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1

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Sulphur mineralisation in some New Zealand soils (1991)

Ghani, A. ; McLaren, R. G. ; Swift, R. S.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 68-74

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: C-bonded S ; Hydriodic acid-reducible S ; Incubation ; Potential S mineralisation ; S mineralisation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary An open incubation technique was used to measure S mineralisation in a range of New Zealand soils. For most of the soils studied, the release of S as sulphate was curvilinear with time, and during a 10-week incubation, the amounts of S mineralised ranged from less than 3 μg S g-1 soil to more than 26 μg S g-1 soil. The best predictor of mineralised S appeared to be the amount of C-bonded S in the soil (explaining 59% of the variation in mineralised S between soils). Examination of the soils after incubation also revealed that the bulk of the mineralised S was derived from the C-bonded S pool. Hydriodic acid-reducible forms of organic S appeared to make little contribution to mineralised S. Attempts were made to predict total potentially mineralisable S (S o) from incubation data using an exponential equation and a reciprocal-plot technique. However, the dependence of estimated values of S o on the length and temperature of incubation cast doubts on the validity of this approach.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335838

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Solubility, sorption and desorption of native and added cadmium in relation to properties of soils in New Zealand (1999)

Gray, C. W. ; Mclaren, R. G. ; Roberts, A. H. C. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

European journal of soil science 50 (1999), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2389

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Solution cadmium (Cd) concentrations and sorption and desorption of native and added Cd were studied in a range of New Zealand soils. The concentration of Cd in solution and the concentrations and patterns of native soil Cd desorbed and added Cd sorbed and desorbed varied greatly between the 29 soils studied. Correlation analysis revealed that pH was the most dominant soil variable affecting solution Cd concentration and sorption and desorption of native and added Cd in these soils. However, organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and total soil Cd were also found to be important. Multiple regression analysis showed that the log concentration of Cd in solution was strongly related to soil pH, organic matter and total Cd, which in combination explained 76% of the variation between soils. When data from the present study were combined into a single multiple regression with soil data from a previously published study, the equation generated could explain 81% of the variation in log Cd solution concentration. This reinforces the importance of pH, organic matter and total Cd in controlling solution Cd concentrations. Simple linear regression analysis could at best explain 53% of the total variation in Cd sorption or desorption for the soils studied. Multiple regression analysis showed that native Cd desorption was related to pH, organic matter and total Cd, which in combination explained 85% of the variation between soils. For sorption of Cd (from 2 μg Cd g–1 soil added), pH and organic matter in combination explained 75% of the variation between soils. However, for added Cd desorption (%), pH and CEC explained 77%. It is clear that the combined effects of a range of soil properties control the concentration of Cd in solution, and of sorption and desorption of Cd in soils. The fraction of potentially desorbable added Cd in soils could also be predicted from a soil’s Kd value. This could have value for assessing both the mobility of Cd in soil and its likely availability to plants.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1999.00221.x

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3

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Cadmium leaching from some New Zealand pasture soils (2003)

Gray, C. W. ; McLaren, R. G. ; Roberts, A. H. C.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2389

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Cadmium (Cd) inputs and losses from agricultural soils are of great importance because of the potential adverse effects Cd can pose to food quality, soil health and the environment in general. One important pathway for Cd losses from soil systems is by leaching. We investigated loss of Cd from a range of contrasting New Zealand pasture soils that had received Cd predominantly from repeated applications of phosphate fertilizer. Annual leaching losses of Cd ranged between 0.27 and 0.86 g ha–l, which are less than most losses recorded elsewhere. These losses equate to between 5 and 15% of the Cd added to soil through a typical annual application of single superphosphate, which in New Zealand contains on average 280 mg Cd kg−1 P. It appears that Cd added to soil from phosphate fertilizer is fairly immobile and Cd tends to accumulate in the topsoil. The pH of the leachate and the total volume of drainage to some extent control the amount of Cd leached. Additional factors, such as the soil sorption capacity, are also important in controlling Cd movement in these pasture soils. The prediction of the amount of Cd leached using the measured concentrations of Cd in the soil solution and rainfall data resulted in an overestimation of Cd losses. Cadmium concentrations in drainage water are substantially less than the current maximum acceptable value of 3 µg l−1 for drinking water in New Zealand set by the Ministry of Health.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00495.x

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4

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The sulphur status of intensive grassland sites in southern Scotland (1986)

KEER, J. I. ; McLAREN, R. G. ; SWIFT, R. S.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Grass and forage science 41 (1986), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Field trials were carried out at five sites in southern Scotland to examine the sulphur status of intensively grown grass under varying Inputs of atmospheric and rainfall sulphur. Sulphur budgets were prepared by comparing amounts of sulphur removed at harvest with sulphur inputs from rainfall, the atmosphere and fertilizers.No yield responses to added sulphur were obtained, although soil-derived sulphur was essential for the maintenance of optimal sulphur levels in herbage. Where no fertilizer sulphur was added, mineralization of soil organic sulphur supplied approximately 8 to 18 kg S ha-1 annually during the growing season. Maintenance requirements of 5 to 10 kg S ha-1 annually were indicated at the Dumfriesshire and Midlothian sites and 20 kg S ha-1 annually at the Berwickshire sites to prevent a decline in soil sulphur reserves. Total sulphur concentrations of less than 2 g S kg-1 dry matter were observed in herbage at some samplings indicating marginal sulphur sufficiency. Sulphate levels in herbage, expressed as a percentage of total sulphur, also indicated that sulphur supplies barely matched crop requirements.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1986.tb01803.x

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5

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Effects of dry and moist incubation of soils on the extractability of native and applied soil copper (1982)

Williams, J. G. ; McLaren, R. G.

Springer

Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 215-224

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Calcium ; chloride-extractable Cu ; Copper ; EDTA-extractable Cu ; Incubation ; Isotopically-exchangeable Cu ; Moisture content ; Temperature

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary The amount of copper extracted from soils by EDTA was found to increase with the temperature of extraction. Under controlled conditions of extraction, the amount of applied copper extracted from soils by EDTA decreased during incubation of soils under both moist and dry conditions. The recovery of applied copper by EDTA appeared to be related to the amounts of manganese and iron oxides in the soil. On the basis of comparisons with calcium chloride-extractable copper and isotopically-exchangeable copper it is suggested that EDTA extraction could over-estimate the availability of soil copper to plants.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184253

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6

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Distribution and Phytoavailability of Lead in a Soil Contaminated with Lead Shot (1999)

Rooney, C. P. ; McLaren, R. G. ; Cresswell, R. J.

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 535-548

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Keywords: clay target shooting ; leadcontamination ; lead shot ; plant availability

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract This paper presents a study of Pb contamination of soil at a clay target shooting facility in Canterbury, New Zealand. The spatial distribution of Pb concentrations in the topsoil at the gun club site was investigated and Pb in the soil profile was determined to a depth of 200 mm. The greatest EDTA-extractable soil Pb concentrations (4000 to 8300 mg Pb kg−1 soil) were found approximately 120 m down the range from the point of shooting. At least 30% of the shot fall area sampled exceeded the Australian and New Zealand guideline limit of 300 mg Pb kg−1 soil. Lead concentrations in the soil profile were fairly uniform to a depth of 200 mm due to regular incorporation of Pb shot by ploughing. A greenhouse study was conducted to assess plant uptake of Pb from soils sampled at the target shooting site. Lead concentrations in the roots of all five species grown were several magnitudes higher than those present in the leaves. However, sufficient plant translocation of Pb occurred for the leaves to exceed the maximum allowable limit for foodstuffs.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005181303843

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7

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Sorption of cupric, dichromate and arsenate ions in some New Zealand soilds (1996)

Care, P. L. ; McLaren, R. G. ; Adams, J. A.

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 87 (1996), S. 189-203

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Concentrated solutions of copper (Cu2+), dichromate (Cr2O2− 7) and aresenate (AsO4 3−) ions (CCA solutions) are used extensively in the New Zealand timber preservation industry. These ions are therefore, potential soil pollutants at timber treatment sites. Sorption of these three ions was examined by the surface and sub-surface horizons of two free-draining New Zealand soils over a range of soil solution pH values. Copper sorption by both soils increased substantially with increasing pH and was greater in the surface compared with the sub-surface horizons. Less dichromate was sorbed than the other two ions and wa similar in both surface and sub-surface horizons for each soil. Dichromate sorption increased with decreasing pH. Arsenate sorption from solutions containing all three ions was not greatly different to influenced by changes in soil solution pH. Arsenate sorption was generally greater in the sub-surface horizons of both soils. Sorption from solutions containing all three ions was not greatly different to sorption from solutions containing the single metal ions. Sorption behaviour for each ion is related to its chemistry and the soil chemical properties of each horizon. Results suggest that in the event of soil contamination by CCA solution, the immediate leaching potential of the initial ions species present would increase in the following order: Cu2+ 〈 HAsI 4 − ≪ Cr2O 7 2− .

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696836

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8

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A comparison of the effects of subsoiling on plant uptake and leaching losses of sulphur and nitrogen from a simulated urine patch (1993)

McLaren, R. G. ; Cameron, K. C. ; Fraser, P. M.

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 375-378

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: clover ; grass ; leaching ; lysimeter ; nitrogen ; 15N ; nutrient balances ; nutrient uptake ; pasture ; subsoiling ; sulphur ; 35S

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Synthetic cow urine labelled with 35S and 15N was applied to large, undisturbed, monolith lysimeters sampled from subsoiled and non-subsoiled areas of a grass/clover pasture. For one year following the urine application, the lysimeters were subjected to a combination of natural rainfall, simulated rainfall and simulated flood irrigations. Drainage from the lysimeters was sampled regularly and monthly (approx.) pasture cuts taken. At the end of the year, the lysimeters were destructively sampled in 50 mm depth increments for soil analysis. Leachates, plant samples and soil samples were analysed for 35S and 15N. There were no significant differences in plant uptake of 35S and 15N between the subsoiled and nonsubsoiled lysimeters. Initially grass showed a higher degree of labelling than clover. Total amounts of 35S and 15N leached from the subsoiled lysimeters were approximately twice that leached from the nonsubsoiled ones. Leaching patterns differed substantially between the two nutrients. Total recoveries of 35S (in plants, leachates and soil extracts) accounted for 82% of the applied 35S for the subsoiled lysimeters and 72% for non-subsoiled ones. The unrecovered 35S is considered to have been incorporated into soil organic matter. Total recoveries of 15N (in plants, soil and leachates) were similar to those for 35S, but unrecovered 15N is attributed to loss by denitrification.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025061

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