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  • Articles  (75)
  • Rhizobium  (40)
  • Copper  (35)
  • 1980-1984  (75)
  • 1945-1949
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (75)
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  • Articles  (75)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 95-106 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soil ; Antibiotic resistance ; Competition ; Rhizobium ; Soybean ; Symbiotic nitrogen fixation ; Tropical Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The efficacy of inoculating soybean cvs. TGm294-4 and TGm80 in an acid soil (pH 4.6, water) was studied in a field trial in Nigeria.Rhizobium japonicum strains CB1809str r and 46spc r which had been selected for symbiotic competence in the acid soil were used as inocula. Other treatments included no inoculation, combined nitrogen (150 kg N ha−1) and lime (1 t ha−1). Plants grown in acid soil without inoculation and lime had very few nodules, were nitrogen deficient and grain yields were poor (0.3–0.4 t ha−1). Yield responses to combined nitrogen were generally small due to fertilizer loss through leaching. Inoculation greatly increased nodulation, shoot dry matter and shoot N%; grain yields were between 1.6 and 2.0 t ha−1. Lime improved all harvest measurements in the uninoculated and nitrogen treatments but not in the inoculated treatments. In a duplicate trial without lime on near-neutral soil, similar inoculation responses were obtained at 6 weeks. However, at final harvest there were no significant differences in grain yield between treatments due to late, effective nodulation by unidentified strains in the uninoculated treatments. Assays for strain identity confirmed the successful establishment of the inocula in both soils, with 100% of nodules from inoculated plants containing an introduced strain.
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  • 2
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    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Autochthonous ; Nodule bacteria ; Nodulation ; Plantations ; Rhizobium ; Shelter belts ; Tree legumes ; Wind breaker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Twenty five species of tree legumes, belonging to genera Acacia, Albizzia, Bauhinia, Colophospermum, Dichrostachys, Leucaena, Peltophorum, Pithecolobium and Prosopis were examined for nodulation under pot culture conditions using unsterilized soil. Out of these, only nineteen tree-legumes nodulated. It was interesting to note that all the three species of Bauhinia and one each of Acacia, Colophospermum and Peltophorum did not nodulate both at Jodhpur and Delhi. Inoculation of tree legumes with their own rhizobial isolates, improved nodulation under sterilized conditions.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Berseem yield ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Concentrations ; Sulphur effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A screen-house experiment with 0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm S was conducted to study the effect of S on the yield and, Mn, Cu, Fe and Mo concentrations of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) at three stages of growth in a normal and reclaimed soil. Higher levels of S decreased the yield in both the soils. Yield in normal soil was much higher than in reclaimed soil. Application of S increased Cu, Mn, and Fe concentrations in all cuts in both soils. Molybdenum concentration was lowered following S application in both the soils in all the cuts. Molybdenum content increased with the stage of plant growth.
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  • 4
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    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 235-241 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cowpeas ; Copper ; Cu/Mo ratio ; Molybdenum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a Typic Torripsamments (loamy sand) soil, 4 levels each of Cu and Mo,viz, 0, 5, 10 and 20; and 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ppm, respectively, were added to study Cu−Mo relationship in cowpeas in a screen-house. Application of Mo reduced Cu content andvice versa in leaves, stems and roots of cowpeas. Stems accumulated more of Mo and Cu than leaves and roots, showing thereby, that it might be the site of interaction for Mo and Cu. Molybdenum increased to a toxic level in plant (for animals) following its application. Cu/Mo ratio was narrowed with Mo and widened with Cu addition. It was either more than 2∶1 or less which suggested that Mo would cause Cu deficiency and Cu in the absence of Mo would be toxic to ruminants.
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  • 5
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    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 491-494 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeschynomene ; Azospirillum ; Rhizobium ; Stem nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fifteen isolates of nodule bacteria were isolated from root and stem nodules ofAeschynomene aspera and they were characterized as Rhizobium by well known laboratory tests. All these isolates together with other efficient strains of known rhizobia belonging to different cross-inoculation groups were evaluated for their nodulation abilities onAeschynomene aspera, Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea),Cicer arietinum (chickpea),Pisum sativum (pea),Trifolium repens (clover),Medicago sativa (lucerne),Lens culinaris (lentil),Glycine max (soybean),Vigna sinensis (cowpea),Vigna radiata (mung bean),Vigna mungo (urd bean) andArachis hypogea (peanut). The results demonstrated that Rhizobium fromAeschynomene could form nodules only on its homologous host (Aeschynomene) but not on other legumes tested. Secondly, none of the rhizobia of other cross-inoculation groups could nodulateA. aspera.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacteroids ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen fixation ; Peanut ; Rhizobium ; Siratro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Acetylene reduction activity and nitrogen accumulation in the plant top per unit nodule mass were compared among peanut, cowpea and siratro plants nodulated by six different strains of Rhizobium. Peanut was found to have several fold higher values than cowpea and siratro for both parameters for all strains of Rhizobium which nodulated it effectively, but the bacteroid content of the peanut nodules was similar to those of cowpea and siratro.
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  • 7
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    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 279-290 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Ammonium ; Copper ; Barley ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of different nitrogen sources (NH4, NO3, and NH4 NO3) on the uptake of copper by wheat and barley growing in solution culture were compared in three experiments. Both the copper concentration and weight gain of shoots and roots were found to decrease in the order NO3〉NH4 NO3〉NH4 irrespective of the solution copper concentration. Ammonium nitrogen was also found to decrease the copper concentration of wheat grown on a copper deficient soil compared with a nitrate source of nitrogen. Increasing concentrations of ammonium ions in solution culture caused ammonium toxicity and reduced both plant copper concentrations and vegetative yield. Biochemical investigations using paper chromatography revealed that the amino acid asparagine was the major detoxification product of ammonia in wheat. Copper deficient plants were found to have elevated levels of amino acids compared with controls, irrespective of the nitrogen source.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter ; Glycine max ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium ; Trifolium repens ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Azotobacter vinelandii strains caused the formation of increased numbers of root nodules onGlycine max, Vigna unguiculata andTrifolium repens by their respective rhizobial symbionts. Increased nodulation due to inoculation withA. vinelandii also occurred in field grownG. max. Mutant strains ofA. vinelandii unable to fix nitrogen caused nodulation increases comparable to those caused by nitrogen-fixing strains. This indicates that nitrogen fixation byA. vinelandii was not responsible for the enhanced nodulation. The effect ofA. vinelandii on nodulation was greatest when cells from the mid-exponential phase of growth were applied as inoculants. Non viable cell preparations ofAzotobacter vinelandii were also found to cause an increase in the number of root nodules formed onGlycine max Rhizobium japonicum under greenhouse conditions. The nodulation enhancement activity was influenced by the method chosen to kill theA. vinelandii cells. Heat treatment and treatment with lethal levels of streptomycin destroyed the activity, whereas the activity was unaffected by ultraviolet-light treatment of the cells. Cell-free extracts ofA. vinelandii were found to enhance nodulation. On the other hand, culture supernatants ofA. vinelandii had no effect on nodulation. A split-root experiment suggested that the agent(s) responsible for the increased nodulation was not translocatable throughout the plant. The results suggest a non-excretable protein, produced byA. vinelandii, as a possible mechanism for nodulation enhancement.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Zinc ; Microelements ; Sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc concentrations were measured in sunflower leaves from plants grown hydroponically in a closed continuous flow system and with boron concentrations ranging from deficient to toxic. Leaves were analyzed at the stage of flower development. There was a highly significant inverse correlation between B concentration in solution and Mn concentration in leaves. Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations in the leaves were not changed by the different B levels, although the B concentration in leaves increased with an increasing concentration in solution, showing a close correlation each other.
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  • 10
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    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 491-495 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Copper ; Flowers ; Iron ; Leaves ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient uptake ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Koots ; Shoots ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants were grown in Hoagland solution to which 20 to 2000 ppm of a soil fulvic acid (FA) were added. The addition of 100 to 300 ppm of FA produced highly significant increases in the growth and development of above and below ground plant parts, in the uptake of nutrient elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn), and in the formation of numbers of flowers per plant. Effects of adding 500 and more ppm of FA were less beneficial.
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  • 11
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    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 215-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; chloride-extractable Cu ; Copper ; EDTA-extractable Cu ; Incubation ; Isotopically-exchangeable Cu ; Moisture content ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The amount of copper extracted from soils by EDTA was found to increase with the temperature of extraction. Under controlled conditions of extraction, the amount of applied copper extracted from soils by EDTA decreased during incubation of soils under both moist and dry conditions. The recovery of applied copper by EDTA appeared to be related to the amounts of manganese and iron oxides in the soil. On the basis of comparisons with calcium chloride-extractable copper and isotopically-exchangeable copper it is suggested that EDTA extraction could over-estimate the availability of soil copper to plants.
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  • 12
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 69-80 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Estuaries ; Heavy metals ; Iron ; Manganese ; Plant densities ; Salt marshes ; Sorption ; Spartina alterniflora ; Trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Element and extractant-specific desorption of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn fromSpartina alterniflora detritus was observed. Desorption of a substantial fraction of the total detrital Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn occured rapidly when the detritus was treated with 0.1N HCl or 1 MgCl2. This treatment removed precipitated/coprecipitated and adsorbed trace elements, respectively, suggesting that a large fraction of detritus-bound trace elements are in readily exchangeable, surface reaction sites. The carboxylic acid functional group cation exchange capacity of the detritus also suggests an important role of surface exchange reactions in the dynamics of trace elements during decomposition. The rate and magnitude of changes in the trace element content of detritus has important implications for estuarine biogeochemical cycling of these elements including the potential for biological uptake of trace elements by detritus-consuming fauna.
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  • 13
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 423-427 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cobalt ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Plant uptake ; Trace metals ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The uptake of trace metals by two plant species (French bean and maize) has been measured on two soils subjected to various waterlogging regimes. Uptake of both manganese and iron was increased due to soil waterlogging, although reoxidation of the soil affected iron more than manganese. Zinc and copper uptake was influenced by a species factor; French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) showed preferential uptake of zinc, whereas maize (Zea mays) took up copper preferentially. Uptake of cobalt by both species was increased due to waterlogging, following the pattern of manganese. The abilities of these species to take up trace metals from soil followed the pattern predicted by selective extraction of soil for manganese, iron and cobalt, but not for zinc and copper.
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  • 14
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 293-303 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning ; Denitrification ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Nitrification ; Oxisol ; Rhizobium ; Savanna ; South America ; Ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Las sabanas ocupan alrededor de 300 millones de hectáreas de Sudamérica. Los suelos son básicamente oxisoles y ultisoles de muy baja fertilidad y alta acidez. La vegetación natural varía en densidad y en la cantidad de biomasa producida anualmente, la cual puede llegar a ser igual a la producida por bosques de la región. Entre los microorganismos fijadores de nitrógeno, los únicos bien estudiados son las bacterias del género Rhizobium. En el manejo de la biomasa de estas áreas, es importance considerar la fijación del nitrógeno, como una fuente posible que reemplace al que fué exportado en las cosechas. La nitrificación y la denitrificación en estos, es intensa pero no bien estudiada. La distribución de lluvias durante la estación de crecimiento parece tener una influencia considerable en la provisión de nitrógeno de los suelos. Se registran considerables pérdidas de nitrógeno en este ambiente, cuando amplias áreas son quemadas anualmente.
    Notes: Abstract Savannas cover about 300 million hectares of South America. The soils are mainly oxisols and ultisols and their natural fertility is very low with high acidity. The natural vegetation varies in density and in the amount of biomass produced annually, which can be equal to that produced by forests in the region. Among the nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms, the only ones well-studied are Rhizobium bacteria. In managing the biomass in these areas, it is important to consider biological nitrogen-fixation as a possible source of nitrogen to replace that removed in crops. Nitrification and denitrification in these soils are intense but not well studied. The rainfall distribution during the growing season seems to have a considerable influence of the nitrogen supply to the soils. A considerable loss of nitrogen occurs in this environment when vast areas are burned annually.
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  • 15
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 131-134 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alluvial soil ; Copper ; Interaction ; Iron ; Manganese ; Moisture ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with three clay loam lowland rice soils (Haplustalf) to study the effect of application of three different levels of Cu(0, 1.25, 2.5 ppm) and Mn (0, 10, 20 ppm) in all possible combinations on the changes in the DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, F, Mn and Brays 2 extractable P in soil. The results showed that application of Cu decreased the content of extractable Zn, Fe, Mn and P in soils, the rate of decrease gradually declining with the progress of incubation period. Application of Mn also depressed the content of extractable Cu, Fe and P but increased that of extractable Zn.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Cation exchange ; Copper ; Heavy metals ; Illite clay ; Nickel ; Organic matter ; Tetraethylenepentamine ; Tetren ; Transition metal complexes ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ion exchange behavior of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd) in soils is shown to be strongly influenced by complex formation with tetraethylenepentamine (tetren). In a heavy clay (illite) soil, the metal (complex) concentration in the equilibrium solution is lowered by some two orders of magnitude, as compared to the aqueous metal ions. In a sandy loam, in which the exchange properties are nearly exclusively due to organic matter, the addition of tetren leads to a significant increase of the metal (complex) in solution. These effects are interpreted in terms of the high adsorption selectivity of the metal complexes for clay particles (illite clay) and the competition of tetren with the chelating groups of the humic fraction (sandy loam). In this case the resulting tetren complexes remain in solution and can be immobilized by addition of small amounts of clay to such a soil.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cation exchange ; Copper ; Copper complex ; Copper-64 ; Corn ; Cyperus papyrus ; Papyrus ; Tetraethylenepentamine ; Tetren ; Transport ; Xylem ; Zea mays L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The consequences of complex formation with tetren (tetraethylenepentamine) for the uptake and mobility of copper in the plant is studied. Short term supply of double labelled Cu-tetren (64Cu,14C-tetren) in nutrient solution to corn plants (Zea mays L., cv. spec.) indicates a stoichiometric uptake of the 1-1 complex. This is reflected in the increased shoot/root ratio of the64Cu-content (two orders of magnitude) resulting from an enhanced mobility of the complexed Cu in the plant. Increasing Cu-concentrations reduce the uptake of tetren, and an interaction between the uptake of tetren and Cu-tetren is demonstrated. The changed mobility of the64Cu-tetren complex is shown in more detail using cut shoots of papyrus plants (Cyperus papyrus L. cv. spec.) andin vivo detection of the64Cu radiation during transport. Results are discussed in terms of the effect of complex formation on the cation exchange process during xylem transport.
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  • 18
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    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Gezira soils ; Iron ; Micronutrient availability ; Microbial activity ; Manganese ; Oxidation ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The three major soil series comprising the Gezira scheme (Sudan) are Hosh, Suleimi, and Laota. Surface soil samples from each soil series were employed to study the effect of soil moisture on the DTPA-extractable micronutrient cation under aerobic conditions. The study continued for 8 weeks using an incubation technique at two levels of soil moisture (continuously moist and moist/dry cycles). The DTPA-extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn from air-dry soil samples were much higher compared to values from their incubated counterparts. For the three soils the CO2 production (microbial activity) reached the maximum in 5 weeks and then levelled off while the lowest values of micronutrient cation from the incubated soils were obtained between 2 to 8 weeks. Generally, the study suggests that the hot dry months preceding crop growth should increase clay surface acidity and hence availability of mironutrient cations.
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  • 19
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 127-137 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adenylate pool ; Biomass volume ; CO2 evolution ; Chitin ; DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Enzymes ; Fluorescent antibody ; Fumigation-respiration ; Fungi Histochemistry ; Imunofluorecence ; Jones-Mollison technique ; Microcosms ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Oxygen consumption ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxins ; Plate counts ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Sulphur ; Xenobiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There is an immense literature on biological and biochemical analyses of soils. Such analyses have revealed the enormous richness of species in soil and their vast range of metabolic potentials and ecological diversity. Accordingly, the approaches used to investigate the soil biota and its biochemistry usually have to be modified or adapted depending upon the purpose of the investigation. Studies of micro-organisms in the soil environment, are complicated because microbial cells are commonly attached to surfaces where they live side-by-side with other populations in consortia usually containing different morphological and physiological types. Such assemblages of organisms cannot be described quantitatively using cultural techniques, such as plate counts, which underestimate both cell numbers and viable biomass. The development of more powerful observational and staining techniques has improved our knowledge of the diverse morphological and biochemical composition of soil micro-communities. Such findings have been amplified at a grosser level by laboratory studies with multi-component systems (microcosms) to mimic field situations and to assess the range of biochemical potentials of microbial consortia. But despite notable advances in analytical methods we are still, with a few exceptions, unable to detect or identify those microorganisms which carry out specific biochemical transformations or determine whether particular cells are alive, dormant or dead at the time of observation. Considerable work has been done to define some of the fundamental ecological attributes of microbial assemblages in soil. Productive work on the metabolic activities of the soil microbiota, specially geochemical transformations of C, N, S and P, has been under way for more than a century. But only in more recent years have more sensitive and reproducible analytical methods become available to measure viable biomass in soil. This will enable some insight to be gained into the role that microbial biomass plays as a labile source and sink for plant nutrients.
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  • 20
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    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 387-390 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Antibiosis ; Culture filtrate ; Fungi ; Peanut ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four strains ofRhizobium sp. from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) root nodules were tested for their sensitivity to metabolites (culture filtrates) of more than ten common soil inhabiting fungi, in yeast extract mannitol agar and broth cultures. Among the rhizobial strains tested strain CB-530, BU-1 and BU-2 were not sensitive to metabolites ofMyrothecium roridum andFusarium moniliforme whereas CB-1024 was sensitive. Culture filtrates ofGliocladium roseum, Thielavia basicola andDrechslera pedicellata inhibited the strains CB-530 and BU-2 but not CB-1024. Most of the soil inhabiting fungi tested were inhibitory to rhizobial growthin vitro and very few were stimulatory, their effect in either case being strain specific.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soils ; Inoculant ; Rhizobium ; Soybeans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rhizobial inoculation trials were conducted in an acid heavy clay soil in Mekong Delta, Viet Nam, using peat based inoculants produced locally and the commercial granular product of Nitragin CCo., Wisconsin, USA. The pH of these soils ranged from 4.5 to 5.1. Two soybean cultivars, MTD6 and MTD10, were tested as host plants. There were no significant differences between locally made inoculant treated plants and the uninoculated controls in both cultivars. But, the Nitragin inoculation improved all plant characteristics examined in both cultivars. Grain yields of Nitragin inoculated plants of cultivar MTD6 and cultivar MTD10 were 6.5 and 5.5 times as much as those of the controls; protein content of grain increased 11 and 16 percent, respectively. Well nodulated plants had shorter life cycles, flowering durations, and days to flowering. The Rhizobium symbiosis resulted in an additional 153 kg grain-N/ha. These studies show that a surface coated commercial multistrain inoculant can be used to successfully grow soybeans in the acid, heavy clay soils of the Mekong Delta.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soils ; Nitrogen fertilizer ; Rhizobium ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soybean cultivar MTD10 cultivated on a moderate acid paddy soil of the Mekong Delta responded well to a multistrain inoculation and to chemical nitrogen fertilizer. However, the efficiency of chemical nitrogen uptake by the uninoculated plants decreased with increasing nitrogen application rate. Inoculation improved all examined agronomic characteristics of plants. Inoculated plants produced grain yield 10 times greater than the uninoculated controls and 2.5 times greater than the uninoculated plants receiving 80 kg/ha of chemical nitrogen. Inoculation was superior to chemical nitrogen fertilization in all parameters of importance to market-oriented farmers.
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  • 23
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    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method is described to demonstrate nitrogen fixation by free-living Rhizobium cells. After aerobic growth in a nutrient solution, the bacteria are centrifuged. Acetylene reduction by the rhizobial cells in the pellet can be measured within a few days. Hydrogen gas frequently stimulates acetylene reduction.
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  • 24
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    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 395-406 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fix− mutants ; Fix+ revertants ; Macroptilium lathyroides ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Eight ineffective mutant strains were isolated from N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenized cultures of cowpea Rhizobium strain 32H1. Strains CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4, CR5 and CR6 induced more, but smaller, nodules than the wild type. With the exception of strain CR2, these mutant strains reduced less than 1% of the amount of acetylene reduced by the wild type, in both the free-living and symbiotic assays. Strain CR2 reduced acetylene in the free-living assay but not in the symbiotic assay. Strains CR7 and CR8 responded variably (5–20% of the wild type) in free-living and symbiotic acetylene reduction assays. Nodules also varied from small white to normal-sized pink nodules. The phenotypic characteristics of the mutant strains were consistant with all leguminous plants tested and were stable upon reisolation from nodules. Fully effective revertants were selected from 4 of the ineffective mutant strains by the use of the leguminous plant,Macroptilium lathyroides. Serology, patterns of resistance to anti-bacterial agents, phage-typing, and antibiotic resistance markers were used to confirm strain identification.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Fertilizers ; Intensive cropping ; Iron ; Lime ; Manure ; Manganese ; Micronutrient ; Weedicide ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An assessment of the status of available micronutrients has been made in a long term field experiment on a fixed rotation of soybean-potato-wheat at the Ranchi Agricultural College, Kanke on acid soil. Results of eight years fertilizer applications with lime has resulted in reduction of available micronutrients whereas the FYM application with balanced dose of chemical fertilizers increased the available micronutrients of soil. The maximum loss of 1.0 Zn and 13.2 Fe kg/ha respectively were from the lime treated plots with balanced dose of fertilizers and the highest gain of 0.26 Zn, 1.08 Cu, 13.2 Fe and 54.0 Mn kg/ha respectively were recorded from the FYM treated plots with balanced dose of chemical fertilizers. Organic carbon was significantly positive correlated with av. Zn & Mn, whereas av. Mn significantly negative correlated with pH. Other relationship were found to be non significant.
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  • 26
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    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 133-135 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Green gram ; Nitrogenase-activity ; Pathogenesis ; Rhizobium ; Rhizoctonia ; Specific activity ; Symbiosis ; Vigna radiata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A pot experiment, using cowpea Rhizobium and one percent inoculum ofRhizoctonia botaticola (Taub.) Butler was carried out on green gram (Vigna radiata cv. PS 16) to study the interaction between symbiosis and root rot in terms of plant growth and nitrogen fixation. The microtomy of the infected roots showed distortion of the outer layers of root as a possible cause for antagonistic interaction of these two bio-processes.
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  • 27
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 299-316 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bio-toxic ; Cadmium ; Contamination ; Copper ; Copper ; Health hazard ; Heavy metals ; Lead ; Localisation ; Migration ; Nickel ; Pollution ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The migration of common bio-toxic heavy metals in two typical soils of Japan under the influence of various leaching solutions was investigated. The results of the present study have indicated that the Pb and Cu ions were less mobile than those on Zn and Cd. Thus, the former two ions have largely been concentrated in the surface horizon while the latter two have been localised in the sub-surface layers. Ni has exhibited greater mobility than other heavy metals under all the leaching stress in both the soils. It is clear from the present study that Ni, Cd and Zn might pose a greater threat of ground water pollution than Cu and Pb. The specific migration properties of each metal ion varied depending on the nature of the ion and leaching solutions. The major soil factors governing the mobility of heavy metals in the soils have been discussed in the light of the results of the present investigation.
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  • 28
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 413-416 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Growth ; Nematicide ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Peanut ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of two granular nematicidesviz. oxamyl and fenamiphos, on the nodulation and growth of Rhizobium inoculatedArachis hypogaea L. was studied in glasshouse and field trials. In the glasshouse trial at the suggested rates of application shoot fresh weight was significantly reduced by oxamyl whilst root fresh weight was similarly affected by fenamiphos. In the field trial vegetative growth and plant emergence were significantly reduced by both nematicides. Nodulation at the higher rates of application was increased by both oxamyl and fenamiphos whilst oxamyl caused a significant increase in pod number at the highest rate of application.
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  • 29
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 439-442 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: N2-fixation ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium ; Soybean ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of mineral nitrogen on establishment and activity of symbioses between soybean and several strains ofRhizobium japonicum and on the establishment of nodules ofR. japonicum isolated from nodules of field crops is studied. All strains were highly susceptible to the effects of 200 ppm NO3−N on the establishment of symbiosis; 50 ppm NO3−N had little effect. Response of symbioses establishhed in the absence of mineral N to short term exposure to nitrate or ammonium varied significantly between strains. Nodule isolates from soybean crops growing in nitrifying soil were no less susceptible to the inhibitory effects of mineral N on nodule formation than a laboratory culture of the commercial inoculant strain.
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  • 30
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 227-239 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Extension ; Inoculant production ; Latin America ; N2-fixation ; Rhizobium ; Training
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Más de 60 instituciones y 100 investigadores están trabajando de la investigación con Rhizobium en América Latina. La mitad de los investigadores están localizados en Argentina y Brasil. La actividad de investigación y la aplicación de los conocimientos científicos varían ampliamente de acuerdo con los paises. Los problemas de la investigación incluyen: 1) Entrenamiento inadecuado de los investigadores y poca atención para la simbiosis Rhizobium/Leguminosas en las escuelas de Agronomía; 2) investigaciones de baja prioridad sin consideración para las necesidades más inmediatas para los agricultores tales como identificación de los factores limitantes ambientales (por ejemplo: deficiencias nutricionales), técnicas para la producción de inoculantes en pequeña escala y poco control de calidad de los inoculantes disponibles; 3) aislamiento de los investigadores e insuficiente apoyo de literatura; 4) baja interdisciplinaridad en las investigaciones (por ejemplo: en muchas instituciones los investigadores son microbiológos sin conocimientos de agronomía, o agrónomos sin entrenamiento en microbiología y 5) insuficiente diseminación de los conocimientos científicos. Los problemas de la producción y control de inoculantes incluyen: 1) las cepas empleadas en los inoculantes (nacionales o importadas) no son seleccionadas localmente; 2) poco control de calidad de los inoculantes y como resultado, inoculantes malos traen descrédito para la práctica de la inoculación, y 3) precios muy altos de los inoculantes. Los problemas de la extensión incluyen: 1) falta o deficiencia de los programas de promoción de leguminosas por las organizaciones gubernamentales, 2) poco contacto entre los investigadores y los extensionistas y 3) administradores líderes, extensionistas y agrónomos que trabajan en el campo no poseen adecuados conocimientos sobre la simbiosis Rhizobium/Leguminosas. Algunas medidas inmediatas para promover la extensión y programas de promoción de las leguminosas y/o control oficial de la calidad de los inoculates son necesarias en Argentina, Uruguay, Brasil, México y posiblemente Colombia. Perú, Venezuela, Costa Rica y Chile necesitan esfuerzos combinados dirigidos prioritariamente para promover la investigación y extensión. En Ecuador, Paraguay, Bolivia, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, República Dominicana y Panamá, la prioridad debe ser dada para la investigación. Colombia debe ser incluída en este grupo por la razón de que las instituciones nacionales deben ser fortalecidas. La tabla 2 relaciona estas prioridades con mas detalles.
    Notes: Abstract More than 60 institutions and 100 researchers were involved in Rhizobium research in 1978 in Latin America. Half of these researchers were located in Argentina and Brazil. Research activity and the application of research findings vary widely among countries. Problems that plague research include 1) inadequate training of research personnel and insufficient attention paid to the Rhizobium/Legume symbiosis at agriculture schools; 2) poorly-established research priorities that do not sufficiently weigh the immediate needs for the farmers such as the identification of limiting environmental factors (e.g. nutritional deficiencies), techniques for smallscale inoculant production, and quality control of available inoculants; 3) isolation of the researchers and a lack of adequate library support; 4) poorly integrated research teams (e.g. in many institutes researchers are either microbiologists with no agricultural background or agronomists lacking microbiological training); and 5) insufficient dissemination of research findings. Problems with inoculant production and control include 1) a local dependence on national or imported inoculants rather than on locally-selected strains, 2) poor inoculant quality control which results in low inoculation success rates and subsequent discredit to the inoculation practice, and 3) high prices for inoculants. Extension problems include 1) lacking or deficient legume-promotion programs by government agencies, 2) poor contact between research and extension workers, and 3) administrators, leaders, extension workers and agronomists working in the field that lack adequate knowledge of the Rhizobium/Legume symbiosis. Immediate measures to foster extension and legume promotion programs and informal and/or official quality control are needed in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Mexico, and probably Colombia. Countries where combined efforts should primarily be directed toward stimulating research and extension include Peru, Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Chile. In Ecuador, Paraguay, Bolivia, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, the Dominican Republic and Panama, priority should be given to research. Colombia should also be included in this group as national research institutions need to be strengthened. Table 2 lists these priorities more fully.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Iron deficiency ; Mycorrhizae ; Nodulation ; Platte ; Valley ; Yellows ; Rhizobium ; Soybeans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A chlorotic condition of soybeans in the river valleys of eastern Nebraska was studied. The pattern of chlorosis, presence of petiolar necrosis, reductions in rhizobial and mycorrhizal infection, and plant and soil chemical analyses suggest that the condition is more complex than normal iron deficiency chlorosis or other mineral deficiencies or toxicities. Nodulation is almost totally inhibited in affected plants. Mycorrhizal fungi, while able to infect early in the season, do not persist on affected plants. Breakdown of endodermis was observed in the roots of affected plants. The factors contributing to this condition have not yet been determined.
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  • 32
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 163-169 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; Catechin ; p-Hydroxybenzoate ; Oxidation ; Rhizobium ; Salicylate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ability of rhizobia to utilize catechol, protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and catechin was investigated. The degradation pathway of p-hydroxybenzoate byRhizobium japonicum, R. phaseoli, R. leguminosarum, R. trifolii andRhizobium sp. isolated from bean was also studied.R. leguminosarum, R. phaseoli andR. trifolii metabolized p-hydroxybenzoate to protocatechuate which was cleaved by protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenasevia ortho pathway.R. japonicum degraded p-hydroxybenzoate to catechol which was cleaved by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase.Rhizobium sp., a bean isolate, dissimilatedp-hydroxybenzoate to salicylate. Salicylate was converted to gentisic acid prior to ring cleavage. The rhizobia convertedp-hydroxybenzoate to Rothera positive substance. Catechol and protocatechuic acid were directly cleaved by the species.R. japonicum converted catechin to protocatechuic acid.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Availability ; Copper ; Extractability ; Sewage sludge ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dried digested sewage sludge (cake) was mixed, in varied proportions, with three contrasting soils and cropped intermittently to ryegrass or young barley over a period of 710 days. Results are presented for periods 1–4, 13–16 and 22–23 months after the sludge and soil were mixed. At any given time the quantities of Cu or Zn that wereextractable (by EDTA or acetic acid) from a given soil showed a simple relationship to the ‘total’ quantities of Cu and Zn present. Theavailability of these elements to test crops also showed a simple relationship to their ‘total’ quantities. As a result the quantities available or extractable at any given time appeared to be related to each other also. However, though the extractabilities of Cu and Zn changed with time in some cases, and the availabilities of Cu and Zn changed with time in some cases, the changes were not matched. Increased extractability did not necessarily lead to increased uptake, and in some cases uptake increased even when extractability did not. It should not be assumed too readily therefore that because, at a given time after a soil is sludged, the quantities of added Cu and Zn that are extractable or available are sometimes correlated, the former actually measures the latter.There is no reason to assume that extractants remove all or only the forms of combination of Cu or Zn that may be taken up by crops.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Copper complex ; Corn ; Heavy metals ; Nutrient solutions ; Tetraethylenepentamine ; Tetren ; Zea mays L ; Zinc ; Zinc complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Complex formation of copper with tetraethylenepentamine (tetren) has some pronounced effects on the rate of uptake of the metal in corn, grown on nutrient solutions. At normal copper levels (0.02 ppm) in the medium, complex formation leads to a nearly hundredfold decrease in the rate of uptake, growth rate being slightly improved. Similar effects are observed at high copper levels (0.05 and 1 ppm) in which case the growth rate, severely affected in the absence of tetren, can be restored to normal values. High excess of tetren in the medium leads to copper-deficiency. Evidence is presented that the metal is taken up and translocated to the shoot as a metal complex and that its rate of translocation through the xylem is higher than for the aqueous ion. The effects in the case of zinc are similar although somewhat less marked.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron ; Calcium ; Copper ; Genotypic differences ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral nutrition ; Molybdenum ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Plant adaptation ; Plant breeding ; Potassium ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant genotypes differ in their uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements. Examples of genotype differences to iron, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum are discussed. Current knowledge is sufficient to indicate that many crop plants can be improved for the efficient use of mineral elements and better adaptation to mineral stress conditions.
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  • 36
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    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 371-380 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Apple ; Calcium ; Copper ; Iron ; Irradiance ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient uptake rate ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Scion effects ; Season ; Source of nitrogen ; Temperature ; Tissue nutrient level ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The rates of uptake of nutrients from solution by apple roots were measured (a) in a root laboratory, using intact roots of mature trees growing under field conditions and (b) in controlled environment using young trees. Maximum nitrate inflows into Discovery/M.9 roots under field conditions were only slightly lower than those into roots of the same genotype in controlled environment, but up to 80 times lower than those into roots of Worcester Pearmain seedlings. At any given external P concentration, P inflows into roots of field-grown trees were about 2.5-times lower than those into the roots of young trees in controlled environment. Nitrate inflows were constant above a solution concentration of 20 mmol m−3 in both field-grown and small trees. In both cases, phosphate inflows increased linearly with solution concentration up to 10 mmol m−3. Among the various plant and environmental factors influencing nutrient uptake characteristics of apple roots were: the scion genotype, tissue nutrient levels, root origin, the form in which N is supplied, level of irradiance of the shoot, root temperature and the season of the year. The effects of these factors are illustrated with examples.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene ; CO inhibition ; Conversion ratio C2H4/N2 ; Effect oxygen ; Hydrogen evolution ; 15N2 fixation ; δ15N measurements ; Parasponia parviflora ; Relative efficiency nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Isotopic15N2 experiments confirmed nitrogen fixation inParasponia parviflora. The conversion ratio C2H4/N2 was 6.7 under the experimental conditions employed. Measurements of the δ15N in leaves of Parasponia and Trema showed on the basis of these determinations thatParasponia parviflora possesses N2-fixing capacity and can be distinguished in this respect from the non-nitrogen-fixingTrema cannabina tested by the same method. Therefore, δ15N can be used to monitor N2 fixation in natural ecosystems. Hydrogen evolution and the relative efficiency of N2 fixation in this relation have been determined. DetachedParasponia parviflora root nodules grown in soil and tested in an argon/oxygen atmosphere produced appr. 4 μmol H2.h−1.g−1 fresh weight root nodules. The relative efficiency of hydrogen utilization as measured in argon, air, and in the presence of C2H2 10% (v/v) was for both equations $$\left( {1 - \frac{{H_2 (air)}}{{H_2 (Ar)}}} \right) and \left( {1 - \frac{{H_2 (air)}}{{C_2 H_2 }}} \right)$$ used for to express this efficiency 0.96 and 0.97, respectively. This indicates that Parasponia like the root nodules of some actinorhizal symbioses (Alnus, Myrica, Elaeagnus) and some tropical legumes (Vigna sinensis) has evolved mechanisms of minimizing net hydrogen production in air, thus increasing the efficiency of electron transfer to nitrogen. The oxygen relation of nitrogen fixation (C2H2) inParasponia parviflora root nodules was determined. The nitrogenase activity of Parasponia root nodules increased at increasing oxygen concentrations up till c. 40% O2. At oxygen levels above 40% O2, the nitrogenase activity of the root nodules was nil or very erratic suggesting that at these oxygen levels the nitrogenase is not longer protected against the harmful effect of oxygen. In this respect Parasponia root nodules differ from actinorhizal root nodules in other nonlegumes, where optimal nitrogenase activity was observed in the range of 12–25% oxygen. Respiration experiments with Parasponia root nodules showed that in the range 10, 20, and 40% oxygen, the respiration rate (CO2 evolution) increased concomitantly with an increase of the acetylene reduction rate. The CO2/C2H4 values obtained varied between 8.1 and 19.2, being therefore 2–3 times higher than similar estimations in some actinorhizal and legume root nodules. The respiratory quotient (RQ) of detachedParasponia parviflora root nodules was in air initially approximately 2.0, but this value dropped to about 1.0 in a 3-hours period.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Copper ; Heavy metals ; Lead ; Pollution ; Soil solution ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Of 20 Dutch soils, concentrations in the soil solution and total contents of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu were determined. In addition, distribution constants were measured for Cd and Pb. Soil solution concentrations of the heavy metals as well as their total contents in the soil and exchangeable fraction, calculated with the distribution coefficients, were compared with uptake in vegetables grown in pots. Log-log plots of concentrations in the plant and the soil solution concentrations showed the best correlation for Cu, Cd and Zn. Increasing Zn appeared to increase Cd uptake at high solution concentrations of Cd and to decrease uptake at low solution concentrations. For Pb generally no significant relationship between plant uptake and soil solution concentration or any other soil parameter for Pb could be found.
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  • 39
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    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 427-434 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Availability ; Copper ; Extractable Cu ; Roots ; Soils ; Transport ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absorption, distribution and concentration of Cu in white clover were examined in plants grown on 21 soils under controlled environment conditions, and the results compared with those from a previous study with perennial ryegrass. The clover absorbed more Cu and, in general, had higher concentrations in the shoots over six successive harvests than did the ryegrass. However, concentrations of Cu in the roots, and the proportion of the total plant Cu found in the roots were lower with the clover. The concentration of Cu in the shoots of the clover, and the total amount in shoots plus roots, respectively, were correlated with the concentration of Cu extracted from the soils by 0.05M EDTA (r=0.473 and 0.700), by 0.005M DTPA (r=0.610 and 0.638) and by 1.95 per cent HNO3 (r=0.627 and 0.699). Some of these correlations were improved slightly when the concentrations of extractable Cu were adjusted for soil pH. The exploration of the soils by root extension appeared to be less important in the acquisition of Cu by the clover than it was for the ryegrass.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Coffea arabica L. ; Coffee ; Copper ; East Africa ; Fungicide ; Pollution ; Soils ; Woody plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Samples of soils, litter and vegetation, collected from 24, 14 and 4 years old stands of coffee (Coffea arabica L.), which had been routinely treated with copper fungicides, were analysed for copper content. Total soil copper content was found to be a function of (a) stand age and (b) soil depth. Highest levels were encountered in the 0–20 cm zone of the 24 year old stand; soil collected beneath these bushes showed significant contamination to a depth of 80 cm. Soils from the younger stands showed proportionally less copper contamination. Copper levels in litter samples showed increases relative to stand age; litter from the oldest stand was heavily contaminated and leaf litter showed a higher copper content than that of the woody fraction. Tissues from coffee bushes could be divided into 2 groups on the basis of their copper content; those tissues which demonstrated a progressive age-dependent increase (bark, lateral stems and fine roots) and those tissues where copper levels did not reflect the cumulative exposure of the plant to this element (wood, different age classes of foliage).
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  • 41
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    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Manganese ; Total concentrations ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu were determined in soil samples from 144 profiles located in remote forested areas throughout the mainland of Greece. Bio-accumulation of Mn and Zn in the humic horizon took place only in moderately acid soils (pH 5–6). Mean concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu, in the mineral section of the soil profiles, were 1383, 93, and 51 ppm, respectively. Soils from hard limestone and basic and ultrabasic igneous rock contain these three minor elements at significantly higher concentrations compared to soils from the rest of the soil parent materials. In most of the soil profiles concentration of Cu increased, and of Mn decreased, with soil depth. Concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu in the underlaying “rocks” were within the range of their average concentrations found in the mineral soil, except for hard limestone where much lower concentrations of these elements have been found. The latter supports the theory that the parent material of soils associated with limestones might not be a solution product of the limestone rock.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Isotope techniques ; Nitrogen-15 ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen utilization ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Rhizobium ; Varietal comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Differences in N2-fixation byPhaseolus vulgaris bean cultivars were successfully evaluated in the field using15N isotope dilution technique with a non-fixing test crop of a different species (wheat). The Phaseolus cultivars could have been similarly ranked for N2-fixation capacity from either seed yield or total nitrogen yield, but the isotope method provided a direct measure of N2-fixation and made it possible to estimate the proportion of fixed to total nitrogen in the crop and in plant parts. Amounts of nitrogen fixed varied between 24.59 kg N/ha for the 60-day cultivar Goiano precoce to 64.91 kg N/ha for the 90-day cultivar Carioca. The per cent of plant nitrogen due to fixation was 57–68% for the 90-day cultivars and 37% for Goiano precoce (60-day cultivar). Fertilizer utilization was 17–30% of a 20 kg N/ha fertilizer application. 100 kg N/ha fertilizer application decreased N2-fixation without suppressing it totally. Differences in yield between the highest yielding (Carioca) and the lowest (Moruna) 90-day cultivars were also due apparently to varietal differences in efficiency of conversion of nitrogen to economic matteri.e. seed, as well as to differences in capacity of genotypes for N2-fixation.
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  • 43
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    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 425-428 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chlorosis ; Cowpea ; Nodulation ; Rhizobitoxine ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary While screening cowpea rhizobia from West Africa for ability to nodulate various host species, foliar chlorosis was observed in young mung bean and soybean plants inoculated with certain strains. The chlorosis occurred in the first and sometimes the second trifoliate, but not on subsequent leaves. There was no correlation of symptoms with the presence of nodules. Where extreme chlorosis was induced in soybeans, there was stunting of the primary root. Disease symptoms were obtained with culture-broth supernatants free of rhizobia, indicating an extracellular toxin. In common with rhizobitoxine-producing strains ofR. japonicum, chlorosis-inducing cowpea strains were able to nodulate ‘non-nodulating’ soybeans of the rj1rj1 genotype.
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  • 44
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Ammonium ; Avena sativa ; Copper ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Oats ; Protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of fertilization with nitrogen and copper on the amino acid composition of oat straw has been studied. The plants (Avena sativa cv Yielder) were grown in peat with a very low copper content and supplied with two levels of nitrogen (NH4 or NO3) and three levels of copper sulphate. The higher level of nitrogen stimulated growth only when copper was added, whereas, without copper, it had an adverse effect on growth and prevented grain formation altogether. The higher level of nitrogen increased the nitrogen content of the straw at all levels of copper, but particularly in plants receiving no copper. Total amino acids in the straw hydrolysate of copper sufficient oats accounted for about 50% of the total N and was about 20% higher in copper-deficient tissues. The addition of copper caused a decrease in the amounts of all amino acids. The relative proportions of most of the amino acids to glycine remained fairly constant. Threonine, serine, alanine, iso-leucine, histidine and arginine showed small significant differences with copper treatment, whereas valine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, lysine and cysteic acid (derived from cysteine and cystine) showed no differences. The proportion of aspartic acid relative to glycine in the straw hydrolysate was greatly increased in copper deficient plants supplied with the higher level of nitrogen, particularly as ammonium. The proportion of glutamic acid was also increased by the higher level of nitrogen, but showed no effect of added copper. Most of the difference in aspartic acid could be accounted for as free asparagine. The possible reasons for higher proportions of asparagine are discussed in relation to the metabolism of the oat plant.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Breeding ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen nutrition ; Rhizobium ; Seed yield ; Symbiotic interactions ; Vigna unguiculata L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plant of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) cv. TVu 1469 were grown in a plastic house set to simulate tropical temperatures. They were inoculated with one of two strains of Rhizobium and irrigated each day with nutrient solution either devoid of inorganic nitrogen (N) or containing 2.14 mM (30 ppm) N. Strain of Rhizobium significantly affected rates of dry matter and N accumulation as well as the total N content of mature plants. Variations in seed yield were due largely to Rhizobium effects on peduncle production and pod set on each peduncle, wheres inorganic N did not change these yield-determining components significantly. The agronomic and physiological implications of these data are discussed.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with low-land rice soil to study the effect of applying three different levels of molybdenum (0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm) and phosphorus (0, 100 and 200 ppm), in all possible combinations, on the changes in available Mo, P, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil. The results showed that application of Mo at both the levels increased the content of extractable Mo and P but decreased those of Cu and Mo in soil whereas application of Mo at higher level only increased the content of extractable Zn in soil. Application of P at both the levels decreased the content of extractable Mo, Mn and Cu but increased that of P whereas it showed an inconsistent effect on the extractable Zn content in soil. The P × Mo interaction effect was found to be beneficial for the content of P, Mo and Zn only. During the initial period of incubation all elements except Cu recorded an increase but with the progress of incubation period the content of all the elements except Mn gradually declined.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Phosphorus ; Rice Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of phosphorus and molybdenum alone and combined, on the uptake and utilization of Mo, Mn, Zn, Cu and P by rice (Var. IR-579) was studied in the greenhouse at varying levels of Mo (0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm) and (0,100 and 200 ppm). Application of P increased the dry matter yield of shoot and root. Combined application of P and Mo increased the dry matter yield of shoot. Application of Mo increased the concentration of Mo and P in shoot. Applied P caused an increase in the concentration of Mo, Zn and P in shoot. Combined application of P and Mo resulted in an increase in concentration and uptake of Mo in shoot.
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  • 48
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    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 147-150 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Arachis hypogea ; Chlorose ; Nématode ; Rhizobium ; Sénégal ; Scutellonema cavenessi ; ‘Yellow patches’
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The authors' analysis of Drevon and Diabaye's article on “yellow patches’ disease of peanuts in Sénégal3 underlines the weakness of the latter's conclusions which tended to attribute this disease to a combination of low soil pH, presence of exchangeable aluminium and a low number of Rhizobium. Taking into account these factors, the authors advance a more complete and better founded explanation which attributes a fundamental role to the nematodeScutellonema cavenessi, a role which has been demonstrated in many previous field and laboratory studies.
    Notes: Résumé Les auteurs, analysant l'article de Drevon et Diabaye concernant la maladie des ‘taches jaunes’ de l'arachide au Sénégal3, relèvent la faiblesse des conclusions; celles-ci tendent à attribuer cette maladie à la conjonction d'un pH bas des sol, la présences d'aluminium échangeable et le faible volume de Rhizobium. Sans négliger ces éléments, les auteurs avancent une explication plus globale et mieux fondée, dans laquelle l'action du nématodeScutellonema cavenessi reste primordiale, ainsi que de nombreuses observations et expérimentations l'ont, antérieurement, démontré.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hill soils ; Lime ; Mycorrhiza ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Phosphorus ; Rhizobium ; Symbioses ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The responses of white clover (cv NZ Grasslands Huia grown in four UK hill soil types) to additions of lime and P, to inoculation with Rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi, and to differences in soil water status were assessed in pot and field experiments. With a deep peat soil in pots, shoot production, nodulation and N fixation by clover were increased by 160, 130 and 85% respectively following inoculation with mycorrhiza, but in the field, despite a doubling of root infection, there was no response in growth. On a brown earth soil in the field inoculation with one endophyte (Glomus mosseae L1) out of four tested depressed production of white clover shoots by 42% but enhanced that of leeks (Allium porrum) by 50%; the others were without effect. With dry peaty podzol and brown earth soils in pots, clover shoot production was highest with added P when a water holding capacity of 80% was maintained, but roots from the latter had only 2.6 compared to 68 nodules per plant from the former. Further work is required to explain poor nodulation in the brown earth soils.
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  • 50
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    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 445-448 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Leucaena ; Rhizobium ; VA mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Response ofLeucanea leucocephala to inoculation withGlomus fasciculatum and/or Rhizobium was studied in a phosphorus deficient unsterile soil.G. fasciculatum only inoculation improved nodulation by native rhizobia and Rhizobium only treatment improved colonization of roots by native mycorrhizal fungi. Dual inoculation with both the organisms improved nodulation, mycorrhizal colonization, dry weight, nitrogen and phosphorus content of the plants compared to single inoculation with either organism.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Chemical activity ; Copper ; Inorganic salt ; Nickel ; Plant uptake ; Sludgeborne ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the chemical activity and the uptake by Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. S24) of Zn, Cu, Cd and Ni added to a sandy and a heavy clay soil in two different forms: as inorganic salts and sludge-borne. The chemical activity of heavy metals as evaluated with different extractants was higher for the inorganic salt treatment and for the sandy soil, indicating that the chemical form of the metal and soil characteristics largely affect their extractability. The different chemical activity was also reflected in plant uptake. For all metals the degree of plant accumulation decreased in the following order: sandy soil-salt ≫ sandy soil-sludge〉 clay soil-salt〉clay soil-sludge. These findings indicate that caution must be used when using results of inorganic salt treatments and different soil types to evaluate plant uptake of heavy metals from sludge amended soils.
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  • 52
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    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 381-391 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Caloium ; Nodulation ; pH Phosphate ; Polymeric hydrolysis ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Root elongation ; Root hairs ; Trifolium repens ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of aluminium on theTrifolium repens var Huia-Rhizobium trifolii strain HP3 symbiosis were studied using an axenic solution-culture system. With, 10 μM phosphate, 50 μM aluminium reduced or inhibited root elongation at pH〈5.0, root hair formation at pH〈 5.0–5.5, and Rhizobium multiplication in the rhizosphere and nodule formation at pH〈6.0. In the absence of aluminium, root elongation and root hair formation were reduced at pH〈4.3, and Rhizobium multiplication and nodule formation were inhibited at pH〈5.0. Root hair formation was more sensitive to aluminium at pH〈5 than was root elongation. No effect of aluminium on Rhizobium multiplication and nodule formation at pH〈5 was detected because both were sensitive to pH alone. At pH 5.5 most of the aluminium changed immediately to a form which was susceptible to low-speed centrifugation, but which was detected by the aluminon method of analysis, and after 24 h a precipitate formed. the concentration of phosphate was reduced also, to approximately 1μM. Toxicity was overcome by either increasing the phosphate concentration from 10 to 50 μM, or by increasing the pH to 6.0 and the calcium, concentration to 1000μM.
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  • 53
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    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 101-121 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Base saturation ; Bio-climatic zones ; Calcium ; Clay accumulation ; Copper ; C:N ratio ; EDTA ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Soil classification ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils derived from a number of different parent materials (lithologies) and developed along a climatic gradient, manifested by the altitudinal succession of natural vegetation zones (Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Mountainous and Pseudoalpine), were sampled throughout mainland Greece. In soils derived from siliceous parent materials low in clay, acidity increase and percent base saturation decreases from the Mediterranean to the Pseudoalpine vegetation zones. Clay illuviation is found mainly in soils developed in the Mediterranean and the sub-Mediterranean zones. No such changes are apparent in clayey soils rich in bases. Organic matter content of the mineral portion of the soil profile increases by a factor of 2 with a decrease in mean annual air temperature of about 10°C. The pattern of change in clay and soil organic matter content with climate is in relatively good agreement with soil development trends in the area, when soil profiles are named according to the FAO-Unesco soil map of the world. Concentrations of Ca and Mg decrease and those of total N, total and extractable P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn increase from the Mediterranean to the Mountainous zone. Within the same zone, however, concentrations of N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn and Zn decrease, but those of Mg, total and extractable P increase with soil depth. The concentrations of most macro- and micronutrients in the humic horizon are several times higher than those in the mineral portion of the soil profile due to biological enrichment.
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  • 54
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    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 407-415 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cellulase ; Infection process ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The production of cellulase byRhizobium species was studied.Rhizobium trifolii cellulase was induced by a variety of polysaccharides, including celluloses and hemicelluloses. Cellobiose and myo-inositol also allowed enzyme expression but mannitol prevented it at concentrations higher than 0.25%. Both soluble and insoluble plant root substances moderately stimulated cellulase production byRhizobium trifolii. Most substances tested did not induce the production of cellulases by the “slow-growing, cowpea type” rhizobia strain CIAT 79. Effective inducers were carboxymethylcellulose, gluconate and myo-inositol. Cellulase production was very low under all conditions tested. In most cases the enzyme activity was loosely bound to the capsular material. The enzyme in fast-growers is an 1,4-β-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase (endo-glucanase EC 3.2.1.4) with specificity for high molecular weight polysaccharides. There was no correlation between infectiveness ofRhizobium trifolii strains and cellulase production. One strain, which lacks the nodulation plasmid, produced cellulase at the same rate as its parental infective strain.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity ; Aluminium ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interaction of pH (4 or 6), aluminium (0 or 16 ppm at pH 4) and N source (symbiotic or combined) on the growth and nutrient status of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was studied in a glasshouse experiment. Low pH significantly decreased the growth of the plants dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation but at pH 4 the addition of 16 ppm Al further depressed growth in both nitrogen regimes. Al-ions appear to exert their effect primarily on the root system, as shown by the reduction in total length and fresh weight. The symbiotic development of the plants was affected by low pH but more markedly by the Al treatment. Shoot nitrogen concentrations were reduced from ca. 2.6% at pH 6 to 1.8% and 0.9% at pH 4 without and with aluminium respectively. Calcium concentration was decreased by low pH and further by Al in both nitrogen regimes. In all Al-treated plants, the aluminium was mainly accumulated in the roots and was associated with an increase in their phosphorus concentration.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Inoculation ; IW/CPE ratio ; Nitrogen accumulation ; Nitrogen harvest ; Nitrogen re-distribution ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment was conducted on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) with a view to find out the effect of seed inoculation and scheduling of irrigation on nodulation, accumulation and re-distribution of nitrogen in plant tops and soil. The eight treatment combinations consists of two seed inoculations,viz. uninoculated and inoculated with rhizobium culture, and four irrigation schedules,viz. irrigation water to the cumulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE) ratio of 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and a control (rainfed). Seed inoculation by, rhizobium culture increased the number, dry-weight and N content of nodules per plant. Inoculation of seeds also increased the N accumulation rate in plant top and it was 2.48 kg/ha/day during the flower-initiation to the pod-initiation stage (30–60 days interval). At harvest, 32.2, 47.8 and 26.2 kg N/ha was re-distributed from the stems, leaves and pods-wall of inoculated plants to the grains, respectively. A total of 186.5 kg N/ha was harvested and 64.7 kg N/ha, was accumulated in soil under the inoculated condition. Scheduling of irrigation at 0.7 IW/CPE proved better, than other irrigation schedules and helped in increasing the nodulation, nitrogen accumulation and grain yield. As compared to control, 8.4, 17.8 and 18.4 kg more of N/ha was redistributed from the stems, leaves and pods-wall respectively when the irrigations were scheduled at 0.7 IW/CPE ratio. Under this irrigation schedule the total N harvest was 200.1 kg/ha while the total N increased by 55.9 kg over that present in soil at the time of sowing.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Clover ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Root nodule ; Selection and plant breeding ; Symbiosis ; Trifolium pratense ; T. subterraneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This paper reviews (i) basic studies on the genetics of symbiosis in red clover (a self-sterile species) and subterranean clover (cleistogamous) and (ii) work on selection and plant breeding to increase nitrogen fixation in these hosts. Symbiotic effectiveness in red clover is influenced by many major and minor genes. The highly effective phenotype is inherited in a complex manner associated with early nodulation and the formation of large amounts of persistent bacteroid-containing tissue. Lines bred to fix more nitrogen with one strain ofRhizobium trifolii do so with most but not all other strains examined. They also show slightly increased vigour when grown on nitrate. The highly effective response is correlated with abundant nodulation and an early flowering habit, the evidence from breeding studies indicating that this correlation is not absolute. Normally effective and highly effective nodules have the same specific nitrogenase activities. The expression of the highly effective response is relatively little affected by environmental factors (temperature, light intensity, day length, supplementary carbon-di-oxide). Inbreeding substantially degrades the symbiotic response. Heterosis is shown in crosses between cultivars of subterranean clover but otherwise selection to increase effectiveness in this host was unsuccessful. The relevance of these results (and their physiological aspects) for the improvement of grain legumes is discussed.
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  • 58
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    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 377-386 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Centrosema ; Desmodium ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen yield ; Nodulation ; Oxisol ; Pueraria ; Rhizobium ; Soil cores ; Stylosanthes ; Tropical forage legumes ; Zornia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three phases of Rhizobium inoculation trials were carried out as part of a programme to select forage legume germplasm adapted to acid, infertile Oxisols of tropical America. Firstly, a range of tropical forage legumes were evaluated for their response to N fertilization or inoculation with strains previously shown to be effective in Leonard jars, using cores of undisturbed soil or in the field at Carimagua, Meta, Colombia. In pure legume stands onlyCentrosema macrocarpum andC. pubescens showed increases in N yield due to both inoculation and N fertilization;C. brasilianum responded only to N fertilization;Zornia latifolia, Z. brasiliensis andStylosanthes capitata responded to neither treatment. Trials in cores and in grass-legume mixtures showed responses ofDesmodium ovalifolium, Pueraria phaseoloides andS. capitata to N fertilization but not to inoculation. In the second phase of experiments strains were screened in soil cores with 16 ecotypes ofDesmodium, Centrosema, Stylosanthes andPueraria spp. Significant increases in N yield due to inoculation occurred with at least one strain in all the legumes exceptS. guianensis ‘tardio’, and in some trials withS. capitata. In the third phase of trials the most effective strains were tested in the field. Significant response ofP. phaseoloides andC. macrocarpum to inoculation at two sites and in the second year after establishment were shown. Further screening trials and field trials at different sites are needed in order to provide better recommendations for inoculation of grazing trials being set up in the region under study.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Copper ; Lead ; Specific surface area ; Plant uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five soils of increasing specific surface area (SSA) were loaded to five levels of contamination with Cd, Pb and Cu, and bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown on the soils for 30 days. A linear correlation was found between the concentration of Cd in the soil solutions and the amount absorbed by the plant per gram root material for four out of the five soils, and, in the case of Cu, for all five soils. Quantitatively, there was insufficient Cd or Cu in the soil solution to account for plant uptake of these metals. The amount of Cd absorbed by plants could also be related to the adsorption density (concentration/SSA soil) of the metal in four of the five soils, whereas the Cu content of plants could be related to the adsorption density of all five soils. It is thought that the metals were removed from the soil solution by root absorption and replenished by metal cations adsorbed onto surface sites in the soil. Consideration of the adsorption density of these metals in the soil may be a useful means to determine the permissible limits for heavy metal application for a wide range of soils. Lead uptake was significantly correlated to total Pb in soils, but not to the adsorption density or soil solution concentrations. The possible interpretation of the results are discussed.
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  • 60
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    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 273-284 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legume ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; C and N economy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies of the C and N economy of a range of temperate and tropical legume/Rhizobium symbioses indicate considerable variation (up to three-fold) in the cost of N2 fixation. Comparisons between and within symbioses indicate that the proportion of net photosynthate utilized in nodule functioning varies almost ten-fold from as low as 3% to as high as 25%. Factors possibly responsible for variation in efficiency of C use in nodules and in the proportioning of translocated photosynthetic products to nodules are discussed.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Lead ; Copper ; Zinc ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in the roots, stems and leaves of bulgarian bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were determined for plants grown in various soils of increasing levels of contamination of these metals. Most of each heavy metal absorbed by plants was retained in roots. Concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in roots increased in response to soil concentrations, whereas, in stems, only Cd and Pb concentrations increased and Cu concentration was relatively constant. It is thought that Cu transport to the stele was metabolically controlled, whereas Cd and Pb reached the stem by leakage across non suberised areas of the endodermis. Uptake of heavy metals was associated with a decrease in zinc content in plants and a decrease in yield. By regression analysis decrease in both zinc content and plant yield could be best related to Cd content in stems. Possible reasons for these effects are discussed.
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  • 62
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    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 145-149 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium phosphate ; Copper ; Coprecipitation ; Iron phosphate ; Solution cultures ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Coprecipitation of Cu and Zn in insoluble phosphates of Fe and Ca from a modified Long Ashton nutrient solution was found to be highly pH dependent. In one experiment, more than 95% and 75% of the Cu and Zn respectively were removed from solution after two days at pH 6.5 while at pH 5.0 less than 30% and 20% respectively were removed. Significant desorption of both metals took place within one day after acidification.
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  • 63
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    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 329-335 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legume breeding ; Medicago sativa ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Trifolium repens ; Vicia faba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This paper examines evidence which quantifies the relative importance of legume and Rhizobium genotypes as determinants of phenotypic variation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. It demonstrates potentially large and unpredictable effects of the Rhizobium genotype. The likely importance of such effects on crop yield is considered. The information is then used to assess ways in which legume breeding programmes may be altered to encompass the effects of genetic variation in Rhizobium.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Centrosema ; Desmodium ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen yield ; Nodulation ; Oxisol Pueraria ; Rhizobium ; Soil cores ; Stylosanthes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three experiments were conducted in an acid infertile Oxisol from the Llanos Orientales of Colombia. It was shown that greater increases in nitrogen yield in the tops (N yield) due to N fertilization ofPueraria phaseoloides (CIAT germplasm accession no. 9900),Stylosanthes capitata no. 1019,Centrosema macrocarpum no. 5065 andDesmodium ovalifolium no. 350 occurred in undisturbed soil cores than in pots of disturbed soil. Inoculation significantly increased N yield ofC. macrocarpum in soil cores, but not in pots. In screening trials where a range of Rhizobium strains was used to inoculateD. ovalifolium, P. phaseoloides andC. macrocarpum grown in undisturbed soil cores, strains CIAT 2335, 2434 and 1780, respectively, caused the greatest increases in N yield. Inoculation caused greater increases of nodule numbers relative to the uninoculated control inC. macrocarpum than inD. ovalifolium orP. phaseoloides. When each legume was inoculated with the most effective strain by different methods, and grown in soil cores, it was found that granulated inoculant (0.5 g/seed) was more effective than seeds pelleted with 50 g inoculant/kg for the small-seededD. ovalifolium, but was similar in effectiveness to pelleted inoculant for the larger-seededP. phaseoloides. With the relatively large-seededC. macrocarpum, granulated inoculant was less effective than pelleted inoculant. No clear differences between different types of pellets were observed. The results show that undisturbed cores of acid infertile Oxisol can be used to screen for Rhizobium strains tolerant to these adverse soil conditions, although selected strains should then be subjected to further screening in the field, to determine whether they would make suitable commercial inoculants. It may not be possible to obtain maximum responses to inoculation by all legumes, unless the inoculation methods used here are improved.
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  • 65
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 339-357 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Cassava ; Chemical composition ; Control of solution pH ; Copper ; Flowing solution culture ; French bean ; Ginger ; Hydrogen ion injury ; Magnesium ; Maize ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Optimum pH range ; pH ; Plant growth ; Root weight ratio ; Tomato ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ginger, cassava, maize, wheat, french bean and tomato were grown for periods up to six weeks in continuously flowing nutrient solutions at seven constant pH values ranging from 3.3 to 8.5. All species achieved maximum or near-maximum growth in the pH range 5.5 to 6.5. However, there were substantial differences in the ability of species to grow outside this range. Ginger and cassava were the most tolerant species to low solution pH, while ginger and tomato were the only species to show no yield depression at the highest solution pH. Roots of all species at pH 3.3 and some species at pH 4.0 exhibited symptoms of hydrogen ion injury. In addition, the concentrations of magnesium in the tops of all six species, of nitrogen in the tops of tomato and cassava, and of manganese in the tops of maize at these pH values were inadequate for optimal growth. Growth depression at high solution pH was associated with iron deficiency in maize and wheat and with nitrogen and/or copper deficiency in cassava. The relevance of the present results to crop growth under field conditions is discussed. The complex interplay of plant and soil characteristics militates against precise definition of an optimum pH range for the growth of a particular crop unless the soil is also specified.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soil ; Complexed metals ; Copper ; Iron oxides ; Lime ; Manganese oxides ; Organic matter ; Redistribution ; Trace metals ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The redistribution of zinc and copper in a soil as a result of waterlogging has been studied using selective extractants to remove metals held by specific mechanisms. Waterlogging over a period of 16 weeks resulted in a lowering of soluble, exchangeable and organically bound zinc and copper. There is a concomitant increase in the levels of these metals held by specific adsorption (acetic acid extractable) and by poorly ordered oxides (oxalate extractable). It is suggested that the breakdown of these oxides of iron and manganese, which is brought about by waterlogging, provides surfaces with high adsorptive capacity for zinc and copper. Addition of 1% dried grass or 1% lime to the soil caused an acceleration in metal redistribution. Some of the copper released was retained in the standing water, presumably as a soluble chelate. This was not the case with zinc.
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  • 67
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    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 275-286 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Availability ; Copper ; Extractable-Cu ; Lolium perenne ; Nitrogen ; Roots ; Soils ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absorption and transport of Cu were studied in perennial ryegrass grwon on 21 soils under controlled environment conditions. Neither the concentration, nor the total amount, of Cu in the shoots was related to available Cu in the soils as assessed by extraction with 0.05M EDTA, 0.005M DTPA, or 1.95 per cent HNO3. The concentration in the roots and, more especially, absorption per unit weight of root (i.e. μg Cu g dry wt−1) were, however, highly correlated with available soil Cu. This suggests that, unless the extent of exploitation of the soil by roots is taken into account, measurements of available Cu will not be effective in predicting uptake by plants. On average, 63 per cent of the Cu absorbed by the roots was retained in the roots, and variation in the proportion retained was related to the transport of nitrogen from roots to shoots. On some soils the concentrations of N and Cu in the shoots were significantly correlated, and variation in N concentration accounted for a considerable proportion of the variance in the Cu concentration at later harvests. The relative importance of the measured soil (pH, organic matter) and plant (dry weight, N content) factors changed markedly over 6 successive harvests.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nutrient supply ; Nodule effectiveness ; Rhizobium competition ; Nodulation ; Lotus pedunculatus ; Lotus ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of nutrient supply on nodule formation and competition between Rhizobium strains for nodulation ofLotus pedunculatus was studied. Limiting plant growth by decreasing the supply of nutrients in an otherwise nitrogen-free medium, increased the size but decreased the number and the nitrogenase activity of nodules formed by a fast-growing strain of Lotus Rhizobium (NZP2037). In contrast decreasing nutrient supply caused only a small decline in the size, number and nitrogenase activity of nodules formed by a slow-growing strain (CC814s). Providing small quantities of NH4NO3 (50 to 250 μg N) to plants grown with a normal supply of other nutrients stimulated nodule development by both Rhizobium strains and increased the nitrogenase activity of the NZP2037 nodules. Differences in the level of effectiveness (nitrogen-fixing ability) of nodules formed by different Rhizobium strains on plants grown with a normal supply of nutrients were less apparent when the plants were grown with decreased nutrient supply or when the plants were supplied with low levels of inorganic N. Inter-strain competition for nodulation ofL. pedunculatus between the highly effective slow-growing strain CC814s and 7 other fast- and slow-growing strains, showed CC814s to form 42 to 100% of the nodules in all associations. The greater nodulating competitiveness of strain CC814s prevailed despite changes in the nutrient supply to the host plant. A tendency was observed for partially effective Lotus Rhizobium strains to become more competitive in nodule formation when plant growth was supplemented with low levels of inorganic nitrogen.
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  • 69
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    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Chromium ; Copper ; Crops ; Heavy-metal tolerance/interaction ; Lead ; Nickel ; Sewage sludge ; Toxicity ; Trees ; Vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poplar (Populus euramericana ‘Robusta’), oats (Avena sativa L. ‘Leander’), maize (Zea mays L. ‘Ona 36’), English ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), butter head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Reskia’), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. ‘Subito’) and French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris ‘Prelude’), were grown in pots with pure sewage sludge (pH 6.7), amended with Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn acetates, either added singly or in combination, to study metal effects on plant growth and metal uptake. Phytotoxic metal doses varied with metal and plant species, increasing in the order Cd〈Ni〈Cu〈Zn〈Cr and Pb. The threshold dose of toxic metals applied in combination was generally lower than that of metals given singly. Addition of Cd, Ni and Zn was clearly reflected in the respective plant concentrations. This was much less so for Cu, whereas Cr and Pb concentrations were not affected in most plant species. Critical plant (leaf) metal concentrations were lower for metals applied in combination than for single metals. Because of such phenomena the use of critical levels as a diagnostic tool for determining potential multiple metal toxicity is limited.
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  • 70
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    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 349-356 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Competition ; Cowpea ; Ineffective ; Mutagenesis ; Mutants ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium ; Symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen-fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A strain of cowpea Rhizobium was mutagenised and two ineffective mutants, M1 and M2, and an effective mutant, M3, were isolated. M1 produced more, but smaller nodules than the wild-type; these nodules lacked leghaemoglobin. M2 and the parental strain had similar nodulation characteristics, both forming large pink nodules. Plants inoculated with M3, nodulated earlier, produced more nodules (58%), had increased dry weights (26%) and the excised roots expressed greater acetylene (C2H2) reducing activity (39%) than plants inoculated with the wild-type. When competing with an indigenous population of effective rhizobia for nodule sites, M3 produced a higher proportion of the nodules (70–80%) than the parental strain (40–53%). M3 and the parental strain exhibited comparable rates of asymbiotic C2H2 reduction when grown on a defined medium, whereas M1 and M2 were inactive. The symbiotic properties of the mutants were unchanged after their reisolation following plant passage.
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  • 71
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    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 445-450 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Symbiosis ; Soil moisture stress ; Soybeans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a pot culture experiment, the influence of soil moisture stress at different physiological stages of soybean, cv. Hark, on nodulation, symbiosis and nitrogen accumulation was studied. Moisture stress reduced leghemoglobin content of root nodules and nitrogen uptake by plants. It had no effect on number of bacteroids. Stress at mid bloom and rapid pod filling stages reduced yield and seed protein content. However, these parameters were not affected by stress at nodule initiation and early flowering stages, though, flower initiation and maturity of the plant were delayed. Moisture stress at any stage did not alter nitrogen status of roots.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Gene centre ; Genetic variability ; Pisum sativum ecotype fulvum ; Rhizobium ; Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pisum sativum ecotype fulvum forms ineffective nodules with Rhizobium strains, isolated from effective nodules of the cultivated pea in Europe. Rhizobium strains isolated from nodules of fulvum peas in Israel are fully effective on this host plant, but in association with the cultivated pea they induce nodules of poor N2-fixing activity. The distribution of these fulvum-specific Rhizobium strains is restricted to regions where the fulvum pea occurs naturally. Rhizobium strains from other geographical regions induce mainly ineffective, or partially effective nodules on fulvum plants. A wide genetic variation, with regard to symbiotic response to a standard set of Rhizobium strains, was demonstrated in the fulvum plants collected in Israel. Based on variation in N2-fixation three groups of plants can be distinguished. These plants offer the possibility for the study of host-genetic control on symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Abscisic acid ; Gibberellin ; Polyethylene glycol ; Rhizobium ; Roots ; Nitrogenase ; Nodulation ; Soya ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of 2-day cycles of osmotically induced leaf moisture stress followed by partial recovery on the nodulation and nitrogenase activity of 2 soya cultivars was studied. Fourteen days after plant inoculation (mid-growth stage) the total leaf electrochemical water potential (ψwleaf) of control plants ranged from −0.8 to −1.9 bars, whereas the concentrations of osmoticum (polyethylene glycol 4000) induced ψwleaf values ranging from −1.4 (recovery value) to −3.1 bars (low stress), −1.8 to −4.4 bars (mild stress), and −2.2 to −6.2 bars (medium stress). The low stress treatment reduced nodule numbers and their specific activity in both cultivars, without affecting nodule size or the time required for nodule initiation. Nodule initiation was delayed in both cultivars by the mild and medium stress treatments, the former treatment reducing the number and size of the nodules and such nodules exhibited very low specific activity. The medium stress treatment prevented the further development of nodule initials, which remained inactive throughout the experiment. Such results imply an effect of water stress on the infection process and on nodule morphogenesis. The reduction in nodule numbers observed in water stressed plants was not associated with a reduced number of rhizobia in the rhizoplane nor due to an effect on root growth or root hair formation. At a stage prior to the formation of macroscopic nodule initials, the roots of plants under medium stress (ψwleaf=−5.5 bar)s) had a higher content of abscisic acid (ABA) (4-fold increase) and a lower content of gibberellin (GA)-like substances (21.4% reduction) as compared to control plants (ψwleaf=−1.0 bar). Although the medium stress treatment slightly increased the stomatal resistance of leaves, photosynthetic and transpiration rates were unaffected. Similar alterations of the hormononal balance occurred in the nodulated roots of plants subjected to naturally induced leaf moisture stress. Since the foliar application of ABA (1.92×10−5 M) to unstressed plants inhibited nodulation (45% reduction in nodule numbers), the increased endogenous content of thishormone in the roots of plants under leaf moisture stress may provide some physiological insight into the inhibitory effect of water stress on the nodulation process.
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  • 74
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    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nodulation ; Non-nodulating soybean ; Rhizobitoxine ; Rhizobium ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A significant increase in nodulation of “non-nodulating” (rj1 rj1) soybeans was obtained by inoculating with very high numbers (approx. 1011 cells/pot) of certain rhizobia when compared with inoculation at a moderate dose (approx. 109 cells/pot). Nodulating ability of rhizobial strains was not correlated with their ability to produce a detectable level of chlorosis-inducing toxin in culture.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Aluminium ; Boron ; Copper ; Factorial design ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nutrient solutions ; pH ; Phosphorus uptake ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The sorption of phosphorus from nutrient solution and the pH change in the nutrient solution were monitored over a 24 hour period forTrifolium repens L. cv. ‘Grasslands Huia’ plants. Two different concentration levels of micro-nutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and Al formed the factors of a fractional replicate of a 26 factorial design. Measurements were made at four time intervals (30 minutes after the plants were placed on the pots, 3 hours, 6 hours and 24 hours later). In addition to phosphorus, fourteen other nutrients (including nitrate and ammonium) were monitored throughout the experiment. The sorption of phosphorus was significantly influenced by both aluminium and iron. The effect of aluminium and iron on phosphorus sorption is attributed to physico-chemical sorption processes involving the root surface. However the effect on the removal of phosphorus by boron, copper, manganese and zinc was observed only as first order interaction effects —B−Zn, Cu−Zn, Mn−Zn. Thus these three elements (B, Cu and Mn) only affect phosphorus removal in conjunction with zinc. Aluminium and iron together had a separate but very significant effect on the removal of phosphorus at most periods throughout the experiment. In contrast, pH was affected only by aluminium, iron (the pH drop was enhanced) and manganese (the pH drop was decreased) as main effects independent of the other treatment elements.
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