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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-02-12
    Description: This report summarizes the seismicity in Switzerland and surrounding regions in the years 2017 and 2018. In 2017 and 2018, the Swiss Seismological Service detected and located 1227 and 955 earthquakes in the region under considera- tion, respectively. The strongest event in the analysed period was the ML 4.6 Urnerboden earthquake, which occurred in the border region of cantons Uri, Glarus and Schwyz on March 6, 2017. The event was the strongest earthquake within Switzerland since the ML 5.0 Vaz earthquake of 1991. Associated ground motions indicating intensity IV were reported in a radius up to about 50 km and locally approached intensity VI in the region close to the epicentre. Derived focal mechanisms and relative hypocentre relocations of the immediate aftershocks image a NNW–SSE striking sinistral strike-slip fault. Together with other past events in this region, the Urnerboden earthquake suggests the existence of a system of sub-parallel strike-slip faults, likely within in the uppermost crystalline basement of the eastern Aar Massif. A vigorous earthquake sequence occurred close to Château-d’Oex in the Préalpes-Romandes region in western Switzer- land. With a magnitude of ML 4.3, the strongest earthquake of the sequence occurred on July 1, 2017. Focal mechanism and relative relocations of fore- and aftershocks image a NNE dipping normal fault in about 4 km depth. Two similarly oriented shallow normal-fault events occurred between subalpine Molasse and Préalpes units close to Châtel-St-Denis and St. Silvester in 2017/18. Together, these events indicate a domain of NE–SW oriented extensional to transtensional deformation along the Alpine Front between Lake Geneva in the west and the Fribourg Fault in the east. The structural complexity of the Fribourg Fault is revealed by an ML 2.9 earthquake near Tafers in 2018. The event images a NW–SE striking fault segment within the crystalline basement, which might be related to the Fribourg Fault Zone. Finally, the ML 2.8 Grenchen earthquake of 2017 provides a rare example of shallow thrust faulting along the Jura fold-and-thrust belt, indicating contraction in the northwestern Alpine foreland of Switzerland.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 4
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Focal mechanisms ; Seismotectonics ; Urnerboden ; Aar Massif ; Château-d’oex ; Préalpes ; Fribourg ; Jura fold-and-thrust belt ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: n/a
    Description: Published
    Description: 125-127
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Core-mantle boundary topography ; Seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.03. Mantle and Core dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Assisi Earthquake ; Seismology ; Historic buildings ; Umbria-Marche ; Seismic microzonation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La sequence sismique de septembre–octobre 1997 qui a affecté l'une des régions historiques les plus importantes d'Italie Centrale a mis en évidence que l'impact économique des tremblements de terre de magnitude modérée peut être considérable. En ce qui concerne la vulnerabilité du patrimoine artistique et architectural, on a constaté que des trésors inestimables pouvaient subir des dégâts importants même lors de secousses modérées. On attire l'attention sur le fait qu'un microzonage sismique ne pourra être efficace que si l'on prend en compte non seulement l'activité sismique passée mais aussi l'historique des développements urbains.
    Notes: Abstract  The September–October 1997 seismic sequence in one of the most important historic areas of Central Italy showed that the economic impact of earthquakes of only moderate magnitude can be high. In view of the vulnerability of the artistic and architectural heritage, priceless treasures in such towns as Assisi are very susceptible to damage as a consequence of such seismic events. Attention is drawn to the fact that for seismic microzonation to be effective, it is essential that not only the past seismic activity but also the history of the urban developments is taken into account.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; fractal dimension ; North Anatolian fault zone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the nature of temporal variations in the statistical properties of seismicity associated with the North Anatolian Fault Zone between longitudes 31°–41°E during the instrumental period 1900–1992. Temporal variations in the seismicb value and the fractal (correlation) dimensionD c of earthquake epicenters are examined for earthquakes of magnitudeM S ≥4.5, using sliding windows of 100 consecutive events.b varies temporally between 0.6 and 1.0, andD c between 0.6 and 1.4, both representing significant fluctuations above the errors in measurement technique. A strong negative correlation (r=−0.85) is observed betweenb andD c , consistent with previous observation of seismicity in Japan and southern California. Major events early in this century (M S ≥7) are associated with lowb and highD c , respectively consistent with greater stress intensity and greater spatial clustering of epicenters—both implying a greater degree of stress concentration at this time.
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  • 5
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    Pure and applied geophysics 128 (1988), S. 625-659 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; subduction zone ; resorption time ; critical temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we discuss characteristic features of subduction zone seismicity at depths between about 100 km and 700 km, with emphasis on the role of temperature and rheology in controlling the deformation of, and the seismic energy release in downgoing lithosphere. This is done in two steps. After a brief review of earlier developments, we first show that the depth distribution of hypocentres at depths between 100 km and 700 km in subducted lithosphere can be explained by a model in which seismic activity is confined to those parts of the slab which have temperatures below a depth-dependent critical valueT cr. Second, the variation of seismic energy release (frequency of events, magnitude) with depth is addressed by inferring a rheological evolution from the slab's thermal evolution and by combining this with models for the system of forces acting on the subducting lithosphere. It is found that considerable stress concentration occurs in a reheating slab in the depth range of 400 to 650–700 km: the slab weakens, but the stress level strongly increases. On the basis of this stress concentration a model is formulated for earthquake generation within subducting slabs. The model predicts a maximum depth of seismic activity in the depth range of 635 to 760 km and, for deep earthquake zones, a relative maximum in seismic energy release near the maximum depth of earthquakes. From our modelling it follows that, whereas such a maximum is indeed likely to develop in deep earthquake zones, zones with a maximum depth around 300 km (such as the Aleutians) are expected to exhibit a smooth decay in seismic energy release with depth. This is in excellent agreement with observational data. In conclusion, the incoroporation of both depth-dependent forces and depth-dependent rheology provides new insight into the generation of intermediate and deep earthquakes and into the variation of seismic activity with depth. Our results imply that no barrier to slab penetration at a depth of 650–700 km is required to explain the maximum depth of seismic activity and the pattern of seismic energy release in deep earthquake zones.
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  • 6
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    Pure and applied geophysics 147 (1996), S. 263-276 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; rock bursts ; stresses ; mining operations ; monitoring ; geodynamic regime ; informative precursors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Large volumes of rock mass, mined-out and moved within these deposits, resulted in irreversible changes in the geodynamic regime in the upper earth's crust of the adjacent territory. These changes manifest themselves in a more frequent occurrence of such intensive dynamic phenomena as tectonic rock bursts due to fault movement adjacent to the area which is mined-out and man-made earthquakes which sharply decrease mining safety and result in great material losses. To develop the prediction techniques of such phenomena, a monitoring system is created, based on the program of the Kola Complex of geodynamic measuring stations. Most of this system is realized in the region of the Khibiny apatite mines. The system provides regional seismological monitoring, local prediction of seismicity in separate areas of a rock mass and, determination of stress and strain in rock masses, local geophysical monitoring over the state of rocks in a rock mass as well as physical and mathematical modelling of geodynamic processes in the upper earth's crust. The investigations have resulted in the distinguishing of some regularities in manifestations of induced seismicity and tectonic rock bursts and in the determination of strain precursors of intensive seismic events in the Khibiny mines. The mechanism is provided by the induced seismicity which resulted from the anthropogenic impact on the geological medium. A geodynamic monitoring complex is described, which is used to reveal the precursors of powerful seismic eventsin situ, and monitoring results are shown, obtained in the Kola Complex of geodynamic stations. Methods of preventing tectonic rock bursts and induced earthquakes are presented.
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  • 7
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    International journal of earth sciences 85 (1996), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Earthquakes ; Seismicity ; Shear damage Fractals ; Multifractals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A model for an earthquake simulation is proposed with the use of a fractal approach. Multiple generation and coalescence of shear faults in stochastic brittle media (modelled as a 2d lattice) are considered to be a source of seismicity. Dynamics of local failure events are governed by accumulation of shear defects, described in terms of continuum damage mechanics. Fractal tree structure is used as an analogue for a stress redistribution process. Energy release, caused by the non-uniform failure, is studied for a non-conservative case. Effect of various types of rocks' properties stochasticity on energy release dynamics is analysed with a utilization of multifractal formalism. The latter is shown to be an additional method for seismicity characterization.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: Nuclear explosion detection and recognition ; Seismology ; Remote sensing ; Radioactivity ; Ionospheric effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on a joint meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society's Joint Association for Geophysics and VERTIC (the Verification Technology Information Centre) held in London in 1992. The topics presented focused on the detection and recognition of underground nuclear explosions. The objective of the meeting was to emphasize the multi-methodological approach that is important in verifying compliance with test-ban treaties. An overview of seismological monitoring was followed by a discussion of the technical and scientific aspects of a global seismic monitoring network, and in particular of the 1991 experiment to test the large-scale international exchange of seismic data between recording stations and data centres world-wide. The current capabilities of satellite remote-sensing were presented, and their use explained in terms of both the provision of information for monitoring the development of foreign nuclear testing programmes and also for providing sufficient information for the evaluation of treaty compliance. A review of radio-isotope sampling showed how the isotopic signature of both air and ground based sampling programmes can be diagnostic of the nuclear source. Finally, previously classified research on the ionospheric effects of underground nuclear explosions was presented, the generated acoustic waves disturbing the ionosphere and producing detectable changes in the reflection of radio and radar signals which have potential as a monitoring technique.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 1274-1283 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Surface-wave dispersion ; Higher mode surface waves ; Italy, phase vel. of surface waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method is presented for the determination of higher mode dispersion over small distances, using two stations. From an intermediate focus earthquake it has been possible to measure the dispersion of the first and second Rayleigh modes in the period range 25–35 sec and 25–70 sec respectively. Using the almost linear array of Italian long-period stations TRI, BLZ, OLB an estimate of the average errors is also made.
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 1314-1325 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Seismic risk ; Earthquake statistics ; Theory of largest values ; Balkan, seismicity of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The third asymptotic distribution of the theory of largest values is applied to sixteen earthquake provinces in the Balkan area. The model which assumes an upper magnitude limit fits the observations better than the first distribution. Graphs and tables provide estimates of return periods of largest magnitudes.
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1045-1049 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Surface waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Alsop's method (1966) for the non-normal passage of surface waves through a vertical discontinuity is improved by using a new functional to be made stationary on the plane of discontinuity. The modified functional has the dimension of an energy flux and is characterized by the discontinuous surface wave displacements and stresses on the vertical discontinuity. Model calculations which were carried out for SV-waves and Love waves show that the new version of Alsop's method yields in all respects more consistent results than the old one.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Methode von Alsop (1966) für den Durchgang von schräg einfallenden Oberflächenwellen durch eine vertikale Diskontinuität wird durch Verwendung eines neuen Funktionals, das auf der Diskontinuitätsfläche stationär sein soll, verbessert Das modifizierte Funktional hat die Dimension eines Energieflusses und wird durch diejenige Spannungs- und Verschiebungsdiskontinuität charakterisiert, die durch das Oberflächenwellenfeld auf der Diskontinuitätsfläche erzeugt wird. Modellrechnungen für SV-Wellen und Lovewellen zeigen, daß die neue Version von Alsoos Verfahren in jeder Hinsicht konsistentere Ergebnisse als die bisherige liefert.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 134 (1990), S. 79-92 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; earthquake prediction ; self-similarity ; algorithm CN ; Central Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Time of Increased Probability (TIP) for the occurrence of a strong earthquake is determined in Central Italy. This is done with an algorithm that has been successfully applied in other regions of the world (algorithm CN, from the initials of California and Nevada, where the first diagnoses of TIPs were made). The use of normalized functions allows direct application of the orginal algorithm to the new region being studied, without anyad hoc adjustment of the parameters. Retrospective analysis carried on until 1986 shows that TIPs occupy 26 percent of the total time considered and precede four out of five strong earthquakes. Forward monitoring indicates the possible existence of a TIP started in May 1988. Several tests indicate that the results obtained are quite stable, even when using catalogues from different agencies. Apart from obvious practical interest, this research is essential for the worldwide investigation of self-similarity in the origin of strong earthquakes.
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 142 (1994), S. 545-565 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; cellular automata ; fracture mechanics ; b values ; complexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present a cellular automaton model which simulates the process of seismogenesis using rules for evolution which are derived from the field of fracture mechanics, and include an interplay of positive and negative feedbacks. We describe the implementation of this model, and its analysis, in a massively parallel environment using the Connection Machine. Starting from a lattice with a fractal distribution of fracture toughnesses, theb value evolves in a way which closely mimics both the evolutions ofb value observed in the laboratory and derived from earthquake catalogues, reaching a broad and irregular maximum in the period preceding a major event, and declining rapidly during catastrophic failure. We conclude that the processes modelled are a reasonable representation of those occurring in Nature, and that the cellular automaton paradigm is a valuable way of simulating these processes on a large scale in an economical manner.
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 145 (1995), S. 259-275 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; earthquake prediction ; seismotectonic ; regionalization ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The algorithm CN makes use of normalized functions. Therefore the original algorithm, developed for the California-Nevada region, can be directly applied, without adjustment of the parameters, to the determination of the Time of Increased Probability (TIP) of strong earthquakes for Central Italy. The prediction is applied to the events with magnitudeM≥M 0=5.6, which in Central Italy have a return period of about six years. The routinely available digital earthquake bulletins of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica (ING), Rome, permits continuous monitoring. Here we extend to November 1994 the first study made by Keilis-Boroket al. (1990b). On the basis of the combined analysis of seismicity and seismotectonic, we formulate a new regionalization, which reduces the total alarm time and the failures to predict, and narrows the spatial uncertainty of the prediction with respect to the results ofKeilis-Borok et al. (1990b). The premonitory pattern is stable when the key parameters of the CN algorithm and the duration of the learning period are changed, and when different earthquake catalogues are used. The anlysis of the period 1904–1940, for whichM 0=6, allows us to identify self-similar properties between the two periods, in spite of the considerably higher seismicity level of the earlier time interval compared with the recent one.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 138 (1992), S. 569-589 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; slide-blocks ; chaos ; earthquakes ; fractals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present a systematic analysis of the dynamical behavior introduced by fault zone heterogeneities, using a simple mass-spring model with velocity-weakening friction. The model consists of two sliding blocks coupled to each other and to a constant velocity driver by clastic springs. The state of this system can be characterized by the positions of the two blocks relative to the driver. Symmetry stabilizes the system and generates only cyclic behavior. For an asymmetric system where the frictional forces for the two blocks are not equal, the solutions exhibit chaotic behavior. The transition from stable cyclic behavior to chaos is characterized by the period-doubling route to chaos. Lyapunov exponents are computed to quantify the deterministic chaos and to locate the onset of the chaotic evolution in parameter space. In many examples of deterministic chaos, chaotic behavior of a low-order system implies chaos in similar higher order systems. Thus, our results provide substantial evidence that crustal deformation is an example of deterministic chaos.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 667-673 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Hypocenter determination ; Focal coordinate determination ; Near earthquakes location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new computation method is described which determines the focal coordinates, theP n-andP G-velocity, the focal time and the Moho-depth in the case of near earthquakes. The method is provided especially for areas where the crustal parameters are insufficiently known. It presumes that the standard error ofP n-andP G-arrival times is a minimum. The problem turns out to represent the solution of a set of at least seven equations with seven unknown parameters. Four of these unknowns can be separated in advance. This leads to a considerable simplification. The three remaining unknowns are the focal coordinates. Their best fitting values are found by the gradient method. An example is presented which shows how errors can arise if the initial trial coordinate is chosen at an unfavourable position.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1170-1178 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Love waves ; Laterally nonhomogeneous layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rayleigh's principle and the concept of the local wave number have been utilised for the approximate determination of the dispersion of Love waves propagating in a laterally heterogeneous layer lying over a homogeneous half-space. The shear wave velocity and the rigidity in the surface layer have been assumed to decrease with the increase of the lateral distance from the origin. The range of validity of the dispersion equation obtained by this method has been examined critically. It was found that: (a) for existence of Love waves the minimum value of shear wave velocity in the layer must be less than that in the matter below, and (b) the phase velocity of Love waves decreases with the increase of the lateral distance from the origin.
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  • 18
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    Pure and applied geophysics 136 (1991), S. 449-458 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; focal mechanism ; intraplate earthquakes ; Bolivia ; Andean Cordillera ; seismotectonics ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Intraplate seismic activity in Bolivia is mainly located in the central region (16°–19°S, 63°–67°W) which includes the East Andean Cordillera and the Sub-Andean Sierras. At this region there is a bend in the trend of the main geological structures from NW-SE in the north to N-S in the south. Focal mechanisms have been calculated for 10 earthquakes of magnitudes 4.9–5.6, using first motionP-waves from long period instruments. Their solutions correspond to reverse faulting, some with a large component of strike-slip motion. Their solutions can be grouped into two types; one with pure reverse faulting on planes with azimuth NW-SE and the other with a large strike-slip component on planes with azimuths nearly N-S or WNW-ESE. The maximum stress axis (P-axis) is practically horizontal (dipping less than 5°) oriented in a mean N56°E direction. This orientation may be related with the direction of compression resulting from the collision of the Nazca plate against the western margin of the South American continent. Wave-form analysis of long-periodP-waves for one event restricts the focal depth to 8 km in the Sub-Andean region. Seismic moments and source dimensions determined from spectra of Rayleigh waves are in the range of 1016–1017Nm and 17–24 km, respectively. The Central Bolivia region can be considered as a zone of intraplate deformation situated between the Bolivian Altiplano and the Brazil shield.
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  • 19
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    Pure and applied geophysics 142 (1994), S. 419-445 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; fracture ; elastodynamics ; friction ; earthquakes ; boundary integral equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We discuss the effects of rate-dependent friction on the propagation of seismic rupture on active faults. Several physicists using Burridge and Knopoff's box and spring model of faulting have proposed that fault complexity may arise from the spontaneous development of a self-similar stress distribution on the fault plane. If this model proves to be correct, it has important consequences for the origin of the complexity of seismic sources. In order to test these ideas on a more realistic earthquake model, we developed a new boundary integral equation method for studying rupture propagation along an antiplane fault in the presence of nonlinear rate-dependent friction. We study rupture dynamics of models with single and twin asperities. In our models, asperities are places on the fault with a higher value of prestress. Othewise all fault parameters are homogeneous. We show that for models with such asperities, a slip velocity weakening friction leads to the propagation of supersonic healing phases and to the spontaneous arrest of fracture if the prestress outside the asperities is low enough. For models with asperities, we can also observe narrow slip velocity pulses, qualitatively similar to the so-called Heaton pulses observed in some earthquake accelerograms. We also observe a complex distribution of stress after the rupture that depends on details of the initial distribution of asperities and on the details of the friction law.
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  • 20
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    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 357-374 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Earthquake prediction ; Stressin-situ
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Anomalous seismicity changes (increase followed by a decrease) were recorded prior to three moderate rock bursts in the Star mine, Burke, Idaho. In each case, based upon the anomalous seismicity behavior, miners were evacuated or were prohibited from entering active mine stopes that were located in the immediate vicinity of the seismicity buildup prior to the bursts. Analyses of pre- and post-seismic activity are interpreted in terms of, and shown to be consistent with, the inclusion theory of failure. Implications of these observational results for the problem of rock bursts and earthquake prediction are discussed.
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  • 21
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 1299-1306 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Rayleigh wave dispersion ; Phase velocity of Rayleigh waves ; German Dem. Rep., Rayleigh waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The phase velocity curve of Rayleigh-waves is determined for a profile crossing the area of GDR from south to north. Two different methods of seismogram processing are used which are discussed in detail. The phase velocities found are checked for compatibility. An inversion of a common phase velocity curve is done by using hedgehog procedure.
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  • 22
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1209-1213 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Phase velocity dispersion ; Rayleigh waves ; ‘Hedgehog’ inversion method ; Lithosphere-asthenosphere system in Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Long-period recordings of dispersive Rayleigh waves along numerous station lines, or ‘profiles’, in Europe have for the first time permitted a uniform inversion of these observations based on a new method of phase velocity regionalization. Regional dispersion relations obtained by this method have then been subjected to a complete inversion procedure commonly known as the ‘hedgehog’ method. The results are presented in a map outlining the thickness of the lower lithosphere (‘lid’) and the shear (S) velocities in both the ‘lid’ and the asthenosphere ‘channel’. A comparison of these results with the minimum compressional (P) wave velocities in the asthenosphere and their corresponding depths provides an estimate of theV p /V s ratio for the asthenosphere in the European area.
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  • 23
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 1262-1273 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; African Rift ; P-wave velocity beneath Africa ; Upper mantle structure for Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract AP-wave velocity model for the upper mantle beneath eastern and southern Africa is proposed. The top 250 km of the model is characterized by relatively low velocities similar to those deduced for the upper mantle beneath the western United States of America. At greater depths, the velocities gradually change to normal mantle values.
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  • 24
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 583-606 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; P-wave residuals ; Three-dimensional velocity inversion ; Velocity structure of Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Jeffreys-Bullen P and PKP travel-time residuals observed at more than 50 seismic stations distributed along Italy and surrounding areas in the time interval 1962–1979, indicate the complex velocity pattern of this region. Strong lateral velocity inhomogeneities and low velocity zones are required to explain the observed pattern of residuals. In particular, late arrivals of about 1 sec are observed in the Apenninic mountain range, requiring both greater crustal thickness and low velocity layers, coherent with seismic refraction data and surface wave dispersion measurements. The seismic stations located in the Western and Eastern Alps indicate the presence of high velocities. In the Western Alps the strong azimuthal variation of residuals and the high values of early arrivals have a close relationship to the Ivrea body, an intrusive crustal complex characterized by a velocity as high as 7–7.2 km/sec. A travel-time inversion performed with theAki et al. (1977) block model, confirms the peculiar characteristics and the sharp variations in the lithosphere of the whole Italian region, with values of velocity perturbations between many adjacent blocks, ranging in size from 50 to 100 km, and independent from the earth parametrization chosen, reaching values up to 10% in the lithospheric part and 5% in the asthenosphere. 3-D inversion requires also high velocity along the Tyrrhenian coastal margin, equivalent to an uprise of major crustal and lithospheric discontinuities along this part of the Italian peninsula. Moreover low velocity material must be present in the northern part of the Adriatic foreland, in the lithosphere-asthenosphere system, closely related to the stress and seismicity pattern, and the lateral bending of the lithosphere in the same region.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; earthquake prediction
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Intermediate-term observations preceding earthquakes of magnitude 5.7 or greater in California from 1975 through 1986 suggest that: (1) The sudden appearance of earthquakes in a previously inactive area indicates an increased likelihood of a significant earthquake in that area for a period from days to years; (2) these larger earthquakes tend to occur towards the ends of creeping fault segments; (3) one large earthquake in a region increases the likelihood of a subsequent significant event in the adjacent area; and (4) marginal evidence for the occurrence of a regional deformation event suggests that such events increase the probability of earthquake occurrence throughout the entire area. A common element in many of these observed patterns appears to be the transmission and amplification of tectonic stress changes by the mechanism of fault creep, and suggests that surface fault creep is a sensitive indicator of changes in stress. The preceding critieria are used to construct a preliminary ‘forecast’ of the likely locations of significant earthquakes over the next decade.
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  • 26
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 699-715 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Benioff zones ; historical earthquakes
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We useP andS times listed in the International Seismological Summary to relocate 23 historical earthquakes (1927–1963) reported as occurring at or below 670 km. In all cases, our relocated hypocenters are shallower than the starting depths; furthermore, all events converge to 691 km or less, with a precision estimated at ±10 km. This study upholds the results of Stark and Frohlich, who had usedpP−P times of post-WWSSN earthquakes to constrain reliable hypocentral depths to no greater than 684 km. In particular, we reject Rothé's claim that a 1963 event in the vicinity of New Guinea occurred at a depth of more than 780 km.
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  • 27
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    Pure and applied geophysics 135 (1991), S. 61-75 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; seismic networks ; artificial intelligence ; expert systems ; automatic interpretation ; seismic event detection ; data compression
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The focus-of-attention techniques implemented in SNA2, a knowledge-based system for seismogram interpretation, are presented. They consist of data compression of the input digital records, scanning of the compressed traces to detect candidate seismograms and extraction of seismogram features. A criterion is given to rate the clarity of seismograms; the clarity defines the order in which the system will consider them to build up the interpretation. The proposed techniques are simple and fast; they allow quick rejection of noise and focussing the attention of the system on the portions of traces containing relevant information.
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  • 28
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    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 375-385 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Earthquake prediction
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary An area of significant seismic quiescence is found near Oaxaca, southern Mexico. The anomalous area may be the site of a future large earthquake as many cases so far reported were. This conjecture is justified by study of past seismicity changes in the Oaxaca region. An interval of reduced seismicity, followed by a renewal of activity, preceded both the recent large events of 1965 and 1968. Those past earthquakes have ruptured the eastern and western portions of the present seismicity gap, respectively, so that the central part remaining is considered to be of the highest risk of the pending earthquake. The most probable estimates are: 7 1/2±1/4 for the magnitude and ϕ=16.5°±0.5°N, λ=96.5°±0.5W for the epicenter location. A firm prediction of the occurrence time is not attempted. However, a resumption of seismic activity in the Oaxaca region may precede a main shock.
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  • 29
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    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 655-666 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Greece ; Plate tectonics ; Focal mechanism
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary An attempt has been made to interpret the striking difference, in focal properties, between the intermediate and shallow earthquakes in Central Greece and an observed time sequence of these shocks by a lithospheric model. This model consists of a lithospheric slab descending from the Ionian to the Aegean and a back-arc expanding Aegean lithosphere. Thrust faulting near the top surface of the slab, caused by the sinking of the slab, triggers spreading and normal faulting in the back-arc Aegean region.
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  • 30
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    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 675-692 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; P wave residuals ; Travel-time anomalies ; Earthquake prediction
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Mean travel-time residuals of P waves for the period 1964–1970 at stations in North America and Europe are well separated into large domains of positive and negative values. The spatial distribution of residuals in North America is in good agreement with the structure of the upper mantle obtained from Rayleigh wave dispersion and is in accord with magnitude anomalies and heat flow data. A systematic variation of residuals in time is found to be sensitive to major changes in the nature of the earthquake source distribution, as for example aftershocks, as well as to changes in methods of detection of first arrivals. Residuals at neighboring stations are correlated up to distances of the order of 2°. Half year mean residuals at stations within 2° distance from the epicenters of strong earthquakes have a sudden jump 1.5 years before the occurrence of an earthquake. A formal algorithm based on this pattern permits prediction of the times of all 16 earthquakes with magnitudeM≥7.5 occurring during the interval 1966–1972. Although the average duration of the alarm periods is about half the total time interval of the catalog, so that the algorithm has no practical importance, these results are statistically significant on a 99% level of confidence.
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  • 31
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 198-211 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; theoretical ; Cagniard's technique ; Elastic waves produced by shearing traction
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The displacement produced in a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic elastic medium by the application of shearing traction over a circular portion of the half-space has been evaluated in exact form by Cagniard's Technique (Cagniard, 1962;Gakenheimer andMiklowitz, 1969).
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  • 32
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 327-339 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Radon ; Groundwater ; Long Valley caldera ; Seismicity ; Earth tides
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the Long Valley caldera, where seismicity has continued essentially uninterrupted since mid-1980 and uplift is documented, samples of water from hot, warm, and cold springs have been collected since September, 1982, and their222Rn concentrations analyzed. Concurrently, rocks encompassing the hydrologic systems feeding the springs were analyzed for their radioelement contents, because their uranium is the ultimate source of the222Rn in the water. The222Rn concentration in the springs varies inversely with their temperature and specific conductance. High concentrations (1500 to 2500 picocuries per liter) occur in dilute cold springs on the margins of the caldera, while low contents (12 to 25 pCi/l) occur in hot to boiling springs. Springwater radon concentrations also correlate slightly with the uranium content of the encompassing rocks. A continuous monitoring system was installed in August, 1983, at a spring issuing from basalt, to provide hourly records of radon concentration. A gamma detector is submerged in a natural pool, and we have observed that the radioactivity measured in this manner is due almost entirely to the222Rn concentration of the water. Initial operation shows diurnal and semidiurnal variations in the222Rn concentration of the springwater that are ascribed to earth tides, suggesting that those variations are responding to small changes in stress in the rocks encompassing the hydrologic system.
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  • 33
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    Pure and applied geophysics 127 (1988), S. 607-625 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Physical properties of rocks ; permeability
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Permeability, resistivity formation factor, and pore volume change were simultaneously measured on samples of Chelmsford granite subjected to confining pressure and pore pressure cycles. Using a technique described in a previous paper, the tangent coefficients of the effective pressure law for permeability α k and for formation factor α F were determined. α k and α F did not differ significantly from one another. They showed a strong stress history dependence as has already been observed for α k in several crystalline rocks. According to the definition of the effective pressure law used here, two physical properties with identical α's must be related through a one-to-one functional relationship. Hence, the observation above suggests that such a relationship may be empirically found between permeability and formation factor. Indeed, analysis of the data revealed that, to a good approximation, permeability was inversely proportional to the formation factor. The same relation has previously been observed in other crystalline rocks. This relationship was included in a recent version of the so-called equivalent channel model. Using this model, the specific surface area of the cracksA c/VS, the standard deviation of the distribution of asperities heightsh and the hydraulic radiusm o were evaluated. The following values were respectively found: 850 cm−1, 0.008 μm and 0.14 μm. The specific surface area of the cracks was independently estimated on micrographs of polished sections using a standard quantitative stereology method. The result was in good agreement with the values estimated from the transport properties data.
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  • 34
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    Pure and applied geophysics 140 (1993), S. 317-330 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; spatio-temporal variations ; seismic gaps ; southern Peru ; northern Chile
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spatio-temporal variation of seismicity in the southern Peru and northern Chile seismic gaps is analyzed with teleseismic data (m b ≥5.5) between 1965 and 1991, to investigate whether these gaps present the precursory combination of compressional outer-rise and tensional downdip events observed in other subduction zones. In the outer-rise and the inner-trench (0 to 100 km distance from the trench) region, lower magnitude (5.0≤m b 〈5.5) events were also studied. The results obtained show that the gaps in southern Peru and northern Chile do not present compressional outer-rise events. However, both gaps show a continuous, tensional downdip seismicity. For both regions, the change from compressional to tensional regime along the slab occurs at a distance of about 160 km from the trench, apparently associated with the coupled-uncoupled transition of the interplate contact zone. In southern Peru, an increase of compressional seismicity near the interplate zone and of tensional events (5.0≤m b ≤6.3) in the outer-rise and inner-trench regions is observed between 1987 and 1991. A similar distribution of seismicity in the outer-rise and inner-trench regions is observed with earthquakes (m b 〈5.5). In northern Chile there is a relative absence of compressional activity (m b ≥5.5) near the interplate contact since the sequence of December 21, 1967. After that, only a cluster of low-magnitude compressional events has been located in the area 50 to 100 km from the trench. The compressional activity occurring near the interplate zone in both seismic gaps represents that a seismic preslip is occurring in and near the plate contact. Therefore, if this seismic preslip is associated with the maturity of the gap, the fact that it is larger in southern Peru than in northern Chile may reflect that the former gap is more mature than the latter. However, the more intense downdip tensional activity and the absence of compressional seismicity near the contact zone observed in northern Chile, may also be interpreted as evidence that northern Chile is seismically more mature than southern Peru. Therefore, the observed differences in the distribution of stresses and seismicity analyzed under simple models of stress accumulation and transfer in coupled subduction zones are not sufficient to assess the degree of maturity of a seismic gap.
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  • 35
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    Pure and applied geophysics 132 (1990), S. 311-329 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; codaQ ; Q variations
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Seismicity in the La Cerdanya region of the eastern Pyrenees has been accurately mapped for the first time using data from a local seismic network. The majority of earthquakes lies on or near the La Cerdanya fault or secondary faults to the south. Coda magnitudes determined for these earthquakes, using magnitude relations from other regions, range between −0.5 and 2.2. These are, however, presumed to be underdetermined values sinceQ values appear to be very low in the La Cerdanya region. CodaQ values at a frequency of 1.5 Hz range between 17 and 120, the lowest values being obtained for the most seismically active regions. CodaQ values also increase with increasing distance, a result which indicates decreasing seismic attenuation with increasing depth in the crust.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Mount Rainier ; Seismicity ; Geochemistry ; Magmatic–hydrothermal system model ; Volcano monitoring
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Mount Rainier is one of the most seismically active volcanoes in the Cascade Range, with an average of one to two high-frequency volcano-tectonic (or VT) earthquakes occurring directly beneath the summit in a given month. Despite this level of seismicity, little is known about its cause. The VT earthquakes occur at a steady rate in several clusters below the inferred base of the Quaternary volcanic edifice. More than half of 18 focal mechanisms determined for these events are normal, and most stress axes deviate significantly from the regional stress field. We argue that these characteristics are most consistent with earthquakes in response to processes associated with circulation of fluids and magmatic gases within and below the base of the edifice.Circulation of these fluids and gases has weakened rock and reduced effective stress to the point that gravity-induced brittle fracture, due to the weight of the overlying edifice, can occur. Results from seismic tomography and rock, water, and gas geochemistry studies support this interpretation. We combine constraints from these studies into a model for the magmatic system that includes a large volume of hot rock (temperatures greater than the brittle–ductile transition) with small pockets of melt and/or hot fluids at depths of 8–18 km below the summit. We infer that fluids and heat from this volume reach the edifice via a narrow conduit, resulting in fumarolic activity at the summit, hydrothermal alteration of the edifice, and seismicity.
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  • 37
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    Bulletin of volcanology 59 (1997), S. 36-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Hekla ; Torfajökull ; Vatnafjöll ; South Iceland seismic zone ; Seismicity ; Low-frequency earthquakes ; Hekla eruption 1991
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The volcano Hekla in south Iceland had its latest eruption in January–March 1991. The eruption was accompanied and followed by considerable seismic activity. This study examines the seismicity in the Hekla region (63°42′–64°18′N, 18°30′–20°12′W) during a period when the high activity related to the eruption had ceased, from July 1991 to October 1995. The aim is to define the level of the normal background seismicity of the area that can be compared to the eruption-related activity. The Hekla Volcano proper was generally aseismic during the study period. The most prominent earthquake cluster is in the neighbouring Torfajökull Volcano. The epicentres are concentrated in the western part of the caldera and west of it. The hypocentres are located at all depths from the surface down to 14 km, with highest activity at 5–12 km. Inside this cluster, in the northwest part of the caldera, is a spherical volume void of earthquakes, approximately 4 km in diameter and centred at 8 km depth. This is interpreted as a cooling magma body. Small, low-frequency events of volcanic origin were occasionally recorded at Torfajökull. This activity has mainly occurred in swarms and was most abundant during the first year of the study period, presumably reflecting some kind of connection to the 1991 Hekla eruption. Our study area also includes the easternmost section of the South Iceland seismic zone, a transform zone characterized by bookshelf faulting on transverse faults. Two lineaments of epicentres were identified, roughly corresponding to mapped faults of the South Iceland seismic zone. The hypocentres are relatively deep, mainly at 6–12 km, matching the general trend of hypocentral depth increasing toward the east. The seismicity is highest in the area of the mapped faults. However, the epicentres extend beyond them and indicate greater width of the South Iceland seismic zone, or 20–30 km rather than approximately 10 km as indicated by the length of the surface faults. The seismicity in the volcanic systems of Hekla and Vatnafjöll shows some characteristics of the South Iceland seismic zone. Epicentres are concentrated into two N–S lineaments, one of which coincides with the location of the 1987 Vatnafjöll earthquake (Mw=5.9), a strike-slip event on a N- to S-trending fault. The hypocentres of the Hekla–Vatnafjöll events are mainly at 8–13 km depth, which indicates a continuation of the depth trend of the earthquakes of the South Iceland seismic zone. The events located at Hekla proper and immediately north of it are all of low-frequency character, which can be held as an indication of volcanic origin. On the other hand, they show clear S arrivals at observing stations like normal high-frequency tectonic earthquakes.
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    Bulletin of volcanology 60 (1999), S. 568-580 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Colima volcano ; Mexico ; Volcanic earthquakes ; Stress field ; Focal mechanism ; Seismicity ; Jalisco Block ; Colima Rift Zone
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  For first time, during 1991, seismic activity was recorded during an eruption at Colima volcano. We analyze these data to obtain a stress pattern using a composite focal mechanism technique. From the analysis of regional seismicity, the Tamazula Fault and the Armeria River appear as active features and the dip of the slab east of the Jalisco Block is approximately 12°. Southwest of Colima volcano a vertical alignment of seismic events was observed. We estimate five different composite focal mechanism solutions from our data set, which indicate a change of the stress field at the volcano after the 1991 eruption. These solutions suggest that the stress field in the volcanic edifice was controlled by stresses related to the emplacement of magma superimposed on the regional stress field. No evidence of active local faults in the volcanic edifice was found. We propose a model for the eruptive process that involves tilting of the volcanic edifice.
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  • 39
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    Geologische Rundschau 85 (1996), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words: Earthquakes ; Seismicity ; Shear damage ; Fractals ; Multifractals
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  A model for an earthquake simulation is proposed with the use of a fractal approach. Multiple generation and coalescence of shear faults in stochastic brittle media (modelled as a 2d lattice) are considered to be a source of seismicity. Dynamics of local failure events are governed by accumulation of shear defects, described in terms of continuum damage mechanics. Fractal tree structure is used as an analogue for a stress redistribution process. Energy release, caused by the non-uniform failure, is studied for a non-conservative case. Effect of various types of rocks' properties stochasticity on energy release dynamics is analysed with a utilization of multifractal formalism. The latter is shown to be an additional method for seismicity characterization.
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  • 40
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    Geotechnical and geological engineering 6 (1988), S. 27-40 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Seismicity ; potash mining ; finite element analysis ; strain softening ; time-dependent deformation
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary A number of earthquakes have been recorded in strata above underground potash mines in Saskatchewan, Canada. These seismic events are widely understood to be generated in the carbonate Dawson Bay Formation and, possibly, other superincumbent beds, and are believed to be directly related to mining operations. The mechanical response of these higher strata to mining is not observable andin situ instrumentation for measuring post-mining stresses and strains in the carbonate beds is sparse. Numerical models are believed to be the most effective option for investigating the response of these higher strata to potash mining. In this regard a realistic finite element model based on elasto-plastic material behaviour is developed in this paper. Special capabilities added to this general elasto-plastic model permit simulation of the post-failure behaviour of the rock mass. Possible modes of failure in the Dawson Bay are investigated and the brittle failure of intact limestone is affirmed as the possible mode of failure producing major seismicity. Slip along existing discontinuities in overlying strata is also demonstrated to be another possible mechanism, though with lower energy levels.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-157X
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Central Italy ; Umbria-Marche ; Aftershock sequence ; seismic crisis
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present the spatio-temporal distribution of more than 2000 earthquakesthat occurred during the Umbria-Marche seismic crisis, between September 26and November 3, 1997. This distribution was obtained from recordings of atemporary network that was installed after the occurrence of the first two largest shocks (Mw =, 5.7, Mw = 6.0) of September 26. This network wascomposed of 27 digital 3-components stations densely distributed in theepicentral area. The aftershock distribution covers a region of about 40 km long and about2 km wide along the NW-SE central Apennines chain. The activity is shallow,mostly located at less than 9 km depth. We distinguished three main zonesof different seismic activity from NW to SE. The central zone, that containsthe hypocenter of four earthquakes of magnitude larger than 5, was the moreactive and the more complex one. Sections at depth identify 40–50°dipping structures that agree well with the moment tensor focalmechanisms results. The clustering and the migration of seismicity from NW to SE and the generalfeatures are imaged by aftershock distribution both horizontally and at depth.
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  • 42
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 59 (2000), S. 23-37 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Landslide ; Slope stability ; Seismicity ; Ground motion ; Critical acceleration ; Mots clés Glissement de terrain ; Stabilité de pente ; Sismicité ; Mouvement sismique ; Accélération critique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le 29 decembre 1993, un glissement de terrain se produit dans la périphérie de Senerchia (Italie du sud), dans une localité appelée "Vadoncello". Le mouvement de terrain était en activité de manière variable jusqu'à ce jour: la vitesse maximum fut atteinte en 1995, quand fut enregistrée une séquence sismique de faible magnitude (maximum 3.6). L'évolution du glissement de terrain fut étudiée en considérant aussi bien les caractéristiques de l'activité sismique que les conditions de stabilité de la pente. Les résultats des analyses ont montré qu'il n'est pas certain que l'action sismique ait eu un rôle dans le déclenchement du mouvement de terrain, bien que ceci ne soit pas exclu. Le comportement de la pente a été plus probablement contrôlé par des facteurs morphologiques et hydrogéologiques et leurs modifications; ainsi, ces derniers peuvent avoir été la cause de la vulnérabilité de la pente même. En conclusion, le mouvement de terrain observé en 1995, que des chocs sismiques faibles, mais à intervalles répétés, ont pu contribuer à déclencher, a conduit à de nouvelles et plus stables conditions d'équilibre sur la pente.
    Notes: Abstract  On 29 December 1993, a slump-earthflow was activated in the outskirts of Senerchia (southern Italy) in a locality named "Vadoncello". Mass movement has been active until the time of writing, at a variable rate. Maximum velocity was reached during 1995, when a seismic sequence of low magnitude (maximum 3.6) was recorded. The landslide evolution was studied considering both the characteristics of seismic activity and slope stability conditions. The results of the analyses showed that the role of seismic action in triggering mass movement is uncertain, although it cannot be excluded. Slope behaviour is more likely to have been controlled by morphological and hydrogeological factors and their modifications, which could also have been responsible for the vulnerability of the slope. In conclusion, the mass movement observed in 1995, triggered by the possible contribution of low magnitude shocks repeated at short intervals, determined new and more stable equilibrium conditions in the slope.
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    Journal of statistical physics 76 (1994), S. 703-723 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Seismology ; migration ; scalar wave equation ; parallel computing
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Prospecting for oil and gas resources poses the problem of determining the geological structure of the earth's crust from indirect measurements. Seismic migration is an acoustic image reconstruction technique based on the inversion of the scalar wave equation. Extensive computation is necessary before reliable information can be extracted from large sets of recorded data. In this paper a collection of “industrial” migration techniques, each giving rise to a data parallel algorithm, is outlined. Computer simulations on synthetic seismic data illustrate the problem and the approach.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Neotectonics ; Seismicity ; Fault-plane solution ; Stress ; Coda Q ; Earthquake ; Micro-earthquake ; Fault ; Pull-apart basin ; Overstep ; Strike slip ; North Anatolian Fault ; Turkey
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    Notes: Abstract  The course of the active North Anatolian Fault system from Lake Abant to Lake Sapanca was traced by its high micro-earthquake activity. If approaching from the east this section includes a broad south to north overstep (fault offset) of the main fault. Local seismicity has been recorded in this area by a semi-permanent network of 8 stations since 1985 within the frame of the Turkish–German Joint Project for Earthquake Research. The effect of the overstep and its complex fracture kinematics are reflected by the seismicity distribution, the variations of composite fault-plane solutions, and by the spatial coda-Q distribution. Areas of different stress orientation can be distinguished and assigned to different groups of faults. The stresses and the tectonic pattern only in part correspond to a simple model of an extensional overstep and its correlative pull-apart basin. Other types of deformation involved are characterized by normal faulting on faults parallel to the general course of the main strike-slip fault and by synthetic strike-slip faults oriented similar to Riedel shears. Shear deformation by this fault group widely distributed in an area north and east of the main fault line may play an important role in the evolution of the overstep. The development of a pull-apart basin is inhibited along the eastern half of the overstep and compatibility of both strands of the main fault (Bolu–Lake Abant and Lake Sapanca– Izmit–Marmara Sea) seems to be achieved with the aid of the fault systems mentioned. The extension of the missing part of the pull-apart basin seems to be displaced to positions remote from the Lake Abant–Lake Sapanca main fault line, i.e. to the Akyaz℩–Düzce basin tract. Highest Q-values (lowest attenuation of seismic waves) were found in the zone of highest seismicity north and west of the overstep which is the zone of strongest horizontal tension. If high coda-Q is an indicator for strong scattering of seismic waves it might be related to extensional opening of fractures.
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  • 45
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    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. V/1, subvol. a, pp. 559-932, (ISBN 0-935702-96-2)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks ; Handbook of geophysics ; Laboratory measurements ; density ; porosity ; elasticity ; electrical ; magnetic ; properties ; radioactivity ; moon ; ice ; Czermak ; Huckenholz ; Rybach ; Schmid ; Schopper ; Schuch ; Stoeffler ; Wohlenberg
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    In:  Norwell, Springer, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN: 3-540-26532-5, XVI + 208 p. 72 illus.)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: FractureT ; Seismology ; Geoelectrics ; Electromagnetic methods/phenomena ; Geothermics ; Non-linear effects ; Dynamic ; Earth ; system ; geophysics ; Inhomogeneity ; scaling
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    In:  Amsterdam, 394 pp., Springer, vol. 46, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN: 0-387-30752-4)
    Publication Date: 1990
    Description: Consisting of more than 150 articles written by leading experts, this authoritative reference encompasses the entire field of solid-earth geophysics. It describes in detail the state of current knowledge, including advanced instrumentation and techniques, and focuses on important areas of exploration geophysics. It also offers clear and complete coverage of seismology, geodesy, gravimetry, magnetotellurics and related areas in the adjacent disciplines of physics, geology, oceanography and space science.
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Geodesy ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; Electromagnetic methods/phenomena ; Applied geophysics ; PlanetologyT
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    In:  Professional Paper, Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 1, no. 16, pp. 479-480, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake ; China ; Project report/description ; Seismology ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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    In:  Professional Paper, Landolt Börnstein (6. Edition) III. Band: Astronomie und Geophysik, Berlin, Springer, vol. 7, no. XVI:, pp. 326-330, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1952
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks
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    In:  Professional Paper, Landolt Börnstein (6. Edition) III. Band: Astronomie und Geophysik, Berlin, Springer, vol. 7, no. XVI:, pp. 369-375, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1952
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismicity
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Handbuch zur Erkundung des Untergrundes von Deponien und Altlasten hrsg. von der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Heidelberg, Springer, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 81-92, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1997
    Keywords: Applied geophysics ; environment ; waste ; disposal ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Geoelectrics ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; RADAR ; Borehole geophys. ; Physical properties of rocks ; Handbook of geophysics ; Knodel
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    In:  New York, 1108 pp., Springer, vol. 96, pp. 225, (ISBN 0-471-95596-5)
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: FROTH ; RUB ; GMG ; 3.15.80 ; Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Waves ; Wavelet processing ; SModelling ; Dislocation ; Elasticity theory of dislocations ; Source
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    Springer
    In:  Heidelberg, Springer, vol. V/2, no. Subvol. a, pp. 220, (ISBN: 0-08-037951-6)
    Publication Date: 1984
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismology ; (The Earth's free) oscillations ; Waves ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; Geomagnetics ; Planetology ; solar ; system ; Anderson ; Brosche ; Busse ; Dziewonski ; Groten ; von ; Herzen ; Jackson ; Janle ; Kahle ; Maelzer ; Meissner ; Mueller ; Prodehl ; Rybach ; Schneider ; Suendermann ; Waenke ; Wilhelm ; Zuern
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    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 159, no. 22, pp. 662-664, (ISBN 0-470-87000-1 (HB), ISBN 0-470-87001-X (PB))
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake ; Textbook of geophysics
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    In:  New York, Springer, vol. 7, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (ISBN 3-540-44363-0)
    Publication Date: 1985
    Keywords: Stress ; Borehole geophys. ; Seismicity ; Tectonics ; FROTH, ; RUB ; GMG
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    In:  Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 37, no. 16, pp. 495-502, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Plate tectonics ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; Stress ; Strain ; Seismicity ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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    In:  Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 37, no. 16, pp. 487-494, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Project report/description ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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    In:  Professional Paper, Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 24, no. 16, pp. 535-536, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Tsunami(s) ; Seismicity ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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    In:  Professional Paper, Landolt Börnstein (6. Edition) III. Band: Astronomie und Geophysik, Berlin, Springer, vol. 7, no. XVI:, pp. 375-384, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1952
    Keywords: Seismology ; Waves
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Physical Properties of Rocks, Heidelberg, Springer, vol. V/2, no. Subvol. a, pp. 61-83, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 1984
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismology ; (The Earth's free) oscillations ; Waves ; Muller ; Zuern ; Zurn
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    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 453-460, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Japan ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; Tsunami(s) ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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    In:  Heidelberg, Springer, vol. 113, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 1-56670-263-3)
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Handbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake hazard ; KTB ; ICDP ; IOcean Drilling Program ; climate ; Antarctica ; Nuclear explosion ; Volcanology ; GeodesyY ; satellites ; remote ; sensing ; gas ; hydrates ; Geothermics ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; potable ; water ; waste ; soils ; evolution ; Geol. aspects ; geotechnics ; Engineering geophys. ; ores
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    In:  New York, Springer, vol. III/12, Supplement to III/4, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 0-87590-299-5 (soft cover))
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: SOC ; FractureT ; Textbook of geophysics ; Seismicity ; Gutenberg-Richter magnitude frequency b-value ; forest ; fires ; land ; slides
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    In:  Heidelberg, XIV + 337 pp., Springer, vol. 9, no. XVI:, pp. 227-235, (ISBN 3-540-43528-X)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Non-linear effects ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Pattern recognition ; Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: statistical anal. of seismicity ; Lithosphere ; complexity ; hierarchical ; dissipative ; system ; static ; Dynamic ; lattice ; Modelling ; synthetic ; Earthquake catalog ; Fault zone ; block ; rotations ; decision ; theory
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    In:  Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, vol. 98, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 95-104, (ISBN: 1-4020-1592-5)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: digital signal analysis (also DSP) ; DSP ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; earthquake ; warning ; Seismic networks ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Location ; Detectors ; Time series analysis ; Seismology
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    In:  Professional Paper, Methods and Applications of Signal Processing in Seismic Network Operations, Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, vol. 98, no. 16, pp. 131-148, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: digital signal analysis (also DSP) ; DSP ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; earthquake ; warning ; Seismic networks ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Location ; Detectors ; Time series analysis ; Seismology ; Boedvarsson ; Bodvarsson
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    In:  Professional Paper, Observation of the Continental Crust Through Drilling I., Berlin, Springer, vol. 1, no. 231, pp. 324-342, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1985
    Keywords: Stress ; Borehole geophys. ; Seismicity ; Tectonics
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    In:  Professional Paper, Physical Properties of Rocks, Berlin, Springer, vol. V/1, no. Subvol. b, pp. 1-96, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Velocity ; Elasticity ; Physical properties of rocks ; Handbook of geophysics
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    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. V/1, subvol. b, pp. 559-932, (ISBN 0-935702-96-2)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks ; Handbook of geophysics ; Laboratory measurements ; density ; porosity ; elasticity ; electrical ; magnetic ; properties ; radioactivity ; moon ; ice ; Beblo ; Berktold ; Bleil ; Gebrande ; Grauert ; Haack ; Haak ; Kern ; Miller ; Petersen ; Pohl ; Rummel ; Schopper
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    In:  Heidelberg, Springer, vol. V/2, no. Subvol. b, pp. 220, (ISBN: 0-08-037951-6)
    Publication Date: 1985
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismology ; (The Earth's free) oscillations ; Waves ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; Geomagnetics ; Planetology ; solar ; system ; Bosum ; Busse ; Chapman ; Gierloff-Emden ; Haak ; Hagedorn ; Jacoby ; Lubinova ; Rucher ; Roeser ; Schmucker ; Soffel ; Stacey ; Voppel
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    In:  Handbuch der Physik, Berlin, Springer, vol. 17, no. 16, pp. 169-201, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 1956
    Keywords: Laboratory measurements ; Physical properties of rocks ; Velocity ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; cylindrical ; waves ; Mueller ; Muller ; Fluegge ; Flugge
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    In:  Professional Paper, Perspectives in Modern Seismology, Dordrecht, Springer, vol. 65, no. 16, pp. 145-168, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: paleo ; Seismicity ; Fault zone ; DSTF ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Bucharest ; Romania ; Earthquake risk
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    In:  Professional Paper, Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 1002, no. 231, pp. 441-446, (ISBN 1-4020-1729-4)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Seismology ; Seismic networks ; Real time earthquake monitoring ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Perspectives in Modern Seismology, London, Springer, vol. 201, no. XVI:, pp. 169-184, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; Finite Element Method ; Modelling ; Three dimensional ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Bucharest ; Romania ; Earthquake risk
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, IAVCEI Proceedings in Volcanology, Berlin, Springer, vol. 3, no. XVI:, pp. 432-461, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1992
    Keywords: Geothermics ; Seismicity ; Volcanology
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, ASST'87, Berlin, Springer, vol. 81A, no. 16, pp. 347-350, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1987
    Keywords: Detectors ; Seismology ; Pattern recognition
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 425-431, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Seismology ; Mexico ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Perspectives in Modern Seismology, Dordrecht, Springer, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 47-65, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Non-linear effects ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Bucharest ; Romania ; Earthquake risk
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    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Perspectives in Modern Seismology, Arnsberg-Neheim, Springer, vol. 10, no. 87-17, pp. 69-94, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; hot ; spots ; GeodesyY ; Tomography ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Bucharest ; Romania
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    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Methods and Applications of Signal Processing in Seismic Network Operations, Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, vol. 98, no. 16, pp. 149-172, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: digital signal analysis (also DSP) ; DSP ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Seismic networks ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Location ; Detectors ; Time series analysis ; Seismology
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    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 9, no. 16, pp. 228, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Seismicity ; warning ; time ; Seismology ; micro-zonation ; Seismic networks ; Project report/description ; Rapid damage assessment ; Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; monitoring ; Kueppers ; Kuppers ; Stefansson ; SIL
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    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 14B, no. 16, pp. 465-469, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 1, no. 16, pp. 471-477, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Romania ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; Karlsruhe ; Kueppers ; Kuppers ; SFB ; 461
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    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Perspectives in Modern Seismology, Berlin, Springer, vol. 1, no. 16, pp. 1-12, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Bucharest ; Romania ; Earthquake risk
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    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 462-464, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Real time earthquake monitoring ; Seismicity ; Seismology ; China ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. Memoir 157, no. 1, pp. 433-440, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Turkey ; Seismicity ; warning ; time ; Seismology ; micro-zonation ; Seismic networks ; Project report/description ; Rapid damage assessment ; Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; monitoring ; Isikara ; Yalcin ; Kueppers ; Kuppers ; Erguenay ; Ergunay
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    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. Memoir 157, no. 1, pp. 527-532, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Indonesia ; Java ; Seismicity ; warning ; time ; Seismology ; Seismic networks ; Project report/description ; Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; monitoring ; Kueppers ; Kuppers ; Luehr ; Luhr
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