraction existing between the different individuals in the colonies ofCalotermes flavicollis. Larvæ are very responsive to the smell of other larvæ and to the density of grouping. Nymphs of the 7th. instar exhibit a higher level of response and are especially sensitive to a grouping of 15 or 20 individuals. Neotenics give the best response to the smell of larvæ, but do not react as well to the differences of density. There does not appear to be any difference in response between the sexes. Soldiers are least sensitive; they exhibit interest towards larvæ, but only for groups formed by 20 larvæ at least.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Geruchsinn spielt eine Rolle bei den gegenseitigen Beziehungen zwischen den verschiedenen Einzelwesen in den Kolonien vonCalotermes flavicollis. - Die Larven besitzen ein sehr feines Reaktionsvermögen auf den Geruch ihrer Artgenossen und die Dichte einer Gruppe. - Die Nymphen des siebten Stadiums haben eine höhere Sensibilitätsschwelle und sprechen vor allem bei einer Gruppe von 15 oder 20 Wesen an. - Die Neotenischen sind diejenigen, die am empfindlichsten auf den Geruch der Larven aussprechen. - Aber sie reagieren weniger auf die unterschiedliche Dichte. - Es gibt anscheinend keine unterschiedlichen Empfindungsfähigkeiten der Geschlechter. - Die Soldaten sind diejenigen welche am wenigsten empfindungsfähig sind. Bei den Larven bringen sie erst einer Gruppe von 20 Wesen gegen-über Interesse entgegen. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A0180125 00002
    Notes: Résumé L'olfaction intervient dans l'interattraction entre les différents individus dans les colonies deCalotermes flavicollis. Les larves sont très sensibles à l'odeur de leurs congénères et à la densité de groupement. Les nymphes du 7e stade ont un seuil de sensibilité plus élevé et sont surtout sensibles à une densité de 15 ou 20 sujets. Les néoténiques sont les plus sensibles à l'odeur des larves, mais ils réagissent moins aux différences de densité. Il ne semble pas y avoir de différence de sensibilité entre les sexes. Les soldats sont les moins sensibles. Ils ne manifestent un intérêt pour les larves qu'à partir d'un groupement de 20 sujets.
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 107-111 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei den Antennen der Termiten sind 3 Gruppen von Sinnesorganen feststellbar: das Chordotonal Organ des erstens Gliedes; das Chordotonal Organ des zweites Gliedes; das Johnston'sche Organ. Diese Struktur bleibt während der ganzen Ontogenese dieselbe; die Anzuhl der Scolopidialen Nägel steigt langsam an. Das Johnston'sche Organe hingegen insicht davon im Laufe der Häutungen ab, trotzdem seine Modificationen beim Häutungs denen der sensilla trichodea gleichen.
    Notes: Summary In antennæ of Termites there are 3 groups of sense organs: — the chordotonal organ of the scapus;—the chordotonal organ of pedicellus; the Johnston's organ. Their structures are always the same during ontogenesis; the number of scolops increases slowly. Johnston's organ however distinguishes of the other in course of moulting but its modifications are very similar in structure to these of sensilla trichodea.
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 167-167 
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 157-166 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié la transmission du miel chez plusieurs espèces de Fourmis en se servant d'iodure radio-actif comme traceur. On observe des différences considérables dans le taux de la transmission d'une espèce à l'autre, allant d'une transmission négligeable pour une période de dix jours (chezPogonomyrmex badius) à une saturation intégrale de la colonie en trente heures (chez certaines espèces deFormica). Le plus souvent, le miel est passé d'une ouvrière à une autre, les reines et les larves recevant très peu de miel. Une preuve indirecte suggère une transmission en chaîne au-delà des dons primaires par les ouvrières fourragères nourries à la source.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Uebertragung von Honig bei verschiedenen Arten von Ameisen wurde mit Hilfe von Zugabe radioaktiven Iodids untersucht. Eine mit der Mischung gefütterte Arbeiterin wurde in das Nest gesetzt, und die Verteilung des von ihr abgegebenen Honigs gemessen. Die Verteilungs-geschwindigkeit war sehr verschieden je nach der untersuchten Art: praktisch zu vernachlässigende Werte, sogar nach 10 Tagen, beiPogonomyrmex badius; vollständige Sättigung des Staates, nach 30 Stunden, beiFormica spp. Der Honig wurde hauptsächlich unter Arbeiterinnen verteilt; die Königinnen und Larven bekamen, wenn überhaubt, nur minimale Mengen. Die Resultate schienen darauf hinzuweisen, daß zur Verteilung im Staate nicht nur die Abgaben der ursprünglich gefütterten Arbeiterin verantwortlich waren, sondern auch Uebertragung der Empfänger untereinander.
    Notes: Summary Tranmission of honey in several species of ants was studied using radioactive iodide as a tracer. Great variation in transmission rates between species was noted, ranging from negligible transmission over a ten-day period (inPogonomyrmex badius) to complete colony saturation within thirty hours (inFormica spp.). The honey was passed mostly among workers, very little being given to the queens or larvae. Indirect evidence is cited which suggests the occurrrence of chain transmission beyond the primary donations given by the original foragers.
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 113-156 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The variation of acceptation percentage of artificial queen cells are caused by an equilibrium between two substances included in the wax: one of them,acceptation inhibitor (queen substance followingButler, ectohormone followingPain); the other,acceptation accelerator, perhaps secreted by worker bees and much less stable than the former. 2. The most important stimuli releasing the acceptation of a young larva introduced into an artificial queen cell are: the shape of the cell floor (rounded form prefered to flat one); the shape of the cell section (cylindrical prefered to hexagonal, this one prefered to square); the position of cells (opening downwards prefered to opening up-wards or lateral); their distance (optimum 2 cm). But the matter with which the cells is made is unimportant: worker bees accept paraffin, all kind of mineral and vegetal wax, and ever glass and plastics. 3. The young larvae introduced into the cells must be alive and belonging to theApis genus; to be less than three days old; sex is unimportant and male larvae can be accepted. The young larvae belonging to another colony than the breeder one are easily accepted; the queen is not sufficient to elicit the inhibition of queen cells breeding, neither in natural conditions, nor even in artificial ones, if the first phase of the breeding activity has been performed in a queenless colony (starter in beekeeper language).Butler's conclusions are only valuable in the case ofthe building ofnatural queen cells by the bees. It is thisinitial building phase that is the most sensible to inhibiting hormone. But the stimuli issued from the artificial queen cell whith a young larva inside, are strong enough to exceed wholly or partially queen inhibiting influence.
    Notes: Résumé Nous avons vu au cours de cette note qu'il nous restait de nombreuses lacunes à combler. Nous pouvons toutefois émettre certaines hypothèses et affirmer certains faits. 1o Les variations du pourcentage d'acceptation des cupules royales artificielles tiendraient à un équilibre entre deux substances incluses dans la cire: l'une inhibitrice de l'acceptation (queen substance deButler, ectohormone dePain); l'autre, facilitatrice, sécrétée peut-être par les ouvrières et beaucoup moins stable que la première. 2o Parmi les stimuli qui poussent les nourrices à accepter une jeune larve qui leur est présentée dans une cupule de cire comptent: la forme du fond (fond arrondi préféré à fond plat); la forme des bords (forme cylindrique préférée à l'hexagonale, celle-ci préférée à la carrée); la position des cupules (l'ouverture inférieure préférée à l'ouverture latérale ou supérieure); leur écartement (espacement optimum 2 cm). Mais la matière dont est construite la cupule paraît, au contraire, de peu d'importance quisque les ouvrières acceptent la paraffine, toute sorte de cire minérale ou végétale, et même le verre ou les matières plastiques. Pour que la jeune larve introduite dans une cupule artificielle fasse l'objet d'un élevage royal, elle doit être vivante et appartenir au genreApis; son âge doit être inférieur à trois jours; le sexe n'est pas un facteur très important et des larves mâles peuvent être acceptées. Les jeunes larves étrangères à la colonie éleveuse sont acceptées sans difficulté;la présence de la reine ne suffit pas à inhiber l'élevage royal, ni dans les conditions naturelles, ni même dans les artificielles (pourvu qu'il ait débuté dans une colonie orpheline ou ruchette d'acceptation). Les conclusions deButler s'appliquent seulement dans le cas de laconstruction des cellules royales naturelles par les Abeilles; c'est ce stade initial de construction qui est le plus sensible à l'ectohormone inhibitrice. Mais les stimuli provenant de la cupule artificielle contenant une jeune larve sont si puissants qu'ils excédent en tout ou en partie l'action inhibitrice de la reine.
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 173-176 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En Colombie Britannique, à Westbank,Formica subnitens sont couverts de dômes de détritus et se trouvent seulement dans les zones sans ombre. La surface de récolte d'une colonie s'étend à peu prés sur 230 m et présente une ou plusieurs pistes de fourmis. La production des sexués commence en avril et les adultes quittent la fourmilière au milieu de juin. Les vols sexuels se produisent le matin, entre 8 et 10 heures. Les ouvrières sont produites de juin à août. Elles récoltent d'avril à octobre, lorsque la température au niveau du sol est comprise entre 10 et 50°C. Les fourmis vivent beaucoup aux dépens d'autres Insectes et des sécrétions d'Aphides; celles-ci sont prises en petite quantité au printemps; mais ces quantités augmentent ensuite jusqu'à constituer 50% de la nourriture au milieu de l'été. F. subnitens ne se nourrit apparemment pas deChrysolina gemellata, Chrysomélid importé pour détruireHypericum perforatum.
    Notes: Summary At Westbank, British Columbia, nests ofFormica subnitens Creighton were covered with detritus domes and were found only in unshaded areas. The foraging area of a colony averaged approximately 2.500 square feet and had one or more ant trails. Reproduction of sexuals commenced in April and the adults emerged about mid June. Sexual flights occurred between 8 and 10 a.m. Worker castes were produced from June to August. Worker ants foraged between soil surface temperatures of 51° and 125° F. from April to October. The ant lived largely on other insects and aphid secretions, the latter being taken in small quantities in the spring but making up over 50 per cent of the food by mid summer. F. subnitens apparently did not prey onChrysolina gemellata (Rossi), a chrysomelid imported in an attempt to control common St. John's-wort,Hypericum perforatum L.
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    Insectes sociaux 4 (1957), S. 177-190 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'accroissement de la colonie et son développement se font en quatre stades: une période pré-ouvrière, suivie des stades de jeunesse, d'adolescence et de maturité. Le premier stade est celui où la reine engendre et nourrit des petites ouvrières à partir de ses propres réserves. Le stade de jeunesse est marqué par une augmentation progressive de la ponte de la reine et aussi de la taille des ouvrières. La cause en est, sans doute, dans l'amélioration du butin, mais pas exclusivement, et nous signalons notamment l'influence exercée par la reine sur la croissance et le développement des individus, cette influence étant indépendante de l'état de la population. Le state d'adolescence est un stade de transition; c'est à cette époque que les mâles font leur première apparition. Au stade de maturité des ouvrières ayant atteint une taille normale cohabitent avec des fourmis mâles et femelles. Il apparaît des reines, lorsque le rapport ouvrières-larves est considérable. Dans la plupart des colonies, ce rapport varie au hasard autour d'une moyenne et il conditionne la grosseur des larves hivernantes; nous ignorons la cause de cette variation. Une colonie, même forte, comporte des sujets de petite taille si elle n'est pas soumise à un ensoleillement suffisant; ceci prouve que les conditions extérieures sont essentielles dans la production des reines. Il est assez rare de trouver de fortes colonies où le nombre des ouvrières est de beaucoup supérieur au nombre d'individus nécessaire à l'élevage du couvain; l'auteur pense que ceci peut-être dû à l'instabilité causée au sein de la colonie par la production et l'essaimage des sexués. On peut établir une formule géométrique de renouvellement-type qui s'accorde assez bien avec les données collationnées de sources diverses.
    Abstract: Resumen Convenientement, el desarrollo y crecimiento de la colonia puédese dividir en estados como ser: pre-trabajador, juvenil, adolescente y estado maduro. El estado pre-trabajador es aquel en que la reina produce de sus reservas, trabajadoras pequeñas. El estado juvenil se caracteriza por el aumento paulatino en la producción de huevos por parte de la reina como también en el tamaño de las trabajadoras. Sin duda, esto se debe en parte a la mejora en su approvisionamiento pero existen también otros factores; es de gran importancia la influencia ejercida por la reina sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo de individuales, influencia ésta independiente de la tensión de populación. El estado adolescente es transicional-en él aparecen por primera los machos. El estado maduro es uno de trabajadoras perfectas y de producción masculino y femenino. Los genes se producen cuando la proporción de trabajadoras y larva es alta. Por casualidad esto varía en la mayoría de las colonias con un valor reducido y el tamaño de la larva en estado adormecente en proporción, pero se desconoce por qué motivo occurre la variación. Una condición en la producción del gene es de encontrarse la colonia en un ambiente favorable puesto que aún en colonias grandes la insolación pobre produce tamaños pequeños. Es extraño encontrar colonias grandes en las cuales las trabajadoras exeden aquellas que se requieren para la cría y sugiérese que puede ser que esto se debe a la instabilidad de la populación causada por la producción y deseminación sexual. Prodúces pues, un ejemplo de recurrencia geométrica que conforma bastante bien con los datos escogidos en varias maneras y de distintas fuentes.
    Notes: Summary Colony growth and development is conveniently divided into stages: pre-worker, juvenile, adolescent and mature. The pre-worker stage is one in which small workers are produced by the queen from her body reserves. The juvenile stage is characterised by a gradual increase in the egg production of the queen, and in the size of the workers. No doubt this is partly due to an improvement in food capture but other factors also exist; of great importance is the influence that the queen exerts on the growth and, development of individuals, an influence which is independent of population tension The adolescent stage is transtional; in it males first appear. The mature stage is one of full-sized workers and male and female sexual production. Gynes are produced when the ratio workers/larvae is high. This varies randomly in most colonies about a mean value, and the size of the formant winter larvae is proportional to it; but the cause of the variation is unknown. A condition of gyne production is that the colony be in a favourable environment, for even in large colonies, poor insolation causes small individual size. Very large colonies, in which workers are greatly in excess of those needed to rear the brood are uncommon, and it is suggested that this may be due to the population instability which the production and dissemination of sexuals causes. A model of geometric recurrence type is constructed which agrees reasonably well with the facts culled in various ways from different sources.
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    Notes: Summary Field and laboratory data onFormica subnitens Creighton andF. integroides, Emery confirm Cole's assumption that these entities are species. The female and male ofF. subnitens are described.
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    Insectes sociaux 41 (1994), S. 99-110 
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    Keywords: Nesting biology ; nest re-use ; Eulaema nigrita ; Euglossini ; Apidae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nesting behavior of the euglossine beeEulaema nigrita was observed in the laboratory after being transferred from three nests to observation boxes. Nests were re-used by successive generations with more than one female working in each re-use process. Associated females were always of the same generation. All females that shared a nest foraged for construction materials (mud, excrement and resin) and each constructed, provisioned and oviposited in her own cells. The number of cells constructed by each female ranged from one to 23. Females stayed in the nests for periods ranging from 15 to 59 days during the hot and wet season and from five to 78 days during the cool and dry season. The egg-to-adult period was related to climatic conditions, and in all re-use processes it was longer than the time of residence of the females in the nests. The meloid beetleMeloetyphlus attacephalus was the only nest parasite. Due to the attack method employed by this parasite, the presence of more than one female in the nest did not result in improved nest defense.
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    Insectes sociaux 5 (1958), S. 9-30 
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    Insectes sociaux 5 (1958), S. 97-128 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé de la première partie Étude expérimentale chezMyrmica scabrinodis du comportement et de l'activité locomotrice des ouvrières. 1. On reconnaît trois tâches aux ouvrières, qui sont dènommèes sur cette base nourrices, mènagères, fourrageuses. On les compare au point de vue de leur activité locomotrice, de leur comportement, de l'évage de la couvée, de leur taille et des moyens de construction de nid. 2. On dèmontre une liaison prèfèrentielle ouvrière-tâche (polyèthisme) sous forme de système dynamique. 3. La liaison ouvrière-tâche se transforme avec l'âge selon la suite nourrice →r mènagère →r fourrageuse. 4. Les mènagères s'adaptent mieux aux changements èthologiques et marquent une prèfèrence pour la construction des nids. 5. Le mèlanisme de la cuticule s'accentue avec les changements de moeurs. On discute les valeurs respectives du taux de mélanisme, de la variation de taille et des divergences éthologiques des différents groupes mélaniques.
    Abstract: Resumen. — Sección I De forma experimental, se ha investigado la variación en la locomoción y comportamiento de la trabajadoraMyrmica scabrinodis. 1. Se reconocen tres labores entre las trabajadoras y aquellas que las ejercen se dividen en: domésticas, enfermeras y forajeras. Se anota una differencia entre su actividad, comportamiento, tamaño, cuidado de su cria y capacidad de anidación. 2. Preferencia de labor (polyetismo) demuestra un sistema dinámico. 3. Esta preferencia cambia con su edad: de enfermera → domestica → forajera. 4. Etologicamente, las domésticas son las más maleables, siendo preferentemente anidadoras. 5. Su melanisación cuticular aumenta al ocurrir los cambios etales. Se comenta sobre el significado ateniente a la proporción de melanisación cuticalar, variación de tamaño y diferencia etal entre los grupos melánicos.
    Notes: Summary of part I. Variation in worker locomotor activity and worker behaviour inMyrmica scabrinodis has been experimentally investigated. 1. Three worker jobs are recognised. Workers doing these jobs have been designated nurses, domestics, and foragers. Differences in locomotor activity, behaviour, brood rearing, size, and nest-building capacity have been recorded. 2. Worker-job-preference (worker polyethism) has been demonstrated forming a dynamic system. 3. Worker-job-preference changes with age in the sequence nurse → domestic → forager. 4. Ethologically domestics are most plastic and are preferential nest builders. 5. Cuticular melanisation increases as ethal changes occur. The significance to be attached to the rate of cuticular melanisation, to size variation and to ethal differences between melanic groups is discussed.
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    Insectes sociaux 41 (1994), S. 301-307 
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    Keywords: Bombus terrestris ; bumble bees ; caste regulation ; worker size
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of workers size frequency distribution on colony development was studied in 12 young colonies ofB. terrestris. By replacing the original workers with workers of determined size, colonies constituting small, large or mixed size nursing workers were created. The nursing workers size frequency distribution did not influence the average size of the newly emerged workers, nor their size frequency distribution. In contrast, the number of emerging workers and number of egg cells constructed by the queen in colonies with large workers were higher than in colonies with small workers. The small number of emerging workers is explained by prolonged duration of larval time in response to sub-optimal feeding in colonies of small workers. The higher number of egg cells constructed by the queens is supposed to be in response to the number of new cocoons available, or to better condition of the brood.
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    Insectes sociaux 41 (1994), S. 315-325 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Eusocial ; phylogeny ; Halictus ; allozymes ; sweat bees
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Halictine bees exhibit an enormous diversity of solitary and social colony structures. To investigate social evolution in the genusHalictus, phylogenies of 15 species of the subgeneraH. (Halictus) andH. (Seladonia) were constructed based on protein electrophoretic data. Solitary, social, and socially polymorphic species were included.Halictus (Seladonia) apparently rendersH. (Halictus) paraphyletic. The common ancestor ofH. (Halictus) andH. (Seladonia) was probably social or socially polymorphic. This implies that some solitary and socially polymorphic species, such asH. confusus andH. tumulorum, represent evolutionary reversals from a completely eusocial condition to the solitary condition that is thought to be primitive for the subfamily as a whole.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. On décrit ici une agglomération de nids en butte deFormica ulkei Emery qui se trouve près de Chicago, Illinois, aux États-Unis. On présente des détails sur le cycle biologique, sur la structure du nid et sur l'évolution des populations suivie pendant 23 ans. 2. Il existe un cycle régulier d'activité qui commence au mois de mars et qui se termine au mois de novembre. Le vol nuptial survient très tôt au mois de juillet et les femelles rentrent dans des nids bien établis après le vol. De nouveaux nids sont formés par bourgeonnement des nids anciens. 3. Les nids en butte sont de forme asymétrique et la pente douce est dirigée vers la plus grande intensité solaire. Le changement d'orientation du maximum d'insolation résultant d'un écran naturel produit une modification de la direction de la longue pente. 4. On présente les résultats de recensements de population de nids en butte faits en 1953 et en 1954, et on les compare aux recensements de la même population en 1931 et en 1941. Bien que la taille totale de la population n'aie pas changé d'une manière significative depuis 1941, il y a un accroissement marqué de la proportion des anciens nids. 5. La mortalité pour cette population est à peu près de 5 % à 10 % par année, tandis que pour les nids jeunes la mortalité est de 15 % à 17 %. 6. On présente aussi des statistiques de populations sur les nids nouveaux et sur la croissance des nids en butte.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Einzelheiten der Lebensgeschichte, der Neststruktur und einer 23 jährigen (dreiundzwanzigjährigen) Bevölkerungsgeschichte einer Gruppe vonFormica ulkei Emery Ameisenhaufennestern, die in der Nähe von Chicago, Illinois, in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika studiert wurden, sind in diesem Bericht dargestellt. 2. Das aktive Leben dieser Ameisen besteht aus einer regelmässigen und geordneten Aufeinanderfolge von Tätigkeiten, die im März beginnen und im November enden. Der Hochzeitsflug findet in den ersten Julitagen statt, und die weiblichen Ameisen kehren nach dem Flug zu einem bewohnten Nest zurück. Neue Nester entstehen durch die Tätigkeit der Ameisen in den bewohnten Nestern, die zum Teil Material ihrer alten Nester für den Neubau gebrauchen. 3. Die Haufennester sind unsymetrisch geformt. Ihre längste Seite ist der intensivsten Sonnenstrahlung zugewendet. Wenn sich die Richtung der stärksten Sonnenstrahlung durch naturliche Schatten ändert, so erfolgt eine Anderung in der Richtung der längsten Seite des Haufennestes. 4. Die Resultate einer Volkszählung der Haufennester in 1953 und 1954 sind dargestellt und mit den Volkszählungen derselben Bevölkerung in 1931 und 1941 verglichen. Während sich die Bevölkerungszahl seit 1941 nicht bedeutend geändert hat, ist eine entschiedene Zunahme im Prozentsazt der alten Nester beobachtet worden. 5. Die Sterblichkeit dieser Bevölkerung ist ungefähr fünf bis zehn Prozent jährlich, während die Sterblichkeit in den neuen Nestern fünfzehn bis siebzehn Prozent beträgt. 6. Ausserdem enthält der Bericht Information bezüglich der Entstehung und des Wachstums der Haufennester.
    Notes: Summary 1. Details of the life history, nest structure and 23 year population history are presented for an aggregate of mounds nests of the antFormica ulkei Emery located near Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. 2. There is a regular cycle of activity commencing in March and terminating in November. The mating flight occurs early in July, with the females returning to established nests after the flight. New nests are formed as buds of established nests. 3. Mounds nests are asymmetrically shaped with the long slope in the direction of greatest solar intensity. Alteration of the direction of greatest solar intensity by natural shading results in an alteration of the direction of the long slope. 4. The results of a population census in 1953 and 1954 are presented and compared with similar censuses of the same population in 1931 and 1941. Although the population size has not changed appreciably since 1941, there is a definite increase in the proportion of older nests. 5. Mortality rate is approximately 5 % to 10 % per year for the whole population, while for newly founded nests the mortality rate is 15 % to 17 %. 6. Population data are also presented on natality and on the growth of mound nests.
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    Insectes sociaux 5 (1958), S. 343-343 
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    Insectes sociaux 5 (1958), S. 315-339 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary of Part II Variation in worker locomotor activity and worker behaviour inMyrmica rubra microgyna has been experimentally investigated, with the following results. 1. Three worker behaviour groups are recognised as inM. scabrinodis. Differences between these three groups in locomotor activity, behaviour, brood rearing, larval detection, killing power, survival, chemical constitution, oviposition, and possibly size, have been described. 2. Worker ethological plasticity has been demonstrated and aspects of a dynamic worker-job-preference organisation are detectable, despite the absence of discontinuity of melanisation between worker age groups in this species. The significance of the observations of the present author onM. scabrinodis are correlated with those onM. rubra microgyna. The relationship of these observations to other work by the present author on brood rearing efficiency is indicated, and their implications in respect of earlier work on dominance relationships in other social insects is discussed.
    Abstract: Resumen.—Sección II De forma experimental, se ha investigado la variación en la locomoción y comportamiento de la trabajadoraMyrmica rubra microgyna, con el siguiente resultado: 1. Como en laM. scabrinodis, se reconocen tres grupos etologicales de trabajadoras. Se describen las diferencias entre estos tres grupos como ser en su actividad locomotora, comportamiento, detección larval, poder destructor, el sobrevivir constitución química cuidado de su cria, colocación de huevos y posiblemente su tamaño. 2. Se ha demostrado la plasticidad etological de la trabajadora y se descubre un aspecto dinámico en la preferencia de la trabajadora por ciertos labores y su organisación, no obstante la ausencia de la descontinuación de melanisación entre las distintas edades de las trabajadoras de esta especie. El significado de estas observaciones del autor sobreM. scabrinodis se relaciona con aquellas sobreM. rubra microgyna. Asimismo, se indica que estas observaciones se relacionan con otro trabajo del autor sobre la eficiencia de cría. Se discute también su implicación con respecto a previo trabajo concerniente a relaciones dominantes en otros insectos sociales.
    Notes: Résumé de la seconde partie L'étude expérimentale des variations de comportement et d'activité locomotrice ouvrière chezMyrmica rubra microgyna a donné les résultats suivants. 1. Comme pourM. scabrinodis on reconnait trois groupes éthologiques. On relève les différences entre ces trois groupes au point de vue de l'activité locomotrice, du comportement, de l'élevage du couvain, de la reconnaissance de larves, de la puissance meurtrière de la survivance, de la constitution chimique, de la ponte et peutêtre aussi de la taille. 2. On démontre la souplesse éthologique ouvrière en relevant des apparences d'organisation dynamique ouvrière—tâche préférentielle malgré l'absence d'une discontinuité de mélanisme entre les tranches ouvrières de l'espèce. On rapproche les travaux entrepris surM. scabrinodis et surM. rubra microgyna en indiquant leur portée corrélative aussi bien que leurs rapports avec d'autres travaux de l'auteur sur l'efficacité de l'élevage des couvées, et on discute ce qui en résulte, en fonction des travaux antérieurs sur les rapports de dominance chez d'autres insectes sociaux.
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    Insectes sociaux 41 (1994), S. 395-400 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Eusociality ; habitat ; defense ; ecology
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary I hypothesize that three conditions, (1) food-shelter coincidence, (2) strong selection for defense, and (3) ability to defend, are sufficient, although not necessary, for the evolution of eusociality in group-living animals. Reasons for this association between ecology and eusociality include extremely high value of the habitat, possibilities for habitat inheritance, high relatedness in claustral situations, self-sufficiency of juveniles, greater ability of workers to reproduce, and trade-offs between defensive ability and dispersal.
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    Insectes sociaux 41 (1994), S. 379-394 
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    Keywords: Wasps ; Vespula ; competition ; honeydew ; foraging ; Nothofagus forest
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Honeydew is a sugary secretion of beech scale insects (Ultracoelostoma spp.). Two introduced species of wasps forage on the sugar droplets in New Zealand beech forests. We hypothesize that competition between them may explain whyVespula germanica has become locally extinct in beech (Nothofagus) forest invaded byV. vulgaris. Changes in behaviour of the two wasp species in response to changes in the honeydew resource were monitored. Foraging and rainfall separately and together reduced the honeydew standing crop. In response to the standing crop decreasing, more wasps were found on honeydew trees, they became less active, spent more time lapping the tree surface, and ingested drops of honeydew at a slower rate.V. vulgaris was more active, and obtained drops and energy at a higher rate thanV. germanica. These behavioural differences may lead to competitive advantages affecting queen size and possibly survival.
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    Insectes sociaux 5 (1958), S. 141-144 
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    Insectes sociaux 5 (1958), S. 200-200 
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    Insectes sociaux 5 (1958), S. 257-259 
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    Insectes sociaux 5 (1958), S. 299-308 
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    Insectes sociaux 5 (1958), S. 343-343 
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    Insectes sociaux 6 (1959), S. 221-221 
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    Insectes sociaux 6 (1959), S. 259-268 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Globitermes sulphureus normally builds an intricate nest, following a strictly defined plan which is described in detail in this work. In particular ecological conditions, however, this architecture may be considerably simplified (rice marshland). Particular attention has been paid to the types of material which make up the nest. Our observations and analyses lead to the conclusion that three distinct substances are used in the process: soil taken up from the environment, excremental matter (highly ligneous), wood or other nonassimilated fragments (rich in cellulose). Each area of the nest contains a specific proportion of these three elements: the earthen material, which predominates peripherally, decreases rapidly as one penetrates the nest; the inner side of the wall is mainly built of excremental matter, which, in the more internal regions, is progressively replaced by the non-assimilated vegetal material. Irregular heaps almost entirely made of thin and thoroughly agglomerated fragments of wood are to be found in the central cavity of the nest; these are beleived to be food reserves.
    Notes: Résumé Globitermes sulphureus construit normalement un nid complexe, obéissant à un plan rigoureux, qui est décrit en détail, mais semble pouvoir se contenter d'une architecture beaucoup plus simple dans des conditions écologiques particulières (zone des rizières). Une attention particulière est donnée aux matériaux constituant le nid. Les observations et analyses permettent de conclure que ce Termite utilise trois matériaux distincts: terre du sol environnant, excréments (riches en lignine), bois ou autre matière végétale non digérée (où la cellulose est abondante). Chaque région du nid comporte une proportion définie de ces 3 éléments; les matériaux terreux, prédominant à la périphérie, diminuent rapidement d'importance en allant vers l'intérieur; les matières excrémentitielles dominent dans la zone interne de la muraille, mais sont progressivement remplacées par le bois non digéré dans les régions plus internes. Dans la cavité centrale du nid sont entassés des amas irréguliers constitués presque iniquement de débris de bois très fin solidement agglomérés; ces amas sont interprétés comme des réserves alimentaires.
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    Insectes sociaux 6 (1959), S. 307-311 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Conclusions et résumé 1o Les matériaux de surface de la fourmilière sont l'objet de remainiements quasi continuels, visibles d'heure en heure. 2o Les ouvrières comblent beaucoup plus rapidement les concavités naturelles ou provoquées de la surface du dôme qu'elles n'en aplanissent les bosses. 3o Le travail n'est pas régulièrement réparti autour du dôme; il est plus intense sur un secteur plus ou moins large de la périphérie. 4o Les Fourmis recouvrent la périphérie d'une souche avant son centre (avec la restriction no 3 d'un travail plus intense sur une portion de la périphérie). 5o Elles paraissent distinguer leurs propres édifices des imitations qu'en fait l'expérimentateur, même avec les matériaux de leur propre nid.
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    Insectes sociaux 6 (1959), S. 375-386 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Anatomie und Histologie des innersekretorischen Systems (Prothorax-Drusen, corpora allata und neurosekretorische Zellen des Gehirns) der weiblichen Larven der AmeiseMyrmica sind beschrieben worden und Veränderungen während des Entwicklungsprozesses sind von beiden Gesichtspunkten aus bewertet worden. Diese morphologischen und histologischen Veränderungen können mit denen in anderen Insektengruppen verglichen werden. 2. Diese anatomischen und histologischen Veränderungen sind mit einer kritischen, durch die Grösze der Anlagen feststellbaren Etappe in der Larvenentwicklung in Beziehung gebracht worden. 3. Diese Etappe ist kritisch, weil die Larven, welche sie erreichen, sích entweder zu Puppen entwickeln können oder ruhen, in welchem Falle ihre Entwicklung vorubergehend aufgehalten wird. 4. Es scheint, dasz bei Larven, welche diese Etappe erreichen, die Neurosekretion sofort eintreten kann (in welchen Falle die Entwicklung der Larven uber den Zustand der Nichtruhe vor sich geht), oder, dasz die Neurosekretion verschoben werden kann (d.h. die Larven ruhen). 5. Der Zustand der Ruhe kann bei diesen Larven durch Anlagen ohne weitere Experimente festgestellt werden.
    Abstract: Résumé L'anatomie et l'histologie du système endocrine rétro-cérébral de la larve femelle de la fourmiMyrmica ont été décrites, et les changements en cours de développement ont été évoqués sous ces deux aspects. Ces changements morphologiques et histologiques sont comparables à ceux constatés chez d'autres groupes d'Insectes. Ces changements ont été mis en corrélation avec un stade critique de développement chez la larve; il peut être indiqué par l'état des disques imaginaux. Cette étape est critique car les larves qui l'atteignent peuvent, ou bien continuer leur évolution normale vers la pupaison, ou bien subir un arrêt temporaire de développement. Il semblerait que chez les larves arrivées à cette étape, la neurosécrétion peut se produire immédiatement (la larve se développe alors sans interruption) ou être retardée (les larves passent alors à l'état de vie ralentie). On peut reconnaître l'état de vie ralentie chez ces larves en examinant les disques imaginaux sans entreprendre d'expériences supplémentaires.
    Notes: Summary 1. The anatomy and histology of the retro-cerebral endocrine system of female larvae of the antMyrmica have been described, and changes during development assessed from both aspects. These morphological and histological changes are comparable with those described in other groups of insects. 2. These anatomical and histological changes have been related to a critical developmental stage in the larva, which can be defined by developmental markers (imaginal rudiments). 3. This stage is critical since larvae reaching it may either developomit towards pupation or become dormant, in which case development is temporarily halted. 4. It appears that in larvae reaching this stage neurosecretion may occur at one (whereupon larvae develop, via non-dormancy) or may be postponed (larvae become dormant). 5. The condition of dormancy in these larvae can be recognised by examination of developmental markers alone, without further experimentation.
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    Insectes sociaux 5 (1958), S. 31-66 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen der inneren und ausseren Anatomie von polymorphen “All-worker” Larven desEciton burchelli Stammes zeigen keine erkennbaren Unterschiede qualitativer Art in der allgemeinen oder Einzelstruktur zwischen den verschiedenen Grössenklassen, hingegen konstante Unterschiede in der relative Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit. Zur Zeit des Auftretens äusserer Strukturen wie Mundteile, Antennensprossen (scheiben) und imaginaerer Beinsprossen (scheiben), ebenso innerer Strukturen wie Labialdrüsen weisen die Gruppen Unterschiede auf. Betrachtung einer gesamten Zucht zu einem beliebigen Zeitpunkt innerhalb der Entwicklungsphase zeigte, dass Individuen der höchtsten Grössenklasse am Weitesten fortgeschritten waren, Individuen von mittlerer Grösse etwas weniger entwickelt und solche von der geringsten Gesamtgrösse den geringsten Fortschritt aufwiesen. Einzeluntersuchungen über die Entwicklung imaginärer Beinknospen und über die cytologischen Veränderungen in den Labialdrüsen zeigen, dass diese Strukturen sich am langsamste in den grössten Larven entwickeln, etwas schneller in der mittleren Grössenklasse und am raschesten in den kleinsten Larven. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungs-geschichte der Labialdriisen in Bezug auf ihre Bedeutung für Speicheldrüsen und Spinndrüsenfunktionen durchgeführt, es zeigte sich, dass vonSchneirla auf Grund früherer Untersuchungen gezogene Schlüsse, die bedeutsame Rolle der stimulierenden und trophischen Fähigkeiten der Larvenzucht für das Kolonieverhalb betreffen, bestätigt werden können.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude de l'anatomie, interne et externe, des larves d'un couvain polymorphe “all-worker” d'Eciton burchelli indique que, malgré le manque de différences significatives entre les structures globales ou partielles des individus appartenant aux divers groupes polymorphes, il existe des différences importantes dans la courbe de croissance parmi les individus des populations polymorphes. Des différences dues à la caste se manifestent lors de l'apparition des structures externes telles que les pièces buccales et les disques imaginaux des antennes, des pattes et des gonopodes. Des différences se manifestent également par des structures internes telles que le tube digestif, les tubes de Malpighi, le système nerveux, les glandes labiales par exemple. En considérant une série complète du couvain entier prise à n'importe quel moment de la phase de développement, on a trouvé que les individus les plus gros étaient les plus avancés, ceux de volume moyen étaient moins avancés, et ceux de petit volume étaient les moins avancés. Les résultats d'une étude détaillée du développement des disques imaginaux des pattes et des changements cytologiques se produisant dans les glandes labiales indiquent que les structures de développent le plus lentement dans les larves les plus grosses, un peu plus rapidement dans les larves de volume intermédiaire et le plus rapidement dans les larves les plus petites. Les résultats d'une étude détaillée de l'ontogenèse des glandes labiales, considérées en rapport avec leurs fonctions de glandes salivaires et de glandes séricigènes, confirment les conclusions deSchneirla acquises au cours d'enquêtes antérieures au sujet du rôle important des propriétés stimulantes et trophiques du couvain larvaire dans le comportement global de la colonie.
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    Insectes sociaux 5 (1958), S. 146-146 
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    Insectes sociaux 5 (1958), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The attraction produced by last instar nymphs on larvae, nymphs with short wing pads and neotenics increases regularly with the importance of crowding. There is no difference in response between larvae, nymphs and néotenics for a same amount of crowding. Last instar nymphs do not show the same level of response as that exhibited by larvae; they also react less to density changes; soldiers exhibit the highest threshold of response. There does not appear to be any difference in reaction between the sexes in neotenics. These results, compared to those published formely [attraction by larvae (1)], show that: In most cases, the different types of individuals (soldiers excepted) do not react to last instar nymphs as well as they do to larvae. Soldiers, however, exhibit a higher level of response towards nymphs, since they react in the same way towards 10 nymphs or 20 larvae.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Anziehungskraft, die die Nymphen des letzten Stadiums auf die Larven, die Nymphen mit kurzen Flügelanlagen und die neotenischen Geschlechtstieren ausüben, variiert in linearer Abhängigkeit von der zahlenmässigen Bedeutung der attraktiven Gruppe. Es werden keine signifikanten Unterschiede gefunden in der Wirkung einer bestimmten attraktiven Gruppe auf die Larven, die Nymphen und die neotenischen Geschlechtstieren. Die Reaktionsschwelle der Nymphen des letzten Stadiums ist verschieden von derjenigen der Larven. Die Erstern reagieren weniger stark auf Veränderungen der Dichte der attraktiven Gruppe. Die Soldaten weisen die höchste Reaktionsschwelle auf. Bei den neotenischen Geschlechtstieren findet man keinen Unterschied in der Reaktion der beiden Geschlechter. Wenn man diese Resultate mit denjenigen vergleicht, die früher mit einer aus Larven zusammengesetzten Gruppe erhalten wurden (1), dann stellt man fest: daß im allgemeinen die Reaktion der Vertreter der verschiedenen Kasten (mit Ausnahme der Soldaten) gegenüber den Nymphen des letzten Stadiums schwächer ist, als gegenüber den Larven; daß dagegen die Soldaten stärker reagieren gegenüber den Nymphen, da sie auf eine attraktive Gruppe von lo Nymphen gleich reagieren wie auf eine solche von 20 Larven.
    Notes: Résumé L'attraction exercée par les nymphes du dernier stade à l'égard des larves, des nymphes à courts fourreaux alaires et des néoténiques varie linéairement en fonction de l'importance du groupe attractif. Il n'y a done pas de différence significative dans la réactivité des larves, des nymphes a courts fourreaux alaires et des néoténiques à l'égard d'un même groupe attractif. Les nymphes du dernier stade ont un seuil de réactivité différent de celui des larves et réagissent moins aux modifications de densité du groupe attractif. Les soldats présentent le seuil de réactivité le plus élevé. On ne remarque pas de différence de réactivité entre les sexes chez les néoténiques. Si l'on compare ces résultats à ceux obtenus antérieurement (Verron), avec un groupe attractif constitué de larves, on remarque que: - d'une manière générale, la réactivité des sujets des différentes castes (soldats mis à part) est plus faible à l'égard des nymphes du dernier stade qu'à l'égard des larves; - les soldats présentent, au contraire, une réactivité plus grande à l'égard des nymphes puisqu'ils répondent de la même manière à un groupe attractif de 10 nymphes et à un groupe de 20 larves.
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    Insectes sociaux 6 (1959), S. 243-257 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. One strain occur only inApis mellifica fasciata Latr. which dominates Lower- and Upper-Egypt. This contradicts Rotter's hypothesis (1921) in which he supposed that the Egyptian honey-bee is of different strains and that the honeybee of Upper-Egypt is more primitive than that of Lower-Egypt. 2. Apis mellifica fasciata Latr. obtained from seven different districts are quite similar in the characters investigated; a) biological characters: body weight, lenghth of the life-cycle, longevity and resistance to starvation, b) anatomical character: number of ovarioles of virgin queens, and c) morphological characters: length of the flagellum, length of the tongue, dimensions and cubital index of the fore-wing, number of hooks on the hind wing, length of the third sternum and dimensions of the first wax gland. 3. The tongue length of the workers of the Egyptian honeybee is more or less uniform in Lower- and Upper-Egypt. It does not differ also considerably in a given apiary.
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