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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 19-37 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'observation des jeunes sociétés de FourmisTapinoma erraticum (Dolichoderinae) a permis de classer les individus en fonction de leur activité dans l'approvisionnement du nid, celui-ci est effectué par des ouvrières spécialisées: les pourvoyeuses. On reconnaît 3 catégories d'ouvrières:les pourvoyeusss permanentes; elles sont pourvoyeuses dans plus de 80 % des observations et ne sont jamais nourrices, lespourvoyeuses intermittentes (de 20 % à 80 %) qui peuvent être simultanément pourvoyeuses et nourrices de larves, enfin les nourrices strictes (moins de 20 % des observations) qui s'occupent presque exclusivement du couvain. Le comportement est en relation avec l'âge: les ouvrières sont d'abord nourrices, ensuite pourvoyeuses intermédiaires et enfin pourvoyeuses permanentes. Les fourmis âgées de moins d'un mois sont en grande majorité nourrices (65 %), quelques-unes sont pourvoyeuses intermittentes (35 %). Parmi les ouvrières âgées de plus d'un mois 60% sont pourvoyeuses intermittentes, 30% pouroyeuses permanentes et 10 % restent nourrices. Les jeunes ouvrières deviennent en quelques jours de bonnes nourrices et soignent activement les larves alors qu'elles sont très mauvaises donneuses envers les autres ouvrières. A partir d'un mois, la majeure partie des ouvrières entre dans un pool d'individus disponibles selon les besoins de la colonie, ils sont pourvoyeurs mais peuvent aussi nourrir les larves ou la reine. La plus grande partie de l'approvisionnement est assurée par les pourvoyeuses permanentes qui sont de vieilles ouvrières et peuvent présenter une préférence alimentaire marquée vers des aliments de type sucré ou protéique L'évolution individuelle est très variable, elle peut être influencée par la pression sociale: s'il manque des pourvoyeuses âgées et c'est le cas lorsque le nombre de jeunes ouvrières est supérieur à celui des ouvrières âgées, les jeunes de moins d'un mois peuvent devenir momentanément pourvoyeuses.
    Notes: Summary The study of alimentary behaviour in newly founded societies of antsTapinoma erraticum (Dolichoderinae) with marks on the gaster enabled us to classify the individuals in terms of foraging and brood care. There are 3 different groups: permanent foragers (foragers in more than 80% observations), intermittent foragers (between 20 to 80%) and nurses (less than 20%). The behaviour of ants changes with age: young ants are nurses at first, them they are intermittent foragers, and permanent foragers at last. Ants less than one month old are calledyoung (under laboratory conditions): 65% of them are nurses, some are intermitent foragers (35%). Ants more than one month old are calledold: 60% are intermittent foragers, 30% permanent foragers and 10% only nurses. Young workers become nurses very quickly (in a few days) but they are not active donors to other workers. After one month most of them become members of a pool of unemployed ants able to forage and give food to the queen or larvae. Most of the foraging is done by permanent foragers, older workers. Individual development is very variable, according to social pressure, if there are not enough old foragers, young ants become foragers. This phenomenon can be reversible.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Ontogeny ; Formicidae ; learning ; queen attractant cues ; queen recognition ; Cataglyphis cursor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The behaviour ofCataglyphis cursor workers towards queens at 15 days, one month or two months after worker emergence was tested. Workers reared entirely with their own maternal queen were tested with this queen or with an unfamiliar alien queen. Workers transferred within 48 h of emerging to a new definitive nest with an alien queen were tested with this queen or with the original maternal queen. The degree of attraction to each of these queens and the workers' behavioural repertoire were measured and analysed. The results showed the following: 1) The attractiveness of queens and the workers' queen recognition behaviour were linked. 2) Although unfamiliar alien queens hardly attract workers, familiar alien queens were as attractive as maternal queens, and induced the same strongly marked and unique worker response, indicating that workers learn queen attractant cues in the days immediately after emergence. 3) Agonistic reactions were observed, but workers continued to be attracted to their maternal queen even after developing an attraction response to an alien queen with which they had been reared. These results agree with the proposal that queens produce two kinds of pheromones, those that attract workers and those that mediate recognition of queens by workers. These results show the ability of workers to discriminate between queens. Workers are attracted to any queen, but recognize as nestmates only maternal or alien queens with which they have been maintained. 4) The differential in worker attraction and recognition from 15 days to 2 months and its modifications by post-imaginal experience illustrate worker behavioural ontogeny, which is a basis of social discrimination.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 45 (1998), S. 301-313 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Cataglyphis, worker odour, queen odour, Formicidae, polydomy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: We investigated the queen's effect on the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of workers in the monogynous and polydomous species Cataglyphis iberica. Within each of the three colonies tested, workers were separated for three months in queenright and queenless groups. After regrouping, nestmate recognition remained unchanged but the duration of antennal interactions between workers previously separated increased relative to controls. Separated groups presented slightly divergent cuticular hydrocarbon profiles which may induce the longer antennations. A quantitative analysis of major cuticular hydrocarbons showed that the total amount per unit of cuticular surface area remains similar between the two castes; but queens had higher quantities of n-alkanes than workers. The lack of a queen did not affect the workers' cuticular hydrocarbon profile in queenless groups. Indeed, the profile of queenless workers remained significantly different from the queen profile as did that of queenright workers. These results show that queens are not at the origin of the hydrocarbons' colonial profile. Two recognition processes seem to coexist within C.iberica colonies: nestmate discrimination based on the colonial odour which includes all nestmate workers, and a queen caste-specific odour. In a polydomous species such as C.iberica, the queen does not seem to contribute more than any other nestmate to the colonial odour, which probably derives from worker cues, confirming the existence of a "Gestalt" colonial odour.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Parasite ant ; grooming ; appeasement behaviour ; nestmate recognition ; species recognition ; polycalism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Information on the biology and the behaviour ofFormicoxenus provancheri, a parasite ofMyrmica incompleta, is presented.F. provancheri forms large polycalic societies whith each unit maintaining some independance: movements from one unit to another are not frequent and there is brood discrimination between different units. Adoption ofFormicoxenus ergates byMyrmica societies is easy, the mortality is very low among the parasites, even if the adoptiveMyrmica were previously completely parasite free. The larvae ofFormicoxenus can be eaten by the host Myrmica', this explains the necessity for theFormicoxenus to keep their brood apart from the host. Grooming of the host is very frequent. This might enable the parasite to acquire the species-specific odour of the host colony. Grooming might also be a way of obtaining some nutricious substances from the host body. Appeasement behaviour presented by theFormicoxenus is described. New small units of colonies, at the periphery of the host society, are probably founded by budding of any fecundated female leaving the nest with some ergates. This leads to the formation of super-societies by the parasite. The probleme of how the parasite spreads is not answered by this study because it was shown that newly fecundated gynes suffer strong aggression when they enter an alien host society.
    Notes: Résumé La biologie et le comportement deFormicoxenus provancheri, fourmi parasite de Myrmica incompleta, sont précisées. Cette espèce forme de grandes sociétés polycaliques où chaque unité conserve une certaine autonomie (mise en évidence par le faible taux de passage d'une unité à l'autre et la discrimination du couvain de chaque unité). L'adoption desFormicoxenus par lesMyrmica est facile et n'entraîne qu'une mortalité très faible parmi les parasites, même lorsqu'il s'agit deMyrmica totalement indemnes de parasites. Nous décrivons deux comportements importants dans les interactions entre les deux espèces: le léchage de l'hôte et le comportement d'apaisement envers l'hôte. Les larves deFormicoxenus sont consommées par l'hôteMyrmica, ce qui explique la nécessité pour lesFormicoxenus de garder leur couvain à l'écart de l'hôte. Il est probable que la formation des supercolonies s'effectue par bouturage d'une gyne (ou d'une ergate fécondée) accompagnée d'ergates, qui va fonder une nouvelle calie à la périphérie de la société hôte. Le problème de la dissémination du parasite est posé: les gynes après fécondation sont fortement agressées si on tente de les introduire dans une société étrangère.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 20-33 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Transport of three types of corpses was studied on small colonies ofLasius niger: ants of the same colony, ants of an alien colony andDrosophila. Behaviour patterns and sequences leading to transport are described. Familiar corpses are rapidly carried out if they are leaft some hours in open air. Alien corpses are treated like enemies andDrosophila corpses like food. As ants are able to discriminate between several types of corpses, it is conclued that necrophoric behaviour is a specific pattern which permits the elimination of dead nestmates. The transport of corpses is not organized in a particular ritualistic fashion ad the “cemetery” described by some previous authors is only a refurse pile.
    Notes: Resume On a étudié, sur des petites colonies deLpasius niger, le transport de 3 types de cadavres: des fourmis de la même colonies des fourmis d'une colonie étrengère et des drosophiles. Les diverses séquences du comportement aboutissant au transport sont décrites. Les cadavres familiers sont rapidement rejetés s'ils sont laissés quelques heures à l'air libre. Les cadavres étrangers sont évacués avec des comportements agressifs. Les cadavres de drosophiles sont au contraire remenés dans de nid comme nourriture. Les fourmis sont donc capables de différencier les cadavres. On en conclut à la réalité du comportement nécrophorique, qui est le moyen pour la colonie de se débarrasser rapidement de toute congénére morte. Ce comportement ne s'accompagne pas de rituels spécifiques et les cadavres sont simplement rejetés sur le tas de détritus à l'extérieur du nid.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 41 (1994), S. 225-234 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Polyrhachis ; foundation ; predation ; alimentation ; aposematism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polyrhachis laboriosa andP. militaris are two tree-inhabiting ant species, belonging to the subgenusMyrma common in Cameroon forest. WhileP. laboriosa live on pioneer trees on the edge of forest tracks,P. militaris inhabit dense equatorial forest. Foundation of societies is independent in these two species. Founding queens ofP. laboriosa made small cells under leaves, while foundresses ofP. militaris made cells in soil, hollowed dead branches, or old termitaria. The queens left their cells daily to forage. They collected water, sugared juices, and prey. They were also observed “grazing” the surface of leaves.P. laboriosa queens also collected vegetal matter which was then used to build their founding cells under leaves. This behavior was observed in both the field and the laboratory. This article is the first description of semi-claustral foundation in a formicine ant. It may be related to the fact that these ants are protected from predators by mandrels (hooks) on the thorax and the petiole. Bright yellow coloration of the gaster may also serve as an aposematic warning signal for potential predators. Prey capture was studied in the two species by offering both small (isolated or in group) and large prey to the foundresses. Hunting behavior ofPolyrhachis queens was similar to that of workers, and was identical in the two species.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 267-272 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Ants, Polyrhachis, foraging, trail-laying, exploration.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: We report in this study that the tree-dwelling African ant Polyrhachis laboriosa (Formicinae) uses different foraging strategies according to the size of the available food sources. We demonstrate that a recruitment behaviour can be induced with a 125 μl alimentary reward and that foraging remains solitary when rewards are smaller. Small rewards do not elicit trail-laying behaviour, and exploration behaviour is considerable. With large permanent food sources, scouts use group recruitment and there is less exploration around the reward. The choice of the foraging strategy is determined by the first forager, which modifies its behaviour according to the volume of the food supply. Independently of the size of the reward, the forager shows many exploratory displays during the first visit to the source, and contrary to most ants, it never lays a trail during its first return to the nest. Visual cues remain mainly used for individual orientation; information collected during the first trips are then transmitted to nestmates thanks to temporary trail laying behaviour.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 36 (1989), S. 240-242 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 425-438 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Formicidae ; Nothomyrmecia ; evolution ; sociogram ; ethogram ; recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Results of laboratory-based ethological studies on twoNothomyrmecia macrops colonies with individually marked workers are reported. Interactive behavioural acts constituted less than 1% of all those recorded, revealing a strong tendency by the ants not to engage in social contact. Very few workers performed queen-directed acts. They stayed near the queen, though seldom in direct contact. Division of labour was otherwise barely apparent, except that some individuals showed a propensity to guard the nest entrance. No exchange of food was observed between workers, workers and queen, or adults and larvae (apart from worker placement of prey items with larvae). A queen fed from aDrosophila carcass retrieved from the nest floor, without assistance from workers. Systematic scanned observations confirmed levels of inactivity higher than previously observed in ants (comprising almost 2/3 of recorded behavioural acts). The time budget for activities directed toward the immature stages was the same in both colonies, and fluctuated during the circadian period. Non-nestmate larvae added to worker groups were more frequently licked than nestmate larvae, but this might not involve the particular recognition of nestmateversus non-nestmate brood. These observations support the hypothesis thatNothomyrmecia is primitively eusocial, and of special significance in myrmecology.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Evolution ; Hybrid dysgenesis ; I elements ; Transposons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary There are two categories of strains inDrosophila melanogaster with respect to the I-R system of hybrid dysgenesis. The inducer strains contain particular transposable elements named I factors. They are not present in the strains of the other category called reactive (R) strains. Defective I elements are present in the pericentromeric regions of both categories of strains. This last subfamily of I sequences has not yet been described in detail and little is known about its origin. In this paper, we report that the defective I elements display an average of 94% of sequence identity with each other and with the transposable I factor. The results suggest that they cannot be the progenitors of the present day I factors, but that each of these two subfamilies started to evolve independently several million years ago. Furthermore, the sequence comparison of these I elements with an active I factor fromDrosophila teissieri provides useful information about when the deleted I elements became immobilized.
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