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  • 1
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    An ecological study of a small New Zealand stream with particular reference to the Oligochaeta (1979)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
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    Distribution of benthic invertebrates in acid, brown water streams in the South Island of New Zealand (1987)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
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    Benthic faunas of streams of low pH but contrasting water chemistry in New Zealand (1996)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition for honeydew between two social wasps in South Island beech forests, New Zealand (1994)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 41 (1994), S. 379-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Wasps ; Vespula ; competition ; honeydew ; foraging ; Nothofagus forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Honeydew is a sugary secretion of beech scale insects (Ultracoelostoma spp.). Two introduced species of wasps forage on the sugar droplets in New Zealand beech forests. We hypothesize that competition between them may explain whyVespula germanica has become locally extinct in beech (Nothofagus) forest invaded byV. vulgaris. Changes in behaviour of the two wasp species in response to changes in the honeydew resource were monitored. Foraging and rainfall separately and together reduced the honeydew standing crop. In response to the standing crop decreasing, more wasps were found on honeydew trees, they became less active, spent more time lapping the tree surface, and ingested drops of honeydew at a slower rate.V. vulgaris was more active, and obtained drops and energy at a higher rate thanV. germanica. These behavioural differences may lead to competitive advantages affecting queen size and possibly survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240641
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The life histories, trophic relations and production of Stenoperla prasina (Plecoptera) and Deleatidium sp. (Ephemeroptera) in a New Zealand river (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 4 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The life history, feeding relations and production of the stonefly Stenoperla prasina were studied for 16 months in the Selwyn River, South Island, New Zealand. Larval life is about 1 year with growth occurring in all months. Although emergence of adults was observed only from November to February, egg hatching probably occurred over an extended period as small larvae were present in most months. Larvae were mainly carnivorous except in early instars when most guts contained detritus. Larvae of a mayfly, Deleatidium sp. and a chironomid, Orthocladiinae sp. were the most important prey items. In April of two successive years the guts of most stoneflies examined were filled with diatoms (Gomphonema sp.) and filamentous algae which were abundant in the river only at these times. Algal feeding was not found in other months.Larvae of the main prey species, Deleatidium, were present in all months, being most abundant in summer and declining in numbers during winter. Maximum emergence occurred in March and April. The annual cycle of Deleatidium was diflicuit to interpret as larvae of all sizes were present in all months. Two generations probably occurred in a year, a fast-growing summer generation and a slower-growing and less synchronized winter generation.Mean annual standing biomass, annual production and turnover ratios (P/B) were calculated for both species. The latter were within the range of values given by Waters (1969) but may be subject to error from several sources. Shortcomings in the method used to estimate production are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1974.tb00111.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Faunal and chemical dynamics of some acid and alkaline New Zealand streams (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY 1. Water from acid (pH 4.3–5.7), brown water streams was low in alkalinity (0–2.3 g m−3 CaCO3) and conductivity (2.5–4.1 mS m−1) but contained relatively high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (6.6–16.3 gm−3). In contrast, alkaline (pH 6.6–8.0), clearwater streams had high CaCO3 (12.6–57.6 g m−3) and conductivity (3.7–22.3 mS m−1) but low dissolved organic carbon concentrations (0.3–4.7 g m−3).2. Total reactive aluminium (Al) concentrations were high in acid streams (123–363 mg m−3) but never exceeded 84 mg m−3 in alkaline streams. Acid-soluble and organic monomeric Al were the major Al species in the acid streams (31–168 and 84–178mg m−3, respectively). Concentrations of toxic inorganic monomeric Al were low in all streams (〈50mg m−3).3. Sixty-four invertebrate taxa were collected from the alkaline streams compared to forty-seven from the acid sites. Numbers of taxa in specific insect orders were similar at all sites, however. Benthic faunas at most sites were dominated by the mayfly Deleatidium sp. and chironomids.4. Overall, mean densities of benthic invertebrates were 2.4–4.8 times higher in alkaline streams than acid streams. No seasonal patterns of abundance were evident at any site.5. Temporal variability of invertebrate densities was correlated with stream channel stability such that fluctuations in densities declined as stability increased.6. Sources of dissolved organic carbon and aluminium in acid, brown water streams are discussed. We suggest that changes in the food supply available in acid streams account for the depauperate faunas found there.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1987.tb01310.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The feeding relationships of two invertebrate predators in a New Zealand river (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 6 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The size frequency distributions and foods of the larvae of Archichauliodes diversus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) and Stenoperla prasina (Plecoptera: Eustheniidae) were studied for a year in the Glentui River, South Island, New Zealand. These two species are the largest invertebrate predators inhabiting streams and rivers in New Zealand, where they are the only carnivorous members of their respective orders. Both species occupied the same habitat with A. diversus being slightly more abundant in most months. Many small larvae occurred within the sediments of the stream bed, whereas more larger larvae were found on stones lying on the surface. A wide size range of larvae was present throughout the year and the median size (in terms of head width) of both species was similar in most months. Larval growth could not be determined from field data and the life cycles of both species can be described as non-seasonal. Quantitative sampling in 5 months provided estimates of population densities. These were maximal in December when values of 136/m2 for A. diversus and 114/m2 for S. prasina were obtained.Larval Chironomidae and mayflies of the genus Deleatidium were the most frequently taken prey of both predators in all months, and no strong relationship between size or species of predator and size of prey was found. Caseless trichopteran larvae formed a less important component of the diets of both species and detritus was ingested by some individuals. No instances of cannibalism and only one example of cross-predation by each predator was seen. Diel sampling in November showed that large Deleatidium larvae were relatively more abundant in the guts of insect predators and in nocturnal drift samples than in the benthos. This suggests that their greater activity at night may increase their susceptibility to predation by nocturnal feeders.No clear ecological segregation of the two species with respect to habitat or prey utilization was found and there was no obvious interspecific competition for food, which appeared to be abundant at all times. Finally, the prevalence of non-seasonal life cycles in New Zealand aquatic insects is discussed in relation to the low degree of speciation in several groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1976.tb01601.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions among nutrients, algae and invertebrates in a New Zealand mountain stream (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 23 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. 1. Colonization of nutrient-diffusing substrata by periphyton and invertebrates was investigated at forested and open sites in a small, mountain stream and a spring in the South Island of New Zealand.2. Substrata had colonization surfaces made from 100μm mesh plankton netting that enabled algal assemblages to be removed intact for scanning electron microscopy. They also allowed small volumes of solvent to be used for the extraction of photosynthetic pigments.3. At all sites, periphyton assemblages were dominated by species of Achnanthes, Cocconeis and Gomphonema, and except in the forest in winter, periphyton biomass was always greater on enriched (N + P added) than control substrata.4. Invertebrates colonizing diffusion substrata were principally larval Chironomidae (Orthocladiinac). No larvae were present in winter, but in three spring and summer trials mean larval densities were higher on nutrient-enriched than control substrata at all sites.5. The inclusion of an insecticide Malathion in diffusion substrata, reduced insect colonization at open and forested sites. After 28 days, no concurrent increases in algal pigment concentration were observed on nutrienl-enriched or control substrata at the forested site. However, pigment concentrations were higher on substrata incorporating Malathion at the open site suggesting that algal standing crop was depressed by the activities of grazers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00288.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population dynamics and feeding of mayfly larvae in some acid and alkaline New Zealand streams (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 23 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. 1. Population dynamics (density, biomass, annual production), gut contents and feeding rates of mayflies (Deleatidium spp.; Leptophlebiidae) were compared in two naturally acid (mean pH≃4.8). brownwater streams and two alkaline (mean pH 7.5), clearwater streams in South Westland, New Zealand.2. Mean densities of larvae (range 234–2318 m−2) were higher in alkaline streams on most of the six bimonthly sampling dates. Mean biomass (range 0.020–0.376 g larval dry weight (LDW) m−2) was always highest at the stable, spring-fed, alkaline site and was lower at the acid sites and another alkaline site where the population was always dominated by small larvae.3. Annual production was high at the more stable, alkaline site (10.35 gLDW m−2) but much lower at the other sites (2.49–3.77 g m−2).4. Gut contents of larvae were dominated by fine (45–75 μm widest diameter) paniculate matter (69–99%), diatoms (up to 21%) and. at one site, filamentous algae (8–13%).5. Grazing rates of mayflies on epilithon were significantly higher on stones taken from acid than alkaline streams and material grazed from the former contained a higher proportion of inorganic material (87–93% and 61–83% inorganics, respectively).6. Higher grazing rates may reflect lower quality of epilithic food in acid, brownwater streams, a factor that could contribute to the lower productivity of Deleatidium populations at these sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00263.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The formation, structure and utilization of stone surface organic layers in two New Zealand streams (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 13 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. 〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1 The development of stone surface organic layers was investigated in dark and light experimental channels at two field sites. Layer formation was monitored by measuring organic carbon, chlorophyll-a, ATP and rates of oxygen consumption, and using scanning electron microscopy.2 In the darkened forest stream channel an organic layer consisting of slime, fine particles, bacteria and fungi developed and attained maximum biomass (=0.08 mg cm-2) in about 2 months. At the second site, channels were fed by spring water low in dissolved and particulate organic matter (DOC 〈 0.5 g m-3) and no organic layer developed on stones in the dark. Organic layers grown in channels subject to natural light intensities and photoperiods were dominated by diatoms and/or filamentous algae at both sites.3 Laboratory experiments carried out in enclosed, recirculating stream channels demonstrated the importance of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a prerequisite for layer formation. Also. DOM additions in the form of leaf leachates stimulated oxygen consumption by preformed layers. Uptake by microorganisms accounted for most of the reduction in water-column DOM.4 Radiotracer experiments (14C and 144Ce) showed that several common stream invertebrates could feed on ‘heterotrophic’ layers. Calculated assimilation efficiencies ranged from 18% to 74% and imply that nonautotrophic components of stone surface organic layers are likely to play a significant role in carbon transfer to the benthos, particularly in small, shaded streams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1983.tb00657.x
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